1. The composition of the upper or lower respiratory tract.
2. The name and the opening of paranasal sinuses. 3. The cartilages of the larynx. 4. The joints and membranes of the larynx. 5. Fissure of glottis. 6. Which bronchus does the foreign objects drop into easily? 7. Please describe the body surface projection of the superior margin and inferior margin of the lung and pleura. 8. Please explain the hilum of lung and the root of lung. 9. Pleural cavity; the division of parietal pleura 10. Costodiaphragmatic recess Respiratory system
Function to breathe, to smell, to speak Respiratory system
Nose
External nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses External nose Respiratory system
Composition The external nose is supported by nasal bone, nasal cartilage and coated by skin and a small quantity of connective tissue. root back apex nasal alae Respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Nasal cavity is supported by bones and nasal cartilages. The internal portion of the cavity is covered by skin and mucosa. Respiratory system Nasal cavity perpendicular nasal septum plate of ethmoid bone left /right nasal fossa cartilage of nasal septum Each nasal fossa vomer
perpendicular plate Nasal septum of ethmoid bone mucosa cartilage of nasal septum vomer
Little area anterior-inferior part of nasal septum easy to bleed little area Respiratory system Nasal cavity
lateral walls sphenoethmoidal recess three projections superior middle inferior nasal conchae nasal meatus superior superior middle inferior nasal middle
meatus The concave behind and above the superior concha sphenoethmoidal recess Inferior nasal conchae Respiratory system The walls of the nasal cavity
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid
Roof (superior wall) bone Floor (inferior wall) Hard palate and soft palate Medial wall Nasal septum (perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, vomer, cartilage of nasal septum) Lateral wall Superior middle and inferior nasal conchae Superior middle and inferior nasal meatus Respiratory system Nasal mucosa
nasal septum Olfactory region——is situated olfactory region in the medial part of superior concha and in superior concha- opposing part of the nasal septum. This region exhibits pale yellow nearly 5cm2. cavum nasi proprium Respiratory region——
Nasal vestibule Paranasal sinuses Respiratory system
sphenoethmoidal recess
Frontal sinus— communicates with middle nasal meatus Maxillary sinus— superior communicates with middle middle
nasal meatus Sphenoidal sinus— communicates with spheno- ethmoidal recess Ethmoidal sinus— inferior nasal conchae the anterior and middle groups—middle nasal meatus the posterior group—superior nasal meatus
Nasolacrimal canal—communicates with inferior nasal meatus
Respiratory system Paranasal sinuses Name Location Opening Frontal sinus Frontal bone Middle nasal meatus Maxillary sinus Maxilla Middle nasal meatus Anterior and middle Ethmoid Ethmoidal Middle nasal meatus groups bone sinus Posterior group Superior nasal meatus Sphenoid Sphenoethmoidal Sphenoidal sinus bone recess
frontal sinus
ethmoidal sinus spenoidal sinus
opening of opening of nasolacrimal canal maxillary sinus Respiratory system
Pharynx (refer to alimentary system)
Larynx Cartilages of the larynx
Joints of the larynx
Laryngeal muscles Laryngeal cavity Respiratory system The cartilages of the larynx
superior cornu Thyroid cartilage laryngeal prominence It is the largest in the laryngeal skeleton and constitutes the anterior anterior-lateral wall of larynx. angle inferior cornu Cricoid cartilage Anterior aspect Posterior aspect
It is the only intact annulus cartilaginous
in the laryngeal skeleton and is composed by arch and lamina of cricoid cartilage. The arch of cricoid cartilage is at the level of C6, a very important body surface symbol. arch of cricoid lamina of cricoid Respiratory system
The cartilages of the larynx
Epiglottic cartilage epiglottic cartilage It is leaf-shaped. Epiglottis Close laryngeal inlet(aperture of larynx) muscular process
Arytenoid cartilage It is paired, pyramidal in form. It can be epiglottis divided into the apex, the base and two hyoid processes. thyroid cartilage arytenoid vocal process cartilage Respiratory system The joints of the larynx
Thyrohyoid membrane hyothyroid membrane Cricothyroid articulation Composition cricothyroid inferior cornu of thyroid articulation lateral aspect of the cricoid Function tensing or loosing the vocal cord
Cricoarytenoid articulation Composition cricoarytenoid base of arytenoid articulation upper edge of lamina of cricoid Function enlarging or lessening the glottis Respiratory system The joints of the larynx
Elastic cone
elastic fiber membranes attaching vocal ligament
elastic cone anterior angle of thyroid cartilage vocal process of arytenoid upper border of cricoid cartilage
upper edge—vocal ligament
vocal fold ,vocal cord?
anterior median part (thick)— median cricothyroid median cricothyroid ligament ligament Respiratory system The joints of the larynx
Quadrangular membrane
Connects quadrangular anterior angle of thyroid cartilage membrane vestibular each side of epiglottic cartilage ligament
vestibule divide laryngeal cavity into three spaces ventricle of vestibular fold larynx vocal fold Laryngeal vestibule infraglottic cavity Intermedial cavity of larynx ventricle of larynx Infraglottic cavity Respiratory system Fissure of glottis
a rima, situated between the vocal folds and the base of arytenoids;
the narrowest part of laryngeal cavity;
The portion of the rima between the vocal folds is known as the intermembranous part; that between the arytenoids is known as the intercartilaginous part.
Intermembranous
Intercartilaginous
vocal cord under
laryngoscopes Respiratory system Trachea Can be divided into cervical and thoracic part. Bifurcation of trachea Carina of trachea trachea
Bronchi Left bronchus bifurcation of trachea slender and oblique left bronchi
Right bronchus tubbish and straight Foreign objects from the trachea usually pass to the right bronchus. Respiratory system
Lungs
Location The lungs are placed on either side within the thorax and are separated from each other by the mediastinum Lungs Respiratory system
Shape apex about 2-3 cm above the level apex of the medial one-third of the costal clavicle superior surface superior lobe base (diaphragmatic surface) lobe
over the convex dome of
cardiac diaphragm middle notch lobe two surfaces inferior lobe inferior lobe costal/mediastinal surfaces base
three margins anterior/posterior/inferior margins Lungs Respiratory system
Shape
two surfaces costal/mediastinal surfaces three margins anterior/posterior/inferior margins
The left lung is longer and slender and is subdivided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by oblique fissure. The right lung is shorter and wider and is subdivided by oblique fissure and horizontal fissure into three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior lobes. Respiratory system
Hilum of lung
a concave in the middle of
mediastinal surface;
pulmonary artery and vein,
hilum bronchi, lymphatic vessel, and nerves pass;
All the structure passing
through hilum of lung and coated by connective tissue is called the root of lung Respiratory system Bronchi in lung
its’ subordinate tissue，called bronchopulmonary segment Respiratory system Pleura
the paired, closed serous sacs
which invest nearly the whole surface of the lungs forming the visceral pleura (pulmonary pleura); visceral in the inner surface of the thoracic pleura
walls, forming the parietal pleura;
parietal pleura The walls of the sacs enclose paired spaces or cavities known as the pleural cavities. pleural cavity Respiratory system Parietal pleura
It covers in the inner surface
of the thoracic walls. It is divided, according to the cupula regions of the chest with which pleura
it is associated, into: costal
pleura costal pleura—covers the mediastinal inner surface of the sternum pleura
and extends laterally upon the
diaphragmatic inner surfaces of the ribs and pleura
intercostal muscles. diaphragmatic pleura—covers on the thoracic surface of the diaphragm. Respiratory system Parietal pleura
mediastinal pleura—covers on the right and left sides of the mediastinum, at the level of the cupula pleura root it is reflected laterally to the costal pleura pulmonary pleura. mediastinal cupula pleura—stretches from pleura
the costal and mediastinal pleura,
diaphragmatic pleura covers on the apex of lung, is 2~3 cm above the medial one third of clavicle, and is also called cervical pleura. Respiratory system Visceral pleura (Pulmonary pleura)
covers the outer surface of
the lung;
dips into the fissures of the
pulmonary lung so as to separate the ligament
lobes.
At the root of lung the visceral
pleura continues medialward to the mediastinal pleura, and forms the pulmonary ligament. Respiratory system Pleural cavity
paired, closed serous sacs;
Each sac is enclosed by visceral and
parietal pleura, which in the normal state is a merely potential and negative pressure space;
containing a small amount of serous
fluid for lubrication;
The right and left pleural cavities are
absolutely independent of each other. pleural cavity Respiratory system
Pleural cavity
Pneumothorax Respiratory system Pleural recesses
Pleural recesses are spaces
which each part of parietal pleura continues and reflects. Those spaces can not be filled with the margin of lung, including: costodiaphragmatic, costomediastinal and phrenicomediastinal recess. costodiaphragmatic costomediastinal recess recess Pleural recesses Respiratory system
Pleural recesses are spaces which
each part of parietal pleura continues and reflects. Those spaces can not be filled with the margin of lung. costodiaphragmatic recess costomediastinal recess phrenicomediastinal recess costodiaphragmatic recess Respiratory system
Costodiaphragmatic recess
is one of the pleural recesses which is
formed by the continuation and reflection of costal and diaphragmatic pleura; It is semi-ring-shaped, with high level of the anterior part and low level of the posterior part; is the lowest place of pleura cavity when people is standing or sitting; The hydrops of pleura cavity accumulates firstly at this place. Respiratory system The body surface projection of pleura and lung
superior margin ? --- apex of lung / cupula pleura 6th rib 8th rib Inferior Lung Pleura margin
Midclavicular 6th rib 8th rib
line
Midaxillary 8th rib 10th rib
line
Scapular line 10th rib 11th rib
10th rib Posterior T10 T12 spinal median line spinal process process Respiratory system
Mediastinum
including all the structures between the
right and left mediastinal pleura. anterior border—sternum posterior border—thoracic vertebra right and left sides—mediastinal pleura upper bound—superior aperture of thorax lower bound—diaphragm Respiratory system
Mediastinum It is subdivided at the level of sternal angle into: superior mediastinum inferior mediastinum
The inferior mediastinum is
subdivided by pericardium into: anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum Respiratory system Summary (1) The definition of upper and lower respiratory tract. (2) The function division of the mucosa of nasal cavity; the communication of paranasal sinuses. (3) The cartilages of larynx; the main joints and membranes of larynx; the main laryngeal muscles; the laryngeal cavity; rima glottis. (4) The position of trachea; the difference between right and left primary bronchi. (5) The shape of the lung; the structural arrangement of the root of the lung. (6) Pleural cavity; the division of parietal pleura; costodiaphragmatic recess. (7) The body projections of lung and pleura. (8) The division of mediastinum.
