CHAPTER 5: Using Newton’s Laws: Friction,

Circular Motion, Drag Forces

In this chapter we cover some important
applications of Newton’s laws, including friction(摩擦
力) and the very important subject of the dynamics(動
力學) of circular motion.

§ 5-1 Applications of Newton’s Laws Involving Friction

Friction exists between two solid surfaces because

even the smoothest looking surface is quite rough on
a microscopic(微小的) scale, Fig. 5–1.

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At the atomic level, the atoms
on a bump(凸塊) of one surface
come so close to the atoms of
the other surface that electric
forces between the atoms can
form chemical( 化 學 的 ) bonds,
as a tiny( 極 小 的 ) weld( 焊 點 )
between the two surfaces.

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 For given surfaces, experiment shows that the
friction force is approximately proportional to the
normal force between the two surfaces
(動摩擦力)

It is not a vector equation since the two forces are

perpendicular to one another. The term k is called the
coefficient( 係 數 ) of kinetic friction, and its value
depends on the nature of the two surfaces. 3
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 The force of friction between hard surfaces depends
very little on the total surface area of contact, and k is
roughly independent of the sliding speed.
There is also static(靜的) friction, which refers to a
force parallel to the two surfaces that can arise even
when they are not sliding.

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CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE 5–2 A box against a wall. You
can hold a box against a rough wall (Fig. 5–4) and
prevent(防止) it from slipping down by pressing(壓)
hard horizontally. How does the application of a
horizontal force keep an object from moving vertically?

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EXAMPLE 5–3 Pulling against friction. A 10.0-kg box
is pulled along a horizontal surface by a force FP of
40.0 N which is applied at a 30.0° angle. This is like
Example 4–11 in the preceding(前面的) chapter except
now there is friction, and we assume a coefficient of
kinetic friction of 0.30. The free-body diagram is
shown in Fig. 5–5. Calculate the acceleration.

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Solution
p

因為Fpy<mg,所以物體並不離開地面.

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Next we apply Newton’s second law for the horizontal
(x) direction (positive to the right):

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CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE 5–4 To push or to pull a
sled(雪橇)? Your little sister wants a ride(乘坐) on her
sled. If you are on flat ground, will you exert less force
if you push her or pull her? See Figs. 5–6a and b.
Assume the same angle  in each case.

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EXAMPLE 5–5 Two boxes and a pulley. In Fig. 5–7a, two
boxes are connected by a cord running over a pulley(滑
輪). The coefficient of kinetic friction between box I and
the table is 0.20. We ignore the mass of the cord and
pulley and any friction in the pulley, which means we
can assume that a force applied to one end of the cord
will have the same magnitude at the other end. We wish
to find the acceleration, a, of the system, which will
have the same magnitude for both boxes assuming the
cord doesn’t stretch(伸長). As box II moves down, box I
moves to the right.

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Solution

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 Friction can be reduced by using lubricants(潤滑劑)
such as oil. More effective in reducing friction
between two surfaces is to maintain a layer of air or
other gas between them. Air tables in which the layer
of air is maintained by forcing air through many tiny
holes. Another technique to maintain the air layer is
to suspend( 懸 浮 ) objects in air using magnetic
fields(磁場) (“magnetic levitation”(磁浮) ).

On the other hand, friction can be helpful.

The movement of a car, and also its stability(穩定性),
depend on friction. When friction is low, such as on
ice, safe walking or driving become difficult.

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§ 5-2 Uniform Circular Motion—Kinematics

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=v
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 Centripetal(向心的) acceleration: aR

To summarize, an object moving in a circle of

radius r with constant speed v has an acceleration
whose direction is toward the center of the circle
and whose magnitude is aR=v2/r.
The frequency f: many
revolutions per second.
The period T: the time
required for one complete
revolution.

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§ 5-3 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion

The acceleration vector aR is a variable acceleration.

The direction of aR is always perpendicular to the
velocity v.

Force is needed to provide centripetal acceleration.

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作用在球上的力是讓球作圓周運動所需的向心力,而同時手
會感受到球所施之反作用力(透過繩子傳遞),稱為離心力.
注意:向心力與離心力同時間存在,但是是分別作用在不同
物體上的.
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FIGURE 5–16 If centrifugal force existed, the revolving ball
would fly outward as in (a) when released. In fact, it flies off
tangentially as in (b). For example, in (c) sparks fly in straight
lines tangentially from the edge of a rotating grinding wheel.

牛頓第一運動定律

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Solution

(b)

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§ 5-4 Highway Curves, Banked(轉彎處有坡面的) and Unbanked

FIGURE 5–21 The road exerts an inward force on a car (friction

against the tires) to make it move in a circle. The car exerts an
inward force on the passenger.

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滾動的輪胎與地面間的摩擦力是靜摩擦力,不是動摩擦力.

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Solution
(a)
The net horizontal force required to
keep the car moving in a circle around
the curve is

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 > FR, so the car can make the turn fine.

(b)

The car will skid because the ground cannot exert

sufficient force (4500 N is needed) to keep it moving
in a curve of radius 50 m at a speed of 54 km/h.

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 The situation is worse( 更 糟 的 ) if the wheels lock
(stop rotating) when the brakes(煞車) are applied too
hard. When the tires are rolling, static friction exists.
But if the wheels lock, the tires slide and the friction
force, which is now kinetic friction, is less. Moreover,
when the road is wet or icy, locking of the wheels
occurs with less force on the brake pedal(踏板) since
there is less road friction to keep the wheels turning
rather than sliding.

Antilock brakes system (ABS)

Antilock brakes system (ABS) are designed to limit
brake pressure just before the point where sliding
would occur, by means of delicate(靈敏的) sensors(感
應器) and a fast computer.

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注意:『滾動』的輪胎與地面間的摩擦力是靜
摩擦力，而不是動摩擦力。(輪胎皮與地面並
沒有滑動運動)

輪胎滾動時，車子的速度與輪胎的轉速成正比。

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輪胎滾動時，車子的速度與輪胎的轉速成正比。

所以，如何減緩車速? 如何讓車速停止?
Ans: 踩煞車減緩輪胎的轉速，即可減緩
車速。緩慢煞車下，輪胎轉速為零時，車
子同時停止前進。

那麼，需要緊急煞車時又該怎麼辦?
Ans: 想辦法在最短的時間內讓車速為零。
等於想辦法在最短的時間內讓
輪胎轉速為零嗎?
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高速下，如果突然直接將煞車踩死，會在最短時
間內讓輪胎鎖死，然而此時車速還很快，輪胎與
地面間變成純粹的滑動運動，因此摩擦力變成動
摩擦力，反而讓靠地面與輪胎間的摩擦力提供的
煞車力量變小，不利於緊急煞車。

所以，緊急煞車時應該非常快速的踩、
放、踩、放、踩、放、踩………

人類無法這麼快速的反應作動，
那麼就交給電腦自動控制系統。

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 另一方面車子要如何轉彎?
轉彎的動力如何而來?
Ffr
Ffr
維持轉動狀態的輪胎

轉動方向盤，讓車輪偏轉，提供轉彎的動力。
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但是如果車速現在向前，雖然轉動方向盤讓輪胎偏
轉，但是如果輪胎是鎖死沒有轉動，那麼摩擦力會
變成較小的動摩擦力，而且方向只能跟車速在同一
條直線方向上。

輪胎在鎖死狀態
Ffr Ffr

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所以，高速下要緊急煞車又要閃避物體，單
靠人類反應作動煞車非常危險。
意外狀況正確處理方式：減速+閃躲

此時反鎖死煞車系統(ABS)就更顯重要。
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUwitV0rBWM

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For a given banking angle, , there will
be one speed for which no friction at all
is required.

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 EXAMPLE 5–15 Banking angle. (a) For a car traveling
with speed v around a curve of radius r, determine a
formula for the angle at which a road should be banked
so that no friction is required. (b) What is this angle for
an expressway(高速公路) off-ramp(匝道)curve of radius 50
m at a design speed of 50 km/h?
Solution

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