Qartveluri Enatmecniereba 2019 N5

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
Faculty of Humanities
qarTuli enis saswavlo-samecniero instituti
Educational and Research Institute of the Georgian Language
samecniero Sromebis krebuli

qarTveluri enaTmecniereba
COLLECTED SCIENTIFIC WORKS

KARTVELIAN LINGUISTICS
eZRvneba ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis 100 wlisTavs
Dedicated to 100th anniversary of
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
2018
krebulSi Sesulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-
xelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis
qarTuli enis saswavlo-samecniero institutis qarTveluri enaT-
mecnierebis da Zveli qarTuli enisa da teqstologiuri kvlevebis
kaTedrebis profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantTa da magistran-
tTa samecniero naSromebi.
krebuli eZRvneba iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-
mwifo universitetis 100 wlisTavs.
redaqtorebi: prof. darejan TvalTvaZe

prof. ramaz qurdaZe
pasuxismgebeli mdivani asoc. prof. rusudan zeqalaSvili
© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2019
ISSN 2346-8106
Sinaarsi
gabunia kaxa
zmna-Semasmenlis stabiluri da labiluri konstruqciebi
Tanamedrove qarTulSi ........................................................................................................................ 5
daTukiSvili qeTevan
Tandebulisa da nawilakis sakiTxi Tanamedrove
qarTuli enis metyvelebis nawilTa sistemaSi ......................................................... 24
zeqalaSvili rusudan
ilia WavWavaZis personaJTa metyvelebis Sesaxeb .................................................... 29
TvalTvaZe darejan, kvirkvelia eka
svaneTis muzeumSi daculi saxarebis teqstis
Semcveli xelnawerebis fragmentebi .................................................................................... 41
margiani qeTevan, lomia maia
evidencialur imperfeqtul formaTa segmentaciisa
da markirebis sakiTxi megrulsa da svanurSi .......................................................... 56
nikolaiSvili meri, bagration-daviTaSvili nino
perfeqtuli semantikis zmnebisa da mesame seriis
formaTa sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi ......................................................................................... 64
omiaZe salome
cnobebi glutonimTa Sesaxeb akaki SaniZis
`qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ ......................................................................... 72
sanikiZe inga
ilias enobrivi msoflxedva da misi
oratoruli teqstis stilistika ............................................................................................ 80
qurdaZe ramaz
erTi arabuli sityvis Sesaxeb qarTul gvarsaxelebSi ................................... 90
SaraSeniZe nino
modaloba, dro, aspeqti da kilo qarTulSi .............................................................. 94
doqtorantebi da magistrantebi
gegeWkori salome, Sonia lika

arakanonikur TanxmovanTkompleqsTa daZlevis
dinamika megrul arsebiT saxelebSi ................................................................................... 107
maduaSvili maia
evidencialuri perfeqti Zvel qarTul enaSi ............................................................ 111
RambaSiZe maguli
dinamikuri modaluri semantikis gamomxatveli
`SeZleba~ zmna da masTan dakavSirebuli ukuTqmiTi
nawilakebi qarTul samwerlobo enaSi ............................................................................ 115
Canqseliani Tamar
SesaZleblobis uaryofis gamomxatveli nacvalsaxelebis
struqturul-semantikuri analizi svanur enaSi ................................................... 131
jRarkava giorgi
uaryofis gamoxatvis enobrivi saSualebebi lazur
andazebSi qarTul-megrul monacemebTan SedarebiT .......................................... 137
3
ABSTRACTS
GABUNIA KAKHA
The verbs with stable and labile Constructions in Modern Georgian ................................... 149
DATUKISHVILI KETEVAN
The Role of Postpositions and Particles in the
Contemporary Georgian Part of Speech System .............................................................................. 150
ZEKALASHVILI RUSUDAN
Towards the Speech Peculiarities of the Characters of Ilia Chavchavadze Prose .......... 151
TVALTVADZE DAREJAN, KVIRKVELIA EKA
The Fragments of the Manuscripts Containing the
Text of the Gospel Preserved in Svaneti Museum .......................................................................... 153
MARGIANI KETEVAN, LOMIA MAIA
The Issue of Segmentation and Marking of Evidential
Imperfect Forms in Megrelian and Svan Languages .................................................................... 155
NIKOLAISVILI MERI, BAGRATION-DAVITASHVILI NINO
For the Issues of the Perfect Semantics
Verbs and Forms of the III Series in Georgian ................................................................................. 156
OMIADZE SALOME
References to Gluttonyms in Akaki Shanidze’s “Basics of the Georgian Grammar” ..... 157
SANIKIDZE INGA
Illia’s linguistic world outlook and the stylistics of His oratorical Text ............................. 158
KURDDAZE RAMAZ
On one Arabic Word in Georgian Surnames ..................................................................................... 159
SHARASHENIDZE NINO
Modality, Tense, Aspect and Mood in Georgian ............................................................................. 160
DOCTORANTS AND MAGISTRANDS
GEGECHKORI SALOME, SHONIA LIKA

The Dynamics of Overcoming the Non-Canonical
Complexes of Consonants in Megrelian Nouns .............................................................................. 163
MADUASHVILI MAIA
Evidential Perfect in the Old Georgian Language ........................................................................... 164
CHANKSELIANI TAMAR
The Structural-Semantic Analysis of Svan
Pronouns Expressing the Negation of Possibility ............................................................................ 165
GHAMBASHIDZE MAGULI
Dynamic modal “Shedzleba” and its connection to the
Negative Particles in Georgian Script Language ............................................................................. 166
JGHARKAVA GIORGI
The Linguistic Means of Expressing Negation in
Laz Proverbs as Compared to Georgian and Megrelian Data ................................................... 168
4
kaxa gabunia
zmna-Semasmenlis stabiluri da
labiluri konstruqciebi qarTulSi
winadadebisa da misi nawilebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba ganekuTvneba

struqturis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas. am cnebaTa gansazRvra gulisxmobs
sintaqsis sagnis, miznisa da meTodis garkveul gagebas (Ciqobava
1968: 231).
morfologiisgan gansxvavebiT, sintaqsuri analizis umciresi
erTeuli aris ara sityva, aramed, minimum, ori sityvis erToba. tra-
diciul sintaqsSi sityvaTa amgvar erTobas „sintaqsur wyvils“
uwodeben. morfologiuri da sintaqsuri analizi erTmaneTisgan au-
cileblad unda gaimijnos: sintaqsisTvis sityvaTa Soris urTier-
Tobis wesebia saintereso, morfologia ki sityvis farglebs ar
scildeba.
am mxriv qarTuli ena garkveul sirTules qmnis. qarTuli afiq-
sebiT mdidari enaa, afiqsebi monawileoben rogorc morfologiuri,
aseve leqsikologiuri da sintaqsuri sferos farglebSi gansaxil-
vel sintagmatur da paradigmatur urTierTobebSi (brunvisa da
ricxvis niSnebi saxelebSi, pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi zmnebSi... – er-
Ti mxriv, es afiqsebi morfologiur sistemas qmnian, meore mxriv,
monawileoben or sityvas Soris sintaqsur urTierTobebSi; afiqsebi
qarTulSi aqtiurad monawileoben agreTve axali sityvis fuZis age-
baSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, leqsikologiis sferos ganekuTvneba).
sazogadod, mecnieruli kvlevis saxelmZRvanelo principad mig-
vaCnia homogenurobis principi, rogorc safuZveli meTodologiuri
imanentizmisa: cneba unda Seicavdes niSnebs, romlebic imanenturia
aRsaweri obieqtisaTvis, Sesaswavli obieqtisaTvis Sinaganadaa dama-
xasiaTebeli (Ciqobava 1968, gv. 010).
meTodologiuri imanentizmis principis gaTvaliswinebiT, sintaq-
si Seiswavlis Sesityvebas Sedgenilobisa da meqanizmis Tvalsazri-
siT... anu ra saxis sintaqsur urTierTobas aqvs adgili Sesityveba-
Si Semaval sityvaTa Soris (Ciqobava 1968, gv. 231).
mkvlevarTa erTi nawilisTvis morfologiasa da sintaqss Soris
zRvari, praqtikulad, waSlilia. magaliTad, T. uTurgaiZe gvTava-
zobs morfonologiuri da morfosintaqsuri analizis uaRresad
originalur sistemas qarTuli enisaTvis (uTurgaiZe 2009). winamde-
bare statiis farglebSi am sistemis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareeb-
ze saubari sakiTxs Zalian dagvaSorebda; SemovifarglebiT mxolod
imis aRniSvniT, rom CvenTvis amosavalia e. benvenistiseuli lingvis-
tikuri analizis doneTa cnobili ierarqia (benvenisti 1965: 434-449),
5
romelic efuZneba homogenurobisa da meTodologiuri imanentizmis
principebs.
rasakvirvelia, winadadebis funqcionaluri analizi iseve auci-
lebelia, rogorc semantikur kategoriaTa aRweriTi analizi, mag-
ram aseTi analizi calke unda Catardes. sintagmis struqturis ana-
lizis magivrobas igi ver gaswevs (Ciqobava 1968, gv. 011). ras gamoxa-
tavs TavisTavad winadadebis esa Tu is wevri, misi klasifikacia se-
masiologiuri niSnebis mixedviT – saWiro da mniSvnelovania; metic,
srulyofili analizi SeuZlebelicaa, Tuki mxolod formobriv ana-
lizs CavatarebT (ix. mag., CikoiZe 2015, gv. 35-59). saubaria imaze, rom
konkretuli sintaqsuri cnebisa Tu kategoriis gansazRvrisTvis
mTavari saklasifakacio niSani sintaqsuri unda iyos da ara morfo-
logiisa Tu semasiologiis sferodan `gadmotanili~.
sintaqsuri damokidebulebis sami saxe – SeTanxmeba, marTva da
mirTva – calmxrivi (subordinaciuli) urTierTobis aspeqtSi ganixi-
leba indoevropul enebSi: winadadebis romelime wevri mmarTvelia,
moiTxovs daqvemdebarebulisgan garkveul formas (an marTavs daq-
vemdebarebul wevrs, an iTanxmebs, an mxolod semasiologiurad
`Seiwyobs~ (e.w. mirTva), am ukanasknelis formacvalebis deficitis
gamo), Tumca winadadebis sintaqsuri struqtura qarTul enaSi yo-
velTvis aseTi `martivi~ ar aris: indoevropuli enebisgan gansxvave-
biT, qarTulsa da sxva qarTvelur enebSi gvaqvs saurTierTo daqvemde-
bareba, anu iseTi urTierToba winadadebis or (an met) wevrs Soris,
roca erTi iqvemdebarebs meores raime niSnis mixedviT (marTavs/iTan-
xmebs), xolo meore pirvels sxva niSnis / niSnebis mixedviT iTanxmebs
an marTavs; aseTi urTierToba koordinaciadaa saxeldebuli.
es termini saurTierTo daqvemdebarebis daxasiaTebis mizniT
pirvelad a. Ciqobavam gamoiyena; Ciqobava aqcents akeTebda saurTi-
erTo marTvaze, vinaidan miiCnevda, rom zmna-SemasmenelTan Sewyobi-
li saxeli pirSi marTavda zmnas, magram iTanxmebda ricxvSi (Ciqoba-
va 1968: 215).
a. Ciqobavam mTeli monografia miuZRvna koordinaciis movlenas
qarTulSi, misi azriT, swored koordinaciis meqanizmi ganasxvavebs
qarTul (qarTvelur) enebs indoevropuli enebisgan; am specifikuro-
bis gamo, gansxvavebulia kvlevis meTodologia, instrumentebic
(maT Soris, sabaziso sintaqsuri cnebebic ki). unda iTqvas, rom mar-
tivi winadadebis Ciqobavaseuli analizi daedo safuZvlad, magali-
Tad, qarTuli enisaTvis winadadebis 4 mTavari wevris gamoyofas
(Sdr. klasikuri èvropuli~ sintaqsis farglebSi winadadebis mTa-
vari wevrebia mxolod Semasmeneli da qvemdebare). koordinaciis me-
qanizmis kvleva Ciqobavam mxolod Zveli qarTuli enis magaliTze
Caatara, Tumca amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom miseuli kvlevis princi-
6
pebisa da meTodologiis gamoyeneba aranakleb sainteresoa Tanamed-
rove qarTulisa da sxva qarTveluri enebisTvis, rasakvirvelia,
garkveuli modifikaciiT – jer erTi imitom, rom Zvelidan Tanamed-
rove qarTulamde, 15-saukunovani ganviTarebis periodSi, qarTulma
sintaqsma mniSvnelovnad icvala saxe (magaliTad, pirdapiri damate-
bis mravlobiTobis aRniSvna savaldebulo iyo Zvel qarTul zmnaSi;
Tanamedrove qarTulSi ki zmnaSi mesame pirdapirobieqturi piris
mravlobiToba arasodes aisaxeba); meore – a. Ciqobavas xedva mTlia-
nobaSi uaRresad mwyobri da logikuria, Tumca, Cveni azriT, garkve-
uli Seusabamobani mainc arsebobs, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT gveq-
neba msjeloba.
koordinaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmis arsis garkvevisTvis auci-
leblad migvaCnia a. Ciqobavas mier warmodgenili zmnaTa klasifika-
ciis principebis kritikul aspeqtSi ganxilva:
Ciqobava qarTulSi sami tipis martiv winadadebas gamoyofs, am
tipebs ganasxvavebs zmna-Semasmeneli:
pirveli tipi – zmnis piriani forma plus erTi saxeli saxelo-
biT brunvaSi (MS):
`kac-i (sax.) dgas~; `bavSv-i (sax.) imaleba~
meore tipi – zmnis piriani forma plus erTi saxeli saxelobiT
brunvaSi (MS) da meore saxeli micemiT brunvaSi (MO):
`bavSv-i (sax.) deda-s (mic.) emaleba~
mesame tipi 3 saxeobas iZleva (gardamavali zmnis 3 gansxvavebu-
li konstruqcia seriebis mixedviT):
kac-i (sax.) saxl-s (mic.) aSenebs
kacma (moTx.) saxl-i (sax.) aaSena
kac-s (mic.) saxl-i (sax.) auSenebia
(Ciqobava 1968: 212).
zmna, romelsac mxolod erTi piris forma aqvs, iqneba absolu-
turi (Ciqobava 1968: 139). Zveli qarTulis magaliTze, a. Ciqobava am
jgufSi aerTianebs rogorc statikur zmnebs (dgas, zis, wevs), aseve
– erTpirian vnebiTebs (dgebis, wydebis, naTldebis) da medioaqtivebs
(mefobs, goravs... – Ciqobava 1968: 139).
zmnasTan dakavSirebuli saxelis zmnur formaSi asaxvis Tval-
sazrisiT, amgvari klasifikacia, rasakvirvelia, misaRebia da adekva-
turad asaxavs MS-is (morfologiuri subieqtis) mxridan zmna-Semas-
menlis marTva-SeTanxmebis suraTs, Tumca, mxolod am niSniT zmna--
Semasmenlis klasifikacia srulad ver xsnis zmnur SesityvebaTa
sintaqsur meqanizms: garkveuli tipis absolutur zmnebTan zmna-Se-
masmeneli stabilur konstruqcias agebs dro-kiloTa (seriebis da
mwkrivTa mixedviT) cvlilebis miuxedavad (dgas is; idga is, mdgara
is; imaleba is, daimala is, damalula is...); Tumca, absoluturi
7
zmnebis sxva jgufTan konstruqcia gansxvavebul dro-kiloTa pir-
vel seriaSi MS saxelobiT brunvaSi formdeba, meore seriaSi –
moTxrobiTSi...
amis Semdgom a. Ciqobava gvTavazobs zmna-Semasmenlisa da masTan
dakavSirebuli yvela tipis aqtantis (qvemdebare, anu, misi termino-
logiiT, MS, damatebebi – MO) koordinaciuli daqvemdebarebis ka-
nonzomierebebs:
1. zmna marTavs brunvaSi rogorc MS-s, ise MO-s. damokidebu-
leba MS-isa da MO-isa zmnaze sruliad erTnairia: orive
Tanabrad marTulia zmnis mier (Ciqobava 1968, gv. 214).
2. iseve, rogorc indoevropul enebSi, zmnaSi aRiniSneba qvem-
debaris ricxvi, magram qarTulisTvis specifikuri isaa,
rom, MS-is garda, zmnaSi MO-s ricxvic aisaxeba (Ciqobava
1968, gv. 215).1
3. zmnis piris cvla, indoevropuli enebisgan gansxvavebiT,
damokidebulia ara mxolod qvemdebaris pirze (я чита-ю, ты
чита-ешь, он / она чита-ет), aramed orive saxelze – MO-ze
iseve, rogorc MS-ze. rogorc MS, ise MO marTavs2 zmnas
pirSi (Ciqobava 1968, gv. 214).
zmna marTavs saxelTa brunvas, saxeli marTavs (sxva mosazrebiT,
iTanxmebs – k.g.) zmnis pirs da iTanxmebs ricxvSi (Ciqobava 1968, gv. 214).
am rTul sintaqsur urTierTobas, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, am sa-
urTierTo marTvas, Cven vuwodebT koordinacias (Ciqobava 1968, gv.
215), Tumca, `...mxolod gardamavalzmniani winadadebis meqanizms
qmnis `koordinacia~3 (Ciqobava 1968: 215).
Ciqobava gardamavalzmnian konstruqciebs qarTulisTvis metad
mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs. misi azriT, moTxrobiTi da saxelobiTi
brunviT aRniSnuli koordinatebi met cvlilebebs iwveven zmnaSi,
met rols TamaSoben winadadebaSi, vinem micemiTi brunviT aRniSnu-
li koordinati. saWiroa am orgvari koordinatis garCeva: pirveli –
didi da meore – mcire koordinati (Ciqobava 1968: 215).
1 unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove qarTulSi SeiniSneba tendencia, usulo sa-

gnis aRmniSvneli saxelis ricxvi garkveuli tipis zmnebTan ar aisaxos: `xe-
ebi dgas~, `Rrublebi Cans~...
2 rogorc zemoT iTqva, Ciqobava saxelis mier zmnur formaSi piris niSnis sa-
valdebulo moTxovnas marTvas uwodebs (Cven daqvemdebarebis am saxes SeTan-
xmebad miviCnevT).
3 miuxedavad am ganacxadisa, Ciqobava koordinaciis meqanizmis farglebSi gani-
xilavs relatiur-gardauvalzmniani winadadebebis stabilur konstruqciebs,
rac aSkara Seusabamobaa: Sdr.: `sintaqsuri meqanizmis TvalsazrisiT axals
is arafers iZleva; igive safuZveli _ koordinacia~ (Ciqobava 1968: 219).
8
gardamavalzmniani konstruqciis pirdapiri obieqti meore seria-
Si gacilebiT naklebi sintaqsuri Zalis mqone iyo Zvel qarTulSi:
is mxolod ricxvSi iTanxmebda zmna-Semasmenels. amitom am koordi-
nats Ciqobava umciress uwodebs (Ciqobava, 1968, gv. 216). pirveli se-
riis zmnur konstruqciebTan es obieqti mcire koordinati xdeba,
mesame seriaSi – didi (xuTxovies mas igi) (Ciqobava 1968: 216).
rom SevajamoT, Ciqobavaseuli koordinatTa sistema Semdeg saxes
iRebs:
didia koordinati, romelic Tavad marTulia zmna-Semasmenlis-
gan, marTavs (anu iTanxmebs – k.g.) zmnis pirs da iTanxmebs ricxvs.
mcirea koordinati, romelic, aseve, marTulia zmna-Semasmenlis-
gan, marTavs (/ iTanxmebs – k. g.) zmnis pirs, magram ar iTanxmebs
ricxvSi.
umciresia koordinati, romelic marTulia zmna-Semasmenlisgan,
iTanxmebs zmnis ricxvs, magram ar marTavs pirs (Ciqobava 1968: 216).
Ciqobavas klasifikaciiT, garda koordinatebisa, martivi winada-
debis struqturis agebaSi monawileoben: Tavad zmna-Semasmeneli (me-
koordinacie zmna. igia koordinaciis centri, ZiriTadi koordinati),
qvemdebare (mxolod absoluturzmnian konstruqciaSi) da damateba.
sainteresoa a. Ciqobavas xedva absoluturzmnian konstruqcieb-
Tan dakavSirebiT. misi azriT, erTpirian zmnebsa da saxels Soris
iseTive damokidebulebaa, rogorc evropul enebSi, anu, aq ar gvaqvs
koordinacia; marTva calmxrivia da zmna-Semasmeneli imarTvis saxe-
lisgan (Cveni xedviT, eTanxmeba saxels – k.g.) oden pirSi... a. Ciqoba-
vas argumenti is aris, rom qvemdebaris brunva ar icvleba – is yo-
velTvis saxelobiTSia (Ciqobava 1968: 221).
imave naSromSi (Ciqobava 1968) orpirian gardauval zmnebTan saxe-
lobiTSi dasmul qvemdebares Ciqobava ukve koordinaciis meqanizmSi
CarTul wevrad miiCnevs (Sdr. dgas is – xudgas is mas): `zmna aqac
marTavs saxelTa brunvebs: ar SeiZleba man xudgas igi an: mas xuku-
debis igi... saxelebi marTaven zmnas pirSi ... imarTvian zmnis mier
brunvaSi, ese igi, arian koordinatebi~ (Ciqobava 1968: 220).
aSkarad logikuri Seusabamobaa: erTsa da imave sintaqsur ode-
nobas (Sdr.: dgas is; udgas is mas...) eZleva radikalurad gansxvave-
buli interpretacia, rac, meTodologiuri imanentizmis principis
gaTvaliswinebiT, dauSvebelia. unda iTqvas, rom Seusabamobas, ro-
gorc Cans, Tavad a. Ciqobavac amCnevda da sqolioSi am tipis komen-
taric aqvs gakeTebuli: `raki sxva tipis zmnebi ... marTaven saxelis
brunvas, absolutur zmnaSi SeiZleboda dagvenaxa marTvis nol-
safexuri~ (Ciqobava 1968: 220, sqolio #2). Ciqobavas koncefciaSi am
Seusabamobis mizezi, vfiqrobT, aris mcdeloba, saxelobiTi brunva
gauTanabrdes indoevropuli enebis nominativs, rac marTlac sakama-
9
To sakiTxia da mraval kiTxvas aCens; aq mxolod imas vityviT, rom
principulad SeuZlebelia qarTuli saxelobiTisa da indoevropu-
li nominativis gaigiveba / gaTanabreba: saxelobiTi ar aris `pirda-
piri brunva~ (qarTuli sintaqsi saerTod ar cnobs `pirdapiri brun-
vis~ gagebas!), ris gamoc mravali mkvlevari evropuli enebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel konstruqciebTan aigivebs specifikur da araordina-
rul qarTul sintaqsur struqturebs.
qarTulma enam sakmaod didi cvlilebebi ganicada e.w. `Zveli~ da
`saSuali~ safexurebis gavliT, me-5 saukunidan dRemde. SesamCnevia es
cvlilebebi sintaqsSic, kerZod, zmna-Semasmenelsa da koordinatebs
Soris urTierToba met-naklebad gansxvavebul suraTs gvaZlevs:
a. absolutur-gardauvali zmna-Semasmenlis konstruqciebis ko-

ordinaciuli meqanizmi Tanamedrove qarTulSi
erTpiriani gardauvali zmna-Semasmenlis qvemdebare imarTvis
zmnisgan brunvaSi (statikuri marTvis saxeoba: dro-kiloTa samsave
seriaSi subieqti brunvaucvlelia1); Tavad iTanxmebs zmna-Semasme-
nels pirsa da ricxvSi; is yovelTvis (pirTa da seriebis mixedviT
uRvlilebisas) didi koordinatia:
I seria:
mx.r. `kac-i (sax.) dga-s~; `bavSv-i (sax.) imaleb-a~ (Sdr.: me v-dga-
var; me v-imalebi; Sen 0-dga-xar; Sen 0-imalebi...)
mr.r. `kac-eb-i (sax.) dga-n-an~; `bavSv-eb-i (sax.) imalebi-an~ (Sdr.: Cven
v-dga-var-T; Cven v-imalebi-T; Tqven 0-dga-xar-T; Tqven 0-imalebi-T...).
II seria:
mx.r. `kac-i (sax.) idg-a~; `bavSv-i (sax.) daimal-a~ (Sdr.: me v-ideqi;
me da-v-imale; Sen 0-ideqi; Sen da-0-imale...)
mr.r. `kac-eb-i (sax.) idg-nen~; `bavSv-eb-i (sax.) daimal-nen~ (Sdr.:
Cven v-ideqi-T; Cven da-v-imale-T; Tqven 0-ideqi-T; Tqven da-0-imale-T...).
III seria:
mx.r. `kac-i (sax.) mdgar-a~; `bavSv-i (sax.) da-0-malul-a~ (Sdr.: me v-
mdgar-var; me da-v-malul-var; Sen 0-mdgar-xar; Sen da-0-malul-xar...)
mr.r. `kac-eb-i (sax.) mdgar-an~; `bavSv-eb-i (sax.) damalul-an~
(Sdr.: Cven v-mdgar-var-T; Cven da-v-malul-var-T; Tqven 0-mdgar-xar-T;
Tqven da-0-malul-xar-T...).
1
pirvelsa da meore pirebSi S ùbrunveli~ nacvalsaxeliTaa warmodgenili, Tum-
ca, aseT SemTxvevebSi mainc aris SesaZlebeli zmna-Semasmenlis mier brunvaSi
marTvis Sesaxeb saubari: a. daviTiani daqvemdebarebis specifikur qvetips, e.w.
`potenciur marTvas~ miakuTvnebs amgvar urTierTobas (daviTiani 1973: 284).
10
analogiuri viTarebaa im erTpirian inversiul zmnebTan, romle-
bic warmomavlobiT orpiriani gardauvali zmnebia da subieqti `da-
karguli aqvT~ (ix. mag., meliqiSvili 1978, GV. 81-93); sinqroniul done-
ze am tipis zmnaTa subieqti micemiTSia da igi brunvaucvlelia
zmna-Semasmenlis dro-kiloTa mixedviT cvlisas samsave seriaSi
(statikuri marTva); Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas, rom am tipis zmnaTa um-
ravlesoba mwkrivnaklia (SaniZe 1980: 231) da, ZiriTadad, pirveli se-
riis mwkrivebi moepoveba: eSinia / eSinoda mas, sciva / scioda mas...
micemiT brunaSi marTuli qvemdebare marTulia zmnisgan brunva-
Si (aseve, statikuri marTvis saxeoba), Tavad iTanxmebs zmna-Semasme-
nels pirsa da ricxvSi; is yovelTvis didi koordinatia (iseve, ro-
gorc absolutur zmnasTan Sewyobili saxelobiTSi mdgari MS):
mx. r.: me m-civa; Sen g-civa, mas s-civa;
mx. r.: Cven gv-civa; Tqven g-civa-T, maT s-civa-T1.
b. relatiur-gardauvali zmna-Semasmenlis konstruqciebis koor-

dinaciuli meqanizmi
orpiriani garadauvali zmna-Semasmenlis qvemdebare imarTvis
zmnisgan saxelobiT brunvaSi (statikuri marTvis saxeoba) dro-ki-
loTa samsave seriaSi; Tavad iTanxmebs zmna-Semasmenels pirsa da
ricxvSi; aqedan gamomdinare, is yovelTvis (pirTa da seriebis mi-
xedviT uRvlilebisas) didi koordinatia (garda pirveli da meore
pirebis kombinaciaTa specifikuri konstruqciebisa):
I seria:
mx.r. emaleb-a is mas (Sdr.: v-emalebi me mas, 0-emalebi Sen mas);
mr.r. emalebi-an isini mas (Sdr.: v-emalebi-T Cven mas, 0-emalebi-
T Tqven mas).
II seria:
mx.r. da-emal-a is mas (Sdr.: da-v-emale me mas, da-0-emale Sen mas);
mr.r. da-emal-nen isini mas (Sdr.: da-v-emale-T Cven mas, da-0-ema-
le-T Tqven mas).
III seria:
mx.r. da-malvi-a is mas (Sdr.: da-v-malvi-var me mas, da-0-malvi-
xar Sen mas);
mr.r. da-malvi-an isini mas (Sdr.: da-v-malvi-var-T Cven mas, da-0-
malvi-xar-T Tqven mas);
1 gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ukanaskneli magaliTi: micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli

saxeli zmna-Semasmenels iTanxmebs ricxvSi; es movlena calke ganxilvis sa-
gania da, sintaqsuri urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebul qvesaxeo-
bas qmnis martivi winadadebis koordinaciul struqturaSi.
11
orpiriani gardauvali zmna-Semasmenlis iribi damateba imarTvis
zmnisgan micemiT brunvaSi (statikuri marTvis saxeoba); Tavad iTan-
xmebs zmna-Semasmenels pirsa da ricxvSi; igi pirvelsa da meore
pirSi didi koordinatia, xolo mesame pirSi ver iTanxmebs zmna-Se-
masmenels ricxvSi da, Sesabamisad, mcire koordinatia:
m-emaleba is me gv-emaleba is Cven
g-emaleba is Sen g-emaleba-T is Tqven
0-emaleba is mas 0-emaleba is maT.
sainteresoa pirveli da meore pirebis kombinaciebSi warmodgeni-
li suraTi:
m-emalebi Sen me gv-emalebi Sen Cven
m-emalebi-T Tqven me gv-emalebi-T Tqven Cven
g-emalebi me Sen g-emalebi-T me Tqven
g-emalebi-T Cven Sen g-emalebi-T Cven Tqven
am kombinaciebSi qvemdebare umciresi koordinatia (imarTvis
zmna-Semasmenlisgan, iTanxmebs zmna-Semasmenels ricxvSi, magram ver
iTanxmebs pirSi); iribi damateba sintaqsuri ZaliT `sjabnis~ qvemde-
bares da xsnebul kombinaciebSi didi koordinatia (imarTvis zmna-
Semasmenlisgan, iTanxmebs zmna-Semasmenels pirsa da ricxvSi).
qarTulSi sul ramdenime 3-piriani gardauvali zmna gvaqvs, rom-
lebic, koordinatTa gadanawilebis TvalsazrisiT, praqtikulad,
iseTsave suraTs gviCveneben, rogoric 2-pirian gardauval zmnebTana-
a: qvemdebare mudam didi koordinatia (garda zemoT dasaxelebuli I
da II pirTa kombinaciebisa), erT-erTi damateba mesame pirSi – mcire
koordinati, pirvelsa da meore pirebSi – didi koordinati... rac
Seexeba meore iribobieqtur pirs, is verc pirSi iTanxmebs zmna-Se-
masmenels da verc – ricxvSi. maSasadame, koordinaciis meqanizmidan
amovardnilia da statikur subordinaciul marTvasTan gvaqvs saqme
(mxolod mis formas gansazRvravs zmna-Semasmeneli – moiTxovs mis-
gan micemiT brunvas):
v-evedrebi me mas mas v-evedrebi-T Cven mas mas
evedrebi Sen mas mas evedrebi-T Tqven mas mas
evedreb-a is mas mas evedrebi-an isini mas mas
m-evedreba is me mas gv-evedreba is Cven mas

g-evedreba is Sen mas g-evedreba-T is Tqven mas
0-evedreba is mas mas 0-evedreba is maT mas
orpirian gardauval zmnaTa erTi wyeba (gramatikul literatu-
raSi cnobili, rogorc inversiuli zmnebi) `Sebrunebul~ wyobas
gviCvenebs: inversiuli zmna-Semasmenlis qvemdebare mudam micemiT
12
brunvaSia, xolo damateba (damatebis statusi ar saxeldeba: is arc
pirdapiri damatebaa, arc iribi)1 – yovelTvis saxelobiTSi.
inversiul zmna-SemasmenelTan qvemdebare didi koordinatia –
imarTvis zmnisgan brunvaSi, iTanxmebs zmnas pirsa da ricxvSi:
m-iyvar-s me is gv-iyvar-s Cven is
g-iyvar-s Sen is g-iyvar-T Tqven is
0-uyvar-s mas is uyvar-T maT is
didi koordinatia qvemdebare pirveli da meore pirebis kombina-
ciaSic:
m-iyvar-xar me Sen gv-iyvar-xar Cven Sen
g-iyvar-var Sen me g-iyvar-var-T Tqven me
rac Seexeba inversiuli zmna-Semasmenlis `gaudiferencirebel~
damatebas, is pirTa nebismier kombinaciaSi iTanxmebs zmna-Semasme-
nels pirSi (g-iyvar-var Sen me; m-iyvar-xar me Sen; v-uyvar-var (mas) me;
uyvar-xar (mas) Sen...), aseve, iTanxmebs ricxvSi zmna-Semasmenels pir-
veli da meore pirebis kombinaciaSi – maSasadame, didi koordinatia:
v-uyvar-var mas me v-uyvar-var-T mas Cven
0-uyvar-xar mas Sen 0-uyvar-xar-T mas Tqven
magram mesame pirSi igi ver iTanxmebs zmna-Semasmenels ricxvSi
da, Sesabamisad, mcire koordinatia:
uyvar-s mas is / isini
g. relatiur-gardamavali zmna-Semasmenlis konstruqciebis ko-

ordinaciuli meqanizmi
orpiriani gardamavali zmna-Semasmenlis qvemdebare dinamikuri
marTvis sintaqsur daqvemdebarebaSia zmna-SemasmenelTan: dro-kilo-
Ta pirvel seriaSi imarTvis zmna-Semasmenlisgan saxelobiT brunva-
Si, meore seriaSi – moTxrobiTSi, mesameSi – micemiTSi:
I seria: xatavs kac-i (mas)
II seria: daxata kac-ma (is)
III seria: dauxatavs kac-s (is)
gardamavali zmna-Semasmenlis qvemdebare iTanxmebs zmnas pirsa
da ricxvSi umetes SemTxvevaSi da didi koordinatia (garda pirvel-
sa da meore pirebSi specifikuri konstruqciebisa, sadac qvemdebare
umciresi koordinatia; ix. qvemoT, aqve):
mx.r. mr.r.
v-xatav me mas v-xatav-T Cven mas
0-xatav Sen mas 0-xatav-T Tqven mas
xatav-s is mas xatav-en isini mas
1 inversiul zmnaTa Sesaxeb ix. meliqiSvili 1978: 81-93.
13
gardamavali zmna-Semasmenlis pirdapiri damateba, aseve, dinamiku-
ri marTvis sintaqsur daqvemdebarebaSia zmna-SemasmenelTan: dro-ki-
loTa pirvel seriaSi imarTvis zmnisgan micemiT brunvaSi, meore da
mesame seriaSi – saxelobiTSi:
I seria: xatavs is megobar-s
II seria: daxata man megobar-i
III seria: dauxatavs mas megobar-i
pirdapiri damateba pirvelsa da meore pirSi iTanxmebs zmnas
pirsa da ricxvSi da didi koordinatia; mesame pirSi mxolod pirSi
SeTanxmeba gvaqvs da amitom mcire koordinatia:
mx.r. mr.r.
m-xatavs is me gv-xatavs is Cven
g-xatavs is Sen g-xatavT is Tqven
0-xatavs is mas 0-xatav-s is maT
pirveli da meore pirebis kombinaciebSi pirdapiri damateba qvem-
debareze `dominirebs~: misi pirica da ricxvic aisaxeba zmnaSi (di-
di koordinatia), qvemdebare ki mcire koordinatad gvevlineba:
mx.r. mr.r.
m-xatav Sen me gv-xatav Sen Cven
g-xatav me Sen g-xatav-T me Tqven
Sdr.:
m-xatav Sen me m-xatav-T Tqven me
g-xatav me Sen g-xatav-T Cven Sen
ukanasknel 2 magaliTSi qvemdebare pirSi ver iTanxmebs zmna-Se-
masmenels, magram ricxvi yovelTvis aisaxeba; maSasadame, igi umcire-
si koordinatia.
* * *
sampiriani gardamavali zmna-Semasmenlis qvemdebare iseTsave daq-

vemdebarebaSia zmna-SemasmenelTan, rogorc orpiriani zmna-Semasmen-
lis qvemdebare: dro-kiloTa pirvel seriaSi imarTvis zmnisgan saxe-
lobiT brunvaSi, meore seriaSi – moTxrobiTSi, mesameSi – micemiTSi:
I seria: aCvenebs kac-i (mas mas)
II seria: aCvena kac-ma (is mas)
III seria: uCvenebia kac-s (is misTvis)
rogorc orpiriani, aseve sampiriani gardamavali zmna-Semasmen-
lis qvemdebare umetes SemTxvevaSi iTanxmebs zmnas pirsa da ricx-
vSi da didi koordinatia (garda pirvelsa da meore pirebSi speci-
fikuri konstruqciebisa, sadac qvemdebare umciresi koordinatia):
14
didi koordinatia:
mx.r. mr.r.
v-aCveneb me mas mas v-aCveneb-T Cven mas mas
0-aCveneb Sen mas mas 0-aCveneb-T Tqven mas mas
aCveneb-s is mas mas aCveneb-en isini mas mas
umciresi koordinatia:
m-iCveneb Sen me mas m-iCveneb-T Tqven me mas
g-iCveneb me Sen mas g-iCveneb-T Cven Sen mas
pirdapiri damateba, iseve, rogorc orpirian zmnebTan, 2 brunva-
Si imarTvis zmna-Semasmenlisgan: pirvel seriaSi – micemiTSi, meore-
sa da mesameSi – saxelobiTSi:
I seria: aCvenebs (is mas) naxat-s
II seria: aCvena (man mas) naxat-i
III seria: uCvenebia (mas misTvis) naxat-i
analogiuri viTarebaa pirsa da ricxvSi SeTanxmebis Tvalsazri-
siT: pirvelsa da meore pirSi pirdapiri damateba iTanxmebs zmnas
pirsa da ricxvSi da didi koordinatia1; mesame pirSi mxolod pirSi
SeTanxmeba gvaqvs da amitom mcire koordinatia:
mx.r. mr.r.
mi-m-akra man me mas mi-gv-akra man Cven mas
mi-g-akra man Sen mas mi-g-akra-T man Tqven mas
mi-akra man is mas mi-akra man isini mas
pirveli da meore pirebis kombinaciebi:
mx.r. mr.r.
mi-m-akari Sen me mas mi-gv-akari Sen Cven mas
mi-g-akari me Sen mas mi-g-akari-T me Tqven mas
specifikuri konstruqciebiT gamoirCeva gardamavali sampiriani
zmna-Semasmeneli iribi damatebis `qcevis~ TvalsazrisiT; gardamava-
li zmna-Semasmenlis iribi damateba principulad gansxvavebulia
gardauvali zmna-Semasmenlis damatebisgan; isini araa tolfasi sin-
taqsuri odenobebi: gardamavali zmna-Semasmenlis iribi damateba
mxolod pirvelsa da meore seriebSia brunvaucvleli (micemiT
brunvaSia – rogorc gardauvali zmna-Semasmenlis iribi damateba);
mesame seriaSi ki saerTod gadis zmnuri koordinaciis struqturi-
dan da Tandebuliani saxeliT gadmoicema:
I seria: swers (is mas) megobar-s
II seria: miswera (man is) megobar-s
III seria: miuweria (mas is) megobr-is-Tvis
1 aqve unda iTqvas, rom pirvelsa da meore pirebSi pirdapiri damateba uaRre-
sad iSviaTia da mxolod specifikuri semantikuri struqturis mqone zmneb-
Tan SeuZlia pirTa mixedviT cvla.
15
pirvelsa da meore seriaSi iribi damatebis urTierToba zmna-Se-
masmenelTan identuria relatiuri gardauvali zmna-Semasmenlis
iribi damatebisa; mesame seriaSi gansxvavebuli sintaqsuri urTier-
Tobis saxe yalibdeba:
Sdr.:
gardamavali 3-piriani zmna gardauvali 2-piriani zmna
I seria: aCvenebs is mas mas eCveneba is mas
II seria: aCvena man is mas moeCvena is mas
III seria: uCvenebia mas is misTvis mosCvenebia is mas
gardamavali zmna-Semasmenlis iribi damateba pirvelsa da meore
seriebSi zmnur koordinaciaSi monawile aqtantia: damateba, iseve,
rogorc orpirian zmnebTan, micemiT brunvaSi imarTvis zmna-Semas-
menlisgan:
I seria: aCvenebs (is mas) megobar-s
II seria: aCvena (man is) megobar-s
analogiuri viTarebaa pirsa da ricxvSi SeTanxmebis Tvalsazri-
siT: pirvelsa da meore pirSi iribi damateba iTanxmebs zmnas pirsa
da ricxvSi da didi koordinatia; mesame pirSi mxolod pirSi Se-
Tanxmeba gvaqvs da amitom mcire koordinatia:
mx.r. mr.r.
m-aCvena man me is gv-aCvena man Cven is
g-aCvena man Sen is g-aCvena-T man Tqven is
aCvena man mas is aCvena man maT is
pirveli da meore pirebis kombinaciebi:
mx.r. mr.r.
m-aCvene Sen me is gv-aCvene Sen Cven is
g-aCvene me Sen is g-aCvene-T me Tqven is
a. Ciqobavam Zveli qarTuli enisaTvis SemogvTavaza zmna-Semasmen-
lisa da masTan dakavSirebuli yvela tipis aqtantis (qvemdebare,
anu, misi terminologiiT – MS, damatebebi – MO) koordinaciuli
daqvemdebarebis kanonzomierebebi; Ciqobavas mixedviT:
1. zmna marTavs brunvaSi rogorc MS-s, ise MO-s (rogorc pir-
dapirs, aseve – iribs).
2. zmnaSi aRiniSneba ara mxolod qvemdebaris (MS-is), aramed
damatebebis (MO-s) ricxvic.
3. zmnis uRvlileba pirTa mixedviT damokidebulia ara mxo-
lod qvemdebaris pirze, aramed orive saxelze – rogorc
MS-ze, aseve MO-ze (Ciqobava 1968, gv. 214).
zmna marTavs saxelTa brunvas, saxeli marTavs (/ iTanxmebs –
k.g.) zmnis pirs da iTanxmebs ricxvSi (Ciqobava 1968, gv. 214).
am rTul sintaqsur urTierTobas, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, am sa-
urTierTo marTvas, uwodebs a. Ciqobava koordinacias, Tumca iqve
16
aRniSnavs, rom `mxolod gardamavalzmniani winadadebis meqanizms
qmnis `koordinacia~ (Ciqobava 1968: 215). rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva,
monografiaSi – `martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi~ – a. Ciqo-
bavam koordinaciul damokidebulebad miiCnia gardauval orpirian
zmnaTa sintaqsuri konstruqciebic, riTac sakuTar mosazrebas Ta-
vadve daupirispirda. aseve, vfiqrobT, Ciqobavaseuli meTodologiu-
ri midgoma moiTxovs garkveul koreqtivebs erTpirian absolutur
zmnebTan mimarTebiT: Tu orpirian gardauval zmnebTan statikuri
marTvaa, analogiuri damokidebulebaa saxelobiTSi gaformebul
qvemdebaresa da zmna-Semasmenels Soris erTpirian gardauval zmneb-
Tanac!). Sesabamisad, koordinacias qarTulSi (rogorc Zvel, aseve
Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi) qmnis rogorc gardamavali,
aseve gardauvali zmna – rogorc erT-, ise or- Tu sampiriani.
zemoT warmovadgineT yvela SesaZlebeli konstruqcia, romelic
dasturdeba Tanamedrove qarTulSi; Tumca, vfiqrobT, aucilebelia
mocemuli konstruqciebis paradigmatuli dajgufeba. paradigmatu-
li erTeulebi, rogorc cnobilia, homogenur elementTa makrosis-
temebad ganixileba da, amdenad, saWirod migvaCnia zmnur konstruq-
ciaTa paradigmatuli rigebis gamowvlilviTi analizi.
a. Ciqobavas azriT, „piris aRniSvnis TvalsazrisiT, zmnebi SeiZ-
leba daiyos or ZiriTad saxeobisad: absoluturi saxeobisad da
relatiuri saxeobisad... zmna, romelsac mxolod erTi piris forma
aqvs, iqneba absoluturi saxeobisa... zmna, romelsac ori piris for-
ma aqvs, iqneba relatiuri...“ (Ciqobava 1968, gv. 159).
garda mocemuli klasifikatorisa, a. Ciqobava gvTavazobs garda-
mavloba / gardauvalobis diqotomias. Sesabamisad, zmnaTa (maTTan
dakavSirebul sintaqsur konstruqciaTa tipebis) dajgufebas mxo-
lod am kriteriumebis safuZvelze axdens:
1. absoluturi gardauvali;
2. relatiuri gardamavali;
3. relatiuri gardauvali.
vfiqrobT, SemoTavazebuli klasifikatorebi ar aris sakmarisi
zmnur konstruqciaTa tipebis sruli speqtris warmosaCenad, ris-
Tvisac aucileblad migvaCnia labiluri / stabiluri konstruqcie-
bis diqotomiis Semotana.
stabilur sintaqsur konstruqciad ganvixilavT dro-kiloTa
samsave seriaSi brunvaucvlel aqtantebs (SesaZlebelia, stabiluri
konstruqcia moepovebodes rogorc absolutur-erTpirian, aseve or-
pirian da sampirian zmna-Semasmenels); labiluri konstruqciis mqo-
nea zmna-Semasmenlebi, romelTac brunvacvalebadi (dro-kiloTa se-
riebis mixedviT) aqtantebi moepovebaT: stabiluri konstruqciis
mqonea erTpiriani aris, dgas, Cndeba, imaleba, weria; orpiriani uC-
17
ndeba, emaleba, xvdeba; sampiriani hpirdeba, ekiTxeba ... labiluri
konstruqciis mqonea erTpiriani mefobs, goravs, curavs; orpiriani
aSenebs, akeTebs, xatavs; sampiriani swers, uSenebs, awerinebs...
a. stabiluri konstruqciis mqone zmna-Semasmeneli

absoluturi gardauvali erTpiriani zmna-Semasmeneli nominatiu-
ri konstruqciis mqonea; qvemdebare samive seriis formebTan saxe-
lobiT brunvaSia:
is (kac-i, biW-i, mgel-i) aris, dgas, imaleba... (I seria)
is (kac-i, biW-i, mgel-i) iyo, idga, daimala... (II seria)
is (kac-i, biW-i, mgel-i) yofila, mdgara, damalula... (III seria)
analogiuri stabiluri nominatiuri konstruqciis mqonea zmnebi:
zis, midis, iwereba, ibereba, dneba, gdia da mravali sxva.
stabilur konstruqciaTa gansxvavebul tips qmnian e.w. „inversi-
uli“ erTpiriani zmnebi (ix. mag., meliqiSvili 1978 gv. 81-93). am Sem-
TxvevaSi icvleba qvemdebaris brunva: samsave seriaSi igi micemiTSia
(sZinavs, RviZavs, scxela, sciva, eSinia da a.S.). am tipis zmnaTa rao-
denoba SezRudulia da, mkvlevarTa azriT, es formebi miRebulia
orpiriani zmnebis semantikuri struqturis istoriuli cvlilebis
Sedegad (ix. mag., uTurgaiZe 2002, gv. 89-103).
praqtikulad, erTpiriani zmnebis konstruqciebi awmyosa da pir-
veli seriis sxva mwkrivebSi am 2 brunviT amoiwureba; saxelobiT
brunvaSia dasmuli erTpiriani medioaqtiuri zmnebis subieqtic
dro-kiloTa pirveli seriis formebTan (iRviZebs, isvenebs, swav-
lobs, TamaSobs, mgzavrobs, muSaobs...), Tumca, maTi konstruqcia la-
biluria da sxva seriebSi gansxvavebul viTarebas gviCvenebs.
stabiluri konstruqciis mqonea relatiuri zmnebis sakmaod di-
di jgufi: es aris sxvadasxvagvari warmoebis, sruliad gansxvavebu-
li morfologiuri agebulebis zmnaTa erToblioba, romelTac aer-
Tianebs erTaderTi (sintaqsuri) niSani: maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia
stabiluri zmnuri konstruqcia dro-kiloTa samsave seriaSi: saxe-
lobiTi + micemiTi (nominatiur-datiuri konstruqcia). am konstruq-
ciis mqone zmnaTa raodenoba qarTulSi sakmaod didia:
exmareba daexmara daxmarebia is mas
efereba moefera mohferebia is mas
emSvidobeba daemSvidoba damSvidobebia is mas
xvdeba Sexvda Sexvedria is mas
stabiluri konstruqcia axasiaTebs aseve orpirian inversiul zmna-
Ta rigs, romlebic, sruliad gansxvavebuli warmoebisa da morfo-
logiuri struqturis mqonea, magram gamoirCeva sintaqsuri kom-
struqciis „mdgradobiT“ (aqtantTa stabiluri brunvebiT):
18
hyavs mas is
aqvs mas is
enatreba mas is
uxdeba mas is
inversiis sakiTxi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs stabiluri sin-

taqsuri konstruqciis am qvesaxeobis CamoyalibebaSi: inversia ar
SeiZleba ganvixiloT mxolod diaqroniul WrilSi: swored inversi-
is procesi gaxda erT-erTi mizezi da safuZveli qarTuli enis sin-
taqsSi im principuli Zvrebisa, romlebmac enis sistemaSi, sxva
cvlilebebTan erTad, gamoiwvia micemiT brunvaSi gaformebuli pi-
ris mier zmnis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis unaris mopoveba; erTi mxriv,
darCa yvelgan stabiluri konstruqcia saxelobiTbrunviani qvemde-
bariT, meore mxriv, Camoyalibda stabiluri konstruqcia micemiT-
brunviani konstruqciiT (dawvrilebiT ix. jorbenaZe 1981; meliqiSvi-
li 1978; meliqiSvili 2001: 337, 344).
dasaxelebul zmna-SemasmenelTa sintaqsuri konstruqcia dati-
ur-nominatiuria (micemiTi + saxelobiTi).
stabilur konstruqcias gviCvenebs dro-kiloTa samsave seriaSi
sampirian zmnaTa erTi uaRresad mcire jgufi:
elaparakeba, hpirdeba is mas mas
daelaparaka, Sehpirda is mas mas
dalaparakebia, Sehpirebia is mas mas
b. labiluri konstruqciis mqone zmna-Semasmeneli

rogorc zemoT iTqva, qarTuli enisaTvis urTules ubnadaa miC-
neuli ergatiuli konstruqcia. Tumca, vfiqrobT, sirTule, zoga-
dad, polipersonaluri zmnuri konstruqciebis labilurobidan mom-
dinareobs: ergativi mxolod dro-kiloTa II seriis formebTan
gvxvdeba (gamonaklisia „vici“ zmnis warmoeba, arqaul „uwyis“ for-
masTan erTad, romelic awmyosa da awmyos wris sxva nakvTebSi
moTxrobiTbrunvian subieqts Seiwyobs: icis, icoda, icodes man; uwy-
is, uwyoda, uwyodes man..., sxva SemTxvevaSi moTxrobiTbrunviani kon-
struqciebi mxolod meore seriis gardamavali zmnis konteqstSi ga-
nixileba), pirvelsa da mesame seriebSi, Sesabamisad, warmodgenilia
saxelobiTi da micemiTi brunvebi; sxvagvarad – meore seriaSi erga-
tiuli konstruqciis arseboba aucileblad gulisxmobs pirvel se-
riaSi – nominatiuri konstruqciis, xolo mesame seriaSi datiuri
konstruqciis povnierebas. es gaxlavT gardamavali zmna-Semasmen-
lisTvis damaxasiaTebeli labiluri sintaqsuri konstruqciebis
formula.
19
labiluri konstruqciis mqonea agreTve erTpirian zmnaTa jgu-
fi, romelTac medioaqtivebs (sxvagvarad – saSual-moqmedebiTi gva-
ris zmnebs) uwodeben.
medioaqtivTa Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa,
Tumca, gasaziarebeli Cans is Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac am
tipis, odindel orpirian zmnebs pirdapiri obieqti dakarguli aqvT:
daiZina man [Zili]
samsave seriaSi am tipis zmnebTan Sewyobili qvemdebare imave
principiT icvlis brunvis formas, rogorc gardamavalzmnian sin-
taqsur konstruqciebSi: pirvel seriaSi saxelobiTSia (nominatiuri
konstruqcia), meoreSi – moTxrobiTSi (ergatiuli konstruqcia), me-
sameSi – micemiTSi (datiuri konstruqcia):
iRviZebs mefobs xoxavs – is
gaiRviZa imefa ixoxa – man
gauRviZia umefia uxoxia – mas
sqematurad, erTpiriani saSual-moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebis labi-
luri konstruqciebis formula ase warmodgeba:
qvemdebaris brunva
I seria saxelobiTi
II seria moTxrobiTi
III seria micemiTi
orpiriani labiluri konstruqciis zmnebi qarTulSi did jgufs
qmnis; labiluri konstruqciebis formula sqematurad ase warmodgeba:
qvemdebaris brunva pird. damatebis brunva
I seria saxelobiTi micemiTi
II seria moTxrobiTi saxelobiTi
III seria micemiTi saxelobiTi
Sdr. 2-piriani stabiluri konstruqciis mqone zmnuri konstruqcie-
bis gansxvavebuli paradigma:
emaleba is mas – malavs is mas
daemala is mas – damala man is
damalvia is mas – daumalavs mas is
kidev ufro garTulebuli konstruqciiT gamoirCeva sampiriani
gardamavali zmnebi: aq ramdenime Tavisebureba iCens Tavs:
a. garda imisa, rom orpiriani labiluri konstruqciis mqone gar-
damavali zmnebis formula meordeba, emateba mesame (iribobieq-
turi) piri, romelic, stabiluri konstruqciebis mqone zmnebis
msgavsad, pirvel da meore seriaSi micemiTSi formdeba.
b. gasaTvaliswinebelia am iribi obieqtis gansxvavebuli qceva mesa-
me seriis formebTan: mesame seriaSi iribobieqturi piri kargavs
ormxriv kavSirs zmna-SemasmenelTan da Tandebuliani formiT
gvevlineba (ix. zemoT): uSenebs is megobars saxls – auSena man
megobars saxli – auSenebia mas megobrisTvis saxli)...
20
sampiriani gardamavali zmnis konstruqciebis sqematuri Canaweri:
I. awmyo / myofadi / uwyveteli – sax. mic. mic.
uSenebs / auSenebs / auSenebda kac-i saxl-s megobar-s
II. wyvetili – moTxr. sax. mic.
auSena kac-ma saxl-i megobar-s
III. TurmeobiTi – mic. sax. [Tandebuliani naT.]
auSenebia kac-s saxl-i megobr-isTvis...
literatura:
benvenisti 1974 – Бенвенист Э., Общая лингвистика, 1974.

gabunia 2016 – martivi winadadebis analizis principebi Tanamed-
rove qarTulSi, Tbilisi, 2016.
gabunia 1991 – k. gabunia, ergatiuli konstruqciis Camoyalibebis
zogi sakiTxisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: kavkasiologTa I saerTaSo-
riso simpoziumis masalebi, Tbilisi, 1991.
gabunia 19922 – k. gabunia, winadadebis wevrTa gansazRvris sin-
taqsuri kriteriumebisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: macne, enisa da lit.
seria, Tbilisi, 1992., #2.
gabunia 1996 – k. gabunia, aRdgeba Tu ara zmnuri tipis nominati-
uri sistema qarTvelur fuZe-enaSi?: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, V, Tbi-
lisi, 1996.
gabunia 2007 – k. gabunia, brunvaTa sistemebi qarTvelur enebSi,
Tbilisi, 2007.
daviTiani 1973 – a. daviTiani, qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tbilisi, 1973.
iakobsoni 1985 – Якобсон Р., К общему учению о падеже (Общее зна-
чение русского падежа): Избранные работы, Москва, 1985.
kvaWaZe 1977 – l. kvaWaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsiÁ
Tbilisi, 1977.
kiziria 1974 – a. kiziria, qvemdebare-Semasmenlis urTierToba qar-
Tuli enis dasavluri dialeqtebis mixedviT: qess, I Tbilisi, 1974.
kiziria 1982 – a. kiziria, martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba qar-
Tvelur enebSi, Tbilisi, 1982.
klimovi 1962 – Климов Г. А., Склонение в картвельских языках в срав-
нительно-историческом аспекте, Москва, 1962.
klimovi 1973 – Климов Г. А., Очерк общей теории эргативности,
Москва, 1973.
klimovi 1977 – Климов Г. А., Типология языков активного строя,
Москва, 1977.
kuriloviCi 1962 – Курилович Е., Очерки по лингвистике, Москва, 1962.
21
mari 1908 – Марр Н. Я., Грамматика древнелитературного грузинского
языка, Ленинград, 1925.
meliqiSvili 1978 – `miWirs~ zmna da maswavleblis gasaWiri:
qels, Tbilisi, 1978.
meliqiSvili 2001 – qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistema, Tbilisi, 2001.
nebieriZe 1987 – g. nebieriZe, arsebobs Tu ara ergatiuli da da-
tiuri konstruqciebi qarTulSi?: macne, enisa da lit. seria, Tbili-
si, 1987, #3.
oniani 1989 – a. oniani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis
sakiTxebi (saxelTa morfologia), Tbilisi, 1989.
rogava 1975 – g. rogava, nominatiuri konstruqciis mqone garda-
mavali zmnis genezisisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: ikew, t. II, Tbilisi,
1975.
tenieri 1988 – Теньер Л., Основы структурного синтаксиса, Москва,
«Прогресс», 1988.
uTurgaiZe 2002 – T. uTurgaiZe, gramatikuli kategoriebisa da
maTi urTierTmimarTebisaTvis qarTul zmnaSi, Tbilisi, 2002.
uTurgaiZe 2009 – T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis doneTa ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebis urTierTzemoqmedebisaTvis globalur enobriv
sistemaSi, Tbilisi, 2009.
feiqriSvili 1996 – J. feiqriSvili, qarTuli enis sintaqsi, quTa-
isi, 1998.
SaniZe 1942 – a. SaniZe, zmnaTa gardamavlobis sakiTxisaTvis: smam,
t. III, #2-3, Tbilisi, 1942.
SaniZe 1948 – a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatika, II, Tbilisi, 1948.
SaniZe 1980 – a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi:
Sromebi, t. III, Tbilisi, 1980.
Sterlingi 1959 – Штерлинг Д. А., О неоднородности грамматических кате-
горий: Вопросы языкознания, 1959, №1.
CikoiZe 2016 – g. CikoiZe, winadadebis struqturis ganmsazRvreli
erTeulebis semantika, Tbilisi, 2015.
Ciqobava 1934 – a. Ciqobava, zmnis gardamavlobasTan dakavSirebu-
li praqtikuli sakiTxebi: qarTuli saliteraturo normaTa dadge-
nisaTvis, Tbilisi, 1934.
Ciqobava 1939 – a. Ciqobava, moTxrobiTi brunvis genezisisaTvis
qarTvelur enebSi: Tsu Sromebi, X, Tbilisi, 1939.
Ciqobava 1942 – a. Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problemi-
saTvis, am konstruqciis stabiluri da labiluri variantebi: enim-
kis moambe, XII, Tbilisi, 1942.
Ciqobava 1948 – a. Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema
iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, I, Tbilisi, 1948.
22
Ciqobava 1950 – a. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba:
qegl, t. I, Tbilisi,1950.
Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tbilisi, 1952.
Ciqobava 1952 – a.
Ciqobava, 1961 – a. Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema
iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, II, Tbilisi, 1961.
Ciqobava 1968 – a. Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis problema qar-
TulSi, Tbilisi, 1968.
Ciqobava 1979 – a. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis
Sesavali, Tbilisi, 1979.
jorbenaZe 1981 – b. jorbenaZe, inversiul zmnaTa Camoyalibebis
principebi qarTulSi, ikew, VIII, Tbilisi, 1981.
23
qeTevan daTukiSvili
Tandebulisa da nawilakis sakiTxi Tanamedrove

qarTuli enis metyvelebis nawilTa sistemaSi
rogorc cnobilia, sityvaTa tradiciul dayofas metyvelebis na-

wilebad garkveuli naklovanebebi axlavs, ris Sesaxebac xSirad mi-
uTiTeben mkvlevrebi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani naklovanebaa is, rom
amgvari dayofa ar aris Tanamimdevruli: ar arsebobs erTi saklasi-
fikacio niSani. klasifikacia efuZneba sityvaTa rogorc gramati-
kul, ise semantikur maxasiaTeblebs, rogorc formas, ise funqcias.
Cven ganvixilavT Tandebulisa da nawilakis sakiTxs metyvelebis
nawilTa sistemaSi Tanamedrove qarTuli enis monacemebis mixedviT.
Tandebulsa da nawilaks formaucvlel, damoukidebeli mniSvne-
lobis uqonel metyvelebis nawilebs miakuTvneben.
qarTulSi ganixilaven TandebulTa or saxeobas:
1. calke mdgomi Tandebulebi: mier (kacis mier), Sesaxeb (sakiTx-
is Sesaxeb), Soris (megobrebs Soris)...
2. sityvasTan Serwymuli Tandebulebi: -ze (Tav-ze), -Si (saxl-Si),
Tan kac-Tan), -gan (xis-gan)...
nawilakebSic ori saxeoba gamoiyofa:
1. calke mdgomi nawilakebi: xom, nuTu, ki, ara, ver...
2. sityvasTan Serwymuli nawilakebi: -c (bavSvi-c), -ve (ori-ve), -Ra
(Cven-Ra), -o (dabrunda-o)...
Cvens samecniero literaturaSi aris gamoTqmuli gansxvavebuli
Tvalsazrisebi sityvasTan Serwymuli Tandebulebis Sesaxeb. a. Sani-
Ze zogierT maTgans brunvis niSnis kvalifikacias aZlevs da gamo-
yofs sam lokalur brunvas: gamosvliTi (-idan, -dan), miwevniTi (-am-
de//amdis, -mde//mdis) da sadaobiTi (-Si, -ze) (SaniZe 1980: 73-75). arn.
Ciqobava ar iziarebs am mosazrebas da warmoadgens sawinaarmdego
argumentebs (Ciqobava 1961: 200-204). lokaluri brunvebis gamoyofa
sakamaToa, magram CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom a. SaniZem
sityvasTan Serwymuli Tandebulebis nawili (-idan, -dan, -mde, -mdis,
-ze, -Si) brunvis niSnebad, anu afiqsebad, miiCnia.
sainteresoa b. foCxuas mosazreba sityvasTan Serwymuli Tande-
bulebisa da nawilakebis Sesaxeb. mecnieri miiCnevs, rom amgvari er-
Teulebi morfemebia da ara sityvebi: „TandebulTa meti wili srul-
mniSvnelovan sityvas miuerTdeba da, amrigad, ukve morfemas warmo-
adgens da ara sityvas (-ken, -Si, -Tvis, -mdis, -ze...), aseve nawilakebic
(-me, -ve, -Ra, -ca, -ode...) (foCxua 1974: 127).
„qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikon-
Si“ (jorbenaZe, 1988) rogorc calke mdgomi, ise Serwymuli Tandebu-
lebi kvalificirebulia, rogorc Tandebuli-morfemoidebi, xolo
24
nawilakebi – rogorc nawilaki-morfemoidebi. sxva naSromSi b. jor-
benaZe Tandebulebsa da nawilakebs morfemebad miiCnevs: „tradiciu-
lad qarTulSi gamoyofen formacvalebad da formaucvlel metyve-
lebis nawilebs. formaucvlel metyvelebis nawilebad miCneulia
zmnizeda, kavSiri da Sorisdebuli. aseve Tandebuli, nawilaki da
nawevari. amaTgan Tandebuli da nawilaki arsebiTad aris morfema,
nawevari – morfemoidia“ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 23).
t. futkaraZes -ze, -Tan da msgavsi erTeulebi afiqsebad miaCnia:
„-ze tipis morfemebi relatiur afiqsebad ufro CaiTvlebian, vidre
damxmare sityvebad“ (futkaraZe 2016, gv. 162). avtori aRniSnavs: „Tana-
medrove qarTulSic, saxeluri morfemebis analizisas, ufro logi-
kuria, brunvis niSans mirTuli Tu Serwymuli „Tandebuli“ Sedgeni-
li morfemis nawilad ganvixiloT, vidre gavaTanabroT calke
mdgom TandebulTan Tu zmnisarTTan“ (futkaraZe 2016, gv. 171).
maSasadame, mkvlevrebi sxvadasxva mosazrebas gamoTqvamen sity-
vasTan Serwymuli Tandebulebis Sesaxeb. zog avtors isini Tandebu-
lad miaCnia, zogs – morfemad. Cven sakiTxi gvainteresebs sxva kuTx-
iT: SeiZleba Tu ara Serwymuli Tandebulebi (-ze, -Si da a.S.) miviC-
nioT metyvelebis nawilad?
rogorc cnobilia, metyvelebis nawilebad dayofa Zveli berZnu-
li gramatikebidan momdinareobs da gulisxmobs sityvebis klasifi-
kacias garkveuli niSniT. maSasadame, metyvelebis nawilebi aris
sityvebi. am TvalsazrisiT Tu SevafasebT qarTuli enis monacemebs,
unda iTqvas, rom qarTul enaSi calke mdgomi Tandebulebi da nawi-
lakebi (rogorc sityvebi) metyvelebis nawilTa sistemis wevrebia,
sityvasTan Serwymuli Tandebulebi da nawilakebi ki sityvis Semad-
geneli nawilebi, anu afiqsebia, amitom maT metyvelebis nawilTa
sistemaSi ver ganvixilavT.
Cvens Tvalsazriss mxars uWers mosazreba, romelic warmodgeni-
lia monografiulad gamocemul morfologiis kursSi: „Tandebuli-
sa da nawilakis metyvelebis nawilad gamoyofa ver egueba sityvis
enaTmecnierul gansazRvras; faqtobriv, Tandebuli da nawilaki (da
Zveli qarTulisaTvis – nawevari) arsebiTad aris morfema (nawevari
ki – morfemoidi) (gogolaSvili 2012: 37).
funqciuri TvalsazrisiT orive saxis Tandebulebis (rogorc
calke mdgomis, ise sityvasTan Serwymulis) ganxilva erT jgufSi
SesaZlebelia, radgan isini gamoxataven erTgvar mniSvnelobebs: sag-
nis mdebareobas, mimarTulebas, daniSnulebasa da misT. aseTive vi-
Tarebaa nawilakebTanac funqciuri kuTxiT. magram gramatikuli
TvalsazrisiT calke mdgomi da sityvasTan Serwymuli Tandebule-
bis (anda nawilakebis) erT jgufSi ganxilva gaumarTlebelia, rad-
gan saqme exeba or sruliad gansxvavebul erTeuls: erTi mxriv,
25
sityvebs (mier, Sesaxeb, Soris, xom, nuTu, ki...) da meore mxriv, afiq-
sebs (-ze, -Si, -gan, -c, -ve, -Ra...).
aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom Cven sakiTxs ganvixilavT mxolod
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis monacemebis mixedviT, sin-
qroniul doneze. diaqroniuli kvlevisas am monacemebs sxva kvali-
fikacia unda mieces. rogorc cnobilia, warmoSobiT calke mdgomi
da Serwymuli Tandebulebi erTi odenobaa. es ukanaskneli Tandebu-
lebic Tavdapirvelad calke sityvebs warmoadgendnen, Semdeg ki,
droTa ganmavlobaSi, isini sityvas Seezardnen da afiqsis saxe mii-
Res. amgvarad, saqme gvaqvs gramatikalizaciis procesTan: Tavsa ze-
da > Tav-ze, saxlsa Sina > saxl-Si, kacsa Tana > kac-Tan da a.S.
msgavsi procesi ucxo ar aris qarTulisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia,
Tanamedrove qarTuli enis saxelobiT da moTxrobiT brunvaTa niS-
nebi swored damoukidebeli sityvebidan (CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi-
dan) momdinareobs.
Cveni azriT, enis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze gansxvavebu-
lad unda aRiweros zemoT dasaxelebuli erTeulebi. kerZod: diaq-
roniuli kvlevisas saxlsa Sina da kacsa Tana SesityvebebSi Sina
da Tana metyvelebis nawilTa rangSi unda ganvixiloT, xolo saxl-
Si da kac-Tan formebSi -Si da -ze afiqsebad unda iyos kvalifici-
rebuli.
Tandebulebis aRwerisas diaqroniuli da sinqroniuli monaceme-
bis gamijvna mniSvnelovania swavlebis procesSic. amis Sesaxeb miu-
TiTebs m. kobaiZe. igi praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT (swavlebis kuTx-
iT) afasebs Tandebulebs da wers: „am SemTxvevaSi mTavari am morfe-
mebis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi ki ar aris, aramed mTavaria, rom enis
Semswavlelamde sistema martivi saxiT mivitanoT da ar vaiZuloT
moswavlu Tu studenti, rom ramdenime saukunis win momxdari pro-
cesebi gaaanalizos yoveli -Si -Tu -dan Tandebuliani formis aRwe-
risas“ (kox-kobaiZe 2007: 162-163).
vfiqrobT, sityvasTan Serwymuli Tandebulebisa da nawilakebis
ganxilva metyvelebis nawilTa jgufSi garkveul problemebs badebs
sxvadasxva kuTxiT. erTgvar uxerxulobas qmnis is faqti, rom Tana-
medrove qarTuli enis gramatikebSi (SaniZe 1980; kvaWaZe 1981; feiq-
riSvili 2010...) erTsa da imave monacemebs (sityvasTan Serwymul Tan-
debulebsa da nawilakebs) ganixilaven orjer, sxvadasxva konteq-
stSi: erTi mxriv, isini ganxilulia saxelebTan, Tandebuliani saxe-
lebisa da nawilakiani saxelebis analizisas, meore mxriv ki igive
monacemebi aRwerilia calke metyvelebis nawilebad (Tandebulebisa
da nawilakebis saxiT) (J. feiqriSvili ganixilavs mxolod Tandebu-
lian saxelebs, nawilakian saxelebze ki igi ar msjelobs).
Tu sityvasTan Serwymul Tandebulebsa da nawilakebs metyvele-
bis nawilebad miviCnevT, maSin kidev erTi problema iCens Tavs: sax-
26
l-Si, xes-Tan, bavSvi-c, kaci-Ra da a.S. formebis analizisas ori
metyvelebis nawili unda gamovyoT: arsebiTi saxeli da Tandebuli.
ufro metic: gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, rodesac erT sityvaformaSi Tande-
bulic aris warmodgenili da nawilakic. am SemTxvevaSi sami metyve-
lebis nawili gveqneba: saxl-Si-c. gamodis, rom erT sityvaformaSi
ori an meti metyvelebis nawili gvaqvs. amgvari ram SesaZlebelia
mxolod kompozitebSi. dasaxelebuli formebis kompozitebad miCne-
va ki gamoricxulia.
amgvarive winaaRmdegoba axlavs sityvaformasTan Serwymuli na-
wilakebis calke metyvelebis nawilad miCnevas. cnobilia, rom
ricxviT saxelebze -ve da -ode nawilakebis darTvisas es ukanas-
knelni uxorcdebian saxels da viRebT Semdeg formebs: orive-m,
orive-s, samiode-m, samiode-s da a.S. Tu -ve da -ode metyvelebis nawi-
lebia, maSin gamodis, rom erT metyvelebis nawils (ricxviT sa-
xels) meore metyvelebis nawili (nawilaki) uerTdeba da mere brun-
vis niSani daerTvis. aqac erT sityvaformaSi (erT fuZeSi) ori mety-
velebis nawili unda ganvixiloT, rac miuRebelia.
zemoT warmodgenili msjelobis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT
Semdegi: Tanamedrove qarTul enaSi calke mdgomi Tandebulebi da
nawilakebi aris sityvebi da maT, bunebrivia, metyvelebis nawilebad
ganvixilavT. Serwymuli Tandebulebi (-ze, -Si da misT.) da Serwymu-
li nawilakebi (-c, -ve da misT.) ki sityvaformis Semadgeneli nawi-
lebi, anu morfemebia, amitom maT metyvelebis nawilTa rigSi ver
ganvixilavT. isini fleqsiuri afiqsebia da saxelTa fleqsiur sis-
temaSi unda iqnes warmodgenili.
literatura:
gogolaSvili 2012 – Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia, sa-

literaturo ena (redaqtori g. gogolaSvili), Tbilisi, 2012.
kvaWaZe 1981 – l. kvaWaZe, qarTuli ena, naw. I, Tbilisi, 1981.
kox-kobaiZe 2007 – m. kox-kobaiZe, qarTuli brunebisa da uRlebis
sistemis zogi sakiTxis swavlebis gamartivebis Sesaxeb, qarTuli
saliteraturo enis sakiTxebi: istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba,
Tbilisi, 2007.
feiqriSvili 2010 – J. feiqriSvili, qarTuli enis morfologia,
quTaisi, 2010.
futkaraZe 2016 – t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignob-
ro enis brunvebi (manqanuri Targmanis programisaTvis), saqarTve-
los sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis sa-
xelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis
fakultetis Sromebi, t. VI, Tbilisi, 2016.
27
foCxua 1974 – b. foCxua, qarTuli enis leqsikologia, Tbilisi,
1974.
SaniZe 1980 – a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi,
Txz., t. III, Tbilisi, 1980.
Ciqobava 1961 — arn. Ciqobava, Tandebulian brunvaTa sakiTxebisaT-
vis qarTulSi, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, II, Tbilisi,
1961.
jorbenaZe 1995 — b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli enis morfologia, prog-
rama-prospeqti, Tbilisi, 1995.
jorbenaZe 1988 — b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe, qarTuli enis
formantebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1988.
28
rusudan zeqalaSvili
ilia WavWavaZis personaJTa

metyvelebis Sesaxeb
mwerlis ena da personaJTa metyveleba
mwerali Tavis nawarmoebebSi Zerwavs moqmed pirTa saxeebs yo-

veldRiuri adamianuri urTierTobebis aRweriT. am dros didi mniS-
vneloba eniWeba maTs sametyvelo qcevasa da metyvelebis Tavisebu-
rebebs sxvadasxva sakomunikacio situaciaSi. gamoCenili lingvisti
v. vinogradovi, romelmac bevri naSromi miuZRvna mxatvruli lite-
raturisa da personaJis enas, werda: `mxatvruli nawarmoebebis mety-
veleba iqmneba monologisa da dialogis gansxvavebuli tipebiT, ze-
piri da weriTi metyvelebis mravalferovan formaTa SereviT~ (vi-
nogradovi 1980, 70).
literaturis Teoriasa da lingvistikaSi didi yuradReba eqceva
personaJis enobrivi portretis Seqmnis saSualebebs. saxis Camoya-
libebisTvis gamoyofen sametyvelo daxasiaTebis or ZiriTad xerxs:
iribs – avtoriseul remarkebsa da dialogebs da pirdapirs – uSua-
lod personaJTa metyvelebas (ix. CerniSova 2014), ra drosac mkiTx-
veli iRebs informacias moqmed pirTa socialuri statusis, ganaT-
lebis, kulturis, xasiaTisa Tu RirebulebaTa sistemis Sesaxeb.
rogorc yoveldRiur komunikaciaSi, mxatvrul nawarmoebSic di-
alogebis nawili fatikuri anu ritualizebulia, xSirad ar Seicavs
relevantur informacias, magram mainc sakmaod mniSvnelovania per-
sonaJis saxis CamoyalibebisTvis.
personaJis metyvelebis leqsikuri daxasiaTeba
personaJis metyveleba, garda sxva enobrivi saSualebebisa, SeiZ-

leba daxasiaTdes leqsikuradac. amisTvis gamodgeba dialogebSi ga-
moyenebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi: kninobiTi Tu alersobiTi sityve-
bi mimarTvebSi, arqaizmebi, ucxouri leqsika, sityva-parazitebi, dia-
leqtizmebi, barbarizmebi, Jargonizmebi, kancelarizmebi da sxv. (ix.
CerniSova 2014). mniSvnelovania isic, ramdenad icavs moqmedi piri sa-
metyvelo etikets:1 rogor mimarTavs, esalmeba an emSvidobeba sxvas,
rogor moikiTxavs ucnobsa Tu nacnobs, rogor ixdis madlobas an
bodiSs, ulocavs an locavs vinmes da a.S. (ix. zeqalaSvili 2013).
lingvistur portrets avsebs avtoriseuli remarkebi personaJis
saubris maneris, metyvelebis Tanmxlebi saSualebebis, gamoyenebuli
paralingvizmebis Sesaxeb (ix. omiaZe 1998): Rimili, Jest-mimika, lapa-
1
sametyvelo etiketis Sesaxeb aRsaniSnavia n. formanovskaias naSromebi (for-
manovskaia 1989 da sxv.).
29
rakis manera, metyvelebis xarvezi, sityvauxvoba, sityvaZunwoba da
sxv. yvela es verbaluri, para- Tu araverbaluri saSualeba exmareba
mkiTxvels moqmedi piris saxis gaazrebasa da mwerlis mxatvruli
Canafiqris sworad gagebaSi.
personaJebi ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebebSi
ilia WavWavaZis prozauli nawarmoebebi qarTuli literaturis

istoriaSi gamorCeulia ara marto ideuri TvalsazrisiT, aramed ma-
RalmxatvrulobiTa da personaJTa mravalferovnebiT: yvela moqmedi
piri saocrad cocxali da koloritulia. maTi lingvisturi portre-
tisTvis ilia WavWavaZe did mniSvnelobas aniWebs dialogebs1, perso-
naJTa metyvelebas, fatikuri komunikaciis erTeulebsa da saubris ma-
neras: ramdenad gulwrfeli da alalmarTali, yalbi an mliqvnelu-
ria, rogor esalmeba sxvas, locavs an wyevlis vinmes da sxv.
am TvalsazrisiT davaxasiaTebT ramdenime personaJs ilia WavWa-
vaZis nawarmoebebidan: òTaraanT qvrivi~, `kacia, adamiani?!~, `glaxis
naambobi~ da `glexTa ganTavisuflebis pirvel-droebis scenebi~.
2. oTaraanT qvrivi
moTxrobis mTavari moqmedi piri scildeba yoveldRiurobis

dadgenil CarCoebs da uars ambobs ritualizebuli etiketis weseb-
ze. is pirdapiri da marTalia, Rarib-RatakTa gamkiTxavi da Sembra-
le. erTi SexedviT, misi mkvaxe laparaki gamaRizianebelic ki Cans,
magram SeiZleba esec sxvagvarad aixsnas. am mxriv sainteresoa m. ja-
liaSvilis mosazreba, rom qvrivi `sikeTes RvTis da ara adamianTa
dasanaxavad akeTebs. piriqiT, aridebs kacTa Tvals. am SemTxvevaSi,
is pirdapir icavs saxarebiseul mcnebebs. misma damamcirebelma sity-
vebma unda SeZran glaxas guli, daobebuli da miZinebuli, gamoaRvi-
Zon masSi Rirsebis grZnoba~ (jaliaSvili 2016).
oTaraanT qvrivisTvis mxolod TavazianobisTvis ramis Tqma miu-
Rebelia, siyalbe da uazro pirobiTobaa.2 mwerali irCevs moulod-
nel xerxs: gmiri ugulebelyofs `tkbil sityvas~, ferumarilian
laparaks (anu Tavazian sityvas) da Tavis keTil saqmes, madls Tavi-
sebur `pilpils~ (mware sityvas) ayris. oTaraanT qvrivis mkvaxe
sityvebi aRiqmeba Tavisebur protestad formalobis, pirferobis,
sicruisa da ugulobis winaaRmdeg. swored maameblur Tavazianoba-
ze ambobs qvrivi: `tkbili sityva ra ariso!.. am gamwarebuls wuTis-
sofelSi tkbili sxva ra aris, rom sityva iyos. ras miqvian tkbili
1 dialogis Sesaxeb yoveldRiurobasa da literaturaSi sainteresoa rolf

kliopferis mosazrebebi (ix. kliopferi 1981).
2 oTaraanT qvrivis xasiaTis am Strixs yuradReba miaqcia i. demetraZemac (de-
metraZe 1977).
30
sityva! TvalTmaqcobaa, sxva araferi. tkbili sityva nugeSia, kacs
guls mohfxans. gulis-fxana raRa dardubalaa! fxana qecma icis. nu
gaiqecianeb guls da fxanac saWiro ar iqneba. sityva samurveli xom
ar aris, – mosakidebeli Cangalia, rom guli an aqeT miswios, an
iqiT, Torem obi moekideba, rogorc kidobanSi daviwyebuls purs~.
tkbili sityva qvrivisTvis mxolod gulis fxanaa, es ki ùqmis ka-
cis saqmea. TavadiSvilebi fexis gulze xels asmevineben, rom Zili
moigvaron, gulis fxanac is aris: Zils mohgvris. is ki ar ician,
rom Tu wuTis-sofels erTs bewo xans Tvali mouxuWe, ise gagTe-
lavs, rogorc didoeli leki nabadsa~ (ilia 1977, 470-471).
aSkaraa qalis pozicia: Tavaziani sityva Tvalis axveva, pirfero-
ba da uazro nugeSia. amas adasturebs misi yoveldRiuri qceva, sau-
bari da damokidebuleba sxva adamianebTan. roca gaWirvebul mezo-
bels aTiod SoTs da erT badia korkots gadautanda, gamolanZRav-
da da qoqolasac daayrida, mware sityviTac mimarTavda: Se pirSao,
Sena, Se ar-dasacalebelo; daxe, am wuwksa, wuwkis Svilsa, samgle
goWsaviT gaTxvirula; mezoblis wvrilSvil qals etyoda: ài
damiwdi, damiwdi, kargi ram Sena xar!~ glaxa-maTxovars daexmarebo-
da, magram Tan daamatebda: ài, mexi ki dagayare mag qecian Tavzed.
Se oxero, rom agiRia Tavi da daexetebi saTxovrad, namusi aRara
gaqvs?.. Se oyrayo, ai gagixmes eg xel-fexi, risTvis gasxia egeni mag
mutruks tanzed, fu, Sens namussa!~ maTxovars Rvinosac daalevineb-
da, magram `Tavisebur qeba-didebas~ ar aklebda. qals TiTqos er-
cxvineba sakuTari sikeTisa, magram fexebdaxeTqili kacis danaxvaze
guli ar mouTmens, SoTis purebs saqalamne tyavSi gadacvlis da am
mkvaxe sityvebiT miscems: `damaca, Se ar-dasacalebelo, Se adre da
male dasamarxavo! Se ar-dasarCeno, Se dasaRupavo~ (ilia 1977, 471-472).
oTaraanT qvrivs swored es Tvisebebi gamoarCevs sxvaTagan: Tava-
zian sityvebs ar iyenebs da arc sxvis madlobas iRebs: `madloba!..
SenTvis magrad Seinaxe, ZonZebSi gamoikar, ar dagekargos... didi gan-
Zia eg Seni mWle madloba oTaraanT qvrivisaTvis, o Senma mzem! egre
xelgaSliT rad ixarjebi. ai, mexi ki dagayare! madloba!.. kargia –
muqTaa Torem magasac xom ver iSovidi, rom garjiT saSovari iyos.
madloba!.. eg Seni madloba ginda gaxie, ginda gafxriwe...~ (ilia 1977,
471-472).
Tavadebi, arCili da keso, didi ridiT epyrobian qvrivs: naTli-
dedas eZaxian, Tavazianad esalmebian, moikiTxaven, Caize miipatiJeben.
am dialogSi qali TiTqos arRvevs sakuTar principebs da kesos mo-
ikiTxavs: `qalo, rogor gikiTxo? xom mSvidobiT bZandebiT?~, magram
zrdilobian pasuxs (`varT Senis locviTa da kurT...~) uxeSad awyve-
tinebs: `me CemTvisac ara vloculob, RmerTi ar Sevawuxo-meTqi, da
TqvenTvis sad vilocebdi~. arada, kesos fraza xom Tavazianobis-
Tvis, sityvis masalad iyo naTqvami. Tavadis asulis kalTaze Sinau-
31
ruli xelis dakvrac ar moewoneba qvrivs: èxamuSa, eucxova amisTa-
na tol-amxanaguri qceva axalgazrda qalisagan: me vina da es guSin-
deli ZuZuTa vinao~ (ilia 1977, 498).
oTaraanT qvrivis azriT: ènam gulisa unda sTqvas, fer-umarili
ra saWiroa~ (ilia 1977, 498). zrdilobiani naTqvami pirferobad
miaCnia da cxovrebisgan gamowrTobil-gauxeSebuli, amitomac ver
itans `mixveul-moxveulad~ saubars. mas wyenasac ver ubedaven, aki
arCilic Semcbari etyvis: `naTlideda sityvas marto eklada hxma-
robs~ (ilia 1977, 500).
aseTi dialogebiT mwerali xazs usvams oTaraanT qvrivis gamor-
Ceulobas, pirdapirobas, alalmarTlobas. m. jaliaSvilis azriT,
oTaraanT qvrivi da giorgi àr warmoadgenen mxolod im socialu-
ri jgufis zneobriv Rirebulebebs, romelSic cxovroben. maT gaaC-
niaT individualuri warmodgenebi yofierebis umTavres sakiTxebze,
amitomac maTi urTierToba sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan aris ga-
ucxoebuli, xSirad dapirispirebuli da konfliqturi~ (jaliaSvi-
li 2016). am gaucxoebis erT-erTi mizezi ki qvrivis mouridebeli,
Tumca marTali saubaricaa. amitomac xSirad ver ugebdnen mas, eSi-
nodaT kidec, ucxoobdnen, eridebodnen, gaugebari iyo es daufaravi
mxileba da `soflis fasadur sikeTes upirispirdeba qvrivis dafa-
ruli, ara TvalSisacemi, xSirad daunaxavi, mware sityvebs amofare-
buli sikeTe~ (jaliaSvili 2016).
oTaraanT qvrivs ar moswons pirferoba, mliqvneloba, SeniRbu-
li mzakvroba, zurgs ukan vinmes gakilva, formaluri laparaki, mis-
Tvis umTavresia sakuTari principebis erTguleba, madli, Seulama-
zebeli da mware simarTle. qali gaurbis yovelgvar trafaretulo-
basa da azrdaclil ritualobas, garegnulad uxeSi da mkvaxe saub-
ris miRma alalmarTali da keTili pirovneba Cans.
3. `kacia-adamiani?!~
3.1. luarsabi da darejani
sruliad sapirispiro suraTi daxata mweralma `kacia-adamian-

Si?!~ luarsabi da darejani Tavadebi arian, erTi SexedviT, Tavazia-
nebic Canan, icaven garkveul sametyvelo etikets, magram maTi yo-
veldRiuroba aRsavsea pirferobiTa da mliqvnelobiT. es siyalbe
igrZnoba rogorc sxvadasxva socialuri wris warmomadgenelTa, ise
axlo naTesavTa da col-qmars Sorisac. garegnuli Tavazianoba xSi-
rad mxolod maTi Sinagani sicarielis safaria.
ilia WavWavaZe saalerso sityvebsac ironiiT aTqmevinebs col-
qmars. meuRleebi ojaxSic epirferebian da aqeben erTmaneTs, aRta-
32
cebulni arian: xan `Cemo sulikosa~ da `turfas~ eZaxian, xan – `Seni
Wirimesa~ da `geTayvanes~:
`sad iyav, Seni Wirime, – hkiTxa mere kneinasa, – rom egre daiRale?
– rogor Tu sada, Seni Wirime? ojaxobaa, saxlia, karia, Tvalyu-
ris Wera unda, Sen genacvalos Cemi Tavi, – miugo kneinam.
– egre, Cemo darejan, egre geTayvane! dedakacobac eg aris da~
(ilia 1977, 365).
ase esiyvarulebian meuRleebi erTmaneTs buzebis Tvlis epizod-
Sic: `Semcdarvar, Torem gajobebdi, ai, Cemo suliko! me da Cemma
RmerTma, gajobebdi.
– aki ar damiTvliao, Se eSmako, Sena! – miatana RimiliTve kneinama.
– xom gagitydi, Seni kuWisa, sxva ra ginda?
– Seni sicocxle da bedniereba, Cemo turfav! ra unda mindodes
sxva~ (ilia 1977, 367).
mwerlis ironiuli maTraxi sakmaod mwarea: darejanis saalerso
sityvebze kinaRam ganawyendeba luarsabi, goSiaoba ar moewona, mag-
ram veRar SeewinaaRmdega meuRles: `pirwyliani dedakaci ara yofi-
la es dalocvilisSvili, – sTqva Tavis gulSi luarsabma, – moleq-
sesaviT ra lamazad moawyo Cemi goSioba... ra enis patronia!.. rogor
ixerxa?!~ (ilia 1977, 368). TviTonac moindomebs sapasuxod sasiamovno
sityvebi uTxras darejans, Tumca sxvas verafers moifiqrebs, rad-
gan gonebaSi mxolod mwvanileulis saxelebi utrialebs. qaTinaure-
bis Tqmis eSxSi Sesuli Tavadi ase amkobs darejans: `Sen ici, Cemi
ra xar? sulis wiwmati, gulis tarxuna, gonebis, aba ra vTqva? –
Tunda marili iyos. kargad ar vTqvi, is kargi da saxelovani mama
nu wagiwydeba? kargi mowyoba ar iyo?~ (ilia 1977, 368). am sityvebSi
vlindeba personaJis uSno TviTkmayofileba, sityvaTa mwiri maragi,
uwignuroba da gonebaSezRuduloba.
buzebis Tvlis epizodSi luarsabi xSirad ificeba, rom meuR-
lis TvalSi sityvebs meti damajerebloba mianiWos: `Senc ar mamik-
vde, is kargi mama ar wamiwydes, rom ar damiTvlia~ (ilia 1977, 366).
msgavsi ficili anda sxvisgan daficebis moTxovna fuWi Warbsityva-
obaa, viTomda mialerseba da moCvenebiTi Tavazianoba. mag.: uwinamc
dRe gamqrobia, Tu RmerTi gwams, Tqvenzed miwa ar menaxos, mama-Cemi
nu wamiwydeba, Tqvenma sicocxlem, Tqveni WirimeT, geTayva, Tqvenma
mzem da sxv.
3.2. rZlebis damokidebuleba – Tavaziani siyalbe
miuxedavad imisa, rom mkiTxvelma kargad icis damokidebuleba

rZlebs Soris, Sexvedrisas mwerals saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs maTi ara-
gulwrfeloba, saubris formaluri ritualizeba:
`darejani fexzed wamodga.
33
– mobZandiT, Cemo rZalo! – miageba sityva elisabedsa, – Zlivs
ar mogvigoneT!
– Senma sicocxlem, mocla ara maqvs…
– aqeT mobZandiT, aqeT ufro niavia, – moipatiJa darejanma –
sxva, rogora bZandebiT, Cemo rZalo? Cemi mazli daviTi xom kargad
sufevs, – daiwyo isev darejanma.
– kargad gaxlavT, – miugo elisabedma~ (ilia 1977, 377-378).
ilia WavWavaZe amiT gvaCvenebs, rom sametyvelo etiketi da Tava-
zianoba SeiZleba iqces TvalTmaqcobad da sicrued, personaJis su-
lieri sicarielis dasturad. mwerali mxatvrul dialogebs iSveli-
ebs, rogorc xerxs, rom daxatos personaJebi yoveldRiur garemoSi
da am siyalbiT warmoaCinos maTi sulieri sicariele.
3.3. glexis qali babale – pirmoTneoba
sainteresoa glexis qal babalesa da darejanis dialogi, ro-

melSic luarsabis meuRles ar aviwydeba Tavisi upiratesobis xaz-
gasma: ài, RmerTma gacocxlos, Cemo babale!.. rasa iq, xom kargada
xar? – moikiTxa Tavis rigzed darejanma, magram ise ki, rom pativi
kneinobisa sruliad ar daumcirebia~ (ilia 1977, 374).
babale sakmaod cbieri da moxerxebulia, icis, riT asiamovnebs
qalbatons: qrTams miarTmevs, locavs, winaswar madlobas uxdis, Ta-
vis mosaqoni sityvebiT emliqvneleba: `qalbatoni adRegrZela Rmer-
Tma; Seni saxelis Wirime; agremc Cveni naTel-mironoba dRegrZelo-
bas mogimatebs, Seni kvnesame! agremc RmerTi batonis Tavs gidReg-
rZelebs; RmerTi da Tqveni wyaloba Tu kidev SegvaZlebinebs – kide-
vac Tqveni yurmoWrili ymani varT~ (ilia 1977, 374). pirferobisa da
Warbsityvaobis nimuSia misi dalocvac: ài, agremc RmerTi magazed
ufro mets didebas da pativs mogcems, agremc gagapatiosnos Rmer-
Tma, da erTi kai vaJiSvili mogces da me ZuZu mawoebinos, Seni kvne-
same, Seni, batono da qalbatono!~ (ilia 1977, 375).
darejanis gulis mosagebad babale lanZRavs luarsabis Zmasa da
rZals: àba, Seni kvnesame, imaT fexi sad mouwvdebaT Tqvenamdin, eli-
sabedic miTam Tavadis-Svilis colia da Tqvenca?.. ui, uwinamc dRe
gauqreba! guSin mezoblianTas gaxldi, imaTi gogoc iq movida. rac
iman imaTzed ilaparaka, adamianisagan ar gagonila~ (ilia 1977, 375).
darejans siamovnebs es pirmoTneoba, TviTonac ijerebs, rom
glexebze mzrunveli da maTi mwyalobelia, babalec ar aklebs
mliqvnelur sasiamovno sicrues: `TqvenisTana mwyalobeli rom kacs
sadme egulebodes, iq viRasi unda eSinodes... marTalia, glexebi gax-
lavarT, magram Cvenc gvesmis egeni. visi unda meSinodes, Tqven aqa
myevxarT!~ (ilia 1977, 376).
34
am dialogebSi ironiulad gamoaSkaravebulia moqmed pirTa for-
maluri Tavazianoba, sicrue, TvalTmaqcoba, pirferoba. am mxriv sa-
interesoa CiTmerdinis epizodi, glexebis qceva jados Zebnisas, la-
maziseulisa da mkiTxavis Sexvedra da sxv.
3.4. mose gZelaZe
erT-erTi personaJis, Tavad mose gZelaZis, daxasiaTebas SesaniS-

navad axerxebs mwerali siZisTvis gagzavnili weriliT (`wigni nam-
dvili Tavis RirsebiT da SecdomebiT~), romelic gamorCeulia fuWi
maRalfardovani frazebiTa da daRvlarWnili stiliT. mose aqebs
da adidebs siZes da gamoxatavs uzomo sixaruls luarsabTan dana-
Tesavebis gamo, Tumca sakmaod Znelia azris gageba:
`Cemo aRmatebulT bedniero gvarovano siZeo:.
`Tumca didaT bednieri var romelica roma Sengana var dRes mo-
xucebuli bednieri da guli Cemi sixaruliT aRavse netariTa siZo-
obiTa TqveniTa da Tvali Cemi aaxile romelica roma dainaxa isev
gazafxuli muxTalisa soflisa amisa friad sixarulSi var rome-
lica exla var~.
amis Semdeg mose TvalTmaqcobs, viTom avadaa, rom airidos bev-
ri stumari:L`Cemo aRmatebulo gvarovano siZeo romelica gTxov ga-
mogzavno niSani roma saqmem ar daigvianos didi xalxi ar gamogzav-
no romelica roma me moxucebuli kaci avada var sneuli da pativi
da maslaaTi da qeifi romelica aw me aRar ZalmiZs romelica fri-
ad Seawuxeben qorwilSi romelic Tqven iqnebiT Cems saxlSi maspin-
Zeli diaR didi xalxi moviwvioT Tqvenca didi da patiosani naTe-
saoba gyavs romelica arc me var unaTesao da blomad SevyaroT ise
rogoraTac Sehferis didebuls gvarovnobasa Tqvensa da Cemsa
ojaxs saxlkarianobasa Cemsa~. mose werils ase amTavrebs:
`sxvebr bZandebodeT bednierebiT ieso Ze RvTis mier viTxov
Tqvens bednierebas romelica roma msurs naxva Tqveni Tqveni.
simamri brwyinvale Tavadi mose noSrevanis Ze gZelaZe:.~ (ilia
1977, 408).
es werili naTlad warmoaCens moses pirfer, sulmdabal, qedma-
Ral da gaiZvera xasiaTs, Tavmowonebas didgvarovnebiT, amas garda,
uwignurobas, radgan azris gamarTulad Camoyalibeba ar SeuZlia.
4. `glaxis naambobi~ – gabrieli da mRvdeli
moTxrobaSi `glaxis naambobi~ gabrielis metyvelebaSi vlindeba

misi sulieri Rirsebebi, mokrZalebuloba, Tavmdabloba, erTgvari
TviTdamcrobac. cxovrebisgan gaTelili da ganadgurebuli gabrieli
moridebis gamo Tavs damcrobilad warmoaCens: `maSin ra vicodi
sulelma, rom ufros-umcrosobaSi siyvaruli sizmaria~, `me maSin
35
briyvsa, wigni marto saTavado xeloba megona~, `CvenisTana sawyal ka-
cis Seferebac scodnia wigns~, àqamdin me suleli kidev raRasac ve-
lodi: megona RvTis samarTali kidev gaiRviZebs-meTqi~, `ybedobaSi nu
CamomarTmev, Seni Wirime~, `Tu mogawyine Tavi, nu gamkicxav da mapati-
ve~ (ilia 1977, 275-356). avtoris mier gamoyenebuli litotesi kidev
erTxel usvams xazs yma glexis uuflebobas, mware bedisgan Cagvras.
gabrieli mRvdels didi mokrZalebiTa da pativiscemiT elapara-
keba, yovelTvis mowiwebiT moixseniebs: àmisTana keTili iyo is
kurTxeuli~, ìs kurTxeulis Svili sxva gulis patroni iyo~.
sasuliero piris STambeWdavi, madliT, gulwrfelobiTa da ke-
TilSobilebiT aRsavse saubari dauviwyaria mkiTxvelisTvis. is ase
emSvidobeba gabriels: `mSvidobiT, Cemo gabriel! marTali iyav da si-
marTles sdie. gza yovelTvis kacuri geqneba. esec icode: vinc kar-
gsa saqmes ar misdevs, igi Tavisa mteria. mSvidobiT~ (ilia 1977, 317).
5. glaxa WriaSvili – fuWi Warbsityvaoba
`glexTa ganTavisuflebis pirvel-droebis scenebSi~ (1865w.), ro-

gorc Cans, iliam asaxa viTareba, romlis msgavsi nanaxi eqneboda
duSeTSi momrigebel mosamarTled muSaobis dros. am epizodSi war-
modgenilia glexi glaxa WriaSvili, romelic dabarebulia sasamar-
TloSi. is, marTalia, ukve Tavisufalia batonymobis uRlisagan,
magram gadaCveulia adamianur mopyrobas, gamarTulad metyvelebas,
azris Camoyalibebas, Txovnis gamoTqmasac ki, radgan mama-papis
msgavsad mTeli sicocxle batonis monuri samsaxurisTvis Seulevia.
iliam SeZlo daexata dabeCavebuli, pirovnebadakarguli perso-
naJi, romelsac dalagebeli metyvelebis unari ara aqvs. gauTaveb-
lad imeorebs erTsa da imaves, mied-moedeba, sul bodiSs ixdis,
locavs mosamarTles, magram Tavs ver abams saTqmels, guls uwya-
lebs Suamavals da saTxovars ver agebinebs.
WriaSvili saocrad dasamaxsovrebeli da kolorituli persona-
Jia, rasac mwerali aRwevs swored misi metyvelebis maneriT. glexi
gulis gamawvrileblad laparakobs da arc azria mis saubarSi da
arc logika. sawyalma mokrZaleba da Tavazianobac icis, zogierTi
andazac gaugonia, magram am ritualuri frazebis iqiT aucilebels
ver ambobs: `mena, Seni Wirime, glaxa WriaSvili gaxlavar, rogorc
mogexsenebaT. papaCemi aznauri gxlebiaT nugzar erisTavis drosao,
sisxlis wvimebis drosao. ase amboben, Torem mena eg ambavi saidam
mecodineba. didi xnis kaci viyo, kidev ho, magram magari esa, rom
ara var didi xnisa. batoniCemi – ai, damlaxvra RmerTma, – sul ar
maviwydeba, rom exla batoni aRar aris, magram – Cveuleba rjulT
umtkicesiao, – kidon batoni wamcdeba xvalme. nu SemrisxamT, Seni
Wirime~ (ilia 1977, 541).
36
mosamarTle Tavidan moTminebiT usmens am gaWianurebul da moma-
bezrebel laparaks, magram mere veRar moiTmens da ekiTxeba, ra gin-
dao, pasuxad mxolod amas iRebs: `mena? Seni mSvidoba da dRegrZe-
loba, Seni Wirime~, Semdeg kidev: `RmTisa da xelmwifis wyaloba~
(ilia 1977, 542).
aSkaraa, rom glexi, mudam Tavdaxrili, dabeCavebuli, muxlCaux-
relad Sromobda, iZulebuli iyo, yovelTvis bodiSi an madloba
exada, daeloca batoni da Cveulebas axlac ver Ralatobs. ramden-
jerac iwyebs laparaks, azri bolomde ver mihyavs, Robe-yores edeba:
àra, Seni Wirime, menac mosaxsenebeli maqvs. agremc RmerTi did
dRes mogcems, patara momismine. amaTTvis didi bedena ar aris, rom
cota kidon moicadon. mogaxseno, Seni Wirime?~ (ilia 1977, 542). mere
xelaxla imaves iwyebs: `mena? es minda, Seni Wirime, rom papaCemi az-
nauri gxlebiaT nugzar erisTavis drosao, Tu gagigoniaT, sisxlis
wvimebis drosao. ase amboben, Torem mena ra vici? didi xnis kaci
ara var, rom nugzar erisTavi mxsomebiyo. es ki vici, rom sisxlis
wvimebis dro yofila~ (ilia 1977, 542).
roca WriaSvili mixvdeba, rom mosamarTles Tavi Zalian moabez-
ra, magram veraferi gaagebina, isev mobodiSebas iwyebs: àra, nu ga-
miwyrebi, Seni Wirime, erTi dalagebiT momaxsenebine Cemi gulis
dardi, rogorc zakonis kanonia... mosamarTle xelmwifis yuria. un-
da yvelaferi Tavidam bolomdin gagagebino. Tu wyali saTaveSive
aimRvra, bolomdin mRvried ivlis. amitomac minda isev Tavidam da-
lagebiT mogaxseno, imitom rom kargad dalagebiT dawyobili Tavi-
damve saqme bolomdin ankara wyarosaviT gava. es Tqven ufro kargad
mogexsenebaT, Torem mena amaebis ara mecodineba? erTi regveni
glexkaci var, Cems dReSi samarTlis kari arc-ki daminaxavs, raferia:
wiTelia, Tu Savi? iqneba TeTric iyos, vin icis? mena is TvaliTac
ar minaxavs, maRali RmerTis RmTis-risxva da Tqveni RmTis-risxva
ara maqvs, marTals mogaxseneb~ (ilia 1977, 542-543).
sawyal glexs ver mouxerxebia, rom bolomde Tqvas sawuxari,
dalagebulad gadmosces, aviwydeba, riT daiwyo, raze gaCerda, azri
uwydeba, Tavmoubmelad erTsa da imaves imeorebs, erTi azridan meo-
reze gadaxteba, xan sakuTar asakzec gaabams laparaks: `kacma Semom-
xedos – asis wlisa vegonebi. jafam da batonis samsaxurma agre
icis, Torem arc ise xnieri var. sul, aki mogaxsene, is saydari xu-
Tis wliT Cemzed win aris aSenebuli-meTqi~ (ilia 1977, 542-543). sim-
wris ofls iwuravs glaxa WriaSvili da mainc ver ayalibebs saT-
qmels. roca mosamarTle SesTavazebs, mogvianebiT gviTxario, gaxare-
buli SvebiT amoisunTqavs da madlieri locavs: ùh, dRegrZeloba
mogces RmerTma, eg Zriel kargad bZane. diaR, kargi gaxldebaT. gu-
lis yurs movikreb da ufro dalagebiT mogaxseneb~ (ilia 1977, 545).
37
glexi imasac waitrabaxebs, kargi sityva-pasuxi maqvso: àxla xom
mogexseneba, glexkaci var. marTalia, Cvens sofelSi sityvapasuxians
kacs meZaxian, magram magari esa, rom mainc kidev Tqveni sakadrisi
sityva-pasuxi sad mecodineba, – erTi beCavi glexi var. ase rom, Cve-
nobaSi sityva-pasuxs kargad gamoviyeneb, TqvenTan ki mofiqreba sjo-
bia. eg kai sityva bZane; CemTvis lamazad gulisyurs movikreb, axla,
glexkaci var, bevri ram maviwydeba, ase rom, naxevris naxevaric ver
mogaxsene. rom movifiqreb da movisazreb ki, yvelafers zRaparsaviT
mogaxseneb, ase roma, Tqven~ (ilia 1977, 545).
glaxa WriaSvilis saxiT mweralma dagvixata batonymobisgan dabe-
Cavebuli, gadagvarebuli, azrdakarguli yofili yma, romelic goneb-
rivadac daClungebula da Camoyalibebulad laparaki ar SeuZlia.
zemoT CamoTvlil personaJTa metyvelebas mwerali avsebs para-
verbaluri da araverbaluri saSualebebis (Jestebis, mimikis, gamo-
metyvelebis) aRweriTac1.
daskvnebi
ilia WavWavaZe did mniSvnelobas aniWebda moqmed pirTa sametyve-

lo qcevas mxatvruli saxeebis Camosayalibeblad. rogorc vxedavT,
personaJebis daxasiaTebisTvis mwerali gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
aqcevda dialogebs, saubris warmarTvis maneras, sametyvelo etike-
tis sxvadasxva saSualebis gamoyenebas an ugulebelyofas sakomuni-
kacio situaciebSi.
yoveldRiur dialogebSi areklilia moqmed pirTa Rirebulebebi,
damokidebuleba sxva socialuri wris adamianebTan, rac damatebiTi
StrixebiT avsebs maTs saxeebs. personaJTa metyvelebaSi vlindeba
maTi xasiaTi, Rirebulebebi, cxovrebiseuli Sexedulebebi, adamian-
Ta urTierTdamokidebuleba.
oTaraanT qvrivis gamosaZerwad mwerali irCevs moulodnel
xerxs: `tkbili sityvis~ ugulebelyofas (anu sametyvelo etiketis
normebis rRvevas), misi madlic ki `pilpilmoyrilia~. esaa mSrome-
li, alal-marTali, qvriv-obolTa da gaWirvebulTa gamkiTxavi de-
dakaci, romelic mkvaxe sityvebiT gamoTqvams protests ritualuri
formalobis, pirferobis, sicruisa da ugulobis winaaRmdeg adamia-
nur urTierTobebSi, cdilobs sxvebis Rirsebac gamoafxizlos.
`kacia, adamianis?!~ satirul dialogebSi gamoaSkaravebulia moq-
med pirTa uvicoba, TvalTmaqcoba, pirferoba da sicrue, igrZnoba
siyalbe rogorc sxvadasxva socialuri wris warmomadgenelTa, ise
ojaxis wevrTa Soris. xSirad garegnuli Tavazianoba mxolod safa-
ria da Sinagan sicarieles malavs (luarsabi, darejani, elisabedi,
1 am saSualebebis Sesaxeb amjerad aq ar gveqneba saubari.
38
babale). mose gZelaZis weriliT ki mwerals saaSkaraoze gamohyavs
gaiZvera, TvalTmaqci, uwignuri da gonebaSezRuduli Tavadi.
`glaxis naambobSi~ sainteresoa gabrielisa da mRvdlis portre-
tebi. glaxas metyvelebaSi vlindeba misi sulieri Rirsebebi, mok-
rZalebuloba, cxovrebis daundoblobiT gaTelili adamianis Tav-
mdabloba. did STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze sasuliero piris
STambeWdavi, sikeTiTa da gulwrfelobiT aRsavse saubrebi.
Tavisi fuWi WarbsityvaobiTa da uazro laparakiT dasamaxsovre-
beli saxea glaxa WriaSvili, romelic ganasaxierebs batonymobiT
daTrgunvil-ganadgurebul, azrwarTmeul adamians.
ilia WavWavaZe personaJTa saxeebis dasaxatavad iSveliebs maTs
sametyvelo qcevas sxvadasxva sakomunikacio situaciaSi: misalmeba
an damSvidobeba, ucnobisa Tu nacnobis mokiTxva, mimarTvis formebi,
sametyvelo etiketis wesebis dacva Tu darRveva.
yvela am sametyvelo saSualebis sworad aRqma da interpretacia
mkiTxvelisgan moiTxovs sakomunikacio situaciisa da moqmed pirTa
urTierTdamokidebulebis gaazrebas, sabolood ki xels uwyobs
mwerlis mxatvruli Canafiqris sworad gagebas.
literatura:
demetraZe 1977 – ir. demetraZe, fatikuri komunikacia da brita-

nul-qarTuli yofiTi gansxvavebani, filol. mecn. kand. disert.
(xelnaweri), 1997.
vinogradovi 1980 – Виноградов, В.В. О языке художественной прозы: Избран-
ные труды, Москва: Наука, 1980, с. 316-358. http://e-heritage.ru/ras/view/publicati-
on/general.html?id=46382865
zeqalaSvili 2013 – r. zeqalaSvili, fatikuri komunikaciis fun-
qciur-pragmatikuli analizi personaJTa metyvelebaSi (daviT kldi-
aSvilis piesebisa da moTxrobebis mixedviT): kavkasiologiuri Zieba-
ni, N5, 2013, gv. 57-88.
kliopferi 1981 – R.Kloepfer, Das Dialogische in Alltagssprache und Literatur:
Dialogforschung: Jahrbuch 1980 des Instituts für deutsche Sprache (Hrs.: H. Steger, P.
Schröder), Düsseldorf: Schwann, 1981, S.313-333.
mixalCuki 2002 – Михальчук, Т.Г. Речевой этикет в произведениях Виктории
Токаревой: Zmogus in Zodic, Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas. 2002, 4t, Nr3. S. 33-38.
omiaZe 1998 – T. omiaZe, paralingvistika da metyvelebis Tanmxleb
saSualebaTa aRwera enaSi: filol. mecn. kand. disert. (xelnaweri),
Tbilisi, 1998.
formanovskaia 1989 – Формановская Н.И., Речевой этикет и культура
общения, Москва: Высшая школа, 1989, 159 с.
39
CerniSova 2004 – Чернышова, Т.В. Фатическая речь как социальный символ
коммуникации (на материале текстов печатных СМИ): Известия Алтайского
Государственного Университета (Барнаул), 2004, N4, с. 046-051.
jaliaSvili 2016 – m. jaliaSvili, marginalebi – ilia WavWavaZis
òTaraanT qvrivis~ swavlebisaTvis: internetgazeti `maswavlebeli~,
2016, 9 Tebervali. http://mastsavlebeli.ge/?p=7905
teqstebi
ilia 1977 – i. WavWavaZe, Txzulebani or tomad, tomi I, Tbilisi:

gamomc. `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1977.
40
darejan TvalTvaZe
eka kvirkvelia
svaneTis muzeumSi daculi saxarebis

teqstis Semcveli xelnawerebis fragmentebi
saxarebis qarTuli Targmanis teqstis istoriis kvlevisas gadam-

wyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba Cvenamde moRweuli TiToeuli xelnaweris
Seswavlasa da masSi daculi teqstis mimarTebebis dadgenas oTxTa-
vis qarTuli Targmanis redaqciebTan.1 dRemde moRweul saxareba-oTx-
Tavis 300-mde srul da fragmentul xelnawerTagan nawili gamocemu-
li da gamokvleulia, nawili ki am dromde Seswavlili ar aris.
axali aRTqmis teqstologiuri mecnierebisaTvis metad mniSvne-
lovan saganZurs warmoadgens mestiaSi, svaneTis istoriisa da eT-
nografiis muzeumSi (siem) daculi oTxTavis xelnawerebi, radgan
isini, kodikologiuri da teqstualuri TvalsazrisiT, Zalian sain-
tereso suraTs iZleva. zogierTi maTgani Seswavlilia, nawili ki am
dromde samecniero interess miRma darCa.
imTaviTve aRvniSnavT, rom svaneTis istoriisa da eTnografiis
muzeumSi daculi xelnawerebis sruli aRwerilobaDdRemde ar arse-
bobs. iq daculi xelnawerebis mokle aRweriloba-katalogi gasuli
saukunis 70-ian wlebSi akademikosma elene metrevelma Seadgina, ro-
melic dRes xelnaweri da nabeWdi saxiT inaxeba korneli kekeliZis
saxelobis saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, mecnieris
pirad arqivSi, nomriT 369 (metreveli 2007). svaneTSi daculi xelna-
werebi, romelTac axlavs minaweri saistorio sabuTebi, aRwera da
1986 wels gamosca valeri silogavam (silogava 1986). ukanasknel
wlebSi svaneTis istoriisa da eTnografiis muzeumSi daculi xel-
nawerebi xelaxla gadainomra da maTi amJamindeli numeracia elene
metrevelis katalogis numeracias aRar emTxveva. 2015 wels gamoica
saqarTvelos regionebSi daculi qarTuli xelnawerebis katalogi,
romelSic svaneTSi daculi saxarebis xelnawerebic moxvda (saqar-
1
oTxTavis qarTuli teqstis Semcveli xelnawerebis nawilisa da gamovlenili
palimfsestebis Seswavlis Sedegad dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom qarTulma
oTxTavma Targmna-redaqtirebis sami ZiriTadi etapi ganvlo: winaaTonuri (V-X
ss.), aTonuri (X saukunis bolo – XI saukunis Sua wlebi) da elinofiluri
(XI saukunis bolo – XII saukunis dasawyisi). xanmetobis periodSi (VII sau-
kunemde) unda arsebuliyo qarTuli oTxTavis ori redaqcia: xanmeturi da sa-
bawmiduri. XI saukuneSi amis Sesaxeb wers giorgi mTawmindeli Tavis anderZSi:
„Cuenni yovelni saxarebani pirveliTgan wmidad Targmnilia da keTilad xan-
metnica da sabawmidurnica (K-76, 310r). oTxTavis saboloo, qarTuli eklesiis
mier Sewynarebuli, aTonuri redaqciis teqsti Seiqmna XI saukunis 50-ian wleb-
Si giorgi aTonelis (1009-1065) mier. misi didi avtoritetis wyalobiT, aTonu-
ri redaqcia farTod gavrcelda. dRemde moRweul oTxTavis qarTuli Targma-
nis Semcvel xelnawerTa umetesobaSi, daaxloebiT 200-mde xelnawerSi, swored
aTonuri redaqciis teqstia daculi.
41
Tvelos... 2015). qvemoT, saxarebis xelnawerebisa da fragmentebis Sem-
cveli xelnawerebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, elene metrevelis mier
Sedgenil mokle aRwerilobasTan erTad, viyenebT am katalogSi mo-
cemul informaciasac, Tumca, aqve SevniSnavT, rom statiaSi warmod-
genili xelnawerTa fragmentebis vrceli aRwerilobani ZiriTadad
im samecniero eqspediciis Sedegad mopovebul masalebs eyrdnoba,
romelic svaneTSi daculi saxarebis fragmentuli xelnawerebisa
da palimfsestebis Sesaswavlad 2016 wlis 4-10 aprils SoTa rusTa-
velis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafinansebuli samecniero
proeqtis „lukas saxarebis Zveli qarTuli Targamanis akademiuri
gamocemis momzadeba“ (fundamenturi kvlevebisaTvis saxelmwifo sa-
mecniero granti N31/64) farglebSi svaneTis istoriisa da eTnogra-
fiis muzeumSi Catarda.
svaneTis istoriisa da eTnografiis muzeumSi oTxTavis ramdeni-
me xelnaweria daculi,1 romlebic saxareba-oTxTavis teqsts TiT-
qmis srulad Seicavs. maT Soris: yvelaze cnobili saxarebis uZve-
lesi TariRiani nusxa,2 897 wels SatberdSi gadawerili adiSis
oTxTavi,3 aseve TariRiani, 1033 wels oSkSi gadawerili mestiis
oTxTavi,4 XII-XIII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli mdidrulad Semkuli
labsyaldis saxareba,5 SedarebiT gviandeli, XIII saukunis nusxad
miCneuli ienaSis oTxTavi,6 XIV saukuneSi ierusalimis aRdgomis ek-
lesiaSi gadawerili da lahilis eklesiisTvis Sewiruli saxareba –
1
saxarebis ramdenime xelnaweri inaxeba svaneTis soflebSi, kerZod: ewerSi,
quraSis wmida giorgis saxelobis taZarSi – quraSis oTxTavi, romelSic sa-
intereso teqstia daculi. sof. laxuStis eklesiaSi – laxuStis leqciona-
ri, romelSic maTes, lukasa da ioanes saxarebebis sakiTxavebia warmodgeni-
li, xolo sof. laxamulaSi – laxamulas oTxTavi. am xelnawerebis detalu-
ri Seswavla da maTSi daculi saxarebis teqstis redaqciuli kuTvnilebis
dadgena momavali kvlevis sagania.
2
svaneTis istoriisa da eTnografiis muzeumSi dacul xelnawerebs vuTiTebT
maTi axali da Zveli numeraciiT: pirvel rigSi miTiTebulia xelnaweris axa-
li Sifri (N), nomeri, romelic mas miniWebuli hqonda muzeumis Zvel kata-
logSi, aRniSnulia literiT k, xolo sityva metreveliT migvaniSnebs aRniS-
nuli xelnaweris rigiT nomerze el. metrevelis mier Sedgenil katalogSi.
3
adiSis oTxTavi (N478, k-82, metreveliT 22) safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili da
mravalgzis gamocemulic. teqstis gamocemebis Sesaxeb ix. misi bolo publi-
kaciis winasityvaoba wignSi: adiSis oTxTavi 2003.
4
mestiis oTxTavi (N1, k-70, metreveliT 1) gadawerilia oSkis ioane naTlismce-
mlis lavraSi, teqsti winaaTonuri e.w. opizuri redaqciisaa.
5
labsyaldis oTxTavi (N482, k-71, metreveliT 26) – etratze nusxuriT naweri
mdidrulad Semkuli xelnaweri. masSi daculi teqsti giorgi mTawmindlis
redaqciisaa. axlavs kidec giorgi mTawmindlis cnobili anderZi (257v).
6
ienaSis oTxTavi (N483, k-72, metreveliT 27) teqstologiuri TvalsazrisiT
saintereso nusxas warmoadges. masSi daculia giorgi mTawmindlis mier qar-
Tuli oTxTavis berZnul dedanTan orgzis Sedarebis safuZvelze miRebuli
versia, rodesac mesame da saboloo Sedareba jer ar aris ganxorcielebuli.
msgavsi teqstia daculi alaverdis oTxTavsa (A-484) da Ath. 62-is qveda fena-
Si (kvirkvelia 2012).
42
lahilis oTxTavi.1 svaneTis istoriisa da eTnografiis muzeumSi da-
culi oTxTavis xelnawerebidan ori Tavbolonakluli nusxaa. ese-
nia e. w. tviberis oTxTavi (XI s.)2 da XIII saukuniT daTariRebuli
erTi xelnaweri saxareba nomriT 3381 (Zveli nomeri k-64), romelic
76 furcels Seicavs. muzeumSi aseve inaxeba oTxTavis xelnawerebis
ramdenime fragmenti, kerZod: N8 – XII-XIII saukuneebis nusxis 10
furceli; N491 – e. w. Cvabianis oTxTavis 4 furceli (XII s.); N131 pa-
limfsesturi furceli (XIV-XV ss.); N132 – palimfsesturi furceli
(XIII-XIV ss.). Ggarda oTxTavis fragmentebisa, mestiis muzeumSi da-
culia saxarebis sakiTxavebis 20-furcliani fragmenti – N10, rome-
lic XV-XVI saukuneebSi gadawerili xelnaweris nawili unda iyos.
amjerad Cveni kvlevis obieqti svaneTis istoriisa da eTnogra-
fiis muzeumSi daculi saxarebis teqstis Semcveli 6 fragmentia
(N3381; N8; N491, N131, N132 da N10), romelTagan 5 – oTxTavis xelna-
weris (N3381; N8; N491, N131, N132) nawils, xolo erTi (N10) saxarebis
sakiTxavebis fragments unda warmoadgendes, kvlevis mizani ki aR-
niSnuli fragmentuli xelnawerebis struqturul-kodikologiuri
analizi da maTSi daculi teqstis raobis dadgenaa.
analizs N3381 oTxTavis fragmentiT daviwyebT. marTalia, masSi
76 furcelia daculi da SesaZlebeli iyo, igi fragmentul xelna-
werebs Soris saerTod ar gangvexila, Tumca mis Sesaxeb msjeloba
aq ori mizezis gamo CavTvaleT mizanSewonilad: erTi, rom igi aqam-
de mecnierulad ar Seswavlila, maT Soris, sxva xelnawerebisagan
gansxvavebiT, ar unaxavs da ar aRuweria elene metrevels, da meore,
misi da N8 fragmentis erTianoba pirvelad swored Cven mier iqna
SeniSnuli. maTi erTianobis damadasturebel argumentebs qvemoT de-
talurad ganvixilavT.
saqarTvelos regionebSi daculi qarTuli xelnawerebis kata-
logSi (saqarTvelos... 2015) N3381 oTxTavi (k-64) XIII saukuniT aris
daTariRebuli. rogorc aRiniSna, igi 76 furcels Seicavs, Sesru-
lebulia qaRaldze (sur. 1). zoma: 29,5×22,5 sm. gadawerilia nusxu-
1
lahilis oTxTavi (N620, k-75, metreveliT 52) – 198 f. gadawerilia ierusali-
mis aRdgomis eklesiaSi, Sewiruli lahilis muxeris wm. miqael mTavarange-
lozis saxelze agebuli eklesiisaTvis.
2
tviberis oTxTavi (N548, k-73, metreveliT 41) Tavbolonakluli da metad da-
zianebuli xelnaweria. masSi fragmentulad aris daculi maTes, TiTqmis
srulad – markozis saxarebaTa teqstebi. lukasa da ioanes saxarebebi dRes
dakargulia. tviberis oTxTavSi dacul teqsts elene metreveli efTÂme aTo-
nelis redaqciad miiCnevda. uaxlesma kvlevebma (TvalTvaZe 2010; sarjvelaZe,
TvalTvaZe 2011) cxadyo, rom xelnawerSi SemorCenili maTes saxarebis didi
wili da markozis saxarebis aq daculi teqsti mTlianad opizuri redaqci-
isaa. maTes saxarebaSi aris mcire CanarTi (maTe 14,19–15,24), romelic narevi
redaqciisaa. masSi erTmaneTis gverdiT warmodgenilia adiSuri, opizuri da
originaluri wakiTxvebi. tviberis oTxTavSi Cans xanmetobisa da haemetobis
kvalic.
43
riT, kideebSemocveTili, gaformebulia sazedao asoebiT. restavra-
ciis Semdeg Casmulia muyaos ydaSi.
oTxTavi iwyeba maTes saxarebis me-8 Tavis 25-e muxliT: „...mas mo-
wafeni misni da aRadgines igi da etyodes: ufalo, miÃsnen Cuen, ra-
meTu warvwymdeT“ (1r). xelnaweri restavraciamde Zalian daSlili
iqneboda, Sesabamisad, mas furclebi aklia. arcerTi saxareba
srulyofilad ar aris warmodgenili, mag., maTes saxarebas aklia
me-17, me-18, me-19, me-20 Tavebi. mTlianad dakargulia teqsti maTes sa-
xerebis 21-e Tavis 44-e muxlis Semdgom: „da romeli daeces lodsa
mas zeda, Seimusros, da, romelsa zeda daeces, gananqrios igi“ (15v).
markozis saxareba 16r-ze me-7 Tavis me-5 muxliT iwyeba: „...farise-
velTa maT da mwignobarTa: raÁsaTÂs mowafeni Senni ara vlenan moZR-
urebisaebr xucesTaÁsa, aramed ubaneliTa ÃeliTa Wamen pursa?“ mar-
kozis saxareba amis Semdgom srulad aris warmodgenili. axlavs
tradiciuli minaweri 33r-ze: „daesrula markozis Tavi saxarebaÁ, Ta-
vi sl÷z, muxli Cf÷J, meTormetesa welsa aRiwera brZanebiTa petresi-
Ta, xolo ikiTxvis wmidaTa marxvaTa didebaÁ da madlobaÁ RmerTsa“.
33v-35r-ze warmodgenilia lukas saxarebis TavTa saZiebeli, xolo
35r-74v-ze – lukas saxareba. 48v-ze l. 17:33 muxli aSiazea miwerili.
rogorc Cans, gadamwers gamorCa da Semdeg miamata: „romelsa undes
sulisa wmidisa ganrinebaÁ, wariwymidos igi; da romelman wariwymidos,
man acxovnos igi“. 75r-v uWiravs ioanes TavTa saZiebels. 75v-ze iwyeba
ioanes saxareba, romelic sul sam gverdzea warmodgenili. 76-v-ze,
romelic am xelnaweris bolo gverdia, ioanes saxareba wydeba 1-li
Tavis 30-e muxlze: èse ars, romlisaTÂs-[igi v]Tqu: Semdgomad Cemsa
mo[vals kaci], romeli pirvel Cemsa iy[o, rameTu upir]ates Cemsa [ars]~.
rac Seexeba N3381 oTxTavSi (k-64) daculi teqstis redaqciul
kuTvnilebas, Sedarebam aCvena, rom igi calsaxad aris giorgi mTaw-
mindlis redaqciisa.
oTxTavis fragmenti N8 (k-37, metreveliT 8) elene metrevels
XIII-XIV saukuneebiT aqvs daTariRebuli. igi 10 furcels Seicavs da
uydoa. sawer masalad gamoyenebulia qaRaldi, dazianebuli. savara-
udod, xelnaweri, romlis nawilic iyo aRniSnuli fragmenti, didi
zomis iqneboda. darCenil furclebs Semoglejili aqvs zemo nawi-
li da marjvena kide (sur. 2). restavrirebuli furclis zomebia:
29,5×21 sm. aSiebis zomebis gamoTvla rTulia, radgan arc erTi ar
aris srulyofilad SemorCenili. teqsti dawerilia or svetad. sa-
varaudod, 24-25 striqoni (savaraudod imitom, rom yvela furcels
aklia zeda nawili). xelnaweri gadawerilia kuTxovani nusxuriT,
saSualo zomis, marjvniv gadaxrili asoebiT. gamoyenebulia Ria ya-
visferi melani, mTavruli asoebisaTvis – SedarebiT muqi singuri.
marcxena aSiebze da svetebs Soris miwerilia muxlebis Zveli saT-
44
valavi. yvela furcelze kargad Cans gankanonebis kvali. saTanxmebe-
li qveda aSiaze ar Cans, savaraudod, arc unda hqonoda. xelnawerSi
gamoyenebuli e. w. bunis msgavsi niSani zogierT adgilas yavisferi
melniT aris Sesrulebuli, zogan – singuriT, zogierT adgilas ki
orjer weria orive feris melniT (3v, 4v). singuriTaa dawerili qan-
wili, romelic TiTqmis yvela furcelze gvxvdeba. Cveni dakvirve-
biT, is gadamweris xeliTve unda iyos dawerili, gvian Camatebuls
ar hgavs da weria iq, sadac ieso qristea naxsenebi. fragmentSi da-
culia nawyveti ioanes saxarebidan.
restavraciis Sedegad, xelnaweris 10 furceli erT rveulad
aris akinZuli, magram furclebze daculi ioanes saxarebis teqsti
Tanmimdevrulad ar grZeldeba. 1r-v iwyeba me-3 Tavis me-5 muxliT
(`Ãel-ewifebis Seslvad sasufevelsa RmrTisasa...~) da mTavrdeba me-3
Tavis 36-e muxliT (`... romelsa hrwmenes ZÀ, aqundes cxorebaÁ sau-
kunoÁ~). 2r ar aris 1v-s gagrZeleba. igi iwyeba ioanes saxarebis me-6
Tavis 26-e muxliT („me, ara Tu rameTu ixileniT saswaulni...“). amis
Semdeg teqsti Tanmimdevrulad grZeldeba 3v-s CaTvliT. gverdi
mTavrdeba me-7 Tavis me-17 muxliT (`...RmrTisagan ars, anu me TaviT
TÂsiT vityÂ~). 4r-ze daculi teqsti isev ar aris 3v-s gagrZeleba. aq
daaxloebiT erTi furceli unda akldes. 4r iwyeba me-7 Tavis 52-e
muxliT („miuges maT da hrques mas...“) da 9v-ze mTavrdeba me-11 Tavis
50-e muxliT („arca gangiz...“).
rac Seexeba bolo, meaTe furcels (10r-v), masze daculia ioanes
saxareba me-2 Tavis me-4 muxlidan (`...hrqua mas iesu: raÁ ars Cemda
da Senda, dedakaco? arRa mowevnul ars Jami Cemi...~) me-3 Tavis me-4
muxlamde (`...hrqua mas nikodimos: viTar Ãel-ewifebis kacsa bersa
Sob...~). rogorc vxedavT, akinZvisas momxdara Secdoma, me-10 furce-
li realurad unda iyos pirveli furceli, vinaidan swored me-10
furcelze iwyeba ioanes saxareba me-2 Tavis me-4 muxliT da mTav-
rdeba me-3 Tavis me-4 muxliT da, Sesabamisad, win uswrebs pirvel
furcels, romelic me-3 Tavis me-5 muxliT iwyeba.
rogorc xelnawerSi daculi ioanes saxarebis fragmentuli teq-
stis teqstologiurma kvlevam gviCvena, is giorgi mTawmindlis mier
naredaqtireb, anu aTonuri redaqciis teqsts Seicavs.
rac Seexeba am fragmentis warmomavlobas, is, rogorc zemoTac
aRvniSneT, Cveni dakvirvebiT, nawilia 3381-e nomriT (k-64) daculi
oTxTavis xelnawerisa. N3381 (k-64) oTxTavi ar unaxavs elene metre-
vels, xoloN N8 (k-37) ki nanaxic aqvs da aRwerilic. rogorc Cans,
N3381 (k-64) oTxTavi mogvianebiT Sevida muzeumSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi
elene metreveli SeniSnavda, rom isini erTi daSlili xelnaweris
nawilia. N3381 (k-64) xelnawerSi daculia maTes, markozisa da lukas
saxarebebi, xolo fragment N8-Si (k-37) ki – ioanes saxareba da igi
45
aris gagrZeleba N3381-Si (k-64) Sewyvetili ioanes saxarebis teqsti-
sa. kerZod, N3381 dasrulda ioanes saxarebis 1-li Tavis 30-e muxliT
(èse ars, romlisaTÂs-[igi v]Tqu: Semdgomad Cemsa mo[vals kaci], ro-
meli pirvel Cemsa iy[o, rameTu upir]ates Cemsa [ars]~), xolo N8 da-
iwyo ioanes saxarebis me-2 Tavis me-4 muxliT (`...hrqua mas iesu: raÁ
ars Cemda da Senda, dedakaco? arRa mowevnul ars Jami Cemi...~). ro-
gorc Cans, maT Soris erTi furceli unda iyos dakarguli.
N3381-is da N8-is erTianobas sxva argumentebic amyarebs, kerZod,
identuri nusxuri kaligrafia, sazedao asoebi, romlebic orive
xelnawerSi zogi yavisferi melniT aris dawerili, zogi – wiTliT.
agreTve, identuria e.w. bunis msgavsi niSnebi, zogjer ormagi, yavis-
feri da wiTeli feris melniT Sesrulebuli; qanwili, romelic wi-
Teli feris melniTaa dawerili da metismetad CamogrZelebulia,
orive xelnawerSi erTnairad gvxvdeba; orive xelnawers aqvs msgavsi
linirebis sistema. unda aRiniSnos, rom 2015 wels gamocemul saqar-
Tvelos regionebSi daculi qarTuli xelnawerebis katalogSi (sa-
qarTvelos... 2015), romelic svaneTis istoriisa da eTnografiis mu-
zeumSi daculi xelnawerebis Sesaxeb yvelaze axali naSromia, N3381
da N8 xelnaweri cal-calkea gatarebuli da maTi erTianobis Sesa-
xeb miniSnebuli ar aris. N8-is TariRad XII-XIII saukuneebia miTiTe-
buli, xoloN N3381 xelnaweri ki XIII saukunis nusxad aris miCneuli,
cxadia, orive fragmenti, romelic erTi xelnaweris nawilia, erTna-
irad unda daTariRdes, savaraudod, XII-XIII saukuneebiT.
Semdegi fragmenti, romelic oTxTavis teqsts Seicavs, aris mu-
zeumSi 491-e nomriT (k-8, metreveliT 35) daculi erTeuli, e. w. Cvabi-
anis oTxTavis 4-furcliani fragmenti, romelic XII saukuniT Ta-
riRdeba. xelnaweris zoma: 21×15 sm. fragmenti uydoa. teqsti daweri-
lia nusxuriT, or svetad, svetSi 22 striqonia (sur. 3). sawer masa-
lad gamoyenebulia etrati, romelic Zalian dazianebuli da dala-
qavebulia.U1r ikiTxeba, 1v da 2r gadarecxilia da amokiTxva mxolod
alag-alag aris SesaZlebeli, 2v da 3r SedarebiT kargad ikiTxeba,
Sua nawilis garda, romelic isea gaSavebuli, rom naweris amokiTx-
vas SeuZlebels xdis. sof. Cvabianis taZarSi (mulaxis Temi), romel-
Sic es xelanaweri muzeumSi moxvedramde inaxeboda, saxuravidan
wyali Cadioda. es gverdebi, savaraudod, swored am dros dasvelda
da dalaqavda. 3v da 4r Zlier daCvretilia da naweris garCeva Wirs.
4v SedarebiT kargad ikiTxeba.
xelnaweri gadawerilia kaligrafiuli nusxuriT, Savi feris
melniT. sazedao asoebi singuriT aris Sesrulebuli. zogierTi gan-
sakuTrebiT lamazad aris moxatuli. ramdenime adgilas sazedao
aso gvian unda iyos singuriT gacxovelebuli. erTgan wiTeli fe-
ris melniT gvxvdeba qanwilic. marcxena aSiebze da svetebs Soris
46
miwerilia muxlebis Zveli saTvalavi. yvela furcelze kargad Cans
gankanonebis kvalic. aRsaniSnavia, rom qveda aSiebze moTavsebulia
saTanxmebeli, rac, elene metrevelis azriT, siZvelis niSani unda
iyos. maxareblebis saxelebi singuriT aris Sesrulebuli, xolo
ricxvebi – Savi feris melniT.
oTxTavis am fragmentSi daculia ioanes saxareba, kerZod, 1r-ze
iwyeba me-16 Tavis me-13 muxli (`TaviT TÂsiT, aramed raodeni-raÁ es-
mes, ityodis da momavali giTxras Tquen...~), 1v-2r-v-ze teqsti Tanmim-
devrulad grZeldeba da 2v-ze wydeba ioanes saxarebis me-17 Tavis
me-6 muxlze („...gamoucxade saxeli Seni kacTa, romelni momcen me
soflisa amisgan“). 2v-sa da 3r-s Soris teqsts aklia (savaraudod,
unda akldes 2 furceli) da 3r-dan grZeldeba ioanes saxarebis me-18
Tavis 35-e muxlidan da („Sen Cemda. raÁ giqmnies?...“) 4v-ze sruldeba
me-19 Tavis me-20 muxlze („...adgili igi, sada juars-ac...“).
yvela is adgili, romlis amokiTxvac iyo SesaZlebeli, Sevada-
reT oTxTavis qarTuli Targmanis arsebul redaqciebs, aRniSnuli
kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom fragmentSi warmodgenili teqsti
misdevs giorgi mTawmindliseul redaqcias.
svaneTis istoriisa da eTnografiis muzeumSi inaxeba 2 palim-
festuri furceli, romlebzedac dawerili teqsti oTxTavis frag-
mentebs warmoadgens. esenia N131 (k-4, metreveliT 14b), romelic XIV-
XV saukuneebiT TariRdeba da N132 (k-4, metreveliT 14a), romelic
XIII-XIV saukunis xelnaweris nawili unda iyos. pirveli N131, rom-
lis etratis furclis zoma 28,5×26 santimetria, dazianebulia, ga-
dawerilia nusxuriT. fragments axlavs anderZic. gadamweria anto-
ni. sazedao asoebi SaviT da singuriT aris Sesrulebuli, dekoris
gareSe. zeda fenis teqsti arakaligrafiuli nusxuriT aris daweri-
li, Savi feris melniT, msxvili asoebiT. qveda fena ki wvrili
asomTavruliTaa dawerili yavisferi melniT, Cans sazedao asoebis
kvalic. elene metrevelis mixedviT, qveda fena X s-is mTavruliT
unda iyos Sesrulebuli.
N131 (k-4, metreveliT 14b) – palimfsestur furcelze dawerili
oTxTavis fragmeneti – lukas saxarebis sul 9 muxls Seicavs. iwye-
ba 24-e Tavis me-15 muxlidan da mTavrdeba 23-e muxlze: (1r) `15. zrax-
vasa mas maTsa da gamoZiebasa, da Tavadi iesu mieaxla maT da Tanau-
vidoda. 16. xolo Tualni maTni Sepyrobil iyvnes, raÁTa ver icnan
igi. 17. da hrqua maT: raÁ arian sityuani ese, romelsa icilobviT
urTierTars slvasa Sina da xarT Tquen mwuxare? 18. miugo erTman
maTganman, romlisa saxeli kleopa, da hrqua mas: Sen xolo mwir
xar ierusalÀms da ara scna, raÁ-ese iqmna mas Sina amaT dReTa? 19.
xolo man hrqua maT: romeli? xolo maT hrques: iesuÁsTÂs nazareve-
lisa, romeli iyo kaci winawarmetyueli, Zlieri saqmiTa da sityÂTa
47
misiTa winaSe RmrTisa da yovlisa erisa; 20. viTar-igi misces
mRdelTmoZRuarTa da mTavarTa CuenTa sasjelsa sikudilisasa da
juars-acues igi. 21. xolo Cuen vesavT, viTarmed igi ars, romelman
iÃsna israÀli; da amas yovelsa Tana ese mesame dRe ars, vinaMTgan
ese iqmna. 22. aramed dedaTaca vieTme CuenganTa damakÂrvnes Cuen, da
viTar-igi mivides ciskarsa saflavsa mas 23. da ara poves gu[ami mi-
si]. da movides [da Tques, viTarmed] xilvaMca angelozTaÁ ixiles,
romelTa hrques maT, viTarmed: cxovel ars igi~.
Semdegi abzaci moulodnelad aris markozis saxarebis bolo
muxli, kerZod, me-16 Tavis me-20 muxli: „da gamovidodes da qadageb-
des yovelsa queyanasa uflisa SewevniTa da sityÂsa mis damtkicebi-
Ta mis mier, romelni-igi Seudges mas saswaulni. amen“. Semdeg ki eb-
mis anderZi: ùfalo RmerTo, Seundven yovelni codv[ani] amissa mwe-
ralsa antonis da meuRlesa missa mariams da SvilTa maTTa demet-
res da markozs, amen. (1v) saxeliTa RmrTisaÁTa mamisa, Zisa da su-
lisa wmidisaÁTa srul iqmna wmidaÁ saxarebaÁ dResa wmidasa kviria-
kesa amaRlebisa meoTxesa dResa: didebaÁ srulmyofelsa yovelTa
(....)~ saxarebis teqsti giorgi mTawmindlis redaqciisaa.
meore palimfsestur furcelzec – N132 (k-4, metreveliT 14a) –
oTxTavis fragmentia (1 furceli) warmodgenili. furclis zomaa
25,6×20,4 sm. etrati dazianebulia, zemo nawili meore svetisa moxeu-
lia da sami striqoni aklia, garSemo aSiebi TiTqos Semomwvaria
(sur. 4). gadawerilia 2 svetad, svetSi 27 striqonia. SemorCenili
~
fragmenti aris didi xelnaweris iz (me-17) – rveulis ukanaskneli
furceli (1v), gadawerilia saSualo zomis kaligrafiuli nusxu-
riT, yavisferi melniT, sazedao asoebi zogi singuriT, zogi yavis-
feri melniT. palimfsesturi furclis zeda fena, romelic saxare-
bis teqsts warmoadgens, TariRdeba XIII-XIV saukuneebiT. elene met-
revelis katalogSi aRniSnulia, rom xelnaweri Camotanilia, magram
konkretulad saidan, miTiTebuli ar aris. 1v-ze miwerilia: vasil
korZaia. gvaris mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, xelnaweri ifaridan unda
iyos. orive gverdze rusulad aris miwerili Savi feris melniT:
«Прочитана». muxlebis Zveli saTvalavi gacxovelebulia zogierT
adgilas. 1r-ze aris mxedruli minaweri, romlis amokiTxva bolomde
ver SevZeliT: „1909 welsa xelsua (?)...“
teqsti iwyeba lukas saxarebis 22-e Tavis me-2 muxlidan da 28-e
muxlze mTavrdeba. (1r) `2. da eZiebdes mas mRdelTmoZRuarni igi da
mwignobarni, raÁTamca mokles igi, xolo eSinoda erisa mis. 3. da
SeuÃda eSmaki iudas, romelsa erqua iskarioteli. da iyo igi ricx-
Âsagan aTormetTaÁsa. 4. da mivida, ezraxa mRdelTmoZRuarTa da
mwignobarTa da erisa winamZRuarTa, viTarmca igi misca maT. 5. xo-
lo maT ganixares da aRuTques mas vecxli micemad. 6. da aRuara maT
48
da eZiebda Jamsa marjuÀsa, raMTa misces igi maT TÂnier erisa. 7. moi-
wines dReni igi ucomoebisani, odes Rirda pasqaÁ igi daklvad. 8. da
waravlinna petre da iovane da hrqua maT: wa[rvediT da momimza]deT
C[uen pasqaÁ, raÁTa] vWamoT. 9. xolo maT hrques: sada gnebavs, da mo-
gimzadoT? 10. xolo Tavadman hrqua maT: aha, egera, Seslvasa oden
Tquensa qalaqad SegemTxDos Tquen kaci, romelsa lagÂni wyliTa
zeedgas; SeudegiT mas saxlad, vidreca Sevides. 11. da arquT saxli-
sa ufalsa mas: getyÂs Sen moZRuari: sada ars savane, romelsa pasqaÁ
ese mowafeTa CemTa Tana vWamo? 12. da man giCuÀnos Tquen qori dage-
buli didi; mun mza-miyavT Cuen. 13. da warvides da poves egre, vi-
Tarca-igi hrqua maT, da moumzades pasqaÁ igi. 14. da odes iyo Jami,
dajda, da aTormetni mociqulni mis Tana. 15. da hrqua maT: gulis-
sityÂT (1v) [guli miTqumida pase]q[sa amas Wamad Tquen Tan]a vidre
vnebadmde Cemda. 16. xolo getyÂ Tquen: arRara vWamo amieriTgan, vid-
remde aResrulos sasufevelsa Sina RmrTisasa. 17. da moiRo sasume-
li da hmadlobda da Tqua: miiReT da ganiyavT Tavisa Tquenisa. 18.
xolo getyÂ Tquen: amieriTgan arRara vsua nayofisagan venaÃisa,
vidremde sasufeveli RmrTisaÁ movides. 19. da moiRo puri, hmadlob-
da da gantexa da misca maT da Tqua: ese ars Ãorci Cemi TquenTÂs
micemuli, amas hyofdiT mosaÃsenebelad Cemda. 20. egreTve sasumeli
Semdgomad serobisaÁ da Tqua: ese sasumeli – axali sjuli sisxli-
sa CemisaÁ TquenTÂs daTxeuli. 21. xolo, aha, Ãeli ganmcemelisa Ce-
misaÁ Cem Tana tablasa zeda. 22. Ze same kacisa warvals msgavsad
ganCinebulisa misisa, xolo vaÁ ars mis kacisa, vis mier miecemis
igi! 23. xolo maT iwyes gamoZiebad urTierTas: vinme ars maTgani,
romelsa egulebis ese yofad? 24. da iyo cilobaÁca maT Soris, vi-
Tarmed: vinme iyos did maT Soris? 25. xolo Tavadman hrqua maT: me-
feni warmarTTani ufleben maT zeda, da romelTa ÃelmwifebaÁ aqus
maT zeda, qvelismoqmed hrqÂan. 26. xolo Tquen ara egre iyvneT, ara-
med udidesi igi Tquen Soris iyavn mrwem, da winamZRuari igi – vi-
Tarca msaxuri. 27. vin ars ufroÁsi: romeli inaÃiT-zis anu romeli
hmsaxurebs? anu ara, romel-igi inaÃiT-zis? xolo me var Soris Tqu-
ensa, viTarca msaxuri. 28. da Tquen xarT, romelni daadgeriT~.
fragmnetSi daculi saxarebis teqsti giorgi mTawmindlis re-
daqciisaa.
rogorc aRvniSneT, garda oTxTavis fragmentebisa, mestiis muze-
umSi daculia erTi fragmenti saxarebis sakiTxavebidan – N10 (k-43,
metreveliT 10). aRniSnuli fragmenti Seicavs sul 20 furcels da
XIV-XVI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. xelnaweri SedarebiT patara zomi-
saa – 15,5×11sm. sawer masalad gamoyenebulia sqeli, tlanqi etrati,
romelic kargad ar aris damuSavebuli (sur. 5). furclebi daziane-
bulia da gayviTlebuli. aqvs tyavgadakruli xis yda, romelic mo-
49
cilebulia xelnawers. 4 arasruli rveuli daSlilia, meoTxe rveu-
li sworad ar aris akinZuli. gadawerilia msxvili da naCqarevi
nusxuriT, ar unda iyos kaligrafis xeli. xelnaweri gadawerilia
Savi feris melniT, sakiTxavebis dasawyisebi gamoyofilia singuriT.
gadawerilia erT svetad, TiToeul gverdze 10-12 striqonia. sasven
niSnebad gamoyenebulia erTwertili da samwertili. 12r-ze aris mi-
naweri: „mRrdelsa petres frlensa (?) Seundosa RmerTman, amen. ro-
melman Sendoba ubrZanoT, Tquenca Segindos RmerTman, amen“.
xelnawerSi daculia maTes, lukasa da ioanes saxarebis sakiTxa-
vebis fragmentebi. amJamad SemorCenilia rva sakiTxavi. Cveni varau-
diT, xelnaweri ufro didi unda yofiliyo. pirveli sakiTxavi iwye-
ba 1r-ze lukas saxarebidan, kerZod, 24-e Tavis 37-e muxli („...da See-
Sina, egona, viTarmed suli raÁme ixiles“). pirvel sakiTxavs aklia
dasawyisi, Sesabamisad, ar aqvs singuriT gamoyofili saTauri. sa-
kiTxavi Tanmimdevrulad grZeldeba 1v, 2r-v, 3r-v, 4r-ze da 4r-ze mTav-
rdeba lukas saxarebis 24-e Tavis 53-e muxliT, anu 24-e Tavi bolom-
dea warmodgenili.
meore sakiTxavi iwyeba 4r-ze. es aris sakiTxavi ioanes saxarebi-
dan, kerZod, me-20 Tavis 1-li muxli („erTsa mas SabaTsa movida ma-
riam magdaleneli ganTiad...“), Tanmimdevrulad grZeldeba 4v, 5r-v, 6r-
ze da mTavrdeba 6r-ze ioanes saxarebis me-20 Tavis me-10 muxliT
(„...warvides ukue kualad TÂsagan mowafeni igi“).
mesame sakiTxavi iwyeba 6r-ze isev ioanes saxarebis me-20 Tavis me-11
muxlidan („xolo mariam dga gareSe saflavsa mas Tana da tiroda...“).
realurad es mesame sakiTxavi wina sakiTxavis gagrZelebaa. 6v, 7r-v-ze
igi uwyvetad grZeldeba da mTavrdeba 7v-ze ioanes saxarebis me-20
Tavis me-18 muxliT („rameTu ixila ufali da esreT hrqua mas“).
meoTxe sakiTxavi iwyeba 7v-ze isev ioanes saxarebis me-20 Tavis
me-19 muxliT („da viTarca Semuxrda dRe igi erTSabaTisaÁ mis, da
karni igi daÃSul iyvnes“). igi mesame sakiTxavis gagrZelebaa. uwyve-
tad grZeldeba 7v, 8r-v, 9r-v, 10r-v-ze da mTavrdeba 10v-ze, warmodgeni-
lia ioanes saxarebis teqsti me-20 Tavis me-19 muxlidan bolomde, 31-e
muxlis CaTvliT („da cxorebaÁ gaqundes saxeliTa misiTa“).
mexuTe sakiTxavi iwyeba 10v-ze ioanes saxarebis 21-e Tavis me-1
muxliT („amisa Semdgomad kualad gmoucxada...“). igi meoTxe sakiTxa-
vis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. teqsti uwyvetad daculia 10v, 11r-v,
12r-v, 13r-ze da mTavrdeba 13r-ze ioanes saxarebis 21-e Tavis me-14 mux-
liT („ese samgzis gamoecxada iesu mowafeTa TÂsTa, aR-raÁ-dga
mkvdreTiT“).
13v-ze iwyeba meeqvse sakiTxavi ioanes saxarebis 21-e Tavis me-15
muxlidan („odes isadiles, hrqua simon-petres iesu...“) da wydeba
14v-ze ioanes saxarebis 21-e Tavis me-20 muxlze („moiqca petre da
50
ixila mowafÀ igi, romeli uyuarda iesus, misdevda raÁ, romeli-igi
mieyrdna“). Tumca es ar aris am sakiTxavis dasasruli, 14v-sa da 15r-s
Soris furclebi unda akldes.
15r-dan axali, meSvide sakiTxavia, romelsac dasawyisi ar aqvs.
gamovarkvieT, rom igi iwyeba ioanes saxarebis 1-li Tavis me-6 mux-
lidan („movlinebuli RmrTisa mier da saxeli misi iovane...“) da
mTavrdeba 16v-ze ioanes saxarebis 1-li Tavis me-16 muxlze („da sav-
sebisagan misisa“). Tumca es ar aris sakiTxavis dasasruli, radgan
17r ar aris 16v-s gagrZeleba.
17r-ze iwyeba axali, merve sakiTxavi ukve maTes saxarebidan, ker-
Zod, 28-e Tavis me-2 muxlidan („misgan saflavisa da dajda mas ze-
da“). oRond mas ar aqvs dasawyisi, aRniSnuli wiTeli feris melniT.
sakiTxavi mTavrdeba 17v-ze maTes 28-e Tavis me-7 muxliT („da adre
warvediT da uTxarT mowafeTa misTa, viTarmed; aRdga mkdreTiT da,
aha, wina g...“). es sakiTxavic ar aris dasrulebuli, radgan 18r ar
aris 17v-s gagrZeleba.
18r-ze iwyeba ioanes saxarebis 1-li Tavis me-16 muxli („Cuen yo-
velTa moviReT, da madli madlisa wil“). es me-18 furceli aris me-
16 furclis gagrZeleba. xelnaweri arasworad aris akinZuli. Sesa-
bamisad, am gverdzea meSvide sakiTxavis dasawyisi.
18r-ze iwyeba singuriT aRniSnuli axali sakiTxavi maTes saxare-
bidan, kerZod, 28-e Tavis 1-li muxli („xolo mwuxri SabaTTasa, ro-
meli ganTeneboda erTSbaTad...“). realuarad es aris 17r-ze dawyebu-
li merve sakiTxavis dasawyisi. 18v mTavrdeba 28-e Tavis me-2 muxliT:
„...lodi igi karisa mi...“.
19r-ze grZeldeba merve sakiTxavi, romelic 17v-ze bolomde ar iyo
dasrulebuli, maTes saxarebis 28-e Tavis me-7 muxlidan („...giZRÂs
Tquen galileas. mun ixiloT igi“ da mTavrdeba 20v-ze maTes saxare-
bis 28-e Tavis me-15 muxlze: („...ganiTqua sityuÁ ese huriaTa Soris
vidre dRndelad dRedmde“).
bolo meoce furceli naxevrad moxeulia, Tumca namdvilad war-
moadgens me-19 furclis gagrZelebas.
sul aRniSnul fragmentSi oTxTavis teqstis Semdegi muxlebia
daculi: maTes saxarebidan 28,2-15, lukas saxarebis 24,37-54 da ioane
saxarebis 1,6-16, 20,1-31, da 21,1-20 muxlebi. rac Seexeba saxarebis teq-
stis redaqciul kuTvnilebas, erTi SexedviT, is mihyveba aTonur
redaqcias, Tumca zogierT adgilas gadamweri gvaZlevs iseT Tavi-
sufal interpretaciebs, romelic ar dasturdeba arc adiSur, arc
jruW-parxlis da arc aTonur redaqciaSi. dazustebiT imis Tqma, Tu
romeli redaqciis teqsti gvaqvs saxarebis sakiTxavis am fragmen-
tul xelnawerSi daculi, mxolod misi gamowvlilviT Seswavlis
Semdeg iqneba SesaZlebeli.
51
literatura:
adiSis oTxTavi 2003 – adiSis oTxTavi 897 wlisa, teqsti gamosa-

cemad moamzades, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTes elguja giunaS-
vilma, darejan TvalTvaZem, manana maCxanelma, zurab sarjvelaZem da
sofio sarjvelaZem, zurab sarjvelaZis saerTo redaqciiT, Tbili-
si, 2003.
TvalTvaZe 2010 – d. TvalTvaZe, svaneTis istoriul-eTnografiu-
li muzeumisNNN41 xelnawerSi daculi maTes saxarebis teqstisaTvis,
Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis qarTuli enis institu-
tis samecniero Sromebis krebuli, I, Tbilisi, 2010, 50-64;
kvirkvelia 2012 – ienaSis oTxTavi (XIII s.), Tsu axalgazrda is-
torikosTa Sromebi, #I, Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 82-92.
metreveli 2007 – e. Mmetreveli, mestiis muzeumis xelnawerTa aR-
weriloba. elene metrevelis piradi arqivis aRweriloba, saqme 369,
Tbilisi, 2007.
saqarTvelos... 2015 – saqarTvelos regionebSi daculi qarTuli
xelnawerebis katalogi, Semdgenlebi: grigol gagniZe, Salva glove-
li, darejan gogaSvili, maia karanaZe, Tamar oTxmezuri, nestan Cxik-
vaZe, Salva glovelis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 2015, gv. 279-298.
sarjvelaZe, TvalTvaZe 2011 – s. sarjvelaZe, d. TvalTvaZe, svane-
Tis istoriisa da eTnografiis muzeumSi daculi tviberis oTxTavis
xelnaweri, Folia Caucasica, iost gipertis 55 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili
saiubileo krebuli, frankfurti mainze-Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 99-118.
silogava 1986 – v. silogava, svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, is-
toriuli sabuTebi da sulTa matianeebi. teqstebi gamosacemad moam-
zada, gamokvleva da samecniero-sacnobaro aparati daurTo v. silo-
gavam, Tbilisi, 1986.
52
sur. 1, oTxTavi N3381 (k-64), 51v-52r
sur. 2, oTxTavis fragmenti N8 (k-37, metreveliT 8), 4v-5r
53
sur. 3, Cvabianis oTxTavi XII s., N491 (k-8, metreveliT 35) 3v-4r
sur. 5, saxarebis sakiTxavebi, XIV-XVI ss. (N10, k-43, metreveliT 10), 5v-6r
54
sur. 4, palimfsesturi fragmenti, XIV-XV ss., N132, 1r
55
qeTevan margiani
maia lomia
evdencialur imperfeqtul formaTa

segmentaciisa da markirebis sakiTxi
megrulsa da svanurSi1
evidencialoba universaluri kategoriaa. igi yvela enaSi dasturde-

ba, Tumca gamoxatvis enobrivi saSualebebi SesaZloa TviT monaTesave
enebSic ki, calkeul SemTxvevebSi mainc, gansxvavebuli iyos. qarTve-
lur enebSi dasturdeba rogorc erTnairi (III seria: I TurmeobiTisa da
II TurmeobiTis mwkrivebi), aseve gansxvavebuli evidencialuri zmnuri
formebi, kerZod, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs megrulSi, lazursa da svanurSi
damatebiT gaCenili evidencialuri mwkrivebi. Tavis mxriv, evidencialu-
ri zmnuri formebi orgvaria: perfeqtuli da imperfeqtuli. perfeqtu-
li formebi ufro gavrcelebulia, imperfeqtuli ki iSviaTia. yvela
qarTvelur enaSi dadasturebuli evidencialuri zmnuri formebi per-
feqtulia, xolo megrulSi, lazursa da svanurSi damoukideblad gan-
viTarebuli ‒ imperfeqtuli. qarTvelur enebSi evidencialur zmnur
formaTa markeris gamoyofaze roca vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs,
upirveles yovlisa, imperfeqtuli formebi megrulsa da svanurSi, rad-
gan lazurSi am tipis formebi aRweriTi warmoebisaa; amitom winamdeba-
re statiaSi mxolod megrul da svanur empiriul masalebs ganvixi-
lavT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom imperfeqtulma formebma umwerlobo qar-
Tvelur enebSi Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis gzebic gansxvavebulad gaia-
res (vgulisxmobT imperfeqtul zmnur formaTa struqturas), amitom
megrul da svanur formebs cal-calke gavaanalizebT.
m e g r u l S i ori imperfeqtuli mwkrivi dasturdeba. Cveni termi-
nologiiT2, esenia:
evidencialuri imperfeqti I
(1) noWarue(n) `wers Turme~; (2) noorofue(n) ùyvars Turme~,
Sdr: dialeqt. nayvareba.
evidencialuri imperfeqti II 3:
(3) noWaruedu `werda Turme~; (4) noorofuedu ùyvarda Turme~.
1
wakiTxulia moxsenebad akad. varlam Tofuriasadmi miZRvnil tradiciul ga-
farToebul sajaro sxdomaze Tsu-Si 2019 wlis 8 ianvars; damuSavebulia
#217300 samecniero proeqtis farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba SoTa rusTa-
velis erovnuli samecniero fondis finansuri mxardaWeriT.
2
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli qarTvelur enaTa evidencialu-
ri zmnuri formebis saxeldebisa da maTi reinterpretaciis sakiTxebi gaana-
lizebulia proeqtis farglebSi momzadebul Semdeg naSromebSi: Kurdadze and
al. 2018; Kurdadze and al. 2017.
3
evidencialur zmnur formaTa axleburi terminologia Tanabrad exeba yvela
qarTveluri enis monacemebs.
56
rac Seexeba imperfeqtul mwkrivebs megrulSi, qarTul samecnie-
ro literaturaSi isini sxvadasxva saxeliTaa cnobili, imis mixed-
viT, romeli avtori ras aniWebda upiratesobas: formas Tu Sina-
arss. yvelaze gavrcelebulia g. rogavas klasifikacia da kvalifi-
kacia. man calke – IV seriad gamoyo imperfeqtuli evidencialuri
zmnuri formebi (no- prefiqsianebi), maT saerTo saxeli – àwmyos
TurmeobiTis nakvTebi~ uwoda, radgan sayrdeni awmyos Temaa, xolo
cal-calke mwkrivebs, arsebuli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT, ewoda
III TurmeobiTi da IV TurmeobiTi (rogava 1953: 17-18). ramdenadac IV
seriis formebi awmyos Temas eyrdnoba, iz. qobalavas azriT, isini
unda iyos gaerTianebuli I seriaSi, radgan awmyos wris mwkrivebi
da no- prefiqsianebi erTmaneTs mxolod naxuli da unaxavi moqmede-
bis gamoxatviT upirispirdebian; iz. qobalavam Tavad mwkrivebs uwo-
da awmyos TurmeobiTi da namyo uwyvetlis TurmeobiTi (qobalava
2001:132).
megrulSi evidencialuri imperfeqtuli zmnuri formebi (no-
prefiqsianebi) sxva mwkrivebTan SedarebiT axali warmoqmnilia. Ta-
vidan maTi struqtura iyo aRweriTi, kerZod, no – u konfiqsiT na-
warmoeb mimReobas (*no-Wkir-u `na-Wer-~) daerTo meSveli zmna yofna
awmyosa da uwyvetlis formebiT: ore(n) àris~, ordu ìyo~.
(5) *no-Wkir-u + ore(n) = `na-Wer-i aris~, (6) *no-Wkir-u + *ore-d-
u = `na-Wer-i iyo~ (rogava 1953 : 23). no – u konfiqsis bolokiduri
-u ìgivea, rac masdars axasiaTebs saerTod zanurSi: (7) o-xaCq-u
`Toxna~, (8) o-War-u `wera~ da sxva (Ciqobava 1936:177). Tanamedrove
megrul metyvelebaSi `Semonaxulia no- prefiqsiani mimReobis forma
gasubstantivebuli saxiT: (9) no-Wkeri `naWeri~; aseve, no- awarmoebs
namyo drois mimReobas: (10) no-xaCq-u-er-i `Toxnis gasamrjelo~ (ro-
gava 1953:23).
evidencialuri imperfeqtuli zmnuri formebis struqturul-se-
mantikuri transformaciis Sedegi:
(11) *no-Wkir-u + ore(n) = `na-Wer-i aris~ > no-Wkir+u-e1 `Turme
Wris/Wrida is mas~ (evidencialuri imperfeqti I).
(12) *no-Wkir-u + *oredu2 = `na-Wer-i iyo~ > no-Wkir+u-e-d-u3
`Turme Wrida is mas~ (evidencialuri imperfeqti II).
transformirebuli formebi organuli warmoebisaa. transforma-
cia iwvevs rogorc formis, aseve Sinaarsis Secvlas. sinqroniul
doneze evidencialur imperfeqtul zmnebSi gamoiyofa no–e konfiq-
1
megrulSi aRniSnuli meSveli zmna cvdeba marcxnidan marjvniv, e. i. ikargeba
Tavkiduri bgerebi, ris Sedegadac rCeba mxolod -e- xmovani.
2
* ore-d-u → or-d-u.
3
-d-u- mimdevrobaSi -d- uwyvetlis savrcobia, -u ki S3 piris niSani.
57
si, rogorc evidencialobis markeri1. amgvari gaazrebis sasargeb-
lod arsebobs ramdenime argumenti: 1. no- prefiqsi warsulis seman-
tikisaa (ix. msjeloba zemoT no- prefiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReobis Se-
saxeb, magaliTebi: (9), (10): `moqmedebis drois ukan gadatanas, ro-
gorc Cans, xels uwyobs no- (<na-) prefiqsi, romelic winaviTarebis
saxelebisa da n[amyo] drois mimReobis erT-erT warmoebaSia gamoye-
nebuli~ (qobalava 2001:134 (sqolio); 2. evidencialur zmnur formaTa
semantikas gansazRvravs warsuli dro; Sdr: perfeqtidan Turmeobi-
Tis semantikis ganviTarebis procesi, romelic saerTod universa-
luradaa miCneuli da yvela qarTvelur enaSic erTgvarovnad wari-
marTa (Ciqobava 1962; arabuli 1984; beriZe 2009; qurdaZe da sxvebi
2017, Topadze Gãumann 2011); 3. megruli ore(n) > -e transformaciis
procesi Sdr: qarTuli aris > -a process im gansxvavebiT, rom qar-
TulSi meSveli zmnis naSTi – -a sufiqsi S3 piris niSnad iqca, xo-
lo megrulSi -e no- ᾿sTan erTad qmnis evidencialobis gamomxatvel
konfiqss, S3 piris niSani (-n) ki SenarCunebulia; 4. awmyosa da uwy-
vetlis formebi evidencialuri imperfeqti I-isa da evidencialuri
imperfeqti II-isagan mxolod naxuli da unaxavi moqmedebis gadmoce-
miT sxvaoben semantikurad, xolo formalurad no-e konfiqsi ganas-
xvavebs maT.
Sdr: Waruns `wers~ (awmyo) –––––––––– no-Waru-e `wers Turme~/`nawerava~.
Warundu `werda~ (uwyvet.) –––––––––– no-Waru-e-d-u `werda Turme~.
4. -u-m ver moipova evidencialobis markeris funqcia, radgan se-
mantika, romelmac organul formas SesZina evidencialobis (am Sem-
TxvevaSi unaxaobis) gageba, iyo warsuli drois gamomxatveli no-
prefiqsi. -u-s ar hqonda drois gageba. igi, rogorc aRiniSna, masda-
ruli warmoSobis iyo; sinqroniul doneze, marTalia, SemorCaT im-
perfeqtul zmnebs, Tumca am etapisTvis -u funqciisagan daclilia.
ra mniSvneloba aqvs specialuri markeris gamoyofas? igi grama-
tikuli kategoriis avTenturobaze miuTiTebs.
aRniSnul argumentebs amyarebs svanuris monacemebi, sadac evi-
dencialobis morfologiuri gamoxatva ufro Sors wasuli da
srulyofili procesia.
s v a n u r i enis cnobili specialisti varlam Tofuria aRniS-
navs: `qarTul-megrul zmnasTan SedarebiT svanuri zmna ufro rTu-
lia~ (Tofuria 1967:18). sirTulis safuZvlad mkvlevari, inkluziv-eq-
skluzivis kategoriasa da zog sxva movlenasTan erTad, gansxvave-
bul mwkrivTa warmoebasac asaxelebs. TurmeobiTi svanuri zmnis uR-
lebaSi gansakuTrebiT rTuli droa rogorc warmoebis, ise semanti-
kuri niuansebis mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT. varlam Tofuria
1
pirvelad es Tvalsazrisi gamoTqmulia saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, ix. Kur-
dadze and al. 20171.
58
specifikur, sakuTriv svanurisTvis damaxasiaTebel mwkrivebs I da II
TurmeobiTs uwodebs da I seriaSi aTavsebs. a. onianisTvis ki am
mwkrivebis adgili, qarTul samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli Se-
xedulebis msgavsad (g. rogava, z. WumburiZe), calkea – IV seriaSi
(oniani 1998:205). svanurSi I seriis evidencialuri zmnuri formebi –
I da II TurmeobiTebi igivea, rac Cveni saxeldebiT aris evidencia-
luri imperfeqti I da evidencialuri imperfeqti II (ix. sqolio (18),
gv. 46.
Tavidanve aRvniSnavT, rom, Cveni azriT, evidencialoba (am Sem-
TxvevaSi unaxaoba) orive zemodasaxelebul saanalizo mwkrivSi mar-
kirebulia da misi niSani aris -un/-in sufiqsi1. saanalizo sufiqsis-
Tvis am kvalifikaciis miniWeba Tavidan garkveul sirTuleebs ukav-
Sirdeboda, vinaidan, tradiciuli mosazrebiT, mas ZiriTadad fuZis
kuTvnilebad miiCnevdnen (Tofuria 1967, oniani 1998). saTanado argu-
mentaciisTvis aucilebelia ganvixiloT am mwkrivTa struqtura
mTlianobaSi:
svanur enaSi I TurmeobiTis forma2 Sedgeba awmyos sazedao qce-
va + balsqvemourSi -un-a, balszemour-qvemosvanurSi -in-a sufiqsebi-
sagan. iTargmneba namyousrulis forma + Turme (Tofuria 1967: 130):
magaliTebi:
(13) xbm-in-a (bz.), xbm-un-a (bq.) – àbamda/ubamda Turme~ (Sdr:
xabm-da àbamda~).
(14) xgm-in-a (bz.), xgm-un-a (bq.) – àSenebda(zed)/uSenebda Turme~
(Sdr: xagm-da àSenebda, adgamda~.
(15) xadgr-n-a (bz.), xadgar-n-a || xadgar-n-a (bq.) àklav-
da/uklavda Turme~ (Sdr: adgr-da `klavda~)
(16) xir-in-a (bz.), xir-un-a (bq.) – àwerda/uwerda Turme~.
(17) xfk-in-a (bz.), xfk-un-a (bq.) – àSrobda (zed)/uSrobda
Turme~.
v. Tofuria aRniSnavda, rom -ina, -una bolosarTebi SeiZleba da-
iSalos -in-a, -un-a elementebad, sadac -a SesaZloa namyo drois ma-
warmoebeli iyosო. -unda -in- elementebis Sesaxeb ki aRniSnavs,
rom, vinaidan -in- wina xmovans aumlautebs (bz. (18) xamór-in-a ùmza-
debda Turme~, (19) xatðbina ùTlida, aTlida Turme~), -un- ki am
mxriv uZluria (bq. (20) xamar-un-a, (21) xatab-un-a), isini erTmaneTis
nasubstitucievad3 (erTi meorisgan miRebulad an piruku) ver CaiT-
vlebian; sakiTxs am sufiqsTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb (sxvadasxva
1
amis Sesaxeb ix. margiani 2008, margiani 2012 da Kurdadze and al. 20171.
2
igive: evidencialuri imperfeqti I.
3
termini ekuTvnis v. Tofurias.
59
amosavlidan momdinareoben Tu erTi formantis sxvadasxva saxea)
mkvlevari Riad tovebs. aseve arafers ambobs maTi funqciis Sesaxeb.
sakiTxs exeba a. onianic, romelic gamoTqvams varauds, rom saanali-
zo sufiqsi SesaZloa fuZis kuTvnileba iyos.
kvlevis Sedegad dasturdeba, rom am sufiqsis funqcia informa-
ciis evidencialurobis Cvenebaa, ris Tqmis safuZvelsac iZleva ram-
denime faqtori:
1. es zmnebi opozicias qmnian uwyvetelTan, saopozicio semanti-
kuri niSania unaxaoba, formalurad ki isini swored aRniSnuli su-
fiqsiT gansxvavdebian (ix. magaliTebi: (13), (14), (15).
2. igive sufiqsi dasturdeba rogorc II TurmeobiTSi1, aseve sxva,
epistemikuri mniSvnelobis, evidencialur mwkrivebSic.
evidencialuri imperfeqti II gansakuTrebiT Taviseburia struq-
turulad:
ლ + ma+awmyos fuZe+un-e. am mwkrivis mniSvnelobas ufro zus-
tad gamoxatavs dasavlur qarTulSi dadasturebuli dialeqturi
forma: na- prefiqsiani mimReoba + meSveli zmna:
(22) l-m-gm-n li (bz.), (23) l-m-gem-{}n-e li (bq.) àSenebda
Turme, naSeneba~.
(24) l-m-Ãan-in/l-m-Ãan-in `xnavda Turme~/`naxnava~.
am mwkrivis warmoebisas prefiqsebi yovelTvis warmodgenilia,
l- xSirad kumSavs momdevno formants: -ma- > -m- (es ukanaskneli yo-
velTvis daculia lentexurSi:
lmagemli àSenebda Turme~. rac Seexeba sufiqss -un-e, masSi -e
xSiradaa mokvecili da amitomac gaumlautebulia (-un-e > -n) wina
xmovani, an SekumSulia (-un-e > – n-e ). fonetikur niadagze es for-
manti icvleba -in-ad, zogjer bilabialobas kargavs da gvevlineba
-in-ad (-un-e > -n > in > -in), -e mokvecili formebi III pirSi xSirad
meSveli zmnis gareSea:
(25) l-m-dagr-un-e li > l-m-dagr-n > l-m-dagr-in `klavda
Turme~, `naklava~.
(26) l-m- Ãan-in/ l-m- Ãan-in `xnavda Turme~, `naxnava~.
varlam Tofuria II TurmeobiTis (resp. evidencialuri imperfeq-
ti II-is) afiqsebSi (l-ma-...+....-un-e) l-s namyos mimReobiseul prefiq-
sTan aigivebs. amis safuZvels mas aZlevs aRweriT formaTa (l-g-e
li àSenebulia/aSenebuli aris~, l-xrel-e li àkrefilia, Segro-
vebulia~) maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena saanalizo masalaSi. mkvleva-
ri II TurmeobiTis mawarmoebelTa Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom ma-, -un-
1
igive: evidencialuri imperfeqti II.
60
afiqsTa funqcia sarkvevia (Tofuria 1967:135). mokled warmovadgenT
Cvens mosazrebas ma- prefiqsis Sesaxeb. rogorc iTqva, semantikurad
mwkrivs qarTul uRlebaSi zusti Sesatyvisi ar moepoveba, aRweri-
Tad ki misi badali iqneba uwyveteli + `Turme~. cnobilia, rom uwy-
veteli, Cveulebriv, dausrulebel, gangrZobiT moqmedebas an mdgoma-
reobas gamoxatavs. amdenad, es mwkrivi, miuxedavad gardamavloba--
gardauvlobisa Tu zmnis semantikisa (moqmedeba-mdgomareoba), asa-
xavs process warsulSi, aCvenebs dinamikas, aqtivobas. rogorc dama-
na meliqiSvili aRniSnavs, `werda Tu iwereboda – orive procesia,
romelic ar dasrulebula“. Cveni azriT, swored am aqtivobas, dina-
mikas asaxavs -m (< -ma) prefiqsi svanuris II TurmeobiTSi (resp. evi-
dencialuri imperfeqti II-Si), romelic, savaraudod, kvlav mimReo-
buria, kerZod, sasubieqto mimReobisa. qarTulSi àqtivis konversiu-
li konstruqciis zmnebi, romlebic pasivad iwodebian, evropuli pa-
sivisagan gansxvavdebian imiT, rom maTi gramatikuli subieqti (igive
aqtivis pirdapiri obieqti) xSirad moqmedebis agensia (realurad
moqmedi piria) da ara paciensi (anu moqmedebis, vnebis ganmcdeli)~
(meliqiSvili 2001:177). Cveni azriT, swored es aspeqtia win wamoweu-
li svanuris II TurmeobiTSi; amiT aixsneba is, rom `vnebiTi gvaris
TurmeobiTi I da II moqmedebiTis TurmeobiTisagan mxolod -íl/-ol
formantiT gansxvavdeba“ (Tofuria 1967:191). es unda iyos axsna, rom
gardauvali zmnebic, gardamavlebis kvalobaze, agensis dafiqsire-
bas imave m-(ma-) prefiqsiT axerxeben. marTalia, svanuri enis (iseve,
rogorc qarTulis) uwyvetelSi aqtivoba, dinamika mudam sufiqsiTaa
gamoxatuli, magram II TurmeobiTs (romelic aRweriTia), dinamiku-
robasTan erTad, unaxaobac unda gamoexata, risTvisac man sufiqsa-
cia gamoiyena, xolo aqtivobis, dinamikurobis gamosaxatavad (seman-
tikidan gamomdinare) -m- (<-ma-) prefiqsi daurTo ara mxolod garda-
maval, aramed gardauval zmnebsac:
(27) l-m-Six-in-xi `vwvavdi Turme~, (28) l-m-Six-ol-in-xi `vi-
wvodi Turme~,
(29) l-m-sgur-ol-ne xi `vjdebodi Turme”, (30) l-m-sgir xi
`vijeqi Turme”.
rac Seexeba sufiqs -un-e’s, romelic am etapze Cveni kvlevis uSu-
alo sagania, mis Sesaxebac varlam Tofuria, I TurmeobiTis msgav-
sad, samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom -e -un- elementis kuTvnileba ar
unda iyos. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, -un- sufiqsi svanurSi warmodge-
nilia I TurmeobiTSi da sxva evidencialur, ufro zustad, epistemi-
kur-evidencialur mwkrivebSi. svanurSi aseTi mwkrivebia:
inferenciuli awmyo
(30) alSuni àlbaT Tesavs~/`Tesavdes iqneba~.
61
pirobiTi
(31) alSunl àlbaT Tesavda~/`Tesavda iqneba~/`rom eTesa~.
-un sufiqsis arqaulobas inferenciuli awmyos (tradiciuli
terminologiiT, myofadusrulis) analizisas givi maWavarianic vara-
udobs: `safiqrebelia, -un || -in (< -en) sufiqsebi warmoSobiT awmyos
fuZis sawarmoebeli formantebi iyvnen. kauzativis -un || -en (>-in) su-
fiqsebic amave warmoSobisa Canan~ (maWavariani 1974:131).Ees mosazreba
amyarebs Cvens Teorias imis Sesaxeb, rom aRniSnuli afiqsi uZvele-
sia, arqaulia da momdinareobs oden semantikuri jgufebis arsebo-
bis droidan, misi funqciis diferenciacia mwkrivTa mixedviT mogvi-
anebiT unda momxdariyo, xolo mniSvneloba, romelsac enis gan-
iTarebis Tanamedrove etapze es sufiqsi aniWebs sxvadasxva mwkrivs,
ikveTeba erTgan – es aris moqmedebis daudasturebloba, evidenci-
aloba (unaxaoba an saeWvooba-savaraudooba).
megruli da svanuri enebis monacemTa analizi – evidencialur
zmnur formaTa segmentacia da specialuri morfologiuri markeris
gamoyofa – vfiqrobT, abaTilebs ucxoel lingvistTa (zlobini, aq-
su koCi....) usafuZvlo mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, evidencialo-
bis kategoria Turqulis gavleniT Camoyalibda jer megrulSi, sai-
danac Sevida svanurSi. Cveni azriT, evidencialobis ganviTarebis
gza qarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi Sinagani tendenciebiT aixsneba da
ara ucxo enis gavleniT an sxva garegani faqtorebiT.
literatura:
arabuli 1984 – a. arabuli, mesame seriis nakvTeulTa warmoeba

Zvel qarTulSi, Tbilisi.
beriZe 2009 – m. beriZe, perfeqtulobis gamoxatvis zogi sakiTxi-
saTvis qarTulSi, samecniero werilebis krebuli `guram kartozia-75~,
Tbilisi.
danelia 2006 – k. danelia, kolxuri enis gramatikuli analizi,
wignSi: kolxuri (megrul-lazuri) ena, Tbilisi.
Tofuria 1967 – v. Tofuria, Sromebi, I, svanuri zmna, Tbilisi.
kartozia da sxvebi, 2010 – g. kartozia, r. gersamia, m. lomia, T.
cxadaia, megrulis lingvisturi analizi, Tbilisi.
margiani 2008 – q. margiani, zemosvanur dialeqtTa morfosintaq-
suri analizis zogi aspeqti, Tbilisi.
margiani 2012 – q. margiani, evidencialobis kategoria svanur
enaSi, Tbilisi.
margvelaSvili 2000 – m. margvelaSvili, meoTxe seriis mwkrivTa
warmoeba megrulSi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, II, Tbilisi.
maWavariani 1974 – g. maWavariani, aspeqtis kategoria qarTvelur
enebSi, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, IV, Tbilisi.
62
meliqiSvili 2001 – d. meliqiSvili, qarTuli zmnis uRlebis
sistema, Tbilisi.
oniani 1998 – a. oniani, svanuri ena, Tbilisi.
rogava 1953 – g. rogava, dro-kiloTa meoTxe jgufis nakvTebi
qarTvelur enebSi, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, t. V, Tbilisi.
qiria da sxvebi, 2015 – W. qiria, l. ezugbaia, o. memiSiSi, m. Cuxua,
lazur-megruli gramatika, I. morfologia, Tbilisi.
qobalava 2001 – iz. qobalava, kavSirebiTi kilo megrulSi,
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #4, Tbilisi.
Ciqobava 1962 – arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli zmnis nakvTeulTa dajgu-
febis principisaTvis, ike, XIII, Tbilisi.
Ciqobava 1936 – arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, tfilisi.
WumburiZe 1986 – z. WumburiZe, myofadi qarTvelur enebSi,
Tbilisi.
Boeder 2005 –W. Boeder, The South Caucasian languages, Lingua, 115.
Boeder 2000 –W. Boeder, Evidentiality in Georgia, Berlin.
Кипшидзе 1914 – И. Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка
с хрестоматией и словарем, СПб.
Kurdadze and al. 2018 – R. Kurdadze, M. Lomia, K. Margiani, The Issues of
Naming and Translation of Evidential Verb Forms in the Kartvelian Languages,
wakiTxulia moxsenebad saerTaSoriso konferenciaze: `saerTaSori-
so terminologia: Targmna da standartizacia~, ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, saqarTvelo, 5-7 oq-
tomberi, 2018.
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Reinterpretation of the Terms Denoting Evidential Tenses in the Kartvelian Languages
(avtorebi: r. qurdaZe, m. lomia, q. margiani), lingvistTa V saerTa-
Soriso konferencia, lublinis ioane pavle II-is saxelobis kaTo-
likuri universiteti, poloneTi, 18-19.10.2017: http://lingbaw.webclass.co;
statia dabeWdilia saerTaSoriso eleqtronul JurnalSi MULTILIN-
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Dartmouth.
63
meri nikolaiSvili
nino bagration-daviTaSvili
perfeqtuli semantikis zmnebisa da mesame

seriis formaTa sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi1
qarTuli zmnuri sistema pirovani uRvlilebis saukeTeso nimu-

Sia. zmnuri forma Seiwyobs garkveuli raodenobis subieqtur-obieq-
tur mimarTebaTa gamomxatvel saxelebs, romlebic warmoCenilia sa-
Tanado niSnebiT.
pirvel yovlisa, warmogidgenT subieqturi da obieqturi piris
niSanTa cxrilebs:
subieqturi piris niSnebi:
mxolobiTi ricxvi mravlobiTi ricxvi

I. v-, O ------------ I. v-, O ---------- T
II. x-, O ------------ II. x-, O ---------- T
III. --------------- -s, -a, -o III. -------------- es, -nen, -an, -en, -n
obieqturi piris niSnebi:
pirdapiri da iribi obieqti I da II pirSi

I. m ------------ I. gv ------------
II. g ------------ II. g ------------ T
III pirSi mxolod iribi obieqtia warmodgenili (pirdapir

obieqts axal qarTulSi mesame pirSi niSani ar aqvs, garda
ramdenime SemTxvevisa)
III. h-, s-, O ----------- h-, s-, O ------------ (T), O
SesaZlebelia, wers a. SaniZe, erTi da imave bgeriTi Sedgenilo-

bis forma erT SemTxvevaSi erTi funqiiT gvevlinebodes, sxva Sem-
TxvevaSi meore funqciiT, magaliTad, `momiklavs~ zmnas ori piris
niSani aqvs: m- pirveli obiequri piris niSani, -s mesame subieqturi
piris niSani. winadadebaSi, biZaCemi sanadirod wavida da uTuod
1
statia momzadda grantis (`perfeqtis semantika da misi gramatikuli reali-
zacia qarTul enaSi~) farglebSi.
64
kurdRels momiklavs. momiklavs -is, me mas. is moqmedia, piris niSan-
Ta TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnul magaliTSi yvelaferi rigzea.
Cems sicocxleSi mxolod erTxel momiklavs kurdReli. momik-
lavs me is. me – moqmedi piria, romelsac obieqturi piris niSani
aqvs, umoqmedoa is, romelsac subieqturi piris niSani aqvs.
amrigad, Tu pirveli winadadebis „momiklavs“ zmnaSi piris niSan-
Ta mniSvnelobas normad miviCnevT, meore winadadebis imave bgeriTi
Sedgenilobis formaSi piris niSanTa mniSvneloba inversiuli iqneba.
amrigad, askvnis avtori, qarTulSi adgili aqvs piris niSanTa
inversias, rac gmoixateba imaSi, rom vinis rigis niSnebi subieqturi
piris aRmniSvnelad gvevlinebian, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki – obieqtur pi-
risad. piruku, manis rigis niSnebi obieqturi pirebis amsaxvelebia,
sxva SemTxvevaSi ki – subieqturi pirebisa (SaniZe 1980: 196).
piris niSanTa inversia gvxvdeba marto mesame seriis fomebSi da
isic gardamaval zmnebSi, gardauvalma zmnebma, sazogadod, inversia
ar icis. pirTa raodenobis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia, rom inversi-
uli forma SeiZleba iyos mxolod orpiriani (SaniZe 1980: 180).
gansxvavebuli azri aqvs avtors grZnobis da qona-yolis cnebe-
bis gamomxatvel gardauval zmnebTan dakavSirebiT. is Tvlis, rom
miyvars, maqvs, myavs tipis zmnebSi inversia ar aris. micemiTSi Sewy-
obili saxeli iribi obieqtia da saxelobiTSi Sewyobili – subieq-
ti. amis dasamtkiceblad mohyavs Semdegi magaliTi: gareT Zalian ci-
va. civa ixmareba mesame pirSi saxelis Seuwyoblad da inpersonalu-
ria. Tu Cven amas orpirianad gadavakeTebT, wers avtori, moqmedi pi-
ri mainc ar miemateba. es piri iqneba iribi obieqti. mciva zmnis
forma mainc absoluturi iqneba. aq aravin moqmedebs. aseTi tipis
zmnebSi Tu gamoCnda saxelobiTSi dasmuli saxeli, is iqneba subieq-
ti. magaliTad: swyuria – bavSvs wyali swyuria. sadac wyali subieq-
tia, bavSvs – iribi obieqti (SaniZe 1980:197-8).
sruliad gansxvavebuli azri aqvs arn. Ciqobavas, romelic am-
gvar zmnebs awmyoSive Sebrunebuls, inversiuls, uwodebs. mas Semo-
aqvs termini realuri subieqti da realuri obieqti. Sebrunebuli
wyobis zmnebSi, wers avtori, miyvars me is. realuri subieqti aris
me, romelic m- obieqturi piris niSniT aris gadmocemuli da is ki
aris realuri obieqti, romelic -s subieqturi piris niSniT aris
warmodgenili.
rac Seexeba mesame seriis gardamavali zmnis formebs, avtori ma-
Tac inversiulad miiCnevs (Ciqobava 2008: 057-8).
sainteresoa d. meliqiSvilis mosazreba am sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT. inversiis, anu gramatikuli obieqtis logikur subieqtad gaaz-
reba, rogorc istoriuli faqtoris, SesaZlebelia Semdegi argumen-
tebiT:
65
perfeqtul-rezultatiuri Sinaarsis formebidan Camoyalibda
dro-kiloTa axali jgufi, mesame seria, rac dakavSirebulia rela-
tiur statikur zmnebSi micemiTbrunvian personalur pirTa subieq-
tad gaazrebasTan, rasac zmnis dinamikurad gageba da saTanado aq-
tiur dinamikur zmnaTa paradigmebSi moqceva mohyva, e.i. perfeqtuli
Sinaarsidan axali, dinamikuri Sinaarsis (damatebiTi semantikuri
niuansebiT, rogoricaa: TurmeobiToba, uneblioba...) formebis Camoya-
libeba, personaluri micemiTis mier zmnis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis una-
ris mopoveba (rac, Tavis mxriv, aris subieqtis ganmsazRvreli uni-
versaluri sintaqsuri niSani) da, Sesabamisad, pirdapiri obieqtis
saxelobiTis mier am unaris dakargvas Sedegad mohyva ricxvSi Se-
Tanxmebis formaluri principidan semantikur principze gadasvla
da, zogadad, gadaazrebuli semantikis mqone formebis arsebobis
faqti avtors afiqrebinebs, rom inversias, rogorc istoriul pro-
cess, safuZveli aqvs statikur, ufro zogadad, pasiuri morfolo-
giuri subieqtis mqone zmnebSi, sadac zmnaSi piris niSniT gamoxatu-
li micemiTi, rogorc personaluri piri, realurad, funqciurad su-
bieqtad gaigeba da Sedegad garkveuli periodidan ukve saTanado
ricxvis niSansac moiTxovs zmnaSi.
amrigad, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, aqtiur subieqtian zmnebSi
inversia, principSi, gamoricxulia, xolo inversiul zmnaTa diaTe-
za istoriulad meoreuli, warmoqmnili, funqciuri cvlilebebis
Sedegad miRebuli konstruqciisaa (meliqiSvili 2001: 226-7).
b. jorbenaZes mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad miaCnia statikuroba.
igi aRniSnavs, rom yvela is forma, romelic amosavali fuZis seman-
tikiT aris orpiriani da imavdroulad statikurobis funqcias ga-
moxatavs, inversiuli wyobisaa. misi azriT, yvela inversiuli forma
qarTulSi statikurobis funqciis gamomxatvelia da aseTi kon-
struqciebi mravalsaxovania enaSi. kerZod:
gardamavali zmnis mesame seriis formebi;
miyvars, momwons tipis zmnebi;
moqmedebiTi gvaris zogierTi zmna, romelic gamoxatavs natvras,
survils: netavi mamRera me is, netavi gamakeTebina me is ... ;
memRereba, mepataraveba tipis vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi;
moqmedebiTi gvaris macaxcaxebs, maJrJolebs tipis zmnebi (jor-
benaZe 1980: 374).
T. uTurgaiZe inversiis sakiTxis ganxilvis dawyebamde saubrobs
subieqtisa da obieqtis definiciis araerTgvarobaze. misi azriT,
upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa am cnebaTa mkafiod Camoyalibeba, raTa
gasagebi gaxdes pirTa inversiis Sesaxeb Semdgomi msjeloba. tradi-
ciulad miRebulia subieqti moqmedad da obieqti samoqmedod, mag-
ram iseTi mravali gramatikuli kategoriis mqone zmnaSi, rogori-
caa qarTuli zmna, aseTi ganmarteba ver iqneba srulfasovani. maga-
66
liTad, qarTulSi arsebobs SualobiTi kontaqtis formebi, sadac
realurad moqmedebs ara erTi piri, aramed – ori. erTi piri, rome-
lic xelmZRvanelobs moqmedebas, da meore piri, romelic uSualod
moqmedebs da asrulebs xelmZRvanelis davalebas. ismis kiTxva: am
ori piridan romelia subieqturi piri, moqmedebis Camdeni, Tu qmede-
bis organizatori? realurad moqmed pirs obieqturi niSani aqvs,
xolo subieqtur pirad is piria warmodgenili, romelic moqmedebis
Cadenas xelmZRvanelobs.
magaliTad: deda Svils awerinebs davalebas.
am winadadebaSi subieqturia is piri, romelsac zmniT gamoxatu-
li qmedeba miewereba, rogorc uSualod moqmeds, Tu meore – qmede-
bis organizatori? warmodgenil magaliTSi moqmedebis Camdeni subi-
eqtis gansazRvrebad ver gamodgeba, radgan subieqturi piris niSniT
warmodgenilia qmedebis organizatori, xolo qmedebis Semsrulebe-
li – obieqturi niSniT:
dedam me davaleba damawerina.
am winadadebis mixedviT, deda aris qmedebis organizatori, anu
iniciatori da gamoxatulia -a niSniT da m- aris obieqturi piris
niSani.
amitom umjobesia, subieqti ganimartos moqmedebis organizaciis
gaTvaliswinebiT. avtoris azriT, qmedebis iniciatori aris subieq-
ti da swored amis gaTvaliswinebiT msjelobs miyvars, momwons ti-
pis zmnebze da gardamavali zmnis mesame seriis formebze.
aseTi SemTxveva qarTul zmnas kidev bevri aqvs.
zmniT gamoxatuli qmedebisa da ubnobis momentTa martivi mimar-
Tebis gverdiT enaSi arsebobs rTuli mimarTebac, rodesac zmnis
formiT miTiTeba xdeba imaze, rom warmodgenili qmedeba damokide-
bulia raRac sxva zmnis gareSe arsebul movlenaze an qmedebaze.
qarTul enaSi es sxva realizebulia obieqtiT – es aris wina mov-
lenis damadasturebeli aqtanti, kerZod: uyvars, sZuls, hyavs... ti-
pis zmnebSi (grZnobaTa da qonebis zmnebi), romelTac e. benvenistma
„leqsikuri perfeqti“ uwoda, qmedebisa da ubnobis Sefardebis gar-
da, arsebiTia raRac an viRac, romlis arsebobac zmniT gamoxatul
moqmedebamde ivaraudeba. ufro zustad, is xdeba mizezi mocemuli
zmniT gamoxatuli qmedebis warmoqmnisa. aq iqmneba aqtantTa Tavise-
buri urTierToba: is aqtanti, romlis gareSec grZnobasa da qoneba-
ze laparaki SeuZlebelia, vis gamoc warmoiqmneba grZnobis an qone-
bis gamomxatveli qmedeba, zmniT gamoxatuli qmedebis iniciatorad
gvevlineba da, maSasadame, subieqtis niSanic mas eqneba, xolo zmnis
formaSi warmodgenili sxva piri – obieqts miesadageba (uTurgaiZe,
2016: 93).
aqtivTa mesame seriis formebTan dakavSirebiT avtori wers, rom
mesame seriis formebSi warmodgenilia rTuli drouli kategoria-
67
perfeqtuloba, anu warsuli awmyoSi – pirveli TurmeobiTi da war-
suli warsulSi, anu meore TurmeobiTi. am tipis zmnebSi aucilebe-
lia pirdapiri obieqtis warmoCena, rogorc warsulSi Cadenili qme-
debis Sedegisa. aseTivea pasivis mesame seriis formebic – daweril
ars. es aris warsulSi Cadenili qmedebis Sedegi (warsuli drois
mimReoba). ars ki miuTiTebs Sedegis arsebobaze. meore TurmeobiTSi
– daweril iyo, aris miTiTeba warsulSi Cadenili qmedebis Sedegze
warsulSive. mesame seriis perfeqtuli formebi pirveli meore seri-
is formebTan SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibebulad ivaraudeba. pirveli
TurmeobiTis formaTa warmomavloba orpirian gardauval statikur
zmnaTa awmyos ukavSirdeba, xolo meore TurmeobiTisa – meore seri-
is mwkrivTa formebs (uTurgaiZe 2016: 95).
n. naTaZe Tavis statiaSi „mesame seriis dro-kiloTa warmoebi-
saTvis qarTulSi“ srulyofilad warmogvidgens mesame seriis zmnis
formaTa analizs. mesame seria, wers avtori, damaxasiaTebelia sami-
ve qarTveluri enisaTvis da am seriis nakvTa warmoeba qarTvelur
enebSi srul igiveobas gviCvenebs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom mesame
seria arcTu ise axali warmonaqmnia.
gardamavali zmnis datiuri konstruqcia axasiaTebs samive qar-
Tvelur enas, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ergatiuli da nomina-
tiuri konstruqcia ufro Zvel konstruqciad iTvleba, vidre dati-
uri. xolo datiuri konstruqcia gardauval zmnebTan uZvelesia (Ci-
qobava 1948: 5).
aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs,
arsebobs garkveuli kiTxvebi: ra kavSirSia gardamavali zmnis dati-
uri konstruqcia gardauvali zmnis datiur konstruqciasTan, ukav-
Sirdebian geneturad isini erTmaneTs Tu ara? Tu ukavSirdebian, ma-
Sin rogor unda warmovidginoT gardauvali zmnis inversiuli for-
mebidan gardamavali zmnis datiuri konstruqciis ganviTarebis meqa-
nizmi, rogor unda avxsnaT inversiis warmoSoba gardamavali zmnis
formebSi?
gardamavali zmnis pirveli TurmeobiTi, rogorc aRniSnaven sxva
mecnierebic, gardauvali statikuri zmnebis awmyos ukavSirdeba.
statikuri vnebiTi: pirveli TurmeobiTi:

ugdia daugdia
unTia aunTia
uwyvia dauwyvia
-av TemisniSniani:
statikuri pirveli TurmeobiTi
xuravs dauxuravs
uWiravs dauWiravs
68
statikur zmnaTa didi nawili awmyoSi imave fuZiT aris warmod-
genili, rogori fuZiTac warmodgenilia pirvel TurmeobiTSi maTi
Sesatyvisi moqmedebiTi. amdenad, pirveli TurmeobiTi da statikuri
zmnis awmyo msgavsia ara marto sufiqsaciiT, aramed fuZiTac. ana-
logiuri mdgomareobaa qarTvelur enebSic: svanursa da megrulSi
(naTaZe 1955: 56).
ismis kiTxva, ratom emTxveva es formebi erTmaneTs, rodesac er-
Ti awmyos gulisxmobs da meore – warsuls? avtoris azriT, Turme-
obiTi pirveli gardamavali zmnisa istoriulad aris ara warsuli,
aramed awmyo. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom „awmyos sruli“ iseTive mniSvne-
lobisaa, rogori mniSvnelobac aqvs perfeqts Tanamedrove evropul
enebSi. misi funqciaa aRniSnos dasrulebuli moqmedebis faqti, rom
moqmedeba moxda (sulerTia rodis), da mocemul momentSi ukve das-
rulebulia (naTaZe 1955:82).
nikos auSenebia saxli.
giorgis gaukeTebia manqana.
Zveli qarTulis da qarTvelur enaTa monacemebis mixedviT, pir-
veli TurmeobiTis pirvandeli mniSvneloba swored „awmyo srulis“
gamoxatva iyo, xolo misi sxva semantikuri niuansebi Semdeg aris
ganviTarebuli. magaliTad, kiTxviTsa da uaryofiT winadadebaSi
TurmeobiTis gamoyeneba da sxva. magaliTad, es suraTi ginaxavs? da-
valeba ar damiweria...
avtori bolos askvnis, rom gardamavali zmnis mesame seria qar-
Tvelur enebSi miRebuli Cans statikuri vnebiTis awmyosa, namyosa
da kavSirebiTisagan mxolod mniSvnelobis evoluciis Sedegad. uka-
nasknelma asaxva ver pova formaSi romelime mawarmoeblis saxiT,
Tu ar CavTliT, erTi mxriv, preverbis darTvas samsave qarTvelur
enaSi, rac arsebiTi ar aris, da, meore mxriv, sxvaobas qcevis aRniS-
vnaSi svanurSi, rac agreTve fuZes ar exeba (naTaZe 1955: 98).
aRniSnuli masalis gacnobis Semdeg Cveni azriT, e.w. inversiuli
formebi, romlebic gvaqvs awmyoSi orpirian gardauval grZnobisa
da qona-yolis gamomxatvel zmnebSi (miyvars, momwons, mciva..) da
gardamavali zmnis mesame seriis formebSi, gramatikulad erTgvar
movlenas unda warmoadgendes. uZvelesad miviCnevT, rogorc mrava-
li sxva mecnieri, gardauvali zmnebis orpirian formebs (miyvars,
momwons...), romlebsac vuwodebT „perfeqtuli semantikis“ zmnebs.
rac Seexeba inversiul formebs, savsebiT viziarebT Tedo uTurga-
iZis mosazrebas am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. amgvari zmnebis semanti-
kaSi avtori ZiriTad faqtorad miiCnevs mocemuli zmniT gamoxatu-
li qmedebis warmoqmnis mizezs, rasac igi qmedebis iniciators uwo-
debs, romelic gamoxatulia subieqtis niSniT, xolo meore piri –
Sesabamisi obieqturi piris niSniT. es aris yalibi perfeqtuli se-
69
mantikis zmnebisa. misi konstuqcia aris datiuri, rac gulisxmobs
micemiTs saxelobiTTan erTad.
rac Seexeba gardamavali zmnis mesame seriis formebs, kerZod,
pirvel TurmeobiTs, statikuri zmnis srul analogias warmoadgens
(Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT zmniswins). es aris forma, romelic
qarTul enas dasWirda evropuli enebidan teqtebis Targmanis
dros. saWiro gaxda evropuli enebis perfeqtis droebis Sesabamisi
formis gamoxatva. enam aiRo yalibad is forma, romelic hqonda or-
pirian gardauval „perfeqtuli semantikis“ zmnebs awmyoSi. daurTo
zmniswini, gaxada dinamikuri, romelsac TandaTanobiT daemata per-
feqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva semantikuri niuansi: Turme-
obiToba, nebeloba, evidencialoba, kiTxviTi da uaryofiTi forme-
bis warmoeba da sxva.
xolo meore TurmeobiTi da mesame kavSirebiTi emTxveva relati-
uri vnebiTis meore seriis formebs.
Cveni azriT, e.w. pirveli TurmeobiTi, meore TurmeobiTi da mesa-
me kavSirebiTi, anu mesame seria, ar warmoadgens pirveli da meore
seriis gagrZelebas. es aris zmnaTa sistemis calke rgoli, kerZod,
perfeqtuli jgufi, rogorc evropul enebSia warmodgenili.
aseve sainteresoa a. onianis mosazreba mocemul sakiTxTan da-
kavSirebiT. igi mesame seriis formebs miiCnevs aramoqmedebiTad da
aravnebiTad. aramoqmedebiTad imis gamo, rom pirdapiri obieqti ar
aqvs, aravnebiTad im mizeziT, rom maTi vnebiTad miCneva SeuZlebelia,
Tu konversiul aqtivs ver davuyenebT gverdze. aRniSnul debuleba-
Ta safuZvelze, aqtivTa mesame seriis formebs miiCnevs „maqvs“ tipis
formebad da micemiTis konstruqciis zmnebad (oniani 1978: 65), iseve,
rogorc amis Sesaxeb Cven gvqonda saubari, TumcaRa aRniSnuli sa-
kiTxi kidev ufro Rrma Seswavlas moiTxovs.
literatura:
meliqiSvili 2001 – d. meliqiSvili, qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sis-

tema, Tbilisi, 2001.
naTaZe 1955 – n. naTaZe, mesame seriis dro-kiloTa warmoebisaTvis
qarTulSi, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, t. 7, Tbilisi, 1955.
oniani 1978 – a. oniani, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli morfolo-
giis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1978.
uTurgaiZe 2016 – T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enobrivi sistemis sa-
kiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2016.
SaniZe 1980 – a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi,
Txzulebani t. 3, Tbilisi, 1980.
70
Ciqobava 2008 – arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi enaTmecnieru-
li daxasiaTeba, qegl, t. 1, 2008.
Ciqobava 1948 – arn. Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema
iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, Tbilisi, 1948.
jorbenaZe 1980 – b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli zmnis formobrivi da
funqciuri analizis principebi, Tbilisi, 1980.
71
salome omiaZe
cnobebi glutonimTa Sesaxeb akaki SaniZis

`qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~
akaki SaniZis „qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi“ enobriv

movlenaTa saanalizod Tu dasamowmeblad moxmobili magaliTebi
saintereso cnobebs Seicavs araerTi glutonimis Sesaxeb.
saxelTa brunebaze msjelobisas brunebis sam tips Soris ganawi-
lebul TavisTavad saxelebSi glutonimebi Warbobs, saxeldobr,
gvxvdeba sakvebi produqtebis, kerZebisa da maTi ingredientebis sa-
xelwodebebi: Warxali, lobio, niori, pamidori (pamidvris wveni / pa-
midoris wveni), tyemali, rZe, mawoni, erbo, do, atami, Werami, msxali,
yurZeni, mayvali, forToxali, wveni, wyali, veZa, Cai, maWari, Rvino,
xinkali da sxv.; glutoniasTan dakavSirebuli qronotopuli erTeu-
lebi: vaxSami, bostani, buxari, Tone, furne, marani, duqani, bazari;
WurWleuloba da samzareulos sxva nivTebi: Wiqa, dana, staqani, sa-
movari, qoTani, saceri, koka, sura, litra, jagani, kidobani, godori,
walo; gemos maxasiaTeblebi: mware, mlaSe, cxare da sxv.
cxadia, dasaxelebuli erTeulebi gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT
aris SerCeul-ganxiluli, kerZod, fonetikuri faqtoris zegavleniT
TiToeuli moqceulia brunebis ama Tu im tipSi. magram, Tavis mxriv,
is faqti, rom konkretuli morfologiuri sakiTxis saswavleblad
akaki SaniZe glutonimebs ufro xSirad mimarTavs, vidre sxva leqsi-
kur-semantikuri jgufebis erTeulebs, kidev erTxel adasturebs
zogad diskursSi maTi gamoyenebis sixSiresa da, Sesabamisad, maTi,
rogorc maRali komunikaciuri relevanturobis mqone leqsemebis,
sagangebo kvlevis saWiroebas.
Wamis procesis aRniSvnas enaSi semiotikuri simWidrove axasia-
Tebs, rac universalur movlenad unda Sefasdes, radgan sakvebis mi-
Rebis, rogorc adamianisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani erT-er-
Ti mTavari qmedebis, gasityvebas komunikaciuri TvalsazrisiTac ma-
Rali sixSiruli indeqsi eniWeba. sakmaod mravalricxovania Wamis
aRmniSvnel qarTul zmnaTa leqsikur-semantikuri jgufi, mravalfe-
rovania is diferenciuli semantikuri komponentebic, romlebic am
leqsemebze dakvirvebam gamoavlina. „WamasTan“ erTad aRiniSneba si-
xarbe, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamoixateba miRebuli sakvebis raode-
nobiT: xeTq[av]s, (mucels /kuWs) iyoravs, skdeba, aZReba ... ; lukmebis
sididiT: iRmurZleba, sanslavs, nTqavs; imave rigis leqsemaTa seman-
tikuri struqturis Semadgenlebia swrafad, uSnod, xmauriT Wama:
xanxlavs, Tqvlefs, izmuzneba, iloRneba, Rijnis, aTqlafunebs da
sxv. rogorc saliteraturo enaSi, aseve dialeqtebSi gansakuTrebiT
mravlad gvxvdeba zmnebi, romlebic xmauriT WamasTan erTad sakve-
72
bis ragvarobazec migviTiTeben, magaliTad: aknatunebs, akraxunebs,
axraSunebs, axramunebs, svleps, xvreps, smusnis, tkvers da misT. gan-
xiluli jgufis glutonimTa Soris uaryofiTi konotaciis erTeu-
lebi Warbobs. dadebiTis sailustraciod SegviZlia davasaxeloT
igemebs, agemovnebs, Seeqceva, Caitkbarunebs, Caikoklozinebs, iamebs
(kuTx. (fS.) pativc. SeWams, miirTmevs), inukavs (Zv. igemebs, SeWams
(mas, rac unda, rac uyvars). Sdr. sanukvari) da sxv.
Tavaziani metyveleba diskursis is saxeobaa, romelic Semadgen-
lebad imTaviTve dadebiT leqsikur erTeulebs gulisxmobs. akaki
SaniZe, rodesac zmnebis erT-erT Taviseburebaze – pirSi Senacvle-
baze – saubrobs, Tavaziani metyvelebiT Sepirobebul magaliTebs
imowmebs da maT Soris Wama zmnasac ganixilavs:
„Wama“ zmnas „mirTmeva“ enacvleba saTaviso qcevis formiT: 1.
vWame, 2. miirTvi, 3. Wama (miirTva). miirTvi! pirveli piris forma
(„mivirTvi“) rom vinmes wamoscdes, Rimils gamoiwvevs msmenelSi“
(SaniZe 1973: 520).
Tanamedrove mediateqstebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom Jurnalis-
tebma ician „Wama – mirTmevis“ monacvleobis Sesaxeb, isic ician,
rom pirveli neitraluri, mxolod kognitiuri mniSvnelobis mqone
sityvaa, xolo meores moqmedebis aRniSvnasTan erTad Tavazianobis
elferi axlavs, Tumca ar ician arsebiTi – Tavaziani diskursi Zi-
riTadad adresatis pativiscemazea agebuli, gramatikulad es SeiZ-
leba iyos rogorc meore, aseve mesame piric, magram verasodes ver
iqneba mosaubre anu pirveli piri.
davimowmebT ramdenime magaliTs:
„maT miTxres, rom Sxami brinjSi Seuries, romelic restoranSi
mivirTvi ... , – ganacxada iuSCenkom“ (https://1tv.ge/news/viqtor-iushchenko-
shkhami-sakvebshi-sheuries-romelic-restoranshi-mivirtvi/).
„saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRis aRsaniSnavad, sadilze xa-
Wapuri mivirTvi, romelic megobarma pirdapir Tbilisidan Camomita-
na“, – wers jeims apaturai“ (http://reportiori.ge/old/aww.ge/sputnik-geor-
gia.com?lang=1&menuid=3&id=66508).
„iseTi xaWapuri mivirTvi da Rvino davlie pirveli vizitis
dros, mikvirs, aqamde rogor ar Camovedi saqarTveloSi“, – ganacxa-
da jon kerim“ (http://kvira.ge/266620).
marTalia, samive mediakonteqsti Targmnilia, magram es ar aris
arsebiTi, aq Secdomis wyaroa mTargmnelTa zedapiruli codniT na-
karnaxebi ganzraxva, romelic samive SemTxvevaSi erTia – winadade-
bebSi dadasturebuli gvar-saxelebi oficialur pirebs ekuTvniT:
iuSCenko ukrainis eqsprezidentia, jeims apaturai – natos genera-
luri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgeneli kavkasiasa da centralur
aziaSi, jon keri – aSS-is yofili saxelmwifo mdivani, amitom mTar-
73
gmnel-Jurnalistebma oficialuri sametyvelo registris Sesaferi-
sad „mivirTvi“ forma miiCnies. oficialuri da yofiTi diskursebis
garCevis mcdeloba, rac `Wama – mirTmeva~ zmnebis alternaciiT ga-
moixata, sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda sakomunikacio situaciis adekvaturi
da uSecdomo konteqstis Sesaqmnelad. akaki SaniZe codnis im nawil-
zec dawvrilebiT saubrobs, romelic ganxiluli mediateqstebis av-
torebs daakldaT:
„vWames“ mniSvnelobiT moridebul laparakSi agreTve „giaxel(i)
ixmareba. mas marto pirveli sub. piris forma aqvs (SeiZleba mrav-
lobiTSic: giaxeliT), sxva piris formebi ar ixmareba. es forma sam-
piriania warmoSobiT, magram meore piris gageba mileulia da or-pi-
rianad aris qceuli: „ukve giaxeli sadili“. „giaxeli(T)“ amas niS-
navs: vaxle me (piri) Sensas an Tqvensas (e. i. Sens saWmels an Tqvens
saWmels), Semdeg sazogadod saWmels“ (SaniZe 1973: 520).
akaki SaniZe aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT kidev or sakiTxs ganixi-
lavs: 1. „geaxel“ (= movedi) da „giaxel“ (= vWame) formebis aRrevasa
da 2. wyvetilis „giaxeli“ formasTan Sewyobili obieqtis brunvis
sakiTxs (`giaxeli sadili~ Tu `giaxeli sadils~).
glutoniur diskursSi gamorCeuli erTeulia puri, rogorc ada-
mianis umniSvnelovanesi sakvebi produqti. qarTuli puris mravalsa-
xeoba da mravalsaxelianoba (puris sxvadasxva niSniT saxelmdebe-
li leqsemebi) farTod aris warmodgenili qarTuli enis ganmarte-
biTs leqsikonSi (qegli 1950-1964):
alao puri – notio da Caxurebuli fqvilis puri (guli ar ucx-
veba).
aragvica – [Semdgaria sityvebisagan ara gviZs, e.i. a r a g v i Z e v s ,
ara gvaqvs] Zv. eTn. axali wlisTvis samkiTxaod gamomcxvari puri
[sofelSi ojaxis qali saaxalwlod Caakravda ToneSi or purs –
`g v i c a s a ~ da à r a g v i c a s ~; pirveli mosavlianobis momaswaveblad
hqondaT miCneuli, meore – mousavlianobisad; amis mixedviT
mkiTxaobdnen, rogori mosavali eqnebodaT momaval wels].
baba – puri bavSvis enaze (zogjer xumrobiT didebic ityvian
puris saxelad).
balarji – Zv. `comis safuari~ (saba). || cudad gamomcxvari puri
(qerisa).
basila – eTn. saaxalwlod gamomcxvari puri kacis saxisa.
baRaWi – Zv. ùfuvari puri~ (d. Cubin.).
bimpura – kuTx. (raW.) `SeSmorebuli puri, nabolari fqvilisagan
gamomcxvari~ (v. ber.).
bliTi – TeTri fqvilisagan gamomcxvari patara rgoli (purisa),
– bubliki.
guduna – kuTx. (moxev.) nacarSi gamomcxvari patara kveri qerisa.
74
dedaspuri – igivea, rac dedas puri (qegli). `puris saxeoba, ro-
melic ZiriTadad Sida da qvemo qarTlSi iyo gavrcelebuli. gareg-
nulad naxevarmTvares waagavs, yuasqeli da pirTxelia. adre dedas-
purs maxobelas urevdnen, rac purs surnels matebda da odnav fer-
sac ucvlida. puris es saxeoba yuradRebas iqcevs Tavisi saxeli-
Tac. arsebobs mosazreba, rom dedaspuri mas ewoda dedosagan, anu
safuvrisagan. xalxuri gadmocemiT ki, igi dedis xeliT gamomcxva-
ria da radgan deda purs gvaWmevs, saxelwodebac misgan miiRo. mo-
cemul SemTxvevaSi qaluri sawyisis, dedis bunebis gaazrebasTan
gvaqvs saqme. ise, rogorc dedaboZi, dedasamSoblo, dedamiwa, dedae-
na, dedaspuric dedis bunebis mniSvnelobas gamokveTs~ (eTnografiu-
li leqsikoni 2011).
TaflavaSa – kuTx. (raW.) `kecebSi gamomcxvari Txeli puri~
(`dial.~).
TaflavaSi – kuTx. (qarTl.) patara zomis lavaSi.
Taxaxa – kuTx. (qiz.) Txeli da xmeli lavaSi.
Taja – kuTx. (javax.) àxali gamomcxvari puri~ (`dial.~).
TbilTaja – Tbili Taja, Tbili javaxuri puri.
kakala – patara mrgvali puri gamtkiculi fqvilisa.
kveri – `puri mrgvali~ (saba). patara brtyeli mrgvali puri.
keJera – kuTx. (qarTl.) `gamxmari magari puri~ (`dial.~).
korawi – kuTx. (qiz.) Zalian xmeli puri.
kotori – `puris monatexi~ (saba). || kveri; (TuSuri qada; TuSuri
xaWapuri – s.o.).
kuti; kutpuri – ToneSi Cavardnili (da nakvercxlebze gamom-
cxvari) puri.
kutmati – kuti puri da misi natexebi.
lavaSi – Txeli da mogrZo puri, ToneSi gamomcxvari.
likani – `TorneSi Cayudebuli puri~ (saba).
lolua – `TiTiviT puri~ (saba). `lolua mrgvali da grZeli
puria, bavSvebs ucxoben~ (`dial.~).
murasa – kuTx. (imer.) Toneuli TeTri, wminda puri.
mWadi – simindis puri. || Zv. fetvis puri.
mWadpura – xorblis da simindis fqvilis narevisagan gamomcxva-
ri puri.
rigispuri – relig. eTn. micvalebulis saxelze gamomcxvari
puri rigis (mniSv. 9) Catarebis dros, – aRapis puri.
sakvamlo – eTn. kuTx. (TuS.) RumelSi gamomcxvari mrgvali
gafuebuli puri, romelic TiToeul komls (`kvamls~) mihqonda
micvalebulis satiralSi.
tkbila – kuTx. (mTiul. moxev.) alaos fqvilis puri.
uxa – gauRuari comisgan mozelili, cecxlze gamxmari sifrifa-
na puri, – Taxaxa. || Zv. da eTn. kuTx. (qarTl.) sifrifana xmeli lava-
75
Si, gamomcxvari daSaqrul rZeSi xmiadiviT mozelili magari comi-
sagan; SemohqondaT qorwilSi da urigebdnen stumrebs, romlebic
survilisamebr ixdidnen sasyidels; Sekrebili fuli purismcxob-
lebs ekuTvnoda.
faTiri – [arab. faTir ùfuari~] kuTx. (qiz.) patara lavaSiviT
puri ufuari comisa, saxeldaxelod gamomcxvari sajze (Tujis
filze).
fafxaWela – kuTx. (kax.) ToneSi gamomcxvari Txeli, xmeli puri.
fesaxi – 1. kuTx. (qarTl.) Txeli xmeli lavaSi, – Taxaxa, uxa
(qorwilSi acxobdnen purismcxobelTa gasamrjelod – miarTmevdnen
mayrebs, romlebic amisTvis fuls aCuqebdnen xolme). 2. igivea, rac
paseqi; maca 1 (ebraelTa sadResaswaulo (sapaseqo) umarilo xmiadi).
foristkbila – kuTx. (moxev.) alaos fqvilis puri (`dial.~).
funTuSi – 1. kecSi namcxvari puri (saba), – keceula puri. 2. ix.
funTuSa (mniSv. 2).
funTuSa – 2. xorblis TeTri fqvilis namcxvari, erTgvari
patara puri.
qabrawovani – Zv. `metad didi puri~ (saba).
qarjina – [os. qarZin `qeris puri~; `puri~] qeris puri; RadarSi
gamomcxvari puri.
qersvila – qernarevi Wvavis puri.
qerWela – igivea, rac qerWreli (qerWreli – erTmaneTSi areuli
qeri da xorbali). [qerisa da xorblis fqvilis narevisagan
gamomcxvari puri. – s. o.].
Ruli – eTn. kuTx. (qiz.) saaxalwlod ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis
yvela wevrisaTvis gamocxobili puri, frCxil-dakbiluli: namglis
simbolo (s. menT.).
yverbeuli – saaxalwlod gamomcxvari didi puri, SuaSi jvriani.
SoTi – grZeli Tonis puri.
cecxlakvera – RadarSi gamomcxvari puri (an mWadi).
Zirispuri – Tonis qvemo nawilSi dakruli puri (zedmeti sim-
xurvale qerqs uwvavs, tkrecs).
Zirmisxmula – kuTx. (qarTl.) naxevari gundis puri, Cakruli
ToneSi meoTxe rigad.
wirixta – `kvercxSi mozelili, erboSi moxrakuli puri~ (saba).
wminda puri – xorblis puri.
wowna – TiTis msgavsad, loluad gamomcxvari puri, romelsac
ZuZumwovar bavSvs aZleven sawuwnad (sawovarasaviT).
xmiadi – usafuvrod gamomcxvari puri.
xuxmeli – kuTx. (raW.) `gamomcxvari puri, cecxlze gamxmari~
(`dial~.).
jvris puri – kuTx. (qarTl.) qorwilSi mefe-patarZlisaTvis mir-
Tmeuli puri, romelsac jvris saxed gadakruli aqvs comis zolebi.
76
jinjila – qeris puri.
Cven mier amowerili samocamde leqsemidan zogierTis struqtu-
raSi naTlad Cans saxeldebis motivacia, magaliTad, „kakala“ pata-
ra mrgvali puria gamtkiculi fqvilisa; „lolua“, sabas mixedviT,
TiTiviT grZeli puria, aseTive formis, „TiTis msgavsad, loluad
gamomcxvari puria „wowna“, romelsac ZuZumwovar bavSvs aZleven sa-
wuwnad (sawovarasaviT)“, magram umetesi maTganis etimologiis dad-
genas mecnieruli kvleva sWirdeba. am erTeulTa Soris aris
„xmiadi“, romelic leqsikonSi ganmartebulia, rogorc usafuvrod
gamomcxvari puri, Tumca Tanamedrove enis matarebels aRniSnul
bgeriTs garsSi dasaxelebuli definiciuri mniSvnelobis danaxva
ar SeuZlia. akaki SaniZe, rodesac brunvis afiqsebiT warmoqmnil sa-
xelebze msjelobs, viTarebiTi brunvis niSnis warmoqmnis afiqsad
gamoyenebis magaliTad asaxelebs „xmiads“, davimowmebT konteqsts:
„xm-el-isagan amave wesiT xm-i-ad-i gvaqvs (ჴmelis anu xmelis erTi
mniSvnelobaa: mtknari, umarilo, пресный; x m i a d i – ufuvrad
gamomcxvari puri)“ (SaniZe 1973: 145).
moxmobili msjeloba sainteresoa imiTac, rom ჴmelis dasaxele-
buli mniSvneloba leqsikonebSi ver moviZieT. ilia abulaZis „Zveli
qarTuli enis leqsikonSi“ dasturdeba gamxmari, mSrali, xmeleTi
(abulaZe 1973: 569); „Zveli qarTuli enis sityvis konaSi“ ganmartebu-
lia, rogorc xmeli; mSrali; xmeleTi (sarjvelaZe 2001: 284); sul-
xan-saba orbelianis `qarTuli leqsikonis~ mixedviTac ჴmeli unoti-
os niSnavs (orbeliani 1928: 464).
174-e paragrafSi, romelic aseve warmoqmnas exeba, ganxilulia
ucxoafiqsiani saxelebi da aRniSnulia, rom ucxo enebidan Semosul
sityvebSi Semavali warmoqmnis afiqsebi qarTuli enis gramatikis
TvalsazrisiT mxolod maSin SeiZleba CaiTvalos mawarmoeblad, Tu
nasesxebafiqsian sityvasTan erTad mis sapirispirod Zireulic mog-
vepoveba. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoyofilia sparsuli -dan mawarmo-
ebeli, romelic mniSvnelobiT qarTuli sa – e an sa – o mawarmoeb-
lebis fardia da swored aq aris damowmebuli Caidani da yavadani,
rogorc saCaie da sayave WurWeli. imave paragrafSi ganxilulia ya-
vaxana da ludxana, romelTa meore komponenti xana sparsulad niS-
navs saxls da igivea mniSvnelobiT, rac qarTuli konfiqsi sa – e
adgilis aRsaniSnavad: yavaxana sayave adgilia.
xelobis aRmniSvnel saxelebze msjelobisas ganxilulia ucxo
warmoSobis saxelebi qarTuli SesatyvisebiT – arabuli yasabi (me-
xorce), xabazi (mepure), bayali (memwvanile).
warmomavlobis saxelebTan dakavSirebul nawilSi gansxvavebuli
cnobebi iyris Tavs glutonimTa Sesaxeb. magaliTad, is, rom eul-
mawarmoebeli ifarToebs moqmedebis ares da aRniSnavs „jiSsac, ro-
77
melic sxvadasxva saxis sagnebs aerTianebs: xil-eul-i, Tevz-eul-i,
bostn-eul-i, pur-eul-i ... tkbil-eul-i da sxv. amasTan dakavSirebiT
SeniSvnaSi vkiTxulobT: „amJamad Cveulebrivia, rom jiSis aRmniS-
vnel saxels kidev koleqtiobis gamomxatveli oba daerTos: Tevz-e-
ul-ob-a ... tkbil-eul-oba da sxv.“ (SaniZe 1973: 129). imave paragrafSi
gvxvdeba winadadeba, romelSic CamoTvlilia sakvebad gamosayenebe-
li Tevzis saxeobebi: oraguli, zuTxi, loqo (Rlavi), xramuli, ge-
laqnuri, fiCxuli. swored am erTeulebs eZRvneba SeniSvna, romel-
Sic akaki SaniZe gamoTqvams varauds, rom sityva oraguli aragvs
unda ukavSirdebodes anu im mdinaris saxels, romelSic uxvad aris
dasaxelebuli saxeobis Tevzi. ufro zustad, mecnieris azriT, ora-
guli warmomdgari unda iyos aragv-ul-isagan. iqve analogiuri war-
moebis nimuSebad moyvanilia xramis Tevzis saxeli xramuli da ge-
laqunis tbis (gogCis anu sevanis tbis) kalmaxis saxeli gelaqnuri.
Txzul saxelebSi martivi gaorkecebis magaliTad damowmebulia
balaxebis saxelebi qona-qona da ia-ia. qona-qonas guriasa da ime-
reTSi mxlad xmaroben, xolo ia-ia mxali kaxeTSi ician. gaorkece-
bul fuZes gviCvenebs pilpilic, Tumca akaki SaniZe SeniSvnaSi aR-
niSnavs, rom sxva enebSic, saxeldobr, somxurSi, arabulsa da spar-
sulSi mas moepoveba paralelebi, magaliTad, фil-фil. xmovnis Se-
nacvlebiT gaorkecebis nimuSad dasaxelebulia xilxuli; kuWmaWi
ganxilulia, rogorc pirveli marcvlis SenacvlebiT fuZegaorkece-
buli saxeli, tolad Serwymul saxelebad moyvanilia sasmel-saWme-
li, dana-Cangali, purmarili, purRvino, erbokvercxi, domxali da sxv.
qarTul glutoniur diskursSi monawile WurWlis aRmniSvnel
leqsikaSi simravliT gamoirCeva marcvleulisa (/fqvilisa) da rZis
nawarmis Sesanaxad gankuTvnili nivTebis saxelebi. sainteresoa aka-
ki SaniZis Semdegi msjeloba erT-erT maTganze: `tagani~ fSavSi aR-
niSnavs furis sawvelel xis vedros (`segda~-s svanurad); misi
kninobiTi iqneba: tagan-a. magram eg sityva (`tagana~) mTiuleTsa da
xevSi zurgze wamosakidebel wylis sazid kasrs aRniSnavs (simaR-
liT 70-ode santimetri iqneba; sawvelel vedros aq `ჴelada~ hqvia);
mTiulis axsniT: `bataras taganas veZaxiT da dids – tagans~. xevSi
ki tagana didis saxelia (`Cemo ჴelis mamkideo, taganai amkideo),
aqedan nawarmoebi kninobiTi ki tagania aris~ (SaniZe 1973: 120).
radgan CvenTvis sayuradRebo cnobebi wignis sxvadasxva paragra-
fis ZiriTad teqstebsa Tu SeniSvnebSia gabneuli, SeiZleba zogierTi
gamogvrCa kidec. Tumca damowmebuli magaliTebic kmara im daskvnis
misaRebad, rom „qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi“, romelic qar-
Tuli enis morfologiuri struqturis aRweras eZRvneba, amave dros,
mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs qarTuli glutoniuri diskursis
komponentTa struqturis, semantikisa da funqcionirebis Sesaxeb.
78
literatura:
abulaZe 1973 – i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masa-

lebi), Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1973.
eTnografiuli leqsikoni 2011 – qarTuli materialuri kulturis
eTnografiuli leqsikoni, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2011.
orbeliani 1928 – sulxan-saba orbeliani, qarTuli leqsikoni
(prof. ioseb yifSiZisa da prof. akaki SaniZis redaqciiT), tfilisi,
gamomcemloba `qarTuli wigni~, 1928.
sarjvelaZe 2001 – z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis sityvis
kona, Tbilisi, sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-
mwifo pedagogiuri universitetis gamomcemloba, 2001.
qegli 1950-1964 – qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, rvatome-
uli, arn. Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1950-1964.
SaniZe 1973 – ak. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I,
morfologia, Tbilisi, Tsu gamomcemloba, 1973.
79
inga sanikiZe
ilias enobrivi msoflxedva da misi

oratoruli teqstis stilistika
qarTuli samwerlobo enis xandazmuloba da aTaswleulebis

siRrmeSi dabadebuli kultura zepirmetyvelebisa saukuneebTan er-
Tad qmnida im sarezervo bazas, romelsac teqstis stilizebis kom-
ponentTa erToblioba SeiZleba ewodos. samwuxarod, xdeba ise, rom
istoriis Savi furclebi zogjer ara mxolod gaumWvirvals xdis
faqtobriv mocemulobebs, aramed mTeli sisastikiT anadgurebs da
mtvris ramdenime feniT faravs mas. ra viciT uZvelesi kolxuri
oratoruli skolebis Sesaxeb, garda imisa, rom IV saukunis gamoCe-
nil berZen filosofossa da ritors – Temistioss (dabadebis Tari-
Ri 317 weli) – ritoruli ganaTleba fazisis akademiaSi miuRia.
àqve uswavlia ritorika mis mamasac~, evgenisac (yauxCiSvili 1961:
45). Temistiosi gviambobs: `mec, Cemo kargo axalgazrdav, ritorikis
nayofni movswyvite gacilebiT ufro uCinar adgilas, vidre es Cveni
adgilia, ... pontos boloSi, fazisis maxloblad .... me gamgzavna iq
iseTma keTilmosurne kacma, rogoric SeiZleba iyos mama ... man Tvi-
Tonac Tavisi ganTqmuli filosofia swored aq SeiZina~ (Temistiosi
1961: 50-51). codna fazisuri swavlebis meTododologiis Sesaxeb da-
kargulia, amitom mcdeloba, diaqroniaSi sworad davinaxoT mimdina-
re procesi da obieqturobis zRvrebs ar gavcdeT, sakmaod rTulde-
ba. gacilebiT meti SeiZleba iTqvas qristianul qadagebaTa teqsteb-
ze. V s-dan moyolebuli homiletikuri xasiaTis CanarTebs araerT
hagiografiul ZeglSi vxvdebiT1. werilobiT formaSi gadatanili
oratoruli sityvebi TavianTi arqiteqtonikiT Zalze sainteresoa
da damoukidebel stilistur Seswavla-damuSavebas moiTxovs iseve,
rogorc berZnul-laTinur Tu gviandel qarTul wyaroebSi daculi
teqstebi. nebismieri sinqronuli done xom, ubralod, erTi safexu-
ria enisa, rogorc eTnoerovnuli kulturisa, da misi fesvebi Rrma
niadagidan ikvebeba. imisaTvis, rom oratoruli teqstebis stilisti-
ka sabolood kompleqsurad warmovisaxoT, calkeuli qronologiu-
ri Tu msoflmxedvelobrivi etapebis mecnieruli damuSaveba auci-
lebeli amocanaa (TiToeuli maTganis safexurebriv kvlevas samomav-
lod gadavdebT).
1
qristianuli qadagebis nimuSTagan moviyvanT nakveTs èvstaTi mcxeTelis mar-
tvilobidan~ [VI s.]: `... nu iyofin ese! mzÀ da mTovareÀ da varskulavni ara
RmerT arian, aramed RmerTman mzesa ganaTlebaÁ dRisaÁ ubrZana da mTovaresa
da varskulavTa ganaTlebaÁ RamisaÁ ubrZana, xolo RmerT ara arian ...~
(evstaTis martviloba 1946: 53).
80
yuradRebas 60-ianel mweralze – iliaze – SevaCerebT. umarTebu-
lo iqneba, Tuki oriode sityvas ar vityviT qarTuli enisadmi im
myar midgomaze, romelsac moazrovne iCens da romelic, rogorc
socialur-politikuri ideis ZiriTadi mdgeneli, Tavis aqtualobas
arcerT epoqaSi ar kargavs. `yofiToba mniSvnelovani niSania, SesaZ-
loa, yvela niSanze arsebiTi~, – wers z. kiknaZe (kiknaZe 2008: 31), ro-
desac folkloris Janrul specifikas Seexeba, magram saqme is aris,
rom es niSani, rogorc uZiriTadesi instrumenti, albaT, sazogadod
exeba literaturasa da enas. faqtia, rom Semoqmedma jer yofiereba-
Si arsebuli wesrigi an problema unda Seimecnos, misi improvizaci-
a, anu axali msoflxatebisa Tu ideebis, Seqmna rom SeZlos. cxadia,
am gancdis siRrmesa da xarisxzea damokidebuli, ra daideba saTqme-
lad saqveyno samsjavroze; xolo is, Tu rogori sityvierebiT moiq-
soveba teqsti – es eqspresiuli nawilia da stilistikis kvlevis
sagani.
XIX s-is meore naxevris ideaTa skas Tavisi dambadebeli `deda
futkari~ hyavs da es erovnuli TviTmyofadobis magistraluri az-
ria, yvela darCeni ki maszea dafuZnebuli. ruseTis imperiis Semad-
genlobaSi myofi saxelmwifoebadakarguli qveynis sazogado tra-
gizmi TiToeulis TviTSegnebamde unda davides – es myari politi-
kuri amocanaa, literatura da ena ki – am amocanis Sesrulebis
uRalato meqanizmebi. qarTuli qveynis `ganwirulobisadmi~ Seugueb-
loba warmarTavs 60-ianelTa Taobis enisa da literaturis, rogorc
mTliani organizmis, bmulobas. av. arabuli SeniSnavs: `praqtikulad
gaukafa man [iliam] gza enis demokratizacias, aseve Teoriulad mo-
umzada safuZveli im normatiul pozicias, romlis Tanaxmadac enis
ganviTarebis bunebrivi procesis SeCereba SeuZlebelia~ (arabuli
2004: 23). gulubryviloni viqnebiT, Tuki enis demokratizaciis sa-
fuZvlad mxolod liberaluli Rirebulebebis qadagebas an maT mim-
devrobas gamovacxadebT. azri gacilebiT Rrma niadagSia dabadebu-
li da sasicocxlo Zalebis mokrebas lamobs. vin SeiZleba icodes
ukeT, Tu ara samarTalmcodne iliam, saxelmwifos oTx niSanTa So-
ris ena rom aris erT-erTi da uZiriTadesi eTnoerovnuli koncef-
ti. moazrovne maSin aviTarebs qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis ide-
as, roca amis realuri Sansi, erTi SexedviT, utopiuri moCans da
mciredi saxalxo laSqriT (vgulisxmobT axalgazrda samociane-
lebs) brZolas iwyebs. ruseTis imperias dapirdapirebuli mxedar-
TmTavari sasikvdilo iaraRs – qarTul enas – mZlavrad SemarTavs
da saqveynod ityvis: èna mdidari ... Cven migviRia gasacocxleblad~
(`pasuxis pasuxi~); enis sakiTxiT wamowyebul brZolas ki qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis genetikur survils amoafarebs da
sakontrolo tyviebamde brZolis vels ar datovebs.
81
obieqturoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli enis weriT da
saerTosaxalxo, anu zepirmetyvelebiT, formebs Soris bunebrivi
erozia gacilebiT adre daiwyo, vidre asparezze 60-ianelTa Taoba
gamovidoda. es procesi ukve saukuneebs iTvlida. SoTa rusTvelis
Semdgom axali enis ganviTarebis bunebrivi svla moiSala. arn. Ciqo-
bava am movlenas anton kaTalikosisa da misi skolis moRvaweobas
ukavSirebda (Ciqobava 1950: 020), Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom rusTvelis
Semdgom qarTuli enis àRreva~ (arasistemuri midgoma samwerlobo
enis mimarT) erTgvar gadauWrel problemad mxolod imis gamo rCe-
boda, rom is pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli Cveni qveynis politikur
ryevebTan da qarTvelTa erTiani, myari saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis
ararsebobasTan. amrigad, enis `filtraciis~ iliaseuli wamowyeba –
zepiri da werilobiTi formebis variantuli daaxloeba – sakvanZo
mniSvnelobisa iyo, ideurad gamarTuli strategiis nawili da praq-
tikulad – taqtikuri nabijebis Semcveli; am ukanasknelSi ki upir-
velesad `TaobaTa brZolaa~ sagulisxmebeli.
zemoT naTqvami is farTo konteqstia, romlis gareSe viwro lin-
gvistur sakiTxebze mecnieruli msjeloba, vfiqrobT, rom msof-
lmxedvelobiTi tilos saerTo xasiaTs ver Seqmnis; da, piriqiT, misi
gaTvaliswinebiT, yvelaferi – leqsikuri, gramatikuli Tu stilisti-
kuri komponentebi – gacilebiT cxadad da mkafiod waikiTxeba.
msjelobas ilia WavWavaZis im ritorul sityvaze avagebT, rome-
lic man gr. orbelianis dasaflavebaze warmoTqva da romlic osta-
turadaa gawyobili antikuri xelovnebisaTvis ukve kargad cnobili
anafora-epiforis mxatvrul-stilistikuri figurebiT. sazogadod un-
da iTqvas, rom eqspresiuli zemoqmedebisTvis gamiznuli oratoru-
li teqstis Sinagani struqtura, romelsac sxvagvarad kompozicias
uwodeben, Tavisi xasiaTiT ramdenadme Camohgavs ganwyoba-emociis
Seqmnaze orientirebul lirikas, radgan aq arasdros aviTareben si-
uJets, ar gviyvebian dasrulebul ambavs. gamomdinare naTqvamidan,
imisaTvis, rom mTliani teqstis, anu sityvis, azrobrivi mozaikis
erTianoba SenarCundes, is raRac mniSvnelovan sayrdenebze dafuZne-
biT unda aigos. swored aseT SemTxvevaSi aqtiurdeba anafora, ro-
gorc stilistikuri xerxi. is sayovelTaod miRebuli definiciiT,
gameorebis mxatvruli saSualebis erT-erTi aqtiuri saxea, gameore-
biT ki `mkiTxvels eqmneba Zlieri STabeWdileba da umaxvildeba yu-
radReba~ (Wilaia 1984: 54-55).
axla sakiTxs sxvagvaradac SevxedoT – radgan oratorul
teqsts Semfasebeli subieqti warmarTavs da obieqtur ganWvretas
subieqtur midgomasa Tu mxatvrul improvizacias urevs, misi Seqmna
Tavisufal SemoqmedebiT process eyrdnoba; Tumca nebismieri adami-
ani droSi mocemuli cocxali arsia, amitom iliac jer sakuTar
82
Tanamedroveobas, epoqis moTxovnebs eqvemdebareba, Semdeg ki marTe-
bulad warmarTavs `goniT SuafenaSi~ dabadebul azrebs. rogorc gr.
kiknaZe SeniSnavs: ìlia cxovrebidan aRebuli Sinaarsis gamoZerwvis
xelovani iyo da sinamdvilidan arasodes fantaziis samyaroSi ar
gaqceula~ (kiknaZe 1978: 252). misi socialuri Tu moqalaqeobrivi po-
ziciebi kidev ufro aaqtiurebda SemoqmedebiT formasa da Sinaarss.
da aqac, mcire moculobis oratorul sityvaSic, is Tavis simaRleze
idga, sakuTar beWeds asvamda warmosaTqmel teqsts. man icoda, rom
orators auditoria yovelTvis uwesebs erTgvar SezRudvas – es gan-
Wvretilis marTlzomieri xedva unda iyos, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
`sityvas~ marcxi ar ascdeba; amitom gasakviri araa, rom emociuri
`xazebi~, Cvens SemTxvevaSi anaforuli (akustikuri, leqsikuri Tu
sintaqsuri) signalebi stilistikurad sagangebodaa seleqcirebuli
da SefasebiTi xasiaTis Sualedur mikroteqstebSi ganawilebuli.
ramdenadac anaforuli `CanarTebis~ funqciuri datvirTva er-
Txel Tqmulis mimarT ùkan mibrunebis~, gradaciuli azris masze
dabmis enobrivi mcdeloba da saerTo jaWvis Seqmnaa, vfiqrobT, up-
riani iqneba, Tu msjelobas sintaqsuri anaforebiT daviwyebT. ili-
as `sityvaSi~1 marTlac gamorCeuli sicxadiT moCans teqstis arqi-
teqtonikis es dedaboZebi. aq dominanturi anafora sintaqsuri struq-
turis formiT mogvewodeba, romelic Tavisi myari fundamentiT
imagrebs `TaRovan~, e.w. Sualedur azrebs, maT Soris leqsikur ana-
forebsa da epiforebs. stilisturad markirebuli struqtura lin-
gvisturad modelirebuli eqspresiuli komponentia, romelsac, sa-
metyvelo aqtis organizebis miznobriobidan gamomdinare, stilisti-
kuri mbjenis funqcia ekisreba. is ibams rogorc winamaval, ise Sem-
dgom ganviTarebul winadadebebs da imave struqturis anaforuli
gameorebis SemTxvevaSi msmenels (/mkiTxvels) aiZulebs, sawyis pozi-
ciaSi dabrundes, anu SeinarCunos emociuri talRa da amaRlebuli
gancdis Tamasa qvemoT ar dauSvas. samwuxarod, unda SevniSnoT,
ilias oratoruli sityvis xmis Canaweris ararsebobisada gamo sa-
Sualeba ar gveZleva, rom misi warmoTqmis procesSi eqstralingvis-
tur faqtorebzec (xmis tembri, siCqare, pauza, maxvili da sxv.) Sev-
ZloT mecnieruli dakvirveba.
ìgi iyo [`TviTmpyrobeli/ meufe/ mwerali/ mTqmeli/ kaci, rome-
lic]~ – es sintaqsuri mocemulobebi Sinaarsobrivad gr. orbelians
miemarTeba da anaforis is magaliTebia, romlebic `sityvis~ struq-
turaSi postcedentur poziciaSi2 Cndeba. isini maleve ikaveben domi-
1
`sityva, warmoTqmuli grigol orbelianis dasaflavebaze~ [25 marts, 1883
wels] (ilia 1953).
2
postcedenturi pozicia gulisxmobs teqstSi anaforis struqturis gaCenas
maSin, roca winmswrebi azri (winadadeba an winadadebebi) ukve mocemulia.
83
nantur stilistikur lokacias. aqcentirebuli sintaqsuri forma Zi-
riTadad rTul winadadebaSi modelirdeba, xolo Semdgom Tavad qmnis
damoukidebel rTul qvewyobil winadadebebs (mag., ìgi iyo kaci,
romelmac qveyanas uanderZa...~). aseT SemTxvevaSi mTavaria, anaforis Se-
madgeneli sintaqsurad koordinirebuli ZiriTadi struturis sity-
vaTganlageba SenarCundes [qvemdebare + Semasmeneli = ìgi iyo~...], ro-
melic sagnis an movlenis dawvrilebiTi aRweris funqciiT itvirTeba.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi aRweris obieqti gr. orbeliania. winadadebaSi sity-
vaTganlagebis cvalebadobas (marTva-mirTva-SeTanxmebis ucilobeli
dacviT), maT Tavisufal mimoqcevas, cnobilia, rom stilistikaSi in-
versias uwodeben da is gadamwyvetia mxatvrul-literaturuli xasia-
Tis teqsturi faqturis agebis procesSi. inversiis roli kidev ufro
mkveTrdeba da erTgvar CarCoSi eqceva, roca saqme poeturi striqonis
riTmisa Tu ritmikis organizebasTan gvaqvs. am TvalsazrisiT proza
gacilebiT Tavisufalia. iliaseul `sityvaSi~ eqspresiulad datvir-
Tuli dadebiTi semantikuri konotaciis mqone anaforis sintaqsur
struqturaSi winadadebis wevrTa gadaadgileba xSiri ar aris, Tumca
amis magaliTi mainc fiqsirdeba: èrTi imaTgani .... iyo igi, visac dRe-
sa vstiriT da amitomac misi sityvac TiTon saqmea~ (gv. 248).
naTqvamis naTelsayofad nimuSad moviyvanT poscedenturi anafo-
riT agebul teqstis nawils, romelsac ilias zemoT dasaxelebul
oratorul sityvaSi vxvdebiT:
`...ara marto misma Rvawlma ... moiwvia aq, am saerTo glovis Jams,
amdeni xalxi sxvadasxva wodebisa, sqesisa, xarisxisa da hasakisa,
aramed imanac, rom igi iyo TviTmpyrobeli Cvenis qarTulis enisa,
igi iyo `meufe~ Cvenis sityvierebis Zal-Ronisa da simdidrisa. igi
iyo mwerali da mTqmeli, maRalis niWiT cxebuli, igi iyo moZRvari
Cveni da Cven – sasoebiT misi msmenelni. igi iyo –
vis ar Seexo zakvis gesli Zmisa gankiTxvad...
igi iyo kaci, romelmac qveyanas uanderZa:
mieciT niWsa gza farTo, Tayvaniscema Rirsebas!
igi iyo kaci, romelic –
dahnatrda droTa, ros aqvndaT trfoba
mamulisadmi guls aRbeWdilad.
igi iyo kaci, romelmac RaRadebiT warmosTqva:
icodeTo, rom arian Raribnic,
aris siTme simwariTa cxovreba.
igi iyo kaci, romelsac swyuroda:
rom Cven ganvaxldeT,
suliT avmaRldeT –
da ganqres bneli umecrebisa~ (ilia 1953: 247-248).
84
miuxedavad imisa, rom ilias sityva, warmoTqmuli gr. orbelia-
nis dasaflavebaze, gviani epoqis mcire moculobis teqstia da aTas-
wleulebi aSorebs antikur codnas, is mainc gamorCeuli sicxadiT
misdevs tradiciul oratorul teqnikas, romlis erT-erTi ucilo-
beli stilistikuri Semadgeneli namdvilad aris anafora. cxadia,
rom stilistikuri figurebis moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT bevri ara-
feria Secvlili. enis `gamartiveba~ eqspresiis Semqmnel figurul
modelebs ar exeba. isini faqtobrivi uwyvetobiT ganagrZoben cxov-
rebas. am kuTxiT araerTi saintereso paralelis dasaxeleba SeiZ-
leba, Tundac erekle II-is dakrZalvaze warmoTqmuli solomon li-
oniZis (XVIII s.) oratoruli `sityvisa~ (lioniZe 1957)1.
vfiqrobT, iliaseul teqstSi kidev erTi anaforis magaliTi im-
saxurebs sagangebo msjelobas. mas, Cveni azriT, nakleb SeiZleba ewo-
dos mxolod leqsikuri an gramatikuli (is erTi sityvis aqcentire-
biT ifargleba), radgan sasignalo erTeuli àra marto~ (ara’na-
wilakiani sityva) àramed~ mapirispirebelkavSirian struqturaSi zis
da zerTul winadadebaSi rTuli Tanwyobili winadadebis pozicias
ikavebs. aqve davZenT, rom qarTuli samecniero azri ara’nawilakiani
sityvebis àramed~ mapirispirebel kavSirTan sintaqsur SekavSire-
bebs sxvadasxva metvelebis nawilis poziciidan ganixilavs. amis
dasturad `qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis~ definiciac kmara,
romelSic àramed~ kavSiris Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: àramed – piriqiT,
mosalodnelis sapirispirod (ixmareba ar[a] nawilakiani sityvis an
Sesityvebis sityvasTan an SesityvebasTan~ (qegl 1950: sv. 541).
v. imnaiSvili ~qarTul orTografiul leqsikonSi~ rekomende-
bul formaTa mimarT araerTgvarovani midgomis Sesaxeb wers: `swo-
red orTografiulma leqsikonma unda daakanonos maT Soris umjo-
besi, misaRebi, xolo uvargisi ukuagdos ... zogjer grZnob, rom Sen
mier SemoTavazebuli daweriloba maincdamainc damajerebeli araa,
iqneb, erTgvarad, miuRebelic kia, magram, raki ukeTesi TiTqos ar
Cans, iZulebuli xar, isev, ase Tu ise, arasrulyofili rekomendaci-
iT dakmayofilde~ (imnaiSvili 2016: 26). vfiqrobT, rom erT-erT am-
gvar àradamajereblobas~ ara’nawilakiani zmnizedebis marTlwera
qmnis. ra kriteriumi daudes safuZvlad òrTografiuli leqsikonis~
Semdgenlebma, roca àra marto~ formis cal-calke daweriloba Semog-
vTavazes, amis sapirispirod ki identuri warmoebis zmnizedebi
àraerTi, araerTgzis, araerTxel~ erT leqsikur erTeulad gaiazres
(orTografiuli leqsikoni 1998: 56-57) da marTlweris wesic amis mixed-
viT daakanones?! aseT SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom àra marto~ ar aris ga-
1
solomon lioniZe: `rad stiriT, Zeno, obolno mamisagan, ... rad stiri, sada-
viTov saxlo?! ...~ da misT. (lioniZe 1957: 36-38).
85
gebuli Tanabari odenobis zmnizedur warmoebad da misi dacalkevebu-
li daweriloba gvaiZulebs, `marto~ fuZe am SemTxvevaSi zedsarTav sa-
xelad (gansazRvrebad) iyos aRqmuli iseve, rogorc es sxva saxis Se-
sityvebaSi gvaqvs, mag., `marto kaci WamaSiac codoao~ (andaza)1.
vfiqrobT, rom amgvari midgoma upirvelesad orTografiul
problemas aCens da maTi cal-calke an erTad dawerilobis Wrel,
usistemo suraTs warmogvidgens. amasTanave, arTulebs sintaqsuri
struqturis sakorelacio sistemis gaazrebasac. ufro zustad rom
vTqvaT: Tuki – àra marto; ara mxolod; araerTi, araerTgzis, ara-
erTxel...~, + aramed – sintaqsur formas ganvixilavT, rogorc dapi-
rispirebul azrTa Tanwyobis mTlian erTeuls, maSin aRmoCndeba,
rom saqme myar korelaciasTan gvaqvs. kerZod, aramed’kavSiriani
struqturulad dapirispirebuli sintaqsuri segmenti verc azrob-
rivad iarsebebs da verc formobrivad, anu ver Sedgeba, dasaxelebu-
li leqsikur-gramatikuli odenobebis gareSe. maSin gamodis, rom
àra marto~-sa da sxvaTa SemTxvevaSi saqme korelatebTan gvaqvs. aq-
ve daismis kiTxvac: ramdenad sworia maTi mikuTvneba sityvaTa sxva-
dasxva jgufTan – gansxvavebul metyvelebis nawilebTan Tu winada-
debis wevrebTan? vfiqrobT, rom sakmarisia, morfologiur dones
sintaqsuric SevuwyviloT, morfo-sintaqsi gavixadoT amosavlad,
rom isini [ara marto.., ara mxolod..., araerTgzis...] dapirispirebuli
ori azris, winadadebis, korelatebad gamovacxadoT da morfologi-
urad – zmnizedebi, xolo sintaqsurad garemoebebi vuwodoT. aseTi
midgomis upiratesoba is aris, rom àramed~ kavSirs dapirispirebu-
li ara’nawilakiani zmnizeduri formebi ugamonaklisod erTadac
daiwereba da konkretuli sintaqsuri struqturis utyuar korela-
tebad gamocxaddeba. l. kvaWaZis ganmarteba, rom is rTul Tanwyo-
bil da rTul qvewyobil winadadebebs cal-calke imis gamo ganixi-
lavs, rom am pozicias `zurgs umagrebs ara marto tradicia, ara-
med, rac mTavaria, is, rom aseTi dayofa gamarTlebulia gramatiku-
ladac~ (kvaWaZe 1966: 325), ramdenadme swori gezia; Tumca isic faq-
tia, rom aramed’mapirispireblian winadadebebSi gansxvavebuli sin-
taqsuri forma fiqsirdeba: rTuli Tanwyobili winadadebis pirvel
nawilSi yovelTvis Cndeba ara’nawilakiani sakorelacio sityva, es
ki, tradiciuli gagebiT, mxolod rTuli qvewyobili winadadebis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa da ara – rTuli Tanwyobilebisa.
1
SeniSvna: am sakiTxze mecnierul msjelobas damoukidebel SromaSi Sevec-
debiT, radgan is, Cveni azriT, ramdenadme scdeba stilistikis sferos da
Tavisi formiT pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli sintaqsur struqturebTan (ara
mxolod...., aramed ....; an: araerTgzis..., aramed...); sinqroniul-diaqroniuli eno-
brivi doneebis Sejereba ki marTebuli daskvnis gamotanas gaaadvilebs.
86
axla ilias `sityvas~ davubrundeT da yuradReba kvlav anafora-
ze gadavitanoT. vityviT, rom antecedenturi1 zmnizeduri anafora
mwerliseul teqstSi Tavis sapatio adgils iWers. erT SemTxvevaSi
is win uswrebs postcedenturs da eqspresiuli ganwyobis kibeze ze-
viT mimarTuli veqtorisaken, e.w. kulminaciuri simaRlisaken, mihyavs
msmenel-mkiTxveli (ix. nimuSi à~); xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mosdevs
postcedenturs, `Sen~ nacvalsxelze orientirdeba (qvemdebaris an
ubralo damatebis formaSi dgeba) da safinalo azrisaken eSveba, anu
meore antecedentur anaforas eqspresiis damarTvis funqciaca aqvs
miniWebuli (ix. nimuSi `b~). gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am ukanasknels
win sintaqsuri anafora (ìgi iyo...~) miuZRvis, romelsac azrobrivi
kulminaciis funqcia aqvs da gajerebulia amxsnel-SefasebiTi xasia-
Tis winadadebebiT. moviyvanT Sesabamis adgilebs teqstidan:
[a]. ara marto misma xarisxma da namsaxurobam, ara marto misma Rvaw-
lma mxedrobisam da moqalaqeobisam moiwvia aq, am saerTo glovis Jams,
amdeni xalxi sxvadasxva wodebisa, sqesisa, xarisxisa da hasakisa, aramed
imanac, rom igi iyo TviTmpyrobeli Cvenis qarTulis enisa...~ (gv. 247).
[b]. Sen aRar xar da Sens sayvarels saqarTvelos gulSi Caswyda
kidev erTi ZarRvica.
fuWia igi sicocxleo, romelic vera ras argebso mamulsao, –
sTqvi Sen.
Cven magas Senzed ver vityviT.
Sen ganvle Senis cxovrebis gza da aRbeWdeca navali.
Seni qveynis Svili qarTveli rom daakvirdeba mag Sens brwyinva-
le navals, maRalis niWiT da maRalis sityvierebiT Suqmofenilsa,
qveynis winaSe Tamamad Tavs moiwonebs, rom saqarTvelos SenisTana
kaci hyvanda da imave dros iglovebs kidec, rom Sen hyvandi da
aRar eyolebi~ (gv. 249).
meore amonaridi [b], rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, Tavisi anafo-
ruli ganlagebiT teqstis finalisaTvis emociurad gvamzadebs, Tum-
ca ise, rom inarCunebs amaRlebul ganwyobas. aq `Sen~ nacvalsaxeli
ramdenime funqciiT itvirTeba:
• upirvelesad, semantikur fokusSi, metaforulad Tu vityviT,
Teatraluri scenis `wriuli ganaTeba~ adgils ar icvlis,
masSi gr. orbelianis sulier-materialuri obieqtia moqceu-
li. aq msmeneli TiTqos parterSi zis da meorexarisxovan ad-
gils ikavebs; sinamdvileSi ki mTeli es `scena~ misTvis idgme-
ba da misive cnobierebis amaRlebas emsaxureba. ilia mxolod
damdgmeli reJisoria, azris warmmarTveli da enobrivi kombi-
naciebiT ganwyobis modulatori.
1
ancedenti momdinareobs laT. sityvidan Antecedens – `winamavali~, `winmswrebi~.
87
• meore da aranakleb mniSvnelovani aqcenti erTi fuZisagan war-
moqmnili winadadebis sxvadasxva wevrTa akustikur-gramatikuli
TamaSia, romelsac leqsikuri `gradaciac~ SeiZleba vuwodoT
(Sen [piris nacv.] –› Seni/ Sens/ Senis [kuTvn. nacv.] da sxv).
•da mesame stilistikuri niSani winadadebis sintaqsuri agebis
TaviseburebaSi gamoixateba. martivi Tu Serwymuli formebi
teqstis bolos zerTuli winadadebiT ise sruldeba, rom
`Sen~ nacvalsaxeli da amave fuZiT nawarmoebi winadadebis
wevrebi, rogorc umTavresi emociuri signalebi da enobrivi
makavSireblebi, sintaqsur struqturebSia gabneuli. isini
amTlianeben oratorul teqsts da azrobriv samagrebs qmnian.
dabolos, ilias oratoruli `sityva~ mcire moculobis abzaciT
daixureba, anaforas epifora Caenacvleba, warmoTqmuli eqspresiu-
li teqsti Sejamdeba, danaskvis saxes miiRebs – es yvelaferi ki da-
sasrulis, anu azrobrivi wertilis, funqciis mtvirTveli iqneba.
yovelgvar process logikuri Sedegi aqvs da aqac, finalur akor-
dSic, yvela instrumenti erTdroulad amuSavdeba: Sinaarsobrivica
(romelic Semajamebeli xasiaTis mimarTvis frazebis gamoyenebaSi
gamoixateba) da akustikur-enobrivic:
mSvidobiT, Cveno sasiqadulo mamulis-Svilo, Cveno saxelovano
qarTvelo, Cveno didebulo mweralo!
mcireodens vityviT epiforis Sesaxebac. is, rogorc anaforis
sapirispiro cali, sakuTar TavSi anaforis (gameorebis) elementeb-
sac moicavs. misi ganmasxvavebeli niSani teqstis bolos sityvaTa,
frazaTa Tu sintaqsur struqturaTa mijriTi Tavmoyraa. ilias
`sityvaSi~ epiforis klasikur magaliTTan gvaqvs saqme. azris dasas-
ruli mimarTvis struqturazea gadatanili. wodebiT brunvaSi das-
muli da Sida SeTanxmebis sintaqsuri ZaliT gamyarebuli frazebi
ara mxolod mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis martivi mani-
festaciaa, aramed masSi oratoruli teqnikis ucilobeli flobac
ikiTxeba, amitom stilistikurad seleqcirebuli epiforis es enob-
rivi modeli mTliani teqstis kompoziciis nawilad unda aRviqvaT.
rasakvirvelia, Cven mier ganxiluli ilias `sityviseuli~ teq-
stis stilistikuri rezervebi mxolod imiT ar amoiwureba, razec
am naSromSi gavamaxvileT yuradReba, magram es kvlevac erTi Tval-
saCino magaliTia imisa, rom ilia WavWavaZis mxatvrul sityvaSi Sem-
TxveviT arc araferi iwereba da arc warmoiTqmis. saerTo saxalxo
enasTan daaxloebuli sityvieri faqtura, fsevdoarqaizebaze uaris
Tqma, axali enobrivi etapis wamowyeba da namdvili sinamdvilis ga-
moxatva sruliad ar uSlis xels Semoqmeds iseTi striqonebi Se-
mogvTavazos, romlebic, rogorc oratoruli teqnikis nawili, Rrma-
daa fesvgadgmuli da eTnokulturul doneze evolucirebuli.
88
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arabuli 2004 – av. arabuli, qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, Tbi-

lisi, 2004, gamomc. ùniversali~.
evstaTis martviloba 1946 – martvilobaÁ da moTminebaÁ wmidisa
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I [Sedgenili sol. yubaneiSvilis mier], gv. 44-46, Tbilisi, 1946, Tsu
gamomcemloba.
Temistiosi 1961 – Temistiosi, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi sa-
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imnaiSvili 2016 – v. imnaiSvili, qarTuli marTlweris sadavo sa-
kiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2016, gamomc. àgora~.
kiknaZe 1978 – gr. kiknaZe, literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis
sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1978, Tsu gamomcemloba.
kiknaZe 2008 – z. kiknaZe, qarTuli folklori, Tbilisi, 2008, Tsu
gamomcemloba.
kvaWaZe 1966 – l. kvaWaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi,
Tbilisi, 1966, gamomc. `ganaTleba~.
lioniZe 1957 – solomon lioniZe, sityva Tqmuli erekle meoris
dakrZalvaze (XVIII s-is avtografiuli xelnaweris mixedviT), teqsti
daadgina n. kandelakma, Tbilisi, 1957, gamomc. `xelovneba~.
Wilaia 1984 – a. Wilaia, r. Wilaia, literaturaTmcodneobis cne-
bebi, Tbilisi, 1984, Tsu gamomcemloba.
qegl, 1950 – qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (rvatomeuli),
t. I, Tbilisi, 1950, saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba.
orTografiuli leqsikoni 1998 – v. Tofuria, iv. gigineiSvili,
qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikoni (meore Sevsebuli gamoce-
ma), Tbilisi, 1998, gamomc. `ganaTleba~.
yauxCiSvili 1961 – sim. yauxCiSvili, bizantieli mwerlebis cno-
bebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, krebulSi: georgika, t. I, Tbilisi, saqar-
Tvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba.
Ciqobava 1950 – arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba,
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (rvatomeuli), t. I, Tbilisi,
1950, saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba.
89
ramaz qurdaZe
erTi arabuli sityvis Sesaxeb

qarTul gvarsaxelebSi
cnobilia, rom nasesxebi sityvebi bevr qarTul gvarsaxelsa Tu

adgilis saxelSi gvxvdeba. am sakiTxs exeba Cveni statia, romelSic
sityva xabaris Semcvel qarTul gvarebs ganvixilavT.
xabari arabuli sityvaa, ambavs niSnavs, calkec gvxvdeba da rTu-
li fuZis meore Semadgenel nawiladac: ambavi-xabari (qegl-i).
es sityva amave mniSvnelobiT farTodaa gavrcelebuli qarTul
kiloebSic, Tumca mniSvnelobis met-naklebi gadaweviTac dasturde-
ba. kerZod, xabari ambavs aRniSnavs moxeursa da ingilourSi (qajaia
1967; rostiaSvili 1978; RambaSiZe 1988);1 javaxurSi ambavsac niSnavs
da cnobasac (martirosovi 1984); zemoimerulSi gons, azrs aRniSnavs,
iqve gvaqvs am sityvidan nawarmoebi leqsikuri erTeuli uxabro –
ugono, uazro. es sityva amave mniSvnelobiT zemoimerulSi m bgeris
CarTviTac gvxvdeba: uxambro (ZoweniZe 1974); musaifis, megobruli sa-
ubris mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba es sityva TuSurSi (cocaniZe 2012).
1997 wlis statistikuri monacemebiT dasturdeba am sityvis Sem-
cveli gvarebis matarebelTa raodenoba, kerZod, xabaraSvili 100
(Tbilisi – 19, rusTavi – 13, sagarejo – 8) da xabareli 100 (qareli
– 52, gori – 30, Tbilisi – 14). frCxilebSi mocemulia am gvaris mata-
rebel adamianTa pirveli sami yvelaze xSiri dasaxeleba (silagaZe,
ToTaZe 1997).
am gvarebis sxva raodenoba dasturdeba 2018 wels gamocemul mo-
nografiaSi `gvarsaxelebi saqarTveloSi~, kerZod, xabaraSvili,
sul 82: Tbilisi – 19, aWara – 1, guria – 2, imereTi – 1, kaxeTi – 50,
qvemo qarTli – 8, sazRvargareT – 1; xabareli, sul 121: Tbilisi – 24,
guria – 1, mcxeTa-mTianeTi – 2, qvemo qarTli – 5, Sida qarTli – 59,
cxinvali – 30 (gvarsaxelebi... 2018).2
pirTa anotirebul leqsikonSi gvxvdeba gvari xabariZec: `xabari-
Ze – rions mcxovrebi. igi mamuliTurT vaxtang mefem Seswira ge-
laTs ([1442-46 ww.] 1448-5023)~ (pirTa... 2015).
1
r. RambaSiZe ingilourSi xabaris arsebobas azerbaijanulis gavlenas miawers
da Semdeg gamoTqmebs adasturebs: xabar ar aqoy araferi (ambavi) ar ician;
xabar eqcevis atyobinebs; xabar micemaÁ (qnaÁ) Setyobineba; xabar uyo Seatyo-
bina; xabar C(o)movardnaÁ xmis gavrceleba, xmis darxeva (RambaSiZe 1988).
2
wignSi miTiTebulia, rom masSi mocemuli masalebi dokumenturad utyuaria
da eyrdnoba saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros samoqalaqo reestris mona-
cemebs, magram ar aris raime damatebiTi cnoba cxinvalis monacemebis Sesa-
xeb, miT umetes, iqve naTqvamia, rom 2002 da 2014 wlebis mosaxleobis sayo-
velTao aRwerebi cxinvalis regionSi ar Catarebula (gvarsaxelebi… 2018: 4-5).
90
TavisTavad sainteresoa, Tu rogor warmoiSva zemomoyvanili
arabuli sityvisagan qarTuli gvarebi?
savaraudod xabari/xabara anTroponimad unda qceuliyo da Sem-
deg dasabami miscemoda misgan momdinare gvarebsac, Tumca Znelia
imisi Tqma, am sityvis romeli mniSvneloba unda gamxdariyo anTro-
ponimis safuZveli.
am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sainteresoa Relis saxeli xabaroula
da masTan dakavSirebuli etimologia: `xabaroula patara Rele
sof. ojolaSi (tyibulis saqal. s. jvarisas sas. s.). specialistebi
samarTlianad Tvlian, rom mcire moculobis geografiul obieqtTa
saxelebSi gamovlenili -oul- sufiqsi ZiriTadad dasavleTqarTu-
lia da igi obieqtis vinmesadmi kuTvnilebas aRniSnavs. am SemTxveva-
Sic safiqrebelia, xabar- anTroponimuli warmoSobis iyos. oRond
igi, vfiqrobT, b da r TanxmovanTa adgilmonacvleobiT gvaqvs miRe-
buli, maSasadame, toponimi xabar-oul-a unda gavigoT, rogorc xa-
rab-oul-a da xarabaZis kuTvnil obieqtad vcnoT. ufro zustad:
`Rele, romelic vinme xarabaZis kuTvnil adgil-mamuls Camoudis~
(bedoSvili 2002: 522).
CvenTvis friad sainteresoa TviT aseTi saxelwodebis Relis ar-
seboba, moyvanili msjelobis garkveul monakveTebsac veTanxmebiT,
kerZod imas, rom -oul sufiqsi mcire moculobis geografiul obi-
eqtTa saxelebSia gamovlenili. imaSic veTanxmebiT avtors, rom xa-
bar- anTroponimuli warmoSobisa SeiZleba iyos. magram, vfiqrobT,
saeWvoa Semdgomi msjeloba, kerZod, b da r TanxmovanTa adgilmo-
nacvleoba, rac am SemTxvevaSi xabar-is Tavdapirvelobas gamoricx-
avs da mas xarab-idan momdinared warmogvidgens. Sesabamisad, avto-
ris azriT, zemonaxsenebi Relis saxelwodebac xarabaZis gvars
ukavSirdeba da aRniSnavs raimes (am SemTxvevaSi Reles), rac xaraba-
Zes ekuTvnis.
vfiqrobT, gaurkvevelia, ra unda yofiliyo b da r TanxmovanTa
adgilmonacvleobis fonetikuri safuZveli.
Cveni azriT, am SemTxvevaSi xabar ar momdinareobs xarab-isagan.
xabari da xaraba damoukideblad gvxvdebian qarTulSi. xabar-i, ro-
gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arabuli warmomavlobisaa da ambavs niSnavs.
Tavis mxriv, xarabac arabuli warmomavlobisaa, nangrevs; gaoxre-
bul adgils; upatronod migdebuls, gaveranebul-gaCanagebul ad-
gil-mamuls; gakotrebuls, bankrots niSnavs (qegl-i).
maSasadame, sityva xabar-i yovelgvari fonetikuri cvlilebis ga-
reSe SeiZleboda gvqonoda xabaroulas dasaxelebaSi. am saxelis Ca-
mosayalibeblad gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTve-
loSi dadasturebuli gvari xabariZe (imisaTvis, rom dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi yofila aseTi gvari, ix. zemoT) da dasavleT saqarTve-
91
loSive gavrcelebuli -oul sufiqsi. amis Sesabamisad, xabaroulas
etimologiasac Cven sxvagvarad ganvixilavT da Tu masSi gvari unda
veZioT, es unda iyos xabariZe da ara xarabaZe.
gvxvdeba gvari xabaraZec, kerZod, georgievsikis traqtatis mi-
xedviT, qarTl-kaxeTis Tavad-aznaurTa siaSi dasturdeba gvari xa-
baraZe. kerZod, Tavad ciciSvilis aznaurTa Soris moxseniebulia
aznauri xabaraZe (eleqtronuli resursi #1). marTalia, es gvari am
siis mixedviT aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba, magram sayuradR-
eboa, rom dasavleTqarTuli gvarebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli -Ze dabo-
loebiTaa gaformebuli da ar aris gamoricxuli, dasavleT saqar-
Tvelodan yofiliyvnen gadmosulebi am gvaris warmomadgenlebi.1
aseTia warmomavloba gvarsaxelebisa: xabaraSvili, xabareli, xa-
bariZe, xabaraZe, romlebSic gvxvdeba arabuli sityva xabari, rac
agreTve dasturdeba Relis saxelwodebaSic: xabaroula.
literatura:
bedoSvili 2002 – g. bedoSvili, qarTul toponimTa ganmartebiT-

etimologiuri leqsikoni, I, bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, Tbi-
lisi, 2002.
gvarsaxelebi... 2018 – gvarsaxelebi saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos
sagvareuloTa kavSiri `gvari da gvariSviloba~, `mwignobari~, Tbi-
lisi, 2018.
martirosovi 1984 – a. martirosovi, qarTuli enis javaxuri dia-
leqti, gamokvleva da teqstebi leqsikoniTurT, `mecniereba~, Tbili-
si, 1984.
pirTa... 2015 – pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, V, masalebi Sekribes
da gamosacemad moamzades: darejan kldiaSvilma, nana mSvidobaZem,
1
sayuradReboa, rom zemoT ganxiluli arabuli sityva da misi Semcveli gvar-
saxeli xabarovi dasturdeba rusulSic. varaudoben, es gvaric anTroponimu-
li warmomavlobis unda iyos (eleqtronuli resursi #2). amave gvaridanaa
warmomdgari qalaqis saxeli xabarovski. qalaqs es saxeli rusi mogzauris,
erofei xabarovis (1603-1671) pativsacemad ewoda.
dalis leqsikonis mixedviT, rusulSi sityva xabaris mniSvnelobebia: mo-
geba, gamorCena, xeiri, qrTami, bedniereba, warmateba, iRbali, axali ambavi,
cnoba da sxv. dali am sityvisgan nawarmoeb zmnur formebsac asaxelebs, rac,
magaliTad, qrTamis aRebas niSnavs; asaxelebs agreTve am sityvidan nawarmoeb
iseT saxelebsac, rogoricaa: meqrTame; macne, Sikriki (Толковый... 1956). magram
ar uTiTebs, rom es sityva warmomavlobiT arabulia. amis Sesaxeb rusuli
enis sxva ganmartebiT leqsikonSia miniSneba: «ХАБА’Р, а, мн. нет, м., и ХАБАРА’,
ы, мн. нет, ж. [от араб. habar – сообщение] (обл.). Взятка, барыш» (Толковый... 1949).
aRsaniSnavia, rom rusuli gvarebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli daboloebebiTac
gvxvdeba xabar sityvis Semcveli gvarebi saqarTveloSi: xabarov, sul 2: sam-
cxe-javaxeTi – 2; xabarova, sul 6: Tbilisi – 2, aWara – 1, imereTi – 1, samcxe-
javaxeTi – 2; xabarovi, sul 3: Tbilisi – 3 (gvarsaxelebi... 2018).
92
guliko mWedliZem, mzia surgulaZem, tomi Seadgina da redaqcia gau-
keTa mzia surgulaZem, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, Tbilisi, 2015.
rostiaSvili 1978 – n. rostiaSvili, ingilouri leqsikoni, ga-
momcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1978.
silagaZe, ToTaZe 1997 – a. silagaZe, a. ToTaZe, gvar-saxelebi sa-
qarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1997.
qajaia 1967 – o. qajaia, masalebi moxeuri kilos leqsikonisaTvis,
samxreT oseTis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis mecnieruli we-
rilebi, humanitaruli disciplinebis seria, t. XI, cxinvali, 1967.
qegl-i – qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I – VIII, prof.
arn. Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa
akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1950-1964.
RambaSiZe 1988 – r. RambaSiZe, qarTuli enis ingilouri kilos
leqsikoni, akad. akaki SaniZis redaqciiT, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~,
Tbilisi, 1988.
cocaniZe 2012 – g. cocaniZe, TuSuri leqsikoni, meore Sevsebuli
da Sesworebuli gamocema, bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, Tbili-
si, 2012.
ZoweniZe 1974 – q. ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli leqsikoni, gamomcemlo-
ba `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1974.
Толковый... 1956 – Владимир Даль, Толковый словарь живого великорусского
языка, Том IV, Государственное издательство иностранных и национальных слова-
рей, Москва, 1956.
Толковый... 1949 – Толковый словарь русского языка, под редакцией проф. Д.
Н. Ушакова, Том IV, Государственное издательство иностранных и национальных
словарей, Москва, 1949.
eleqtronuli resursebi:
eleqtronuli resursi #1
http://umurgulia82.blogspot.com/2017/04/blog-post–13.html
http://iheduge.blogspot.com/2017/06/blog-post–197.html#.XHbkq4gzbIU
http://geogen.ge/ge/treasurege/13/4334/
eleqtronuli resursi #2
https://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/1010455/Fedosyuk–-Russkie–familii.–
Populyarnyy–etimologicheskiy–slovar.html
eleqtronuli resursebi internetidan amoRebulia 2019 wlis 27
Tebervals.
93
nino SaraSeniZe
modaloba, dro,
aspeqti da kilo qarTulSi1
1. Sesavali
qarTul enaSi zmnuri paradigma mwkrivebis sami jgufiT (serie-

biT) aris warmodgenili (mari 1908, SaniZe 1980). mwkrivi rTuli grama-
tikuli kategoriaa, romelic moicavs drois, piris, aspeqtis, kilos,
permansivis, rezultativis, perfeqtulobis, evidencialobis maxasia-
Teblebs. enis aglutinaciuri buneba zmnis erT formaSi ramdenime
gramatikuli Sinaarsis arsebobas gulisxmobs. zmnis semantika swo-
red am kategoriaTa kombinacias warmoadgens da TiToeul afiqss Ta-
visi semantika Semoaqvs zmnis formaSi. Tumca yvela kategorias ar
aqvs specialuri niSani zmnaSi. pirisa da ricxvis niSani yvela for-
maSi vlindeba, aseve, umetes SemTxvevaSi Cans mwkrivis niSani. kilo
mwkrivis formis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia da is mwkri-
vis saxelwodebaSic vlindeba, Tumca kavSirebiTis formebSi gaCeni-
li niSani mainc mwkrivis niSnadaa miCneuli da ara kilos mawarmoeb-
lad (SaniZe 1980, gogolaSvili 2018). rac Seexeba sxva kategoriebs
(dro, kilo, rezultatiuroba, perfeqtuloba, evidencialoba), zmnu-
ri formis semantikuri maxasiaTeblebia da am kategoriebs specialu-
ri mawarmoebeli niSani Tanamedrove qarTulSi ar moepoveba.
modalobis kategoriis gamoxatva zmnur formaze modaluri ele-
mentebis darTviT xdeba. ZiriTadad amgvari modaluri elementebi
kavSirebiTi kilos formebs erTvis, Tumca modaluri semantikis ga-
mosaxatavad, modalur elementTan erTad, TxrobiTi kilos forme-
bic gamoiyeneba. modaluri semantikac kompleqsuria qarTulSi – mo-
daluri elementi modalur semantikas gamoxatavs, xolo zmnis for-
maSi vlindeba sxva gramatikuli kategoriebis semantika. amdenad,
qarTulSi modaluri konstruqcia ramdenime gramatikuli maxasia-
Teblisa da semantikis kombinacias moicavs. modaluri elementi, Cve-
ulebriv, yvela mwkrivis formasTan ar gvxvdeba. modaluri Sinaar-
sis gamosaxatavad sxvadasxva modaluri elementi sxvadasxva mwkri-
vis formas irCevs. ra ganapirobebs am arCevans, ratom gvxvdeba erTi
modaluri elementi garkveuli mwkrivis formasTan da ratom ar
dasturdeba sxva mwkrivis formasTan, es mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ro-
gorc zogadad modalobis kategoriis, ise TiToeuli modaluri
formis funqciur-semantikuri analizisaTvis.
1
ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis finansuri
mxardaWeriT, 218 000 `modalobis kategoria qarTul enaSi~.
94
2. dro, aspeqti da kilo qarTulSi
dro, aspeqti da kilo mwkrivis formaSi Semavali kategoriebia.

zmnis forma pirisa da ricxvis kategoriebTan erTad gamoxatavs
garkveul dros, kilosa da aspeqts.
2.1. drois gamoxatva qarTulSi
drois kategoria miuTiTebs zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis mimar-

Tebas saubris momentTan. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi dam-
kvidrebulia mosazreba, rom gramatikuli drois ganmarteba samwev-
ra sistemas eyrdnoba – warsuli, axlandeli da momavali. mwkrivis
formas aqvs sxva kategoriis maxasiaTeblebic, rac xSirad gavlenas
axdens drois gamoxatvaze da formaSi Seaqvs iseTi semantikuri ma-
xasiaTeblebi, rac SesaZloa drois gagebasac cvlides1. Tumca Ziri-
Tadad garkveuli mwkrivis forma garkveuli drois gamoxatvas emsa-
xureba. drois semantikuri kategoriis gamoxatva qarTulSi amgvara-
daa ganawilebuli:
1. uwyveteli (Imperfect) – warsuli dro, uwyveti

moqmedebis procesi, dausrulebeli, gangrZobiTi
warsuli dro moqmedeba warsuli drois garkveul monakveTSi
(vwerdi, vaSenebdi);
2. xolmeobiT-SedegobiTi / pirobiTi (Conditional) –
warsuli dro, mravalgzisi, ganmeorebiTi moqme-
deba (davwerdi, avaSenebdi);
3. wyvetili (Aorist) – warsuli dro, warsulis kon-
kretul momentSi mimdinare da Sewyvetili moq-
medeba, dasrulebuli an dausrulebeli moqmede-
ba (vwere / davwere, vaSene/avaSene);.
4. pirveli TurmeobiTi / SedegobiTi (Resultative /
Present perfect) – warsulSi momxdari moqmedebis
Sedegi; unaxaoba (damiweria, amiSenebia);
5. meore TurmeobiTi / SedegobiTi (Resultative) –
warsul droSi momxdari uwinaresi moqmedeba
(damewera, ameSenebina)
1. awmyo (Present indefinite) – axlandeli dro,
axlandeli zogadi, ganusazRvreli dro (vwer, vaSeneb);
1
es exeba imgvar formebs, roca ZiriTadi drois nacvlad zmnuri forma sxva
dros gamoxatavs: magaliTad: pirveli TurmeobiTis forma, Cveulebriv, re-
zultativs an evidencialobas gamoxatavs, Tumca SeiZleba axlandeli drois
semantikiTac Segvxvdes garkveul gamoTqmebSi: momilocavs (= gilocav)...
95
dro 2. awmyos kavSirebiTi (Present Subjunctive) – zogadi
awmyo, ganusazRvreli forma, gangrZobiTi, mra-
valgzisi, CveulebiTi (vwerde, vaSenebde).
1. myofadi (Future) – momavali dro (davwer, avaSe-
neb).
2. myofadis kavSirebiTi (Future Subjunctive) – momava-
momavali dro li dro, sasurveli moqmedebis gamomxatveli (ne-
tav davwerde, netav avaSenebde).
3. meore kavSirebiTi (Second Subjunctive) – momavali
dro, sasurveli an aucileblad Sesasrulebeli
moqmedebis gamomxatveli (unda davwero, unda
avaSeno).
4. mesame kavSirebiTi (Third Subjunctive) – momavali
dro, aucileblobis an Zlieri survilis gamom-
xatveli (netav dameweros, netav ameSenebinos).
Tu drois semantikis Semadgenel monacemebs ganvazogadebT, war-

suli dro qarTulSi xasiaTdeba uwyveti, wyvetili, ganmeorebuli,
gangrZobiTi SedegiT da uwinaresobiT; axlandeli drois mTavari
maxasiaTebelia zogadi, ganusazRvreli an konkretul monakveTSi
mimdinare procesi; xolo momavali drois ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli
saubris Semdgomi moqmedebis gamoxatva da garkveuli modaluri ma-
xasiaTebliT warmodgenili semantikaa.
dro qarTul enaSi miCneulia ara morfologiur, aramed semanti-
kur kategoriad, radgan mas ar aqvs specialuri afiqsi sapirispiro
formaTa sawarmoeblad. Tanamedrove qarTulSi zmnaTa umravlesoba-
Si momavali dro iwarmoeba axlandeli drois formaze zmniswinis
darTviT, Tumca amgvari warmoeba erTaderTi araa da sakmaod pro-
duqtiulia meore kavSirebiTiT gamoxatuli momavali dro sxvadas-
xva modaluri elementiTa da damatebiTi modaluri semantikiT.
2.2 aspeqtis gamoxatva qarTulSi
aspeqti qarTuli zmnis erT-erTi mTavari kategoriaa. misi gamo-

xatva Zvelsa da axal qarTulSi gansxvavebulia. aspeqti drois uwi-
nares kategoriad aris miCneuli da Tavdapirvelad igi momentobriv
da gangrZobiT moqmedebas asaxavda. gansxvavebulia aspeqtis warmoe-
ba Zvelsa da axal qarTulSic: Zvel qarTulSi uRlebis kategoria
iyo, pirveli seriis zmnebi usruli aspeqtisa iyo, xolo meore se-
riis zmnebi – sruli aspeqtisa, zmniswini ki mxolod gezs da mimar-
Tulebas aRniSnavda. axal qarTulSi ki aspeqti warmoqmnis katego-
96
riaa da misi mawarmoebeli aris zmniswini: uzmniswino formebi us-
ruli aspeqtisaa, xolo zmniswiniani formebi – sruli aspeqtisa
(SaniZe 1980, 262-270), usruli aspeqti zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis
dausruleblobas asaxavs, xolo sruli aspeqtis forma, anu zmnis-
winiani forma, dasrulebul moqmedebas gamoxatavs. amitom pirvel
seriaSi ori wre gamoiyo, awmyos wre usruli aspeqtisaa, xolo myo-
fadis wre – sruli aspeqtisa, meore da mesame seriis formebi ki
sruli aspeqtisac SeiZleba iyos da usrulisac, es damokidebulia
imaze, zmniswiniania forma Tu uzmniswino.
2.3. kilos gamoxatva qarTulSi
kilo aris zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis mimarTeba sinamdvili-

sadmi. qarTulSi kilo uRlebis kategoriaa da mwkrivis formis er-
T-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. mwkrivis saxelwodeba imTaviTve
mianiSnebs mis kilour Sinaarsze. kavSirebiTi mwkrivis forma samive
seriis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis, pirvel seriaSi ki ori kavSirebiTis
mwkrivia – rogorc awmyos wreSi (awmyos kavSirebiTi), ise myofadis
wreSi (myofadis kavSirebiTi). meore da mesame kavSirebiTi ki, Sesa-
bamisad, meore da mesame seriis formebia. kavSirebiTis mwkrivTa ma-
warmoebeli sufiqsebia a, e da o. qarTulSi kavSirebiTi mwkrivis
formebi damoukideblad ar gamoiyeneba, isini an hipotaqsur kon-
struqciaSi sxva zmnasTan mimarTebiT gvxvdeba, an romelime moda-
lur elementTan erTad da gamoxatavs sxvadasxva modalur semanti-
kas. Tanamedrove qarTulSi metad gavrcelebulia biverbaluri kon-
struqciebi, romlis pirveli komponenti modaluri zmnaa (minda,
msurs, SemiZlia, vcdilob), xolo meore komponenti ki – kavSirebiTi
kilos forma (kotinovi 1986).
3. unda modaluri forma qarTulSi
modaluri zmna `ndoma~ da gramatikalizaciis Sedegad miRebuli

modaluri forma ùnda~ mxolod zmnis sami mwkrivis formasTan
dasturdeba. KaWac korpusis monacemebma es mkafiod gamoavlina. es
mwkrivebia: awmyos kavSirebiTi, meore kavSirebiTi da meore Turmeo-
biTi (Sharashenidze 2014). mocemuli konstruqciebi ZiriTadad drois
mixedviT nawildeba: awmyos kavSirebiTi gadmoscems zogad an axlan-
del drosa da usrul aspeqts, meore kavSirebiTi – momaval dros,
xolo meore TurmeobiTi – warsul dros.
97
The screeve Context Position Tense / Aspect Semantics
form
Presenst unda vaḳetebde unda +V indefinite / present tense Logical
Subjunctive / imperfective aspect necessity,
obligation,
wish ...
Second unda gavaḳeto unda +V Future tense, perfecti- Logical ne-
Subjunctive unda vaḳeto ve aspect (with pre- cessity, obli-
verb), imperfective as- gation, wish
pect (without preverb) ...
Second unda unda +V Past tense, perfective Logical
Resultative gameḳetebina aspect (with preverb), necessity,
unda meḳetebina imperfective aspect obligation,
(without preverb) wish ...
ramdenadac mwkrivi qarTulSi rTuli da kompleqsuri kategori-

aa, mniSvnelovania gairkves, ra semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi aiRo mo-
dalurma konstruqciam mwkrivis semantikidan. amisaTvis ganvixiloT
es mwkrivebi:
4. awmyos kavSirebiTi
awmyos kavSirebiTi SedarebiT axlad gaCenili mwkrivia. Zvel

qarTulSi pirvel seriaSi arsebobda pirveli kavSirebiTis mwkrivi,
romelic aspeqtisa da drois axali sistemis Camoyalibebis Sedegad
gaiyo or mwkrivad – awmyos kavSirebiTi awmyos wreSi darCa, xolo
zmniswiniani formebiT myofadis wre Camoyalibda da myofadis kav-
SirebiTic calke mwkrivad gamoiyo. sakuTriv pirveli kavSirebiTis
funqciebi ZiriTadad awmyos kavSirebiTze gadavida (papiZe 1984: 82).
awmyos kavSirebiTis ZiriTadi semantika aris droiTi ganusazRvre-
loba, zogadi dro. kavSirebiTi kilo am mwkrivs irealur semantikas
aniWebs, xolo dro axlandeli an zogadia, ganusazRvreli. garda
amisa, awmyos kavSirebiTis mwkrivis semantikaSi gamoikveTeba gangrZo-
biToba, diuratiuloba, aseve, mravalgzisi (mravaljer ganmeorebuli)
moqmedeba. ufro konkretulad – èsaa mravalgzisoba, romlis ganmeo-
rebiTobis gagrZeleba sasurvel-savaraudoa~ (papiZe 1984: 91). mas aseve
SeiZleba axldes moqmedebis CveulebiTobis gagebac. Cveulebrivi moq-
medeba aseve SeiZleba daukavSirdes natvras an survils.
awmyos kavSirebiTs aseve ukavSirdeba ramdenime modaluri seman-
tika: piroba, (pirobiToba), romelic droSi win uswrebs meore
zmniT gamoxatul moqmedebas; natvra (natvriToba), rac vlindeba da-
locvis an wyevlis gamoTqmebSi; da brZaneba, rac Cans muqaris an
98
mowodebis gamoTqmebSi. awmyos kavSirebiTTan yvelaze xSirad gamoi-
yeneba unda da TiTqos modaluri formebi (papiZe 1984).
amdenad, awmyos kavSirebiTis mwkrivisa da unda modaluri for-
mis kombinacia warmoadgens semantikas, romelSic aisaxeba unda mo-
daluri formiT gamoxatuli specifikuri modaloba (ufro metad,
deonturi modalobis sxvadasxva semantika) da axlandeli drois an
zogadi, droSi ganusazRvreli semantika, romelsac modaluri kon-
struqcia mwkrivis semantikidan iRebs. amitomac aris unda + awmyos
kavSirebiTi xSirad gamoyenebuli kanonTa enaSi deonturi modalo-
bis gamosaxatavad, xSirad vnebiTi gvaris formiT: unda Seesabamebo-
des, unda inaxebodes, unda eswrebodes... (SaraSeniZe 2017)
5. meore kavSirebiTi
kavSirebiTi kilos (mwkrivis) formebidan yvelaze meti sixSiriT

gamoiyeneba meore kavSirebiT, romelic meore seriaSi Semavali
mwkrivia. igi uZvelesi mwkrivia da Zvel qarTulSi ramdenime fun-
qciiT gamoiyeneboda: a) gamoxatavda TxrobiTi kilos momaval dros;
b) gamoxatavda kavSirebiTi kilos semantikas da g) gamoiyeneboda
brZanebiTi kilos funqciiT. misi funqciuri mravalferovneba gana-
pirobebda mis xSir gamoyenebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom am mwkrivs es fun-
qciebi Tanamedrove qarTulSic gadmohyva, Tumca TxrobiTi kilos
momavali drois gamoxatva am mwkrivis mTavar funqcias aRar warmo-
adgens, radgan amisaTvis drois sistemis gamoxatvis cvlilebam axa-
li mwkrivi warmoqmna – myofadi, romelic axlandeli drois for-
mebze zmniswinis darTviT zmnaTa umravlesobaSi Tavisuflad awar-
moebs momaval dros. momavali drois gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, me-
ore kavSirebiTi kvlav aqtualuria, magram igi momaval dros ukve
modalobis kategoriis sistemaSi gamoxatavs. modaluri forma + me-
ore kavSirebiTis konstruqciiT gamoixateba modaluri semantikiT
markirebuli da momavalSi Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba. aRsaniSnavia,
rom meore kavSirebiTis mwkrivSi drois gamoxatva aWarbebs kilos
Sinaarss (papiZe 1981)
amdenad, meore kavSirebiTis uZvelesi funqcia – gamoexata momava-
li dro – Tanamedrove qarTulSic srulfasovnad gagrZelda. es fun-
qcia kidev ufro metad gaxda kavSirebiT kilosTan dakavSirebuli da
igi modalobis sistemis yvelaze produqtiul gamomxatvelad iqca ara
marto unda formasTan dakavSirebiT, aramed sxva modalur formebTan
mimarTebiTac. ase rom, meore kavSirebiTis funqcia Tanamedrove qar-
TulisTvis calsaxad SeiZleba gamoixatos ase – es mwkrivi aris mo-
dalobis kategoriis momavali drois gamomxatveli mTavari forma.
garda momavali droisa, mis semantikaSi Sedis momavalSi Sesasrule-
beli moqmedebis sxvadasxva modalobiT daxasiaTebuli semantika.
99
6. mesame kavSirebiTi
sruliad logikuri iyo, rom modalobis axali sistemis gamo-

xatvis CamoyalibebasTan erTad modalobis gamoxatvis funqcia gae-
nawilebina mesame kavSirebiTis mwkrivs. es mwkrivi mesame seriaSia,
aris kavSirebiTi kilos forma, rac mis saxelwodebaSic Cans. mag-
ram miviReT gansxvavebuli suraTi – mesame kavSirebiTma araTu gani-
viTara Tavisi arseboba modaluri semantikis gamoxatviT, aramed da-
sustda da Tanamedrove qarTulisaTvis igi gaqrobis gzaze damdgar
mwkrivad miiCneva. funqciebi, rac mas darCa, specifikuria da garkve-
uli semantikis gamoxatvas ukavSirdeba:
a) ZiriTadad gvxvdeba daqvemdebarebul winadadebaSi da gamoxa-
tavs savaraudo moqmedebas an mis uaryofas warsulSi da sasurvels
momavalSi. mTliani Sinaarsis gageba SeuZlebelia mezobeli winada-
debis Sinaarsis gauTvaliswineblad (papiZe 1979).
b) mesame kavSirebiTi gamoiyeneba ramdenime tipis damokidebul
winadadebaSi – gansazRvrebiT da viTarebis garemoebiT damokide-
bul winadadebaSi, magram arasodes gvxvdeba drois, adgilis da
miznis garemoebiT damokidebul winadadebebSi.
g) gamoiyeneba dalocvis formulebSi: `mudam ase SegcvlodeT
Wiri lxiniT~ – am tipis winadadebaSi aRdgeba survilis gamomxatve-
li zmna (gisurveb, visurveb, minda...), romelic xSirad winadadebaSi
araa, dakargulia.
d) natvriT winadadebaSi – es mesame kavSirebiTis erT-erTi Ziri-
Tadi funqciaa – `RmerTma qnas, rom survili Segsrulebodes~ .
e) mesame kavSirebiTis mwkrivi gamoiyeneba TiTqos, viTomc da
gind modalur formebTan. TiTqos + mesame kavSirebiTi yvelaze gav-
rcelebuli modelia da ararealur moqmedebas, mTqmelis Sexedule-
bas, damokidebulebas gamoxatavs gamonaTqvamis mimarT. ìse iqceoda,
TiTqos araferi momxdariyos~ .
v) mesame kavSirebiTi gvxvdeba Tundac, gindac modalur formeb-
Tan erTad kategoriuli gamoricxvis winadadebebSi: – ìm adgilas
veravin mividoda, Tundac mefis STamomavali yofiliyos~ (papiZe 1979).
marTalia, funqciaTa es CamonaTvali mcire araa, magram mainc
specifikur gamonaTqvamebs miekuTvneba da maTi Canacvleba sxva
formebiT SeuZlebeli araa. garda amisa, mniSvnelovania erTi gare-
moeba: kavSirebiTi kilo modalobis kategoriis erT-erTi mTavari
gamomxatvelia, xolo modalobis kategorias esaWiroeboda specifi-
kuri funqciis mqone enobrivi saSualeba, romelic modalobis gamo-
xatvis saerTo sistemas gamarTavda drois gamoxatvis Tvalsazri-
siT. marTalia, mesame kavSirebiTs SeuZlia sxvadasxva semantikis ga-
moxatva, magram igi specifikuri ver iqneboda warsuli drois gamo-
xatvis mxriv, radgan kavSirebiTi kilos semantika TiTqos xels uS-
100
lida gamoexata warsuli dro da amiT qceuliyo sistemis nawilad.
drois sistema TiTqmis gamarTuli iyo – axlandelsa da zogad, ga-
nusazRvrel dros awmyos kavSirebiTi gamoxatavda, momaval dros –
meore kavSirebiTi (da es sruliad bunebrivi iyo am mwkrivis uZve-
lesi funqciis gaTvaliswinebiT). rCeboda warsuli drois gamoxat-
vis aucilebloba, romlis srulfasovan gamomxatvelad ver iqva me-
same kavSirebiTi, swored misi kavSirebiTis semantikisa da specifi-
kuri funqciebis gamo. warsuli drois gamoxatva modalobis katego-
riis sruli paradigmis SeqmnisTvis mniSvnelovani funqcia iyo. es
funqcia daekisra meore TurmeobiTis mwkrivs, romelic, marTalia,
qarTulSi gvian Camoyalibebuli mwkrivia, magram yvelaze mkveTrad
gamomxatvelia warsuli droisa. modaluri formis semantikis Se-
Tavsebis Semdeg meore TurmeobiTi (miuxedavad misi TxrobiTi ki-
los Sinaarsisa) gaxda modaluri sistemis mniSvnelovani Semadgene-
li nawili. amdenad, swored modalobis kategoriis warsuli drois
gamoxatvis funqcia gaxda ganmsazRvreli faqtori meore Turmeobi-
Tis rolis gazrdisTvis da swored es faqtori iqca mesame kavSire-
biTis rolis dasustebis dasawyisad.
7. meore TurmeobiTi
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom meore TurmeobiTi

Zvel qarTulSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda, magram misi ro-
li axal qarTulSi SesamCnevad gaizarda (babunaSvili 1995). meore
TurmeobiTis erTaderTi da ZiriTadi funqcia iyo da aris `namyo
perfeqtis~ (e.w. pluskvamperfeqtis) gamoxatva. amis ganmsazRvrel
faqtorad miCneulia is, rom `warsuli drois vnebiTi gvaris mimRe-
oba moqmedebas dasrulebulad warmogvidgens, ukve momxdarad, xo-
lo meSveli zmna wyvetilis formiT miuTiTebs imaze, rom moqmede-
bis Sedegi Cans ara awmyoSi, rogorc es pirveli TurmeobiTis Sem-
TxvevaSia, aramed namyoSi (warsulSi) (babunaSvili 1995): gakeTebuli
+ iyo > gakeTebuliyo. calke aRebul mimReobian formas axal qar-
TulSic aqvs SedegobiTi mniSvneloba, maSin rodesac saxelian (no-
minalur) formas mxolod awmyos mniSvneloba aqvs: dakargulia <
dakarguli aris – didia <didi aris.
saSual qarTulSi meore TurmeobiTis ZiriTad mniSvnelobas –
SedegobiTi warsulis aRniSvnas – emateba kidev erTi funqcia, una-
xavi, e. i. iseTi moqmedebis gamoxatva, romelic moubars ar unaxavs
da romlis Sesaxebac Sedegis, rezultatis mixedviT msjelobs (ba-
bunaSvili 1995). amdenad, TurmeobiTebis mTavari funqcia swored Se-
degis gamoxatvaa, xolo meoreuli – unaxaobisa.
axal qarTulSi meore TurmeobiTis rolis gazrda da gacile-
biT meti sixSiriT gamoyeneba samecniero literaturaSi dakavSire-
101
bulia momavali drois gamoxatvis sistemis cvlasTan da `mca~ nawi-
lakiani formebis gaqrobasTan.
saerTod, mesame seriis formebi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba Zvel qar-
TulSi, radgan SedarebiT axali warmonaqmnia enaSi. pirveli Turme-
obiTi SedarebiT xSirad gamoiyeneboda, meore TurmeobiTic garkve-
uli sixSiriT vlindeba Zvel qarTulSi, magram mesame kavSirebiTi
TiTo-orola magaliTiT amoiwureba (naTaZe 1995; baramiZe 1964; qur-
cikiZe 1963; imnaiSvili 1971). radgan mesame seriis mwkrivebis mTavari
niSani Sedegis gamoxatvaa, mesame kavSirebiTs ZiriTadad hqonda Se-
degobiTi momavali drois semantika, magram am mwkrivis forma mainc
mcire raodenobis nimuSebSi dasturdeba. samecniero literaturaSi
axsnilia, rom radgan mesame kavSirebiTma ver ganiviTara misi fun-
qciebi, amitom -mca nawilaki daerTo meore kavSirebiTs da meore
TurmeobiTmac SeinarCuna kavSirebiTi kilos gamoxatvis funqciebi
garkveul SemTxvevebSi (babunaSvili 1995). Tumca sabolood amgvari
nimuSebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gazrdilia axal qarTulSi. im
sakiTxSi, rom meore TurmeobiTis mwkrivma aiRo mesame kavSirebiTis
funqciebi, yvela mecnieri Tanxmdeba, magram samecniero literatu-
raSi am procesis amxsneli naTeli da calsaxa suraTi ar ikveTeba
– anu pasuxi araa gacemuli kiTxvaze, ratom moxda ase?
am kiTxvis pasuxi modalobis axali sitemis CamoyalibebaSi unda
veZioT. Zvel qarTulSi modalobis kategorias ramdenime specialu-
ri zmna gamoxatavda (Zal-uc, egebis, jer-ars, Ãams...). qarTul enaSi
daaxloebiT XIV saukunidan gramatikalizaciis Sedegad iwyeba mo-
dalobis gamoxatvis axali sistemis Camoyalibeba – Cndeba nazmnari
modaluri elementebi, romlebic daerTveba zmnur formas da aZ-
levs mas modalur semantikas. am sistemas esaWiroeboda qarTuli
enisaTvis mniSvnelovani sxva gramatikuli kategoriebi – aspeqti da
dro. aspeqtis sistemaSi momxdari cvlileba (zmniswiniani formebiT
sruli aspeqtis gamoxatvis principi) advilad aisaxa modalobis
sistemaSic, magram rac Seexeba drois kategoriis gamoxatvas, mas
aucileblad esaWiroeboda garkveuli enobrivi saSualebebi samive
droisaTvis. axlandeli da momavali drois semantika SeiTavsa pir-
velma kavSirebiTma (rac gadmovida awmyos kavSirebiTis semantika-
Sic), momavali drois gamoxatvis funqcia darCa meore kavSirebiTs,
rogorc misi umTavresi maxasiaTebeli, xolo meore TurmeobiTis
mwkrivma am sistemaSi advilad daimkvidra adgili ramdenime sakiTx-
is gaTvaliswinebiT: mwkrivis mkveTrad gamoxatuli warsuli droi-
sa da SedegobiTobis semantikiT da kavSirebiTis kilosTan formob-
rivi msgavsebiT – gakeTebuliyo (meore TurmeobiTi) – gakeTebuli-
yos (mesame kavSirebiTi). amis Sedegad modalobis gamoxatvisaTvis
drouli sistema gaimarTa da meore TurmeobiTis funqciebica da
sixSirec mkveTrad gaizarda.
102
8. qarTuli enis swavleba – modaloba da dro
modaluri konstruqciebis aTviseba enis swavlebis procesis

mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia, isini mTqmelis damokidebulebas
gamoxataven gamonaTqvamisadmi da am TvalsazrisiT enis swavlebis
garkveul etapze es konstruqciebi metad xSiri gamoyenebisaa. mniS-
vnelovania am konstruqciebis warmoebis daufleba. am mxriv ramdeni-
me principis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro: 1. modaluri konstruqciebis mi-
marTebis gamokveTa gramatikul drosTan, 2. am konstruqciebSi Sema-
vali mwkrivebis formebis winaswar miwodeba enis SemswavlelisaTvis
da 3. specialuri savarjiSoebis Sedgena modaluri konstruqciebis
asaTviseblad (Casma, teqstis Sevseba, droSi gadayvana).
dro, aspeqti, kilo da modaloba qarTulSi
axlandeli, momavali dro warsuli dro

zogadi /
ganusazRvreli
dro
aspeqti usruli usruli aspeqti
usruli aspeqti aspeqti unda ekeTebina
unda akeTos
unda keTdebodes - sruli aspeqti sruli aspeqti

unda gaakeTos unda gaekeTebina
mwkrivi awmyos meore meore TurmeobiTi
kavSirebiTi kavSirebiTi
erTpiriani zmnebi:
mimReoba + meSveli
zmna wyvetilSi
(iyavi / iyavi / iyo)
orpiriani
gardauvali zmnebi:
mwkrivis fuZe + d /od -e fuZe + e, o, a -od-i
warmoeba orpiriani
gardamavali
zmnebi:
-ebin / -in
• unda, undoda, SeiZleba, SeiZleboda

modaluri • iqneb, egeb, lamis, vinZlo, TiTqos, TiTqmis, viTom,
forma netav, barem, oRond, Tunda
• surda, cdilobda, Rirda, saWiro iyo
unda keTdebodes unda gaakeTos unda gakeTebuliyo
nimuSi unda Tbebodes unda gaTbes unda gamTbariyo
unda werdes unda daweros unda daewera
unda esalmebodes unda unda misalmeboda
unda Sendebodes miesalmos unda aeSenebina
unda aaSenos
103
literatura:
SaniZe 1980 – a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, t.

III, Tbilisi, 1980.
meliqiSvili 2012 – d. meliqiSvili, drois samwevra sistemis Ca-
moyalibebis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi, Tsu qarTuli enis institu-
tis saenaTmecniero Sromebis krebuli, III, 2012.
papiZe 1981 – a. papiZe, kavSirebiTi kilosa da momavali drois ga-
moxatvisaTvis qarTulSi, qess V, Tbilisi, 1981.
kotinovi 1986 – n. kotinovi, kilos kategoria da sintaqsis zogi-
erTi sakiTxi qarTulSi, Tbilisi, 1986.
papiZe 1984 – a. papiZe, awmyos kavSirebiTis funqciebTan dakavSi-
rebuli zogi sakiTxi, qsks, VI, 1984.
SaraSeniZe 2017 – n. SaraSeniZe, unda modaluri formis deontu-
ri semantika qarTulSi, ena da kultura, IV, quTaisi, 2017.
papiZe 1981 – a. papiZe, II kavSirebiTis nakvTis funqciebi da gamo-
yeneba Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi, qsks IV, 1981.
papiZe 1979 – a. papiZe, mesame kavSirebiTi Tanamedrove qarTul sa-
literaturo enaSi, qsks II, 1979.
babunaSvili 1995 – e. babunaSvili, II TurmeobiTis semantikasTan
dakavSirebuli zogi sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi, saenaTmecniero Zieba-
ni, IV, 1995.
104
doqtorantebi da magistrantebi
salome gegeWkori
lika Sonia
arakanonikur TanxmovanTkompleqsTa
daZlevis dinamika megrul arsebiT saxelebSi
megrulSi, sxva qarTveluri enebis msgavsad, saxelebi bolovde-

ba Tanxmovanze an xmovanze. brunebisas, xmovanfuZianebisgan gansxva-
vebiT, TanxmovanfuZian saxelebSi vlindeba arakanonikuri Tanxmo-
vanTkompleqsebi. kerZod, isini warmoiqmneba moTxrobiT da micemiT
brunvaTa formebSi da damaxasiaTebelia megrulis yvela arealis
(dasavluri, aRmosavluri da centraluri) metyvelebisTvis. es iman
ganapiroba, rom megrulSi aRniSnul brunvaTa markerebi C struqtu-
risaa da -q, -s TanxmovnebiT gadmoicema. rac Seexeba danarCen brun-
vebs, aq TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa fuZeebs xmovniT dawyebuli anu
VC struqturis niSani daerTvis da, Sesabamisad, rTuli Tanxmovan-
Tkompleqsebis Tavmoyra poziciurad Sepirobebuli ar aris. ZiriTa-
di samecniero literaturis (Кипшидзе 1914; Ciqobava 1936; gudava,
gamyreliZe 1981; danelia 1986; lomTaZe 1987; kartozia da sxvebi 2010)
mimoxilvidan Cans, rom megrulSi arsebiT saxelTa umravlesoba
moTxrobiTsa da micemiT brunvebSi qmnis arakanonikur Tanxmovan-
Tkompleqsebs (ix. cxrili wignSi: g. kartozia da sxvebi, 2010:617-620),
romelTa dasaZlevad ena iyenebs ramdenime saSualebas:
• nawilobrivi asimilacia (*dud-q→ duT-q `Tavma~);
• fuZis gamartiveba (*dud-s→ du-s `Tavs~);
• substitucia (Cil-q→ Cir-q `colma~, Cil-s→ Cir-s `cols~);1
• i xmovnis gaCena fuZesa da brunvis niSans Soris (*dud-q→
dud-i-q `Tavma~, *dud-s→ dud-i-s `Tavs~).
arakanonikur TanxmovanTkompleqsTa daZlevis yvela zemoT aR-
niSnuli saSualeba dasturdeba megrulSi, Tumca unda aRiniSnos,
rom maT Soris i xmovnis CarTva qronologiurad yvelaze gviande-
li, Tumca yvelaze produqtiulia da, Sesabamisad, gavrcelebulia
samegrelos yvela arealSi.
rCeba patara jgufi saxelebisa, romlebic paralelur formebs
gviCveneben. paralelurTagan ì~ xmovanCarTuli formebi ikveTeba
galisa da zugdidis raionebis metyvelebaSi (dud-i-s `Tavs~); walen-
jixis (dasavluri areali), Cxorowyusa da xobis (centraluri area-
li), senakis raionebSi (aRmosavluri areali) i-niani formebi spora-
dulad dasturdeba (koC-q // koC-i-q `kacma~). martvilisa da abaSis
1
miuxedavad arakanonikurobisa, lq, ls mimdevrobebi saxelebSi gavrcelebu-
lia dasavlur arealSi; substituciis Sedegad miRebuli transformacia (rq,
rs) damaxasiaTebelia mxolod aRmosavluri arealisTvis.
107
arealebSi (aRmosavluri areali) mxolod koC-q da ko-s `kacma~,
`kacs~ tipis formebi gvxvdeba da maT paraleluri variaciebi ar
moepovebaT (g. kartozia da sxv. 2010:118). aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, paraleluri warmoebis formebSi arakanonikur Tanxmovan-
TkompleqsTa ì~ xmovniT daZlevis gza airCia dasavlurma arealma,
xolo centralurma da aRmosavlurma ̶ ara. raki megrulSi arakano-
nikuri TanxmovanTkompleqsebis daZlevis mravalferovani saSuale-
bebi calkeul arealSi gavrcelebisa da mcire raodenobis saxelTa
xarjzea SenarCunebuli, samecniero literaturaSi daisva sakiTxi,
ra gzas airCevs megruli samomavlod da SeinarCunebs Tu ara para-
digmul mravalferovnebas? enis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonzomiere-
bidan da lazurSi arsebuli viTarebidan1 gamomdinare, gamoiTqva va-
raudi, rom megrulmac momavalSi SesaZloa airCios uniformaciis
gza da gaabatonos ì~ xmovnis CarTva (danelia 1986: 84-110).
ras gviCvenebs Tanamedrove megrul metyvelebaze dakvirveba, ro-
goria TanxmovanTkompleqsebis daZlevis dinamika? gansakuTrebiT im
arealSi, romelic paralelur formaTagan ar irCevs ì~ CarTul
formebs. Cveni interesis sagani iyo is arsebiTi saxelebi, romel-
Tac SeuZliaT paraleluri formebis warmoeba; kerZod, esenia: xuji
`mxari~, dudi `Tavi~, zoTonji `zamTari~, Wkidi `mWadi~, piji `piri~,
wanji `buzi~, xoji `xari~, Reji `Rori~. empiriuli masala Sevagro-
veT martvilis raionSi (aRmosavluri areali), adgilobriv mkvid-
rTa metyvelebaze dakvirvebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli arsebiTi saxelebis moTxrobiT
brunvaSi arakanonikuri TanxmovanTkompleqsebis daZleva xdeba nawi-
lobrivi asimilaciiT (Кипшидзе 1914: 022-023; gudava, gamyreliZe 1981:
211): *xuj-q → xuC-q `mxarma~, *dud-q → duT-q `Tavma~, *zoTonj-q →
zoTonC-q `zamTarma~, *Wkid-q → WkiT-q `mWadma~, *pij-q → piC-q
`pirma~, *wanj-q → wanC-q `buzma~, *xoj-q → xoC-q `xarma~, *Rej-q →
ReC-q `Rorma~, micemiTSi ki fuZiseuli Tanxmovnis dakargviT: *xuj-s
→ xu-s `mxars~, *dud-s → du-s `Tavs~,*zoTonj-s → zoTon-s `zam-
Tars~, *Wkid-s → Wki-s `mWads~, *pij-s → pi-s `pirs~, *wanj-s → wan-s
`buzs~, *xoj-s→ xo-s `xars~, *Rej-s→Re-s `Rors~. moZiebuli empiri-
uli masalidan Cans, rom ena aRniSnuli leqsikuri erTeulebisTvis
moTxrobiT brunvaSic iyenebs micemiTi brunvisTvis dadasturebul
wess, kerZod, kargavs fuZiseul Tanxmovans:
*xuj-q → xu-q `mxarma~
(1) evoCirTi Saras, xuq emarTu àvcdi gzas, mxari ameqca~
(=mxris Seqceva) (dodo darcimelia, 56 wlis);
1 lazurSi saxelTa brunebis paradigma gasworebulia ì~ xmovnis CarTviT.
108
*dud-q→ du-q `Tavma~
(2) Tim dRas Tisxei vimuSee, duq mawyunu ìm dRes imdeni vimuSa-
ve, Tavi metkina~ (daTo gegeWkori, 49 wlis).
(3) kasruÁშ duq qodomioÁu do Tifero diixarkaÁu, gurq gemkomi-
oÁu `qvabis Tavi damivarda da imgvarad axmaurda, guli gamiskda~
(irma ZaZamia, 47 wlis).
*zoTonj-q → zoTon-q `zamTarma~
(4) wir wanas zoTonq vegeeTu `wlevandel wels zamTari ar dam-
Tavrda~ (zaza qajaia, 56 wlis);
*Wkid-q → Wki-q `mWadma~
(5) muq maRoÁu amdRa, Wki-q vemaWofu kiciSe, Wkiq gomitrixu `ra
momivida dRes, mWadi ver aviRe kecidan, mWadi gamityda~ (mzia kaWa-
rava, 58 wlis).
*pij-q → pi-q `pirma~
(6) baRanobas piq daaWu Cqim jimas, Tigvari du bebiS nakeTebi
ajika `bavSvobisas piri/`pirma~ daewva Cem[s] Zmas, imgvari iyo bebias
gakeTebuli/`ganakeTebi~ ajika~ (Taliko darjania, 87 wlis).
*wanj-q → wan-q `buzma~
(7) wanq ovWkomu amdRa, TeS iCaminuafu, doWvins `buzma SemWama
dRes, ise ikbineba, mowvims~ (mituSa WiTanava, 90 wlis).
*xoj-q → xo-q `xarma~
(8) xoq memidinu, vekorTu WaÁeSe `xari damekarga, ar movida Wa-
lidan~ (soso jiqia, 57 wlis);
*Rej-q → Re-q `Rorma~
(9) Req Roberi gosofu do ezoSa gemnoÁu (goCa WiTanava, 57 wlis).
duq, xuq, zoTonq, Wkiq, piq, wanq, xoq, Req formebi ar dasturde-
ba gamocemul teqstebsa da leqsikonebSi.
amrigad, samegrelos aRmosavluri arealis, kerZod, martvilis
raionis metyvelebaze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom enas aqvs tendencia
ara uniformaciisken, aramed mravalferovnebisken, rac gamoixateba
moTxrobiT brunvaSic fuZiseuli Tanxmovnis dakargviT.
literatura:
gudava, gamyreliZe 1981 – t. gudava, T. gamyreliZe, Tanxmovan-

Tkompleqsebi megrulSi, krebuli `Tbilisis universiteti akaki Sa-
niZes~, 1981 [gadabeWdilia krebulSi: T. gamyreliZe, rCeuli qarTve-
lologiuri Sromebi, Tbilisi, 2000].
109
danelia 1986 – k. danelia, saxelobiTi brunvis -i niSnis fuZes-
Tan Sezrdis sakiTxisaTvis megrul-WanurSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 267 (e-
naTmecniereba), Tbilisi, 1986.
lomTaZe 1987 – a. lomTaZe, brunebis TaviseburebaTa istoriisaT-
vis megrulSi, Tbilisi, 1987.
kartozia da sxvebi 2010 – g. kartozia, r. gersamia, m. lomia, T.
cxadaia, megrulis lingvisturi analizi, Tbilisi, 2010.
Ciqobava 1936 – arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris lingvisturi analizi, tfi-
lisi, 1936.
Кипшидзе 1914 – И. Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) язы-
ка с хрестоматией и словорем, СПБ, 1914.
warmoadgina samecniero
xelmZRvanelma asoc. profesorma
maia lomiam
110
maia maduaSvili
evidencialuri perfeqti
Zvel qarTul enaSi1
rogorc cnobilia, evidencialoba teqstis kategoriaa da gulis-

xmobs damokidebulebas teqstSi gadmocemul informaciasa da informa-
tors Soris, anu miuTiTebs imaze, naTqvami pirdapiri aRqmis Sedegia
da idealurad sando informaciis Semcveli (evidencialuri), Tu
sxva wyarodan miRebuli (araevidencialuri). evidencialobis wyaro-
ebia: verbaloba da inferencia (margiani-subari, 2012).
aRsaniSnavia, rom evidencialuri modaloba (unaxaobis semantika)
axasiaTebs oTxive qarTvelur enas (qarTuls, svanurs, megrulsa da
lazurs). Tumca mecnierTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa mis genezisTan
dakavSirebiT. qarTvelur enebSi evidencialobis kategoriis avTentu-
robis dasamtkiceblad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Zveli qarTuli enis
monacemebs.
statiaSi ganixileba evidencilobis gamoxatvis morfologiuri sa-
Sualebebi: evidencialuri perfeqtuli zmnuri formebi – I TurmeobiTi
da II TurmeobiTi. saanalizo masalas warmoadgens V-X saukuneebis qar-
Tuli originaluri hagiografiuli Zeglebi.
cnobilia, rom Zvel qarTulSi perfeqtuli mwkrivebis ZiriTadi
funqcia rezultativis (SedegobiTobis) gamoxatva iyo. mecnierTa So-
ris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa imasTan dakavSirebiT, axasiaTebda Tu ara
evidencialoba perfeqtul formebs Zvel qarTulSi. mecnierTa nawi-
li (Ciqobava 1962; qavTaraZe 1956; arabuli 1984; fxakaZe 1984; boederi
2000) fiqrobs, rom unaxaoba perfeqtuli formebis gvian ganviTare-
buli funqciaa da ar gvxvdeboda Zvel qarTulSi, nawili ki (SaniZe
1930; beriZe 2009; tofaZe 2011; sarjvelaZe, ninua 1985) Tvlis, rom
unaxaobis gamoxatvis funqcia Zvel qarTulSive unda gasCenoda perfeq-
tul formebs.
Cven mier gaanalizebuli empiriuli masalis mixedviT ikveTeba, rom
evidencialoba Zvel qarTulSive axasiaTebda I TurmeobiTisa da II Tur-
meobiTis mwkrivTa formebs. unaxaobis gageba umetesad mesame piris for-
mebTan realizdeba, Tumca gvxvdeba meore piris perfeqtul formebTanac.
I TurmeobiTi:
(1) „aw mivediT da arquT, viTarmed Sen Cemi xati daamჴu da sagebelsa
Cemsa nacari gardaasx, da Seni adgili dagitevebies da sxuad
1 statia momzadebulia grantis („evidencialobis kategoria qarTvelur enebSi“

_ N№217300) farglebSi, donori: rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondi.
111
warsrul xar“ (Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963: 15,
„martჳlobaჲ SuSanikisi“);
(2) „da aw dautevebies Sjuli ese Cueni da ityჳs Tavsa Tჳssa
qristeaned da uSiSad vals qalaqsa Sina da mravalTa aswavebs
CuenganTa qristiane yofad“ (Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, 1963:
64, „martჳlobaჲ habo tfilelisaჲ“).
II TurmeobiTi:
(3) „da Seeracxa Tavi Tჳsi ucodvilჱs yovelTa kacTa da cremlovin
igi codvaTa TჳsTaTTჳs“ (Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, 1963: 166,
„martჳlobaჲ kostanti-kaxisaჲ“).
(4) „rameTu vidre moslvadmde grigol mwyemsisa mis keTilisa mჴec-
Tagan uxilavTa ltolvilni mciredni igi cxovarni qristჱsni
ganbneul iyvnes TiToჲ anu Tu or-ori sivrcesa mas udabnoTasa“
(Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, 1963: 264, „cxorebaჲ grigol
xancTelisaჲ“);
magaliTebidan Cans, rom evidencialuri formebi dasturdeba ro-
gorc organuli, ise aRweriTi warmoebiT. aRweriT formebs Turmeobi-
Tis kvalifikacia eniWeba maSin, rodesac aqvs Turmes gageba da/an Tur-
meobiTis garemocva (I da II TurmeobiTis SemTxvevaSi), an gamoxatavs
uwinares moqmedebas (II TurmeobiTis SemTxvevaSi).
saanalizo masala gviCvenebs, rom evidencialuri perfeqtuli for-
mebi gvxvdeba TxrobiTi, kiTxviTi da Zaxilis Sinaarsis mqone konstruq-
ciebSi:
(5) „da rameTu moeZRuana wmidasa mas episkopossa sazrdeli, da
viTar friad vaiZule, mcired oden gemoჲ ixila da vhmadlob-
diT RmerTsa“ (Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, 1963: 23, „mar-
tჳlobaჲ SuSanikisi“);
(6) „raჲ ars romeli ese mesmis SenTჳs, rameTu xar Sen naTesaviT da
tomiT sarkinoz da dagitevebies mamuli Sjuli da qristianeTa
Tana SecTomil xar? (Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, 1963: 64,
„martჳlobaჲ habo tfilelisaჲ“);
(7)
„da me damikჳrda xilvaჲ igi da me varqu: viTar ganZliere-
bul xar uZlurebisagan, moZRuaro!“ (Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit.
Zeglebi, 1963: 286, „cxorebaჲ grigol xancTelisaჲ“).
qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis TvalsazrisiT saintere-
soa isic, rom saanalizo masalaSi Tavs iCens I TurmeobiTis -ia da-
boloebiani warmoeba:
112
(8) „ჵ wmidao mamao, raჲ hyav, rameTu mgeli mwyemsad moguec;
egera karauli Cemi SeuWamia“ (Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zegle-
bi, 1963: 221, „cxorebaჲ Sioჲsi da evagresi~).
(9) „amis mizezisaTჳs iqmna moslvaჲ Cemi, rameTu saxlisa Cuenisa
meWurWle qali iyo da yoveli monagebi Cueni ჴelTa misTa iyo,
da mamasa grigols aqa wamouyvanebia, da friadi daguaklda
safaseTa CuenTagani“ (Zv. qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, 1963: 297,
„cxorebaჲ grigol xancTelisaჲ“).
mocemul ilustraciebSi arc erTi teqstis mTqmeli (avtori) ar
aris TviTmxilveli saanalizo zmnebiT gadmocemuli moqmedebis pro-
cesisa, rac aSkaraa vrceli konteqstebidan. es zmnebi erTmniSvnelov-
nad mTqmelis mier unaxav moqmedebas gaxazaven, sxva SemTxvevaSi, savara-
udod, mTqmeli wyvetilis formebs gamoiyenebda, risi magaliTebic ux-
vadaa saanalizo teqstebSi.
amrigad, empiriuli masalis Seswavla da sakiTxis ganxilva diaqro-
niul WrilSi adasturebs imas, rom evidenciloba perfeqtul formeb-
Tan jer kidev uZveles periodSi isaxeba, rogorc am mwkrivTa meoreuli
funqcia da aqtiurdeba momdevno saukuneebidan.
literatura:
arabuli 1984 – a. arabuli, mesame seriis nakvTeulTa warmoeba

da mniSvneloba Zvel qarTulSi, Tbilisi, 1984.
beriZe 2009 – m. beriZe, perfeqtulobis gamoxatvis zogi sakiTxi-
saTvis qarTulSi, guram kartozia 75, Tbilisi, 2009.
boederi 2000 – W. Boeder, Evidentiality in Georgian, Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian
and Neighbouring Language, Empirical Approaches to Language Typology, 24, Edited
by L. Johanson& B. Utas, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin / New York, 2000.
margiani-subari 2012 – q. margiani-subari, evidencilobis katego-
ria svanur enaSi, Tbilisi, 2012.
sarjvelaZe, ninua 1985 – z. sarjvelaZe, g. ninua, unaxaobis gamo-
xatvisaTvis Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi, macne, enisa da li-
teraturis seria, #1, Tbilisi, 1985.
tofaZe 2011 – M. Topadze Gȁuman, The Expression of evidentiality between lexicon
and grammar, A case study from Georgian, Linguistic Discovery 9, 2, Dartmouth, 2011.
fxakaZe 1984 – d. fxakaZe, I TurmeobiTis funqciebi qarTulSi,
Tbilisi, 1984.
qavTaraZe 1956 – iv. qavTaraZe, dro-kiloTa mesame seriis warmoe-
bis erTi Tavisebureba axal qarTulSi, ike, VII, Tbilisi, 1956.
SaniZe 1930 – a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatika, I, morfologia, Tbi-
lisi, 1930.
113
Ciqobava 1962 –Aarn. Ciqobava, qarTuli zmnis nakvTeulTa dajgu-
febis principisaTvis, ike, XIII, Tbilisi, 1962.
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi 1963 – Zve-
li qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni I (V-X ss.),
i. abulaZis redaqciiT, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis ga-
momcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963.
warmoadgina grantis samecniero

qeTevan margianma
114
maguli RambaSiZe
dinamikuri modaluri semantikis

gamomxatveli `SeZleba~ zmna da
masTan dakavSirebuli ukuTqmiTi
nawilakebi qarTul samwerlobo enaSi1
dinamikuri, SesaZleblobis modaluri semantikis gamosaxatavad

qarTul saliteraturo enaSi X saukunidan gvxvdeba obieqturi wyo-
bis SemiZlia organuli zmnuri forma (sarjvelaZe 1984: 413),2 saSua-
li qarTulidan ki paralelurad dasturdeba Zal Zirisagan nawar-
moebi subieqturi wyobis SevZleb zmnis organuli formebi.3 sxva mo-
daluri formebisagan gansxvavebiT, SeZleba zmnis arc obieqturi da
arc subieqturi wyobis formebs ar ganucdiaT gramatikalizacia, ar
qceulan nawilakebad (Sdr.: egebis>egeb, iqnebis>iqneb (SaraSeniZe
1999). rogorc obieqturi, ise subieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnis piri-
ani formebi semantikuri TvalsazrisiT gamoxatavdnen da gamoxata-
ven `neitralur~ (garemo pirobebis zegavleniT gamowveuli SesaZ-
lebloba) da `subieqtze orientirebul~ (Sinagani an SeZenili unari
an codna) (palmeri 1999; vaimani 1996) modalur semantikas rogorc
dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi konotaciiT.4 mocemul statiaSi ganvixi-
lavT SeZleba zmnis obieqturi da subieqturi wyobis formebisa da
ukuTqmiT nawilakTa urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs.5 aRsaniSnavia, rom
uaryofiT konteqstebSi SeZleba zmnis obieqturi da subieqturi
wyobis formebze darTvisas ar da ver ukuTqmiT nawilakebsa da
maTgan nawarmoeb formebs Soris Tavisufali varireba ar aris. uf-
ro metic, ukuTqmiTi nawilakebi ganasxvaveben ara mxolod obieqtur
da subieqtur wyobas, aramed `neitralur~ da `subieqtze orientire-
bul~ modalur semantikasac. rac Seexeba nu nawilaks, rogorc wesi,
SeZleba zmna, Tavisi semantikidan gamomdinare, qarTuli enis ganvi-
1
kvleva ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis finan-
suri mxardaWeriT, 218000 `modalobis kategoria qarTul enaSi~. This work was
supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation (SRNSF), 218000 “The Category of
Modality in the Georgian Language”.
2
IX saukunemde dinamikuri modaluri semantikis gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneboda
aRweriTi formebi (Ãel-ewifebis, Zal-uZs>Zal-uc, SemZlebel ars, SesaZlo
ars), IX saukunidan ki Cndeba uZlavs tipis organuli formebic.
3 aRsaniSnavia, rom subieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnas awmyos wris formebi ar
moepoveba da mxolod myofadis mwkrividan aqvs formebi.
4
m. RambaSiZe, SeuZlia modaluri zmnis funqciur-semantikuri analizi qarTul
saliteraturo enaSi, axalgazrda mecnierTa saerTaSoriso simpoziumi huma-
nitarul mecnierebebSi, kvleva ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli
samecniero fondis finansuri mxardaWeriT, 218000 `modalobis kategoria qar-
Tul enaSi~.
5
masalis gasaanalizeblad kvlevisas gamoyenebulia substituciis meTodi.
115
Tarebis verc erT etapze ver Seiwyobda nu ukuTqmiT nawilaks, ro-
melic moqmedebis akrZalvaze miuTiTebs (SaniZe 1980:610), radgan rea-
lurad warmoudgenelia fizikuri unaris an codnisa da situaciiT
ganpirobebuli SesaZleblobis akrZalva. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebe-
lia nu nawilakis gamoyeneba Zaxilis winadadebebSi, gabrazebis,
Zlieri uaryofiTi emociis gamomxatvel konteqstebSi, rodesac emo-
ciur fonze nu nawilaks TiTqos ukve aRar aqvs akrZalvis funqcia
da mxolod mTqmelis uaryofiT damokidebulebas gamoxatavs mosa-
ubris naTqvamis mimarT (ar SegiZlia da nu SegiZlia; ver SevZleb
da nu SevZleb da a. S.). msgavsi magaliTebi, rogorc wesi, cocxali
metyvelebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, saliteraturo enaSi ki naklebad
gvxvdeba, ramac ganapiroba is, rom kvlevisas qarTuli enis erovnul
korpusSi aRniSnuli tipis konstruqciebi ver davadastureT.
SeZleba zmna da ar ukuTqmiTi nawilaki

uaryofiTi semantikis gadmosacemad obieqturi wyobis SeZleba
zmnis pirian formebTan erTad saSual qarTulSi yvelaze xSirad
gamoiyeneba ar/ara ukuTqmiTi nawilaki da misgan nawarmoebi
formebi: aramca, arcda, arc(a), arcaRa, arRa, aRar(a), aRarc(a).1
aRsaniSnavia, rom dasaxelebuli nawilakebi modaluri semantikis
mqone obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnasTan realizdebian rogorc
`subieqtze orientirebuli~, ise `neitraluri~ dinamikuri Sinaarsis
gamoxatvisas, ase magaliTad:
`subieqtze orientirebuli~ modaloba uaryofiTi konotaciiT:
(1) SenTan frena ar SemeZlos, uyabi ar xar, me buzi (Sahn. 3896: 2
Titus).
(2) rome Cemebr sneulsa Senebrisa dakodilisa kurneba ara
SeeZlos! (dilar. 112:28 Titus).
(3) me Senisa moSorebisa moTmineba arRa SemiZlian (dilar. 679: 22
Titus).
(4) srulobiT Rone moeRo, siberiT nadiroba aRar SeeZlo (qil.
da dam. 646:12 Titus).
(5) me beri diaci var da vla aRara SemiZlia (amiran. 8: 363 Titus).
(6) arc me SemZlebia yovelive gamewira siyvarulisTvis (gams.
GNC).
`neitraluri~ modaloba uaryofiTi konotaciiT:
(7) igi ar SemiZlia, rom misi wigni karSi gamovitanoo da Sen
xelmwifis xalvaTxanaSi ver dagsvamo (rusud. 9: 1 Titus).
1
aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel qarTulSi SesaZleblobis gamomxatvel SeuZlia subi-
eqturi wyobis zmnasTan ar ar iqneboda.
116
(8) me aq sajaro baasi ar SemiZlia, erTi xalvaTi aris da iq Se-
videT da vilaparakoT da vnaxoT (qaram. 510: 28 Titus).
(9) da esreT grili iyo, rom mouburvelad risame munslva ara
SeeZlo kacsa (dilar. 356: 11 Titus).
(10) eseTisa gulsmodginebiT mibrZana, uaris Tqma aRar SemeZlo
(qil. da dam. 199: 19 Titus).
(11) cixesimagreebi ar hfaravda maT da arc SeeZloT winaswar
scodnodaT is adgili an dro, sadac qarTvelni
ekveTebodnen (barn. GNC).
sagulisxmoa, rom ukuTqmiT nawilakTa poziciisa da wyobis
TvalsazrisiT mniSvneloba ara aqvs, obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmna
`subieqtze orientirebuli~ semantikisaa Tu – `neitraluri~. orive
mniSvnelobis SemTxvevaSi Warbobs ukuTqmiT nawilakTa prepoziciu-
ri gauTiSavi wyoba (1-11). igive viTarebaa axal qarTulSic:
(12) Turme lazebis gareSe ar SesZlebiaT bizantielebs sparse-
bis damarcxeba (sanik. GNC).
(13) magram ra ar SesZlebia kargad dawyobil saqmes da mxnesa
da gulmagar kacsa?! (WavW. GNC).
(14) ase rom, erT komls sofelSi CveulebiT dadgenilzed meti
ar SeeZlo mamulebi daeWira (WavW. GNC).
(15) marTlmadidebel qristianebs gzaze gavlac ki aRar SeuZli-
aT (jav. GNC).
iSviaTad ar da misgan nawarmoebi ukuTqmiTi nawilakebi obieqtu-
ri wyobis SeZleba zmnas daerTvian postpoziciuradac, rac ganpi-
robebulia mxolod da mxolod saleqso sazomis SenarCunebiT:
(16) spandiat uTxra: `dasustdi, SegiZlia ar omi da?!~ (Sahn.
5593: 4 Titus).
(17) dedam uTxra: `rostomisa wyena SemiZlia ara~ (Sahn. 3449: 1
Titus).
vfiqrobT, ukanasknel magaliTSi (17) ukuTqmiTi nawilakis ara
variantis gamoyeneba saWiro gaxda imisaTvis, rom ar darRveuliyo
Teqvsmetmarcvliani saleqso sazomi.
sainteresoa, rom obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnasTan gaTiSuli
wyoba gvaqvs c(a) nawilakiT Sedgenili ukuTqmiTi nawilakebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac isini majgufebeli kavSiris funqciiT gamoiyene-
bian:
(18) arca Sendobisa Txova SemiZlia, arca uSenod Cemi sicocxle
egebis (visr. 272: 21 Titus).
117
(19) vidre me cocxali var, Seni morCena arc kacs da arc Sens
RmerTs SeuZlian (qaram. 656: 34 Titus).
(20) me davberebulvar, aRarca omi SemiZlia da aRarc xelmwifo-
bisa gageba (rusud. 25:29 Titus).
(21) veziro Cemo! dResave moviTxrebode, me amisi arca sikvdili
da arcaRa tyveoba SemiZlian (rusud. 329: 4 Titus).
(22) arc mSveleli mosCanda da arc gaqceva SeeZloT (jav. GNC).
(23) verc TviT imetebdnen sakuTar bavSvs da arc Tavis gameteba
SeeZloT, rom SebrZolebodnen uxilav, ucnob majlajunas
(lorTq. GNC).
sainteresoa, rom bolo magaliTSi (23) Serwymul winadadebaSi
erTi da igive ukuTqmiTi nawilaki ki ar gamoiyeneba majgufebeli
kavSiris funqciiT, aramed – sxvadasxva.Aam SemTxvevaSi verc da arc
ukuTqmiTi nawilakebi funqciurad identuria. aseT faqts saSual
qarTulSic vadasturebT:
(24) arca gaRma gasvla SemiZlia da verca gayrisa moSorvebisa
naRveli damiTmeniao (qil. da dam. 350: 30 Titus).
oriode SemTxvevaSi c(a) nawilakiani ukuTqmiTi nawilakebi gau-
TiSavadac erTvian obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnas:
(25) Tavad Sen asakiTa sruli xaro da Cemi asuli yrmawviliao
da arca SeuZlia Senisa saxlisa da sabatonosa gagebao
(rusud. 6: 3 Titus).
(26) rameTu ara Tu niWad da sasyidlad saTnoebisa miiRo sufe-
vaÁ da meufebaÁ sityuaman RmrTisaman, rameTu igi TÂT bune-
biT dausabamod aqus, rameTu ukueTumca ara esrÀT iyo,
aramca SeeZlo sxuaTada micemad (iov. gam. 3: 22 Titus).
(27) gamosulebi mxolod nacnob sityvebs ambobdnen da meti arc
SeeZloT eTqvaT (morC. GNC).
aRsaniSnavia, rom saSual qarTulSi ar-nawilakiani obieqturi
wyobis SeZleba zmna, rogorc wesi, miemarTeba masdars (28), (29), an
zogierTi nasaxelari zmnisTvis masdaris magivrobis gamwev saxels
(30), (31) (SaniZe 1980: 565), iSviaTad ki ukavSirdeba damokidebuli wi-
nadadebis zmna-Semasmenels (32), (33):
(28) mzesa nu damilev, magisi sma ar SemiZlia! (Sahn. 246: 34 Titus).
(29) sityvis mosmenis kide hqonda imas SeZleba, magram srulebiT
ar SeeZlo azris gageba (niz. 62:220 Titus).
(30) me beri kaci var da ar SemiZlia didad saubari (amiran. 289:
38 Titus).
(31) misgan mixsen, vici, misi ar SemiZlia omia (Sahn. 121: 2 Titus).
(32) JamTa simravlisa da misisa gonebisagan Wkua damclia da
Zalisaganca gavsrulvar. Mme ar SemiZlia, rome misken wavi-
de maled (rusud. 1: 16 Titus).
118
(33) am ukanasknels ar SeeZlo winaaRmdegoba gaewia askidasa da
nea-lavrelebisaTvis (mam. cx. 124: 5 Titus) da a.S.
axal qarTulSi ki obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnis formebTan
masdaruli (34), (35), (36) da hipotaqsuri konstruqciebis (37), (38)
distribucia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve Tanabaria:
(34) zedac davamateb im Cem ucnaur siyvaruls, romlis
gamoTqmac ar SemiZlia (wer. GNC).
(35) vaJkacs ar SeeZlo ojaxis movla ise, rogorc oTaraanT
qvrivsa (WavW. GNC).
(36) `mTeli dRe ase ijeqi da purs loRnidi, radgan wamodgomac
ar SegeZlo – fexebSi Zala ara gqonda~ (doCan. GNC).
(37) ùi, mag ubeduri, rom ar SeuZlia gareSesTan ar morTos
Tavis trabaxoba!~ (kld. GNC).
(38) ar SeeZlo gulgrilad eyurebina, mis dovlaTs rogor
daepatroneboda viRac (lorTq. GNC).
sainteresoa, arsebobs Tu – ara raime kanonzomiereba ukuTqmiT
nawilakdarTul obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnis formebsa da maT-
Tan dakavSirebul damokidebuli winadadebis zmna-Semasmenlebs So-
ris mwkrivTa ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT. aRmoCnda, rom saSual
qarTulSi SeiniSneba Semdegi tendencia – Tu modaluri semantikis
mqone zmna awmyos mwkrivSia, maSin damokidebuli winadadebis zmna--
Semasmeneli II kavSirebiTis formiTaa warmodgenili (32), xolo Tu
modaluri semantikis zmna wyvetilSia, maSin is ukavSirdeba damoki-
debuli winadadebis II TurmeobiTis formas (33). obieqturi wyobis
SeZleba zmnasa da damokidebuli winadadebis zmna-Semasmenels So-
ris sxvagvari kavSiri mwkrivTa Sexamebis TvalsazrisiT saSual
qarTulSi ar dasturdeba. axal qarTulSic arsebiTad msgavsi viTa-
rebaa (37), (38), Tumca aq ukve gvxvdeba erTeuli SemTxvevebi mwkrivis
formaTa sxvagvari dakavSirebisa, magaliTad:
xolmeobiTi – II TurmeobiTi:
(39) sruliad ucxos da gaugebars arasodes ar SeeZleboda,
masze is gadamwyveti gavlena moexdina (qiq. GNC).
I TurmeobiTi – II kavSirebiTi:
(40) Tu swavla-ganaTlebas imodenac ar SesZlebia, kacs Caago-
nos, rom oinebis gasaReba mecnierebaSi ise advili ar aris...
(WavW. GNC).
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom saSuali da axali qarTuli enis weri-
lobiT ZeglebSi obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnasTan dadasturda
ormagi uaryofis SemTxvevebic, romelTa pirveli komponenti ZiriTa-
dad uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelia, xolo meore – ar/ara da misgan na-
warmoebi ukuTqmiTi nawilakebi, ase magaliTad:
(41) masve wamsa mobruneba Cemi arvis ar SeeZlo (arC. 123: 19 Titus).
119
(42) Cven Tqveni winaaRmdegi ara varT da arca ara SegviZlia
(qaram. 526: 1 Titus).
(43) Teimurazma TiTqmis yvelaferi icoda. samagierod araferi
ar SeeZlo (jav. GNC).
(44) kneina avad gaxda da dRes aRaravis miReba aRar SeuZlia
(wer. GNC).
amrigad, saanalizo masalam aCvena, rom ar nawilaki obieqturi
wyobis SeZleba zmnasTan Zvel qarTulSi ar dasturdeba (Tavad Se-
miZlia, SegiZlia, SeuZlia tipis formebic Zveli qarTuli enis teq-
stebSi iSviaTi gamoyenebisaa, radgan Tavdapirvelad SesaZleblobis
semantika aRweriTi formebiT gamoixateboda), saSual qarTulSi ki
misi distribucia metad farToa, is gamoxatavs ara marto,
`neitralur~ dinamikur semantikas, aramed is iTavsebs ver nawila-
kis funqciasac, kerZod, ekisreba ~subieqtze orientirebuli~ moda-
lobis uaryofiTi konotaciis gadmocema. axal qarTulSic obieqtu-
ri wyobis SeZleba zmnasTan uaryofiTi semantikis gamoxatva mxo-
lod ar nawilaksa da misgan nawarmoeb variantebs ekisreba,1 romle-
bic, rogorc wesi, prepoziciurad da ZiriTadad gauTiSavad daer-
Tvian aRniSnul zmnur formas, romelic winadadebaSi, Tavis mxriv,
xan masdarTanaa dakavSirebuli, xan ki – damokidebuli winadadebis
zmna-SemasmenelTan.
ar ukuTqmiT nawilakTan mimarTebiT gansxvavebul suraTs gviCve-
nebs subieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmna. aRsaniSnavia, rom, Cveulebriv,
`neitraluri~ da `subieqtze orientirebuli~ modaluri semantikis
gamoxatvisas SeZleba zmnis subieqturi wyobis formebi qarTuli
samwerlobo enis ganviTarebis arc erT safexurze ar dairTavs ar-
(a) ukuTqmiT nawilaksa da misgan nawarmoeb formebs. Tumca Tanamed-
rove qarTulSi gvaqvs iseTi konteqstebic, romlebSic vxvdebiT ar-
nawilakdarTul subieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnis magaliTebsac.
Tanamedrove qarTuli presis enaSi subieqturi wyobis SeZleba
zmnis mesame piris forma dasturdeba ar nawilakTan erTadac. ker-
Zod, vgulisxmobT ar nawilakis gamoyenebas SeZleba zmnis meore
kavSirebiTis mwkrivis formebTan moqmedebis akrZalvis Sinaarsis
gadmocemisas (SaniZe 1980: 610):
(45) es gaakeTon ise, rom ar hqondeT aSkara darRvevebi da
dacvis mxarem ar SeZlos mtkicebulebebis gamovlena (ax.
Taoba GNC).
(46) Canergo adamianTa SemecnebaSi iseTi qaosi, rom xalxma ar
SeZlos misi gonivrulad mowesrigeba (saq. resp. GNC).
1
ar vgulisxmobT ramdenime SemTxvevas, rodesac garkveuli mizezebis gamo ga-
moiyeneba ver nawilaki (komentari ix. qvemoT).
120
(47) raTa dainteresebulma pirebma maTi xmebiT manipulireba ar
SeZlon (dil. Ggaz. GNC).
ar ukuTqmiTi nawilaki subieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnasTan er-
Tad gamoiyeneba ara mxolod akrZalvis Sinaarsis gadmosacemad,
aramed kategoriulobis, darwmunebulobis semantikis gamosaxatava-
dac, ase magaliTad:
(48) amis gakeTeba aucilebelia, radgan, sanam Cven amas ar
SevZlebT, Sedegebi kidev da kidev uaresi iqneba (ax. Taoba
GNC).
(49) Tu paralelurad ar vawarmoeT dialogi ruseTTan da ar
SevZeliT ruseTTan urTierTobis normalizeba (ax. Taoba GNC).1
subieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmna Tanamedrove qarTulSi ar nawi-
laks dairTavs aseve im konteqstebSi, romlebSic moqmedebis SeuZ-
leblobas ganapirobebs survilis arqona. qvemoT moyvanil magali-
TebSi igulisxmeba, rom subieqts ar undoda da swored amitom ar
SeZlo ama Tu im saqmis gakeTeba, mas xels ar uSlida arc garemo
pirobebi, arc fizikuri uunaroba:
(50) man ori avtobiografiis dawera moaswro, magram ver Tu ar
SeZlo Tundac erTi mniSvnelovani kanonis an reformis av-
tori gamxdariyo (ramiS. GNC).
(51) saqarTvelos xelisuflebam es ver SeZlo an ar SeZlo (ax.
Taoba GNC).
(52) saerTaSoriso organizaciebma es ar SeZles, radgan ruseT-
Tan urTierTobis garTuleba maT ar surdaT (rezon. GNC).
dabolos, unda SevexoT ar-nawilakdarTuli subieqturi wyobis
SeZleba zmnis gamoyenebis kidev erT saintereso konteqsts. rogorc
samecniero literaturaSia SeniSnuli, ar zogierT SemTxvevaSi gan-
cvifrebis gamomxatveli nawilakia da ara – uaryofiTi (SaniZe, kva-
WaZe 1987:16), swored amas adasturebs Cveni magaliTebic:
(53) vax, operaSi? – Tuki SevZleb, operaSi. Sen ras ar SeZleb,
Sen ras ar SeZleb?! – geronti welSi gaiSala (inan. GNC).
(54) me raRas ar SevZlebdi, raRa ar mecodineboda, bavSvobidanve
aseTi xvedri rom ar mrgeboda (sagur. GNC).
amrigad, subieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmna, Cveulebriv, fizikuri
unaris an codnis arqonisa da situaciiT ganpirobebuli SeuZleb-
lobis gamoxatvisas ar dairTavs ar ukuTqmiT nawilaks, magram Ta-
namedrove qarTulSi gvaqvs sxvadasxva semantikuri niuansiT gamoxa-
tuli konteqsti, romelSic ar nawilakis gamoyeneba subieqturi
wyobis SeZleba zmnasTan sruliad bunebrivia.
1
Cven mier mopovebuli magaliTebis mixedviT, aseTi SemTxvevebi mxolod damo-
kidebul winadadebebSi dasturdeba.
121
SeZleba zmna da ver ukuTqmiTi nawilaki
moqmedebis SesaZleblobis uarsayofad obieqturi wyobis SeZle-
ba zmnasTan Zvelsa da saSual qarTulSi funqcionirebs ver/vera
ukuTqmiTi nawilakic Tavisi variantebiT: verRara, veRara, verca:
(55) ver SeuZlian damÃobad mis naSenebisa (mam. sw. 160: 5 Titus).
(56) ver SemiZlia wina-aRdgomad brZolisa amis (sw. wm. mam. 15: 68
Titus).
(57) Tu ese ver SegiZlia, raÁTa-mca eklesiasa-ca iRÂZebdi da
senaksa-ca ZiliTa gaZRebode (Zv. qarT. ag. lit. Zegl. II 82: 25
Titus).
(58) ubadoo, nu-Tu gaswbilde da vera SegeZlos nakravisa Cemisa
dadgoma da mogkla, mebralebio (amiran. 404: 19 Titus).
(59) da raJams moiwiis Ruari Zlieri da qari sastiki, verRara
SeuZlian Tavs-debad mterisa igi brZolaÁ (mam. cx. 127: 18
Titus).
(60) miÃsen misTa ÃelTagan me muqafa sxva veRa-ra SemiZlia
amisgan kide, romel gzisa, romlisada dagimarTebia, dia
gmsaxuro (amiran. 295: 25 Titus).
(61) xolo romelTa verca ese SeeZlos, mesamedi kanonisaÁ mis
daimarxon (mc. sj. 112:25 Titus).
aRsaniSnavia, rom Seswavlili masalis Tanaxmad, obieqturi wyo-
bis SeZleba zmnasTan yovelTvis gvaqvs ver da misgan nawarmoebi
ukuTqmiTi nawilakebis prepozicia. wyobac, rogorc wesi, gauTiSavia,
Tumca am mxriv gamonaklisia verca nawilaki, romelic SeuZlia
zmnasTan gaTiSuli wyobiT dasturdeba:
(62) ukueTu verca ese SegiZlia, nu miagebT nacvalsa (sw. wm. mam.
10: 78 Titus).
(63) ukueTu kula verca ese SeeZlos, asisa wonsa litrasa
sumiden dRiTi-dRe (mc. sj. 3:11 Titus).
gaZlierebiTi c(a) nawilakdarTuli ukuTqmiTi nawilakebi Ser-
wymul winadadebaSi gvxvdeba majgufebeli kavSiris funqciiT (Sani-
Ze 1980: 611), am funqciiTac ukuTqmiTi nawilaki zmnis pirian formas-
Tan gvaZlevs gaTiSul wyobas:
(64) verca oTxisa bijisa warbena SemiZlia, arca Cemisa
mSuildisa mozidva (visr. 235: 2 Titus).1
sagulisxmoa, rom ar nawilakisa da misgan nawarmoebi formebisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, ver ukuTqmiTi nawilaki Tavisi variantebiT Zvelsa
da saSual qarTulSi ganarCevda `subieqtze orientirebulsa~ da
`neitralur~ dinamikur modalur semantikas. kerZod, ver nawilaki
obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnasTan realizdeboda mxolod uaryo-
1
am SemTxvevaSic Serwymul winadadebaSi sxvadasxva majgufebeli kavSiria ga-
moyenebuli.
122
fiTi konotaciis `subieqtze orientirebuli~ modalobis gadmocemi-
sas. TvalsaCinoebisTvis warmovadgenT ver-nawilakiani obieqturi
wyobis SeZleba zmnis magaliTebs, romlebic `subieqtze orientire-
buli~ modaluri semantikis gamomxatvelia:
(65) verRara SemiZlia wina-aRdgomad brZolisa mis, aramed
ganmiteve (sw. wm. mam. 4: 67 Titus).
(66) monagebni soflisani tkivil TualTa arian da misgan
dabryÂldian da ver SeuZlian xilvad simdidre igi zecisa
waruvali (mam. sw. 193: 34 Titus).
(67) raJams cxadTagan mwikulevanTa gulissityuaTagan ver
SeuZlian cTunebad gulsa sxuad saxed (mam. cx. 21: 35 Titus).
(68) rameTu bunebaÁ Seni lbil ars da ver SegiZlia Zmisa gare-
SeqcevaÁ, aramed, ukueTu gnebavs dayudebaÁ, warved udabnosa
(sw. wm. mam. 3: 18 Titus).
(69) mciredi vaCuene me saxierebaÁ moyuassa mas, rameTu umetesi
ver SemeZlo (kom. maT. sax. 24: 23 Titus).
warmodgenil konteqstebSi ver ukuTqmiTi nawilaki obieqturi
wyobis SeZleba zmnasTan erTad gamoxatavs Sinagani unaris, Zalis
arqonas, ama Tu im moqmedebis SesaZleblobis uaryofas.
gaanalizebuli masala gviCvenebs, rom ver-ukuTqmiTnawilakiani
obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmna ar ukavSirdeba damokidebuli wina-
dadebis zmna-Semasmenels. werilobiT ZeglebSi ver vadasturebT ver
SeuZlia Wamos / ver SeuZlia, rom Wamos tipis konstruqciebs. ver-
nawilakian konteqstebSi uarsayofi, SeuZlebeli moqmedeba gadmoi-
cema masdariT (ver SeuZlian damÃobad (55), verRara SemiZlia wina-
aRdgomad (56), ver SegiZlia Zmisa gare-SeqcevaÁ (58), ver SeuZlian
xilvad (66), ver SeuZlian cTunebad (67)). amrigad, gvaqvs aseTi kon-
struqcia: ver ukuTqmiTi nawilaki + obieqturi wyobis SeZleba
zmnis piriani forma + masdari saxelobiTi (58) an viTarebiTi (55),
(56), (66), (67) brunvis formiT. iSviaTad masdars enacvleba sxva mety-
velebis nawilebi, magaliTad: arsebiTi saxeli (60), piris nacvalsa-
xeli (57), (61), (62), (63), zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi xarisxis
forma (69)...
saSual qarTulSi TandaTan `subieqtze orientirebuli~ SesaZ-
leblobis uarsayofad ver nawilaki Caanacvla ar nawilakma, rom-
lis funqciac martivad uaryofaa (SaniZe 1980: 610). obieqturi wyobis
SeZleba zmnis pirian formasTan ver nawilakis ar nawilakiT Canac-
vlebis procesi kargad Cans lukas saxarebis erT-erT monakveTSi
qarTuli oTxTavis sxvadasxva redaqciis monacemTa gaTvaliswine-
biT:
(70a) daRaTu ver Zal-uc aRdgomad da micemad, rameTu ars igi
megobari misi (l. 11:8 C Titus).
123
(70b) daRaTu ver eZlos aRdgomad da micemad, rameTu ars igi
megobari misi (l. 11:8 DE Titus).
(70g) daRaTu ara eZlos mas aRdgomad da micemad, rameTu ars
igi megobari misi (l. 11:8 FG HIK Titus).
rogorc vxedavT, saxarebis efTvimeseul (XI s. I nax.) da giorgi
mTawmidliseul (XII-XIII ss.) redaqciebSi `subieqtze orientirebuli~
SesaZleblobis uarsayofad ukve ara nawilaki gamoiyeneba (70g), ro-
melmac TandaTan srulad Caanacvla SesaZleblobis uaryofis gamom-
xatveli ver nawilaki. amgvarad, saSuali qarTulidan dRemde obieqtu-
ri wyobis SeZleba zmniT gamoxatuli `subieqtze orientirebuli~ Se-
saZleblobis uaryofa ekisreba ar ukuTqmiT nawilaks, ase magaliTad:
(71) rom senisgan fexTa Zali ara hqonebia da fexze dgoma da
cxenze jdoma ar SesZlebia (rusud. 277: 35 Titus).
(72) Tu rom erTs camde asvla marTla ar SemeZlos, aqac xom
ver amovidodio?! (qaram. 497: 10 Titus).
(73) meti dajereba me ar SemiZlia da RmerTma mSvidoba mogces!
(kld. GNC).
(74) nodar SubiZes ki aRar SeuZlia uTavbolo mocda (jav. GNC)
da a.S.
gaanalizebuli masalა safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom ver
ukuTqmiTi nawilaki obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnasTan erTad enis
ganviTarebis vercerT etapze ver gamoxatavda `neitraluri~ dinami-
kuri semantikis uaryofas. aRniSnul zmnasTan ver nawilakis gamoye-
neba `subieqtze orientirebuli~ SesaZleblobis uarsayofad saSuali
qarTulidan SeizRuda, axal qarTulSi ki aRniSnuli funqciiT ver
nawilaki aRar realizdeba, Tumca axali qarTuli enis masalis
kvlevisas gamovlinda ramdenime ver-nawilakiani magaliTi. Cveni az-
riT, maTi arseboba aixsneba, erTi mxriv, stilizaciiTa da arqaizaci-
isken midrekilebiT, meore mxriv ki, eqspresiuli funqciiT, kerZod,
ver nawilaki xazs usvams, rom subieqts saerTod ar gaaCnia esa Tu
is konkretuli unari da warmoudgenelia mis mier am unaris Sesaba-
misi qmedebis ganxorcieleba. unda aRiniSnos, rom aseT konteqstebSi,
rogorc Cans, ver nawilaki aRar ganasxvavebs `subieqtze orientire-
bulsa~ da ~neitralur~ dinamikur semantikas, ase magaliTad:
`subieqtze orientirebuli~ modaloba:
(75) vah, rom Wrilobas Ronisagan daecalna Zlieri da veRar SeeZlo
Tviseburad aetacna qali, haerSive gadaekocna (barn. GNC).
`neitraluri~ modaloba:
(76) rom Zalianac undodeT calke yofna, ver SeeZlebaT, radganac
wesdeba valad sdebs iyolion moxeleni (WavW. GNC).
124
(77) parodia miniSnebis mZle qarafia, romlis dangreva TviT
umaRlessac ver SesZlebia wuTisoflis uswormasworo sas-
worze (cisk. GNC).
msgavsi SemTxvevebi iSviaTia da amitom ver nawilakis funqcioni-
reba obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnis formebTan saSuali qarTuli-
dan dRemde mainc SezRudulia.
uaryofiTi semantikis gadmocemisas gansxvavebul suraTs gviCve-
nebs SeZleba zmnis subieqturi wyobis formebi. rogorc aRvniSneT,
subieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnis piriani formebi Zvel qarTulSi
ar dasturdeba. saSualsa da axal qarTulSi ki subieqturi wyobis
SeZleba zmnis SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi semantikis gamoxatva xdeba
ver ukuTqmiTi nawilakis saSualebiT. sagulisxmoa, rom, obieqturi
wyobisagan gansxvavebiT, subieqturi wyobis dros ver nawilaki ar
ganarCevs `subieqtze orientirebul~ da `neitralur~ dinamikur se-
mantikas.
(78) erTi meores eubnebodnen, falavanma veRar SeiZlo muxls
zeviT awevao da sircxviliT veRar gauSvia da verc zeviT
auweviao (qaram. 362: 18 Titus).
(79) ra lomma nadiroba veRar SeiZlo, turam Cqarad RonisZieba
daiwyo. erTsa dResa momymarma da SimSiliT Sewuxebulma,
loms rCeva da wvrTna dauwyo (qil. da dam. 689:9 Titus).
(80) cols nu scem, magram Tu Seatyo ram eSmakoba, ise galaxe,
ver SeiZlos fexze adgoma (niz. 285: 11 Titus).
(81) hqeni wyaloba, mcire Wkua mag monagrisa, ver SeZlebs TviTon
aitanos risxva mamisa (niz. 71: 2 Titus).
(82) male siarulsac veRar SevZleb da sadRac, Robis Ziras,
amomxdeba suli! (leon. GNC).
(83) vercerTi mxatvari ver SeZlebda misi Sinasaxe srulad
gamoexmo da portretSi gaecocxlebina (rob. GNC).1
(84) ifeTqa!!! mgoni, aTasma mzem! mTvare amas ver SeZlebda...
samxreTisken ca narinjisferi Seiqna (morC. GNC).
(85) axla am Zroxis pirSi unda Sevide da kudTan unda gavZvre
da ise unda ganvTavisuflde. Tu rom es ase ver SeviZel,
sul saukunod aqve davrCebio (qaram. 479:23 Titus).
(86) Tu rom imaT ver SeZles, me uSveli da me gaviyvano (qaram.
482: 22 Titus).
1
am SemTxvevaSic ormagi uaryofis Semadgeneli pirveli komponenti uaryofiTi
nacvalsaxelia, xolo meore _ ver ukuTqmiTi nawilaki.
125
(87) Tu es ar iqmnas da ver SeiZlo, romelic me gamomirCevia,
sxva rigad nuRaras vecdebiTo da ara gaewyoba ra (qaram.
216: 32 Titus).
(88) mravali kacia, Tavisi saqme gauSvas da erTi saqme, rom misi
wesi ar iyos, is daiJinos da verc gauSvas da verc gaTaveba
SeiZlos (qil. da dam. 233: 23 Titus).
(89) tfilisis daCemebas ver SevZlebdi maSin, radgan mters jer
isev eWira cixeebi (barn. GNC).
(90) platonma veRar SeZlo daefara Tavisi saidumlo am ucnau-
rad Cacivebul kacisTvis (kld. GNC).
(91) rac dasavleTis jvarosnebma ver SeZles, qarTvelebma unda
aRasrulon (abaS. GNC).
(92) Tqva batonma vaxtangma raRac da, simarTle mogaxsenoT, ver
SevZeli, xumrobad mimeRo, ver moverie Tavs (amirej. GNC).
(93) es erTaderTi gza aris albaT, romlis gavlasac ver
SevZleb (Wil. GNC).
warmodgenili magaliTebidan Cans, rom saSual qarTulSi SeZle-
ba zmnis subieqturi wyobis ver-nawilakdarTul formebs iseve
uWirT damokidebuli winadadebis zmna-SemasmenelTan dakavSireba,
rogorc obieqturi wyobis formebs (81). gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba
gvaqvs axal qarTulSi, aq subieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnis damoki-
debuli winadadebis zmna-SemasmenelTan (romelic yvela SemTxvevaSi
meore TurmeobiTis mwkriviTaa warmodgenili) dakavSirebis SemTxve-
vebi metia (83), (90), (92). rogorc saSual, ise axal qarTulSi xSiria
ver-nawilakdarTuli SevZleb tipis formebis dakavSireba masdarTan
(78), (79), (80), (82), (88), (89), (93). iSviaTad ver nawilakiani subieqturi
wyobis SeZleba zmna kavSirs amyarebs sxva metyvelebis nawilebTan,
magaliTad, piris nacvalsaxelTan (84), (85), (87), mimarTebiT nacval-
saxelTan (91).
rac Seexeba ver nawilakis pozicias SeZleba zmnis subieqturi
wyobis formebTan mimarTebiT, unda iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSic umete-
sad gvaqvs prepoziciuri gauTiSavi wyoba, gamonakliss warmoadgens
mxolod is uaryofiTi konteqstebi, romlebSic ver nawilaki gaforme-
bulia -c nawilakiT da gaTiSuli wyobac amiTaa gamowveuli (88).
amrigad, dinamikuri, SesaZleblobis modaluri semantikis gamom-
xatveli SeZleba zmnis obieqturi da subieqturi wyobis formebisa
da maTTan gamoyenebuli ukuTqmiTi nawilakebis kvlevisas gamovlin-
da, rom: 1) SeZleba zmnasTan semantikuri SeuTavseblobis gamo nu
nawilaki ar dasturdeba uaryofiTi konotaciis mqone konteqstebSi,
garda Zaxilis winadadebebisa, romlebSic SeZleba zmnaze darTuli
nu nawilaki mxolod mTqmelis uaryofiT damokidebulebas gamoxa-
tavs mosaubris naTqvamis mimarT da ara ama Tu im qmedebis akrZal-
126
vas. 2)sagulisxmoa, rom SeZleba zmnasTan ar da ver ukuTqmiTi nawi-
lakebis gamoyenebas gansazRvravs rogorc zmnis obieqturi da subi-
eqturi wyoba, ise `subieqtze orientirebuli~ da `neitraluri~ mo-
daluri semantika. Sesabamisad, ver da ar nawilakebs Soris ar
gvaqvs Tavisufali varireba. 3) ver ukuTqmiTi nawilaki Zvel qar-
TulSi mxolod obieqturi wyobis `subieqtze orientirebuli~ seman-
tikis mqone SeuZlia zmnas daerTvoda. saSual qarTulSi ki misi es
funqciac TandaTan ar nawilakma SeiTavsa, romelic dRemde Tanab-
rad funqcionirebs obieqturi wyobis `subieqtze orientirebuli~
da `neitraluri~ dinamikuri semantikis SeZleba zmnasTan. amdenad,
obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnis formebTan axal qarTulSi ver na-
wilaki aRar dasturdeba, garda eqspresiuli SemTxvevebisa, romle-
bic iSviaTia saliteraturo enaSi. 4) rac Seexeba subieqturi wyobis
formebisa da ver nawilakis urTierTmimarTebas, unda iTqvas, rom
aq gansxvaveba ar gvaqvs, SeZleba zmnis subieqturi wyobis formeb-
Tan ver nawilaki saSuali qarTulidan Tanabrad gamoiyeneba ro-
gorc `subieqtze orientirebuli~, ise `neitraluri~ semantikis ga-
moxatvisas. 5) SeZleba zmnis subieqturi wyobis formebTan ar nawi-
laki saSual qarTulSi saerTod ar dasturdeba. rogorc wesi, is
arc axal qarTulSi daerTvis SevZleb tipis formebs, Tumca gvaqvs
sxvadasxva semantikuri aspeqtiT datvirTuli konteqstebi, romleb-
Sic subieqturi wyobis formebTan ar nawilakis gamoyeneba Cveuleb-
rivi movlenaa. 6) gaanalizebuli ukuTqmiTi nawilakebi, rogorc we-
si, CvenTvis saintereso modaluri semantikis mqone zmnebs daerTvi-
an prepoziciurad da gauTiSavad, Tumca dasturdeba gamonaklisi
SemTxvevebic. 7) saSual qarTulSi obieqturi wyobis ar-nawilakiani
SeZleba zmna, rogorc wesi, miemarTeba masdars, iSviaTad ki ukav-
Sirdeba damokidebuli winadadebis zmna-Semasmenels. axal qarTul-
Si ki SemiZlia tipis formebTan masdaruli da hipotaqsuri kon-
struqciebis distribucia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve Tanabaria. 8)
saSuali qarTulis monacemebis mixedviT, ver-ukuTqmiTnawilakiani
subieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmna mxolod erTxel avlens hipotaq-
sur konstruqciasTan kavSirs, danarCen SemTxvevebSi ver-nawilakia-
ni subieqturi wyobis forma ukavSirdeba masdars an mis Semcvlel
sxva saxels. axal qarTulSi ki aRniSnuli konstruqciebi TiTqmis
Tanabrad ukavSirdebian SesaZleblobis gamomxatvel subieqturi
wyobis formebs. rac Seexeba ver-nawilakdarTul obieqturi wyobis
SeZleba zmnas, romelic mxolod Zvelsa da saSual qarTulSi das-
turdeboda, is ugamonaklisod qmnida aseT konstruqcias: ver ukuT-
qmiTi nawilaki + obieqturi wyobis SeZleba modaluri semantikis
zmna + masdari saxelobiTi an viTarebiTi brunvis formiT. 9) aRsa-
niSnavia, rom saSuali da axali qarTuli enis werilobiT ZeglebSi
SeZleba zmnis obieqturi wyobis formebTan da axal qarTulSi erT
127
SemTxvevaSi subieqturi wyobis formasTan dadasturda ormagi uar-
yofis SemTxvevebic, romelTa pirveli komponenti, ZiriTadad, uar-
yofiTi nacvalsaxelia, xolo meore – ukuTqmiTi nawilaki. 10) dabo-
los, saintereso suraTs gvaZlevs SeZleba modaluri semantikis
mqone zmnis Sexameba damokidebuli winadadebis zmnis mwkrivebTan.
ikveTeba Semdegi tendencia: Tu obieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmna aw-
myos mwkrivis formiTaa, maSin mas damokidebuli winadadebis zmna--
Semasmeneli Seewyoba meore kavSirebiTis formiT, xolo Tu moda-
luri semantikis mqone zmna wyvetilis formiTaa warmodgenili, ma-
Sin is damokidebuli winadadebis zmnuri formisgan moiTxovs meore
TurmeobiTis mwkrivs. meore mxriv ki, sxvadasxva mwkrivSi mdgar su-
bieqturi wyobis SeZleba zmnasTan dakavSirebuli damokidebuli wi-
nadadebis zmna-Semasmeneli yovelTvis meore TurmeobiTis mwkrivis
formiTaa mocemuli.
literatura:
babunaSvili 1957 – e. babunaSvili, nawilakebi Zvel qarTulSi,

stalinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi,
t. 67, 1957.
geguCaZe 2010 – l. geguCaZe, qarTuli ena, sintaqsis sakiTxebi,
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010.
danelia 1998 – k. danelia, narkvevebi qarTuli samwerlobo enis
istoriidan, I, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1998.
sarjvelaZe 1984 – z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis
sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1984.
SaniZe 1976 – a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tsu gamom-
cemloba, Tbilisi, 1976.
SaniZe 1980 – a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Txzu-
lebani Tormet tomad, tomi III, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1980.
SaniZe, kvaWaZe 1987 – a. SaniZe, l. kvaWaZe, qarTuli ena, VII kla-
sis saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 1987.
SaraSeniZe 1999 – n. SaraSeniZe, egeb nawilakis istoriisaTvis,
Tsu Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, t. XXX, Tbilisi, 1999.
SaraSeniZe 1999 – n. SaraSeniZe, iqneb nawilakis istoriisaTvis,
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, 2, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1999.
vaimani 1996 – A. Th. Wymann, The Expression of Modality in Korean, Bern, 1996.
palmeri 1999 – F. R. Palmer, Modality and the English Modals, Longman, 1999.
haani 2002 – Ferdinand de Haan, Strong Modality and Negation in Russian,
University of new Mexico, 2002.
128
monacemTa eleqtronuli bazebi:
`titusis~ monacemTa eleqtronuli baza (titus.uni-frankfurt.de):

C – adiSis oTxTavi.
DE – jruWisa da parxlis oTxTavebi.
FG – qarTuli oTxTavis efTvimeseuli redaqcia.
HIK – qarTuli oTxTavis giorgi mTawmidliseuli redaqcia.
amiran. – amirandarejaniani.
arC. – arCiliani.
dilar. – dilariani.
visr. – visramiani.
iov. gam. – iovanes gamocxadeba da misi Targmaneba.
klarj. mr. – klarjuli mravalTavi.
kom. maT. sax. – komentarebi maTes saxarebaze.
mam. sw. – mamaTa swavlani.
mam. cx. – mamaTa cxorebani.
mc. sj. – mcire sjuliskanoni.
niz. – nizami.
rusud. – rusudaniani.
sw. wm. mam. – swavlani wmidaTa mamaTani.
qaram. – qaramaniani.
qil. da dam. – qilila da damana.
Sahn. – Sahname.
cisk. – ciskari.
Zv. qarT. ag. lit. Zegl., II – Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli
literaturis Zeglebi, II.
qarTuli enis erovnuli korpusi (GNC) (gnc.gov.ge):

abaS. – grigol abaSiZe
amirej. – Wabua amirejibi
ax. Taoba – axali Taoba
barn. – vasil barnovi
gams. – konstantine gamsaxurdia
doCan. – guram doCanaSvili
inan. – revaz inaniSvili
kld. – daviT kldiaSvili
leon. – giorgi leoniZe
lorTq. – niko lorTqifaniZe
morC. – aka morCilaZe
ramiS. – levan ramiSvili
rezon. – rezonansi
rob. – grigol robaqiZe
129
sagur. – saguramo
sanik. – levan sanikiZe
saq. resp. – saqarTvelos respublika
wer. – akaki wereTeli
WavW. – ilia WavWavaZe
jav. – mixeil javaxiSvili
warmoadgines samecniero xelmZRvanelebma:

asoc. profesorma lela cixelaSvilma
da asoc. profesorma nino SaraSeniZem
130
Tamar Canqseliani
SesaZleblobis uaryofis gamomxatveli

nacvalsaxelebis struqturul-semantikuri
analizi svanur enaSi
nacvalsaxelTa sistema da misi istoria yvela enaSi saintereso

problemas warmoadgens, radganac masSi Semonaxulia Taviseburi
enobrivi niSan-Tvisebebi da enis istoriis uZvelesi faqtebi. am
mxriv gamonaklisi arc svanuri enaa, sadac nacvalsaxelTa sistema
saintereso suraTs gviCvenebs, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia uaryofi-
Ti nacvalsaxelebi, romelTa mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba svanuri
ena. Ees mravalferovneba gulisxmobs rogorc struqturulad gas-
xvavebuli formebis simravles, aseve maT semantikur niuansebs, ro-
melTa zusti Sesatyvisobis miRweva qarTulad xSirad aRweriTadac
ki rTulia. winamdebare naSromi Seexeba moqmedebis SesaZleblobis
gamomxatvel uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebis struqturul-semantikur
analizs svanuri enis yvela dialeqtis monacemTa mixedviT. es nac-
valsaxelebi (aseve zmnizedebi), qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT (ver’nawi-
lakiani formebi), ar gulisxmoben usaTuod SezRudva-SeuZleblo-
bas, aramed, zogi maTgani afiqsirebs eWvs/varauds SesaZleblobis
qona-arqonis, arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb.
uaryofis nacvalsaxelebi qarTulSi „gakeTebulia „vin“ da „ra“-
sagan win uaryofiTi nawilakebis darTviT. „ra“-s magivrobas „feric“
eweva. maTi daniSnulebaa uaryofa: aravin, veravin (vervin), nuvin
(nuravin), araferi, veraferi, ara (es „ara“ miRebulia aqedan: ar-ra,
ara-ra), vera (ver-ra, vera-ra), nura, nuraferi.“ (SaniZe 1980: 44).
qarTulSi uaryofiTi nawilakebis sami ZiriTadi saxe arsebobs: ar-
//ara, ver//vera, nu//nura. roca amaT -c(a) da -Rara nawilakebi emateba,
viRebT paralelur formebs: arca//arc, verca//verc, nuca... arRara//a-
Rara, verRara//veRara, nuRara. nu-s garda, yvela uaryofiTi nawilaki
warmoSobiT rTulia. ara: a+ra, ver//vera: ve+ra, nura: nu+ra, aRara:
a+Ra+ra, veRara: ve+Ra+ra... am nawilakebs meore Semadgenel komponen-
tad ra nacvalsaxeli moudis, romelsac droTa viTarebaSi daukargavs
damoukidebloba da nawilaks Sezrdia (martirosovi 1964: 247).
qarTul ar, ver da nu uaryofiT nawilakebs svanurSi upi-
rispirdeba uaryofiT nawilakTa mravalricxovani variantebi (mag.:
mÀ (lSx.), mama (bq.), mam(a) (lnt.), mÀm(a) (bz., lSx., Col.), mad(e) (bq.,),
mŽd(e) (lnt.,), mÀd(e) (bz., lSx., Col.), madma (zs.), mŽdm(a) (lnt.), mž
(lSx.), mžm(a) (bz., lSx., Col.), mode (bq), mžd(e) (bz., lSx., Col.),
modma (bq.), mždma (Col.), dem (bq.), dema (lnt.), deme (bq.), demeg (bq.),
desa/ca (lnt.), dœs(a) (bz., qs.), dœm(a) (bz., lSx.), dœmam (bz., lSx.),
131
demis( bq.), dœmis (bz.), bai/baჲ (lxm.), ,,ar, ara’’...; mŽdS-mŽC/maC (lnt),
mŽdC/mŽTS (lnt.), mŽჲC/mŽiC (lnt.), mŽCS (lnt.), deS (zs., qs.), deSsa
(lSx.), deSma (lSx.), meSmam (lSx.), doS (bz., qs.), „ver“...; no (zs.,
lnt.), nosa (lnt.), nžs(a) (zs., lSx.), nom(a) (bq., lnt.), nžm(a) (bz.,
lSx.)/num(a) (bz., lnt.)/nჷm(lnt.)/nჷm(a) (bz.), nomma (zs.), nomis (lnt.),
nžmis (lSx.), nomeg (bq.), nos(a) (bz.), ne (bq.), nem (lxm.), nemeg (bq.,
lxm.) „nu“...), romelTa simravles, ZiriTadad, dialeqturi nairsaxeo-
bebi ganapirobebs. aRniSnuli nawilakebi, rogorc wesi, garkveuli
kanonzomierebiT arian ganawilebuli da swored maTi saSualebiT
gadmoicema svanurSic winadadebis ukuTqmiToba (saRliani 2013: 46).
ar(a), ver(a), nu(ra) nawilakebs gaaCniaT gansxvavebuli funqciebi.
kerZod, ukuTqmiTi nawilaki „ver“ zmnasTan erTad gamoxatavs: (1)
moqmedebas an mdgomareobas, romelic mosaubris survilis an SeZle-
bisagan damoukideblad ver sruldeba garkveuli mizeziT. nawilaks
„ver“ SeuZlia mxolod zmna-Semasmenlis uaryofa; (2) igi ixmareba
kiTxvis pasuxad da mTeli winadadebis magivrobas swevs. „ver“ nawi-
lakis rTuli variantebia: veRar, verc, veRarc. „veRar“ gamoxatavs
zRvruli moqmedebis SesaZleblobas; nawilaki „verc“ axdens im
sityvis aqcentirebas, romelTanac dgas; nawilaki „veRarc“ gviCve-
nebs SeuZleblobis zRvars da, amasTanave, aqcentirebas axdens im
sityvaze, romelsac miekuTvneba (advaZe 2013: 48).
uaryofiTi nawilakebi msvanurSi dawvrilebiT aqvs gamokvleuli
TinaTin SaraZeniZes naSromSi „uaryofiTi nawilakebi svanurSi“. is
aRniSnavs, rom sakuTriv uaryofiT nawilakebs warmoadgenen: mÀ/mž,
de/do, ne/no. mkvlevris azriT, TviT iseTi uaryofiTi nawilakebi,
rogoricaa dœma, džma, mÀma, mžma (nema), nžma rTuli Sedgenilobisaa:
dœ, dž, mÀ, mž martivi uaryofiTi nawilakebia da qarTul „ar“-s See-
satyvisebian. -ma elementi, romelic maT meore marcvlad moudis,
warmoSobiT nacvalsaxelia; igi droTa viTarebaSi mniSvnelobisagan
daclila da nawilakad qceuli Serwymia dœ, dž, mÀ, mž-s (SaraZeniZe
1946: 315).
radgan rTuli nawilakebis meore komponents istoriulad nac-
valsaxeli warmoadgens, albaT amis gamoa, rom xSirad es nawilake-
bi damoukidebladac nacvalsaxelis rolSi gvevlinebian. magali-
Tad, mÀma nawilaki zogjer niSnavs „arafers“-s. Cveulebriv amave
mniSvnelobisaa laSxurSi dœmam//demam („ar“) nawilaki. uaryofiT nac-
valsaxelebadac gvevlineba agreTve rTuli nawilakebi: dœmis („ara-
fers“), deSma („veraferi“), modma („araferi“) (martirosovi 1964: 260).
„deSma=ver, veraferi. pirveli mniSvnelobiT laSxurSi ixmareba,
meore mniSvnelobiT ki sxvaganac gvxvdeba. mag: lexpar xoSa udil
ziTunaxav i deSma axgil gulConCx, lexpar mœrme udil ziTunaxav i
132
deSma axgil ejnœmÒ, lexpar mesme, mara ejnœmi deSma axgil Cu.
lexpar aTxe ser gardatyuaჲ, deSma Comin – „Seaxta ufrosi da mze-
Tunaxavi da ver moaglija gul-RviZli, Seaxta meore da mzeTunaxa-
vi da ver moaglija imanac, Seaxta mesame, magram imanac ver Camoag-
lija. Seaxta axla gardatyua, veraferi qna“ (SaraZeniZe 1946: 298).
radgan svanurSi, qarTulTan SedarebiT, ukuTqmiTi nawilakebi
bevrad metia, Sesabamisad, metia uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebic, vinai-
dan maT struqturaSi swored es nawilakebi Sedian. A
am TvalsazrisiT gamonakliss arc ver nawilakis Sesabamisi er-
Teulebi warmoadgenen, Tumca, neitraluri, ara nawilakis semanti-
kur SesatyvisebTan SedarebiT, maTi raodenoba naklebia.
svanurSi ver nawilakis ramdenime varianti dasturdeba rogorc
erTsa da imave dialeqtSi, aseve kiloebis mixedviT, maT Soris Ziri-
Tadi da yvelaze gavrcelebuli oTxive dialeqtSi aris deS.
mag.: gzavrob xoCa deS Ral gvera – „mgzavroba kargi ver gveqneba“.
http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/database/titusinx/titusinx.asp?LXLANG=1023&LXWORD-
=D210D610D010D510E010DD10D110&LCPL=1&TCPL=1&C=H&LL=58367
q„xveWm i m„C აT ̈ veid – „gavekide da ver davewie“. http://titus.fkidg1.uni-
frankfurt.de/database/titusinx/titusinx.asp?LXLANG=1023&LXWORD=DB10D0100803-
E910&LCPL=1&TCPL=1&C=H&LL=64511
Sukvs m„dS aTalakax ajax – „gza ver mouZebniaT isev“. http://titus.-
fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/database/titusinx/titusinx.asp?LXLANG=1023&LXWORD=-
DB10D0100803D310E810&LCPL=1&TCPL=1&C=H&LL=64511
d. imnaiSvilis mosazrebiT, arc erT iberiul-kavkasiur enas,
garda bacburisa, uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi amJamad ar aqvs. qarTu-
li da svanuri uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebis warmoebis sakiTxSi da-
upirispirda mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enebsa da megrul-Wanurs (imna-
iSvili 1953: 68). rogorc aRvniSneT, SesaZleblobis SezRudulobis
gamomxatvel uaryofiT nacvalsaxelTa agebis principi, msgavsad
sxva uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebisa, qarTulsa da svanurSi nawilob-
riv msgavsia: uaryofiTi nawilakebi daerTvis saTanado kiTxviT
formebs.
 veravin=ver(a)+vin
• deSar\\deSŽr(bz.); deSer\\deSœr (lSx.)=deS „ver“ + ჲar „vin“:
mag: hŠndrÀlomiSd deSჲ„s oTga isga WiSx kubTeჲsga – „hadralo-

misTvis veravis Caudebinebia fexi kuboSi“ http://titus.fkidg1.uni-
frankfurt.de/database/titusinx/titusinx.asp?LXLANG=1023&LXWORD=D310D410E81
0F210D0100803E110&LCPL=1&TCPL=1&C=H&LL=1023
133
alas isgvamuveS ser deS„r iCoda – „amas mamaSenis garda veravin
gaakeTebda“.http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/database/titusinx/titusinx.asp?-
LXLANG=1023&LXWORD=D310D010E010DB10DD10E810&LCPL=1&TCPL=1&C=
H&LL=64511
 veraferi=ve(ra) + feri:
• deSsama(lSx.)=deS(sa) „ver“+ ma „ra“
• deSma=deS „ver“+ ma „ra“
• deSmagveS (bq.) = deS „ver“+ ma „ra“+gveS “saqme”
mag.: mœrma ladRiSvd ჲeru eჲzum jar adzჷze, mara eSÒ deSsama
xayerx – „meore dRes ori imdeni jari gagzavna, magram mainc
veraferi daaklo („uqna“)“.
http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/database/titusinx/titusinx.asp?LXLANG=1023&-
LXWORD=D310D410E810E110D010DB10D010&LCPL=1&TCPL=1&C=H&LL=63487
Tu qarTulSi SesaZleblobis SezRudulobis gamomxatveli uar-

yofiTi nacvalsaxelebis struqturis aucilebeli Semadgeneli na-
wilia uaryofiTi nawilaki ver, svanurSi misi Sesatyvisi deS erTa-
derTi nawilaki araa, romelic am tipis uaryofiT nacvalsaxelTa
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. igi aRniSnuli tipis nacvalsaxelTa mxo-
lod garkveuli nawilis SemadgenlobaSi dasturdeba (zs. deSi„r
„veravin“, deSma, deSmagveS „veraferi“)... enaSi saanalizo semantikis-
Tvis arsebobs struqtura: neitraluri uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli+na-
wilaki „moS“:
• veravin – d„rmoS < d„r (“aravin”)+moS (SesaZleblobis nawi-

laki);
mag: qorisga kჷlTxi hers d„rmoS iked – „saxlSi veravin iRebs
maRal xmas“;
LXWORD=D310D0100803E010DB10DD10E810&LCPL=1&TCPL=1&C=H&LL=61439
sga d„rmoS eser Rჷri eSTeჲsga – „veravin Sediso SigniT („imaSi”)“;
LXWORD=D310D0100803E010DB10DD10E810&LCPL=1&TCPL=1&C=H&LL=61439
• veraferi – desmamoS < desa (“ara”)+ moS (SesaZleblobis

nawilaki); m›mg–eSmoS/mamg–eSmoS < m›ma (“ara”) + moS:
mag: ai, komunistა̈rdi desmamoS Segუ̂icუ̂ales – „ai, komunistebmac
veraferi Segvicvales“.
134
LXWORD=D310D410E110DB10D010DB10DD10E810&LCPL=1&TCPL=1&C=H&L
L=26623
• verc erTi=dexdamoS (bz., bq., lSx)=de „ara“ + xeda „rome-

li“+moS;
mag.: amexenqa lizi dexedadmoS „nmeჴerex – aqedan gasvla verc
erTma ver moifiqra“.
LXWORD=D310D410EE10D410D310D010DB10DD10E810&LCPL=1&TCPL=1&C=
H&LL=61439
Cu dexedamoS idesgix uSx–Àr – verc erTi ver aqcevs erTma-
neTs“.
http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/database/titusinx/titusinx.asp?LXLANG=1023-
&LXWORD=D310D410EE10D310D010DB10DD10E810&LCPL=1&TCPL=1&C=H&
LL=61439
„moS“ nawilakis Sesatyvisi qarTul enaSi ar dasturdeba. aRniS-

nuli nawilakis funqcia ar aris maincdamainc uaryofa, igi SesaZ-
leblobis qona-arqonis semantikas ganapirobebs da xSirad axlavs
zmnas:
xiCo-moS? „gaakeTeb?“ = „gaakeTeb Tu vera?/SeZleb gakeTebas?“
(Sdr. xiComa? „gaakeTeb?” = „gaakeTeb Tu ara?“); xiT–ri-moS „iswav-
li?” = „iswavli Tu vera?/SeZleb swavlas?”); aseve, is SeiZleba Se-
diodes rTuli nawilakis struqturaSi, romelic imave mniSvnelo-
bas ganapirobebs winadadebaSi: hemoS „Tuki“ (Sdr. he „Tu“)...;
amrigad, svanurSi SesaZleblobis uaryofis gamomxatveli nac-
valsaxelebis ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli struqturuli mode-
li arsebobs: I – qarTuliseburi: deS („ver“) nawilakis Semcveli da
II – neitraluri uaryofis nacvalsaxeli+ moS nawilaki. deS’nawila-
kiani nacvalsaxelebi dadasturebulad aRniSnaven moqmedebis Tu
mdgomareobis SezRudulobas, SeuZleblobas, ,,moS“ nawilakiani
formebi ki konstruqciaSi ganapirobeben ara mxolod SesaZleblo-
bis SezRudulobis semantikas, aramed mis qona-arqonas, ufro zus-
tad, SesaZleblobis saeWvoobas. zogierT konteqstSi SesaZlebelia
maTi paraleluri gamoyeneba, Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas, rom umetesad
sakuTriv svanuri tipi, ,,moS“ nawilakiani uaryofiTi nacvalsaxele-
bi ufro bunebrivi Cans.
135
literatura:
advaZe 2013 – m. advaZe, uaryofis sistema qarTul enaSi, enaTmec-

nierebis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 48-53.E
imnaiSvili 1953 – d. imnaiSvili, uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi da
uaryofiTi zmnisarTebi iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, ike, t. IV, Tbili-
si, 1953.
margiani-subari 1978 – q. margiani-subari, uaryofiTi formebis
warmoeba qarTvelur enebSi (sadiplomo naSromi, xelnaweri), Tbili-
si, 1978.
martirosovi 1964 – a. martirosovi, nacvalsaxeli qarTvelur
enebSi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcem-
loba, 1964.
saRliani 2013 – negaciisaTvis svanur enaSi, XXXIII respublikuri
dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi, Tbilisi, 2013, 45-47.
SaniZe 1980 – a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, t. III,
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1980.
SaraZeniZe 1946 – T. SaraZeniZe, uaryofiTi nawilakebi svanurSi,
ike, t. I, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba,
Tbilisi, 1946, 289-328.
elresursi: „TITUS“-is eleqtronuli baza.
http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de (bolo wvdoma 12.03.2019)
qeTevan margianma
136
giorgi jRarkava
Uuaryofis gamoxatvis enobrivi saSualebebi lazur

andazebSi qarTul-megrul monacemebTan SedarebiT1
Sesavali
uaryofa (resp. negacia) lingvistikaSi universalur kategoriadaa

ganxiluli, radgan igi yvela enaSi dasturdeba, magram misi reali-
zeba rogorc aramonaTesave, ise monaTesave enebSi gansxvavebuli
enobrivi monacemebis mixedviT xdeba (lolaZe 2008; Alnawaisheh 2015;
qurdaZe da sxv., 2016; Miestamo 2017). Nuaryofa, rogorc funqciur-se-
mantikuri kategoria, enaSi gamoixateba sxvadasxva doneze (morfo-
logiuri, sintaqsuri, leqsikuri) gansxvavebuli enobrivi saSuale-
bebis gamoyenebiT. materialurad igi SeiZleba gamoixatos uaryofis
nawilakebiT, nacvalsaxelebiT, zmnisarTebiT, afiqsebiT da a.S. cno-
bilia, rom qarTveluri enebi (qarTuli, megruli, lazuri da svanu-
ri) monaTesave enaTa ojaxs ganekuTvnebian, Tumca Sesabamisi empiri-
uli masalis analizi miuTiTebs, rom, miuxedavad maTi erTiani gene-
turi warmomavlobisa, msgavsebasTan erTad, gansxvavebasac gviCvene-
ben uaryofis gamoxatvasTan dakavSirebiT. swored amitom, sayuradR-
eboa lazur andazebSi uaryofis gamoxatvis enobriv saSualebebze
dakvirveba da miRebuli Sedegebis Sedareba qarTulsa da megrul-
Tan. aRniSnuli sakiTxi lazurSi jerjerobiT specialuri kvlevis
sagani ar yofila da, cxadia, arc SedarebiTi analizi Catarebula.
andaza uZvelesi koduri informaciis matarebeli enobrivi feno-
menia, Tumca sinqroniul etapze masze gavlenac ar gamoiricxeba,
miT ufro lazur andazaze. SedarebiTi kvleva monaTesave enebs So-
ris am TvalsazrisiTac sainteresoa. lazur andazebSi negaciis gad-
mocemis meqanizmze dakvirvebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli xdeba ramdeni-
me jgufis gamoyofa, rac saboloo jamSi warmodgenas Segviqmnis sa-
analizo enis andazur fondSi arsebul uaryofis gadmocemis grama-
tikul modelebze. saboloo daskvnebisTvis sainteresoa sxva qar-
Tveluri enebis – qarTulisa da megrulis viTarebac.
1 warmodgenili naSromi saTauriT „uaryofis gamoxatvis enobrivi saSualebebi

lazur andazebSi“ wakiTxulia moxsenebad ilia WavWavaZis dabadebidan 180
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso samecniero simpoziumze, Tsu, 12-13 de-
kemberi, 2017. simpoziumis programa da Tezisebi ix. Semdeg eleqtronul misa-
marTze: https://sites.google.com/site/iliachavchavadze2017ge/home. statia ibeWdeba gadamu-
Savebuli da Sevsebuli saxiT.
137
I. uaryofis gadmocema nacvalsaxeliT
lazurSi sakuTriv uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi ar dasturdeba,1

ris gamoc uaryofis semantika mTlianad ganusazRvrelobiTi nac-
valsaxelebiT gadmoicema uaryofis nawilakTan erTad.2 lazurSi
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi miTi „vinme“ da muTu „rame“
leqsemebiTaa warmodgenili. am formebis amosavali saxeoba aseTia:
miTi: miTi ren > miTien + va (sityvasityviT „vinc aris ar“ = aravin);
muTu: muTu ren > muTuen + va (sityvasityviT „rac aris ar“ =
aravin).
aRniSnul lazur formebs megrulSi Sesabamisi struqturul-se-
mantikuri paraleli moepovebaT. kerZod, es aris i. yifSiZis dayo-
fiT I jgufSi moTavsebuli miTini//miTine „vinme“ da muTuni „rame“
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic gamartivebul vari-
antebs warmoadgenen;3 kerZod, amosaval saxeobebad unda vivaraudoT
miT iჸi-ni „vinc iqneba rom“ > miTini „vinc [iqneba] rom“ = qarT. vin-
me (amgvari viTareba gvaqvs muTuni „rame“ ganusazRvrelobiTi nac-
valsaxelis SemTxvevaSic). uaryofis semantikis gadmosacemad la-
zurSi zemoxsenebul ganusazRvrelobiT nacvalsaxelebs mosdevT
uaryofis var „ara“ nawilaki da zmna:
(1) em dunჲaSen miTi var4 guiqTeren. „im qveynidan aravin dabru-
nebula“ (Serozia, memiSiSi 1994: 213];
(2) vaqiTiq miTi var Cumers. „dro aravis moucdis“ (iqve, 215);
(3) TiSi Toma miTis var ukorocxun. „Tavze5 Tma aravis dauT-
vlia“ (iqve, 217);
1 megrulSi sakuTriv uaryofiT nacvalsaxelebad dasaxelebulia miTa „aravin“

da muTa „araferi“ leqsikuri erTeulebi, romelTac zmna yovelTvis dadebi-
Ti formiT Seewyoba (miTa murs „aravin `modis~/mova“, muTa uWirs „araferi
uSavs“). erTi SexedviT, miTa-sa da muTa-s struqturaSi uaryofiTobis mawar-
moebeli erTeuli ar Cans, magram am nacvalsaxelTa etimologia saSualebas
iZleva, miTa-s da muTa-s bolokiduri a xmovani uaryofiTi va nawilakisgan
momdinared miviCnioT. swored es ganapirobebs miTa da muTa leqsemebTan
zmnis Sexamebas dadebiTi formiT. megrulSi uaryofiT nacvalsaxelTa eti-
mologiisa da segmentaciis Sesaxeb ix. a. martirosovi, nacvalsaxeli qarTve-
lur enebSi, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbi-
lisi, 1964.
2 Sdr. qarTulis viTareba, sadac uaryofis nacvalsaxelebi ori nawilisgan
Sedgeba: 1) uaryofis nawilaki + kiTxviTi sityva: ara+vin, vera+vin, nura+vin;
2) uaryofis nawilaki + leqsikuri erTeuli „feri“ an „viTari“, romlebic
damoukideblad ar gamoiyeneba: ara+feri, vera+feri, nura+feri; ara+viTari,
vera+viTari, nura+viTari; 3) -c nawilakiani uaryofiTi nawilakebi + leqsi-
kuri erTeuli „erTi“: ar-c+erTi, ver-c+erTi, nur-c+erTi (SaniZe 1980: 44).
3
ix. ioseb yifSiZe, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка с хрестоматией и слово-
рем, СПБ, 1914.
4 “vinc ara” = aravin.
5
sityvasityviT: Tavis.
138
(4) Tembeli berefes muTu var agurenan. „zarmaci bavSvebi ve-
rafers iswavlian“ (iqve, 216);
(5) mTugiSa muTu var axvenerenan do katus bela ugorufture-
nan. „Tagvs veraferi uyves da katas erCodnen“ (iqve, 233);
(6) RureliSeni ჲa kai zoponan, ჲada muTu var zoponan. „mkvdarze
an kargs ityvian, anda arafers ar ityvian“ (iqve, 257).
moxmobil magaliTebSi mosalodneli iyo, rom konstruqciaSi
uaryofis nawilaki gamartivebuli saxiT anlautis poziciaSi mier-
Teboda zmnur formas, rogorc es gvaqvs megrulSi (vgulisxmobT
amgvar models: ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli + uaryofisnawi-
lakiani zmna. mag., miTini vamurs „aravin [ar] modis“, muTuni vauZiru
„araferi [ar] unaxavs“ da a.S.), magram vfiqrobT, zemoganxiluli la-
zuri andazebi asaxaven procesis Sualedur etaps1 da, savaraudod,
droTa ganmavlobaSi, uaryofis nawilaki reducirebuli saxiT miu-
erTdeba zmnur formas (Sdr.: megrulis viTarebas).
amdenad, uaryofis nacvalsaxelebis semantikis gadmocema la-
zurSi xdeba Semdegi gramatikuli modelis saSualebiT: ganusazR-
vrelobiTi nacvalsaxelis gamartivebuli forma + uaryofis va(r)
„ara“ nawilaki, romelsac konstruqciaSi uSualod mosdevs zmnuri
forma. andazebSi ver davadastureT sapirispiro (resp. Sebrunebuli)
wyobis magaliTebi, xolo Zalze iSviaTad gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, rode-
sac uaryofis nawilaki da nacvalsaxeli gaTiSulia:
(7) miTiSa meCamu var gintaSi,2 xaladisTi kumi nimfinen. „roca
micema ar ginda, Tokzec qviSa gaifineba“ (Serozia, memiSiSi
1994: 234);
(8) miTxanis Ti muSiSi kimeTi var uCqin,3 CqvaSi kimeTiTi var
aCqinen. „vinc Tavisi Tavis fasi ar icis, sxvisi fasic ar
ecodineba“ (iqve, 234).
andazebze dakvirveba ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelis, uaryo-
fis nawilakisa da zmnuri formis konteqstSi ganawilebis Tvalsaz-
risiT gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom davaskvnaT: miuxedavad TiTo-
orola SemTxvevisa, rogorc uaryofis nawilaki, ise zmnuri erTeu-
1 aseTi viTarebaa ara mxolod andazebSi, aramed sxva lazur teqstebSic, sa-
dac var//va uaryofis nawilaki umetesad zmnur formasTan uSualo sia-
xloves iCens, magram warmodgenilia misgan damoukideblad, Seurwymelad. ma-
galiTisTvis ix. g. kartozia, lazuri teqstebi II, gamomcemloba „mecniereba“,
Tbilisi, 1993: 328 (10:2; 15:2); 329 (10:4); i. asaTiani, Wanuri (lazuri) teqstebi,
gamomcemloba „mecniereba“, Tbilisi, 1974: 78 (39), 79 (68) da sxv. Cveni azriT,
is, rac gamocemul teqstebSi dasturdeba, zepirmetyvelebisas naklebadaa mo-
salodneli, e.i. uaryofis nawilakisa da zmnis erTmaneTisgan gaTiSva da, am-
denad, konstruqciaSi maTi cal-calke warmoTqma lazuri yoveldRiuri me-
tyvelebisTvis ucxo unda iyos, Tumca xsenebuli sakiTxi damatebiTi masa-
lebis moZiebasa da kvlevas moiTxovs.
2 sityvasityviT: vinmesTvis micema [Tu] ar ginda.
3 sityvasityviT: vinmem [Tu] sakuTari Tavis fasi ar icis.
139
li cdilobs, ar daSordes ganusazRvrelobiT nacvalsaxels, radgan
maT intonaciur erTianobas Semoaqvs uaryofis semantika da swored
maTi konteqstualuri siaxlove aZlierebs negaciis Sinaarss.
aRsaniSnavia, rom garda var//va „ar“ nawilakisa, lazurSi moce-
mulia moT//mo „nu“ nawilakic. specialur literaturaSi aRniSnu-
lia, rom „Wanuris Tavisebureba am mo(T)- nawilakis xmarebaSia. es
nawilaki igivea, rasac svanurSic vxvdebiT, Tumca svanurSiac igi
afxazuridan (an imave wris sxva enidan) unda momdinareobdes“
(Ciqobava 2008: 128):
(9) Toli-uZRuSi muTu mo ikvan. „Tval-uZRebisagan nurafers nu
moiTxov“ (Serozia, memiSiSi 1994: 218);
(10) innadi koCiSi muTu mo gintas. „jiuti kacisa araferi gindo-
des“ (iqve, 219);
(11) ubereli koCiSi muTu mo gintas. „uSvilo kacis araferi
gindodes“ (iqve, 252).
II. uaryofis gadmocema zmnisarTiT
lazur enaSi, gansxvavebiT qarTulisa da megrulisgan, arc uar-

yofiTi zmnisarTi dasturdeba,1 Tumca, nacvalsaxelebTan aRwerili
viTarebis msgavsad, ganusazRvrelobiTi zmnisarTis saSualebiT
xdeba uaryofiTobis semantikis gadmocema; kerZod, dasturdeba Sem-
degi modeli: ganusazRvrelobiT zmnisarTs + uaryofis va(r) „ara“
nawilaki, romelsac konstruqciaSi uSualod mosdevs zmnuri for-
ma. lazurSi soTini forma gamartivebuli – soTi saxiTac gvxvdeba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aqac arsebiTad iseTive mdgomareobaa, rogo-
ric ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebis SemTxvevaSi gvqonda, Tum-
ca andazebSi ver davadastureT uaryofiTobis gadmomcemi ganusazR-
1 qarTulSi uaryofiTi zmnisarTebi iwarmoeba uaryofis ar(a), ver(a), nu(ra)

nawilakTa Tavkidur poziciaSi darTviT „-sad“ (kiTxviTi zmnizeda), „-odes“
(arqauli SedarebiTi zmnizeda), „-dros“ („dro“ arsebiTi saxelis micemiTi
brunva) da „-gziT“ („gza“ arsebiTi saxelis instrumentuli brunva) dabolo-
ebebTan. am kombinaciebiT miiReba Semdegi uaryofiTi zmnizedebi: arsad, ara-
sodes, arasdros, arasgzis; versad, verasodes, verasdros, verasgziT; nur-
sad, nurasodes, nurasdros, nurasgziT. rac Seexeba megruls, megrulSi sa-
kuTriv uaryofis zmnisarTi aris soT-a (sityvasityviT: „sadac ar(a)”), romel-
sac zmna yovelTvis dadebiTi formiT Seewyoba (soTa urs „arsad wava”),
msgavsad miTa da muTa uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebisa, (miTa, muTa da soTa
formebi identur struqturasac avlenen da msgavs konstruqciebsac qmnian
(Sdr. qarTuli ar(a)-sad(a), ver-sad(a), nur-sad(a) da a.S.). ganusazRvrelobiTi
zmnisarTebis saSualebiT uaryofiTi semantikis gamoxatva iseTive gramati-
kuli modeliT xdeba, rogoric ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebis Sem-
TxvevaSi gvqonda. kerZod, megrulSi uaryofis semantikis gadmosacemad soTi-
ni ganusazRvrelobiT zmnisarTs emateba uaryofis nawilaki var „ara“ (Sdr.
uaryofiT nacvalsaxelTa warmoeba), xolo konstruqciaSi ganusazRvrelo-
biT zmnisarTs mosdevs uaryofisnawilakiani zmna (Sebrunebuli wyoba aqac
SedarebiT naklebproduqtiulia).
140
vrelobiTi zmnisarTebi verc sruli da verc gamartivebuli formiT.1
SeniSvna 1: gamocemul lazur andazebSi agreTve ver davadastureT
uaryofis gadmocema Semdegi gramatikuli modeliT: ganusazRvrelobiTi
nacvalsaxeli + ganusazRvrelobiTi zmnisarTi + uaryofis va(r) „ara“
nawilaki + zmna.2
amgvarad, rogorc masalis analizma dagvarwmuna, lazurSi, qar-
Tulisa da megrulisgan gansxvavebiT, ar dasturdeba sakuTriv uar-
yofiTi nacvalsaxelebi da zmnisarTebi. uaryofis semantikis gadmo-
sacemad lazuri ena iyenebs ganusazRvrelobiT nacvalsaxelebsa da
zmnisarTebs, romlebic uaryofis nawilakTan da zmnur formasTan
erTad qmnian kombinacias da am gziT gadmoscemen negaciis Sinaarss.
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebis saSualebiT uaryofis gamo-
xatvis zemoganxiluli gramatikuli modelis mixedviT, lazuri em-
sgavseba megruls. yovelive zemoTqmuli rom SevajamoT statistiku-
ri monacemebiT, Semdegi enobrivi suraTi gamoikveTeba – Cvens xelT
arsebul empiriul masalaSi (900-mde lazuri andaza) uaryofis gad-
mocemis sxvadasxva morfologiuri modelis sixSiruli ganawileba
Semdegnairad xdeba:
tabula 1
Ggramatikuli modeli Kkonteqstebis

raodenoba
andazebSi
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli miTi + 22
uaryofis va(r) nawilaki + zmna
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli muTu + 13
mo(T) „nu“ nawilakiani konstruqcia 62
ganusazRvrelobiTi zmnisarTi soTi + 0
1 Sdr. gamocemul lazur teqstebSi dadasturebuli zemoxsenebuli modeli:

lazuti soTi var ortu. „simindi arsad ar iyo“ (kartozia 1970: 219, 6-7);
2 Sdr. aRniSnuli modelis gamomxatveli magaliTi gamocemuli teqstebidan:
miTis soTi va nanwiwa, Tembeli diyver. „aravisTan arsad ar gaizmoro,
zarmaci iqnebi“ (asaTiani 1974: 161, 221).
141
III. uaryofis gamoxatvis afiqsuri saSualebebi
lazurSi uqonlobis saxelebis warmoeba konfiqsuria, iseve, ro-

gorc qarTulsa da megrulSi.1 ZiriTad mawarmoeblebad gvevlineba
u – e da u – el konfiqsebi. cxadia, uqonlobis semantika prefiq-
sul nawils ukavSirdeba, romelic sxvadasxva sufiqsTan kombinire-
bis Sedegad gadmoscems uqonlobis Sinaarss. unda SevniSnoT, rom
lazur andazebSi ufro produqtiulia u – e konfiqsis gamoyeneba.
sailustraciod moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs:
u – e konfiqsi:
(12) msqibuq uwkare va mqufs. „wisqvili uwylod ar fqvavs“ (Sero-
zia, memiSiSi 1994: 236);
(13) ukismete lukma var izden. „uiRblod lukma ar aiReba“ (iqve, 252);
(14) ukusue koCi var iyven. „unaklo adamiani ar iqneba“ (iqve, 252);
(15) qapi umunture va iyvenჲa. „jirki umatlod ar iqneba“ (iqve, 255).
u – el konfiqsi:
(16) ubereli oxorjas nanoba var axvenen. „uSvilo qals dedoba
ar SeuZlia“ (Serozia, memiSiSi 1994: 252);
(17) uduleli mezaris ren. „usaqmuri saflavSia, samareSia“ (iqve, 252);
(18) CaliSani koCiSeni uduleloba jeza ren. „mSromeli kacisaT-
vis usaqmuroba sasjelia“ (iqve, 258).2
SeniSvna 2: marTalia, Cvens xelT arsebul saanalizo empiriul
masalaSi ar Segvxvda, magram TavisTavad sainteresoa iseTi SemTxvevebi,
rodesac lazuri uaryofis afiqsebiT gaformebulia Turqulidan nasesxebi
Zirebi: uaჲluRe (Turq. aylik „xelfasi“) uxelfaso (Tandilava 2013: 761).
zogjer Turqulidan nasesxebia fuZec da TandarTuli uaryofis
gamomxatveli afiqsic (e.i. ucvleladaa gadmotanili TurqulSive uaryo-
fis gamomxatveli forma): ჲaRsuzi3 (Turq. yağsiz) uzeTo, ucximo, ukaraqo:4
„ჲaRsuzi filavi do Corba Caftu“ – ukaraqo flavsa da erT sufs aWmevda
(Ciqobava 1929: 6116);
1 rogorc cnobilia, qarTulSi saxelebs uqonlobis semantikis gadmosacemad

daerTvis cirkumfiqsebi u – i; u – o; u – ur; u – ul da sxv., xolo
megrulSi sagnis uqonlobis gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba u- -e, u- -o, u- -ur, u-
-ol, u- -ela prefiqs-sufiqsebi.
2 aRsaniSnavia, rom leqsikonebis mixedviT gamoiyofa uqonlobis saxelTa
mawarmoebeli sxva afiqsebic (am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. agreTve W. qiria
da sxv., 2015: 134-135), rogorebicaa: 1) a – e: agure ugulo (Tandilava 2013: 11),
(Sdr. guri guli da guroni guliani, guladi); 2) a – el: akibireli ukbilo
(Tandilava 2013: 16), (Sdr. kibiri kbili); 3) u – o: upijo upiro (Tandilava
2013: 766), (Sdr. piji saxe, piri). lazurSi amave mniSvnelobiT paralelurad
dasturdeba u – el konfiqsiT gaformebuli u-pij-el-i forma.
3 -suz(i) (Turq. siz) uaryofis afiqsia TurqulSi.
4 Sdr. ჲaRi (Turq. yağ) karaqi, erbo.
142
zemoganxilul saSualebaTa gverdiT lazurSi gvaqvs uqonlobis
u – u mawarmoebelic, romelic ZiriTadad mimReobur formebs daer-
Tvis. uaryofiTi Sinaarsis mimReobebis sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneba
igive prefiqs-sufiqsebi, rac gvaqvs uqonlobis saxelebTan:
(19) ჲeTimiSi Toli uZRu ren. „oblis Tvali uZRebia“ (Serozia,
memiSiSi 1994: 243);
(20) ukiTxu koCi qvas gexedu – qvas qva qomanZinu. „uswavleli
kaci qvaze dajda – qvas qva moemata“ (iqve, 252);
(21) nanaSi mJa uWkomu beres xorci var eladven. „dedis rZe
uWmel bavSvs xorci ar moekideba“ (iqve, 240);
(22) ugegafus mo gemogaf, gegafeis mo momSalum! „SeuCvevels nu
mimaCvev, SeCveuls nu momiSli“ (iqve, 252).
SeniSvna 3: iSviaTad, magram uaryofis va- nawilaki TavsarTul
poziciaSi daerTvis saxelur fuZeebsac, ris Sedegadac viRebT uaryofis
konotaciis rTul saxelebs: vamsqva ulamazo,1 Tumca aRniSnuli modeliT
gadmocemuli uaryofiTi saxeli Cvens xelT arsebul saanalizo andazebSi
ar dasturdeba: „henni vamsqvaSi oZiramuSe igzalu“ – yvela ulamazos
sanaxavad wavida (kartozia 1970: 19627);
amrigad, empiriuli masalis analizma gamoavlina, rom lazurSi,
gansxvavebiT qarTulisa da megrulisgan, ar dasturdeba sakuTriv
uaryofis nacvalsaxelebi da zmnisarTebi. aRniSnuli funqciiT ga-
moiyeneba ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi da zmnisarTebi, ro-
melTac konstruqciaSi mosdevs uaryofiTnawilakiani zmnuri forma.
Uuaryofis gadmosacemad lazurSi dadasturebuli gramatikuli mo-
deli bunebrivia megrulisTvisac. sayuradReboa Tavad uaryofis na-
wilakis adgili konstruqciaSi: igi ZiriTadad mosdevs ganusazR-
vrelobiT nacvalsaxels//zmnisarTs, SeiZleba iyos gaxleCili sxva
metyvelebis nawiliTac, magram yovelTvis zmnis wina pozicias ika-
vebs. yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, lazurSi iqmneba Sem-
degi saxis ZiriTadi struqturuli modelebi:
 ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli + uaryofis nawilaki +
zmna;
 ganusazRvrelobiTi zmnisarTi + uaryofis nawilaki + zmna;
 ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli + sxva metyvelebis nawili
+ uaryofis nawilaki + zmna;
 ganusazRvrelobiTi zmnisarTi + sxva metyvelebis nawili +
uaryofis nawilaki + zmna;
 ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli + ganusazRvrelobiTi
zmnisarTi + uaryofis nawilaki + zmna.
1
sityvasityviT: „aralamazi“. Sdr. msqva „lamazi“: „ar qomolis ar msqva oxor-
ja quyonuteren“ – erT kacs erTi lamazi qali hyolia (yifSiZe 1939: 14).
143
aRniSnuli struqturuli modelebidan saanalizod aRebul la-
zur andazebSi dasturdeba mxolod ori: 1. ganusazRvrelobiTi nac-
valsaxeli + uaryofis nawilaki + zmna da 2. ganusazRvrelobiTi
nacvalsaxeli + sxva metyvelebis nawili + uaryofis nawilaki +
zmna. Llazuri mdidaria uaryofis gadmocemis afiqsuri saSualebe-
biTac, romelTagan andazebis enaSi zogierTi dasturdeba.
literatura:
lolaZe 2008 – n. lolaZe, uaryofa, qarTuli ena, enciklopedia,

Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „erovnuli mwerloba“, 2008, gv. 463-464.
lomia 2005 – m. lomia, hipotaqsis sakiTxebi megrulSi, Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba „universali“, 2005, 235 gv.
martirosovi 1964 – a. martirosovi, nacvalsaxeli qarTvelur
enebSi, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbi-
lisi, 1964, 402 gv.
qiria da sxv. 2015 – W. qiria, l. ezugbaia, o. memiSiSi, m. Cuxua,
lazur-megruli gramatika, I. morfologia, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba
„meridiani“, 2015, 1072 gv.
qurdaZe da sxv. 2016 – r. qurdaZe, d. TvalTvaZe, m. lomia, q. mar-
giani-subari, r. zeqalaSvili, uaryofis gamoxatvis enobrivi saSua-
lebebi qarTvelur enebSi, Jurnali „qarTvelologi“ #25, gv. 71-115.
Ciqobava 2008 – arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi
teqstebiTurT, Sromebi, t. III, Tbilisi, 2008, 608 gv.
yifSiZe 1914 – И. Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка с
хрестоматией и словорем, СПБ, 1914, 424 стр.
alnavaiSe 2015 – A. N. A. Alnawaisheh, The Semantic- syntactic Scopes of
Negation in English language, International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications, Volume 5, Issue 9, September 2015.
mistamo 2017 – M. Miestamo, Negation, In Aikhenvald & Dixon, eds. The
Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Typology.
wyaroebi:
asaTiani 1974 – i. asaTiani, Wanuri (lazuri) teqstebi, Tbilisi,

gamomcemloba „mecniereba“, 1974, 224 gv.
Tandilava 2013 – a. Tandilava, lazuri leqsikoni (lazuri nena-
funa), Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „saari“, 2013, 920 gv.
kalandia 2005 – T. kalandia, 2000 lazuri sityva, Tbilisi, ga-
momcemloba „artanuji“, 2005, 94 gv.
kartozia 1970 – g. kartozia, lazuri teqstebi, macne №4, Tbili-
si, gamomcemloba „mecniereba“, 1970, gv. 213-232.
144
kartozia 1993 – g. kartozia, lazuri teqstebi II, Tbilisi, ga-
momcemloba „mecniereba“, 1993, 408 gv.
memiSiSi 2015 – o. memiSiSi, lazuri andazebi da idiomebi,
baTumi, gamomcemloba „baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo uni-
versiteti“, 2015, gv. 7-79.
JRenti 1938 – s. JRenti, Wanuri teqstebi. Aarqabuli kilokavi,
Tbilisi, ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis saqarTvelos filialis ga-
momcemloba, 1938, 219 gv.
SaniZe 1980 – a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, t. 3,
Tbilisi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 656 gv.
Serozia, memiSiSi 1994 – r. Serozia, o. memiSiSi, xalxuri
sibrZne (megruli da lazuri andazebi), Tbilisi, gamomcemloba al-
manaxi „msgefsi“, 1994, 270 gv.
yifSiZe 1939 – i. yifSiZe, Wanuri teqstebi, Tbilisi, ssrk mecnie-
rebaTa akademiis saqarTvelos filialis gamomcemloba, 1939, 94 gv.
Ciqobava 1929 – arn. Ciqobava, Wanuri teqstebi, nakv. 1, Tbilisi,
tfilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1929, 166 gv.
xelmZRvanelma asoc.
profesorma maia lomiam
145
ABSTRACTS
Kakha Gabunia
The Verbs with Stable and Labile

Constructions in Modern Georgian
The principle of homogenity as the basis for methodological imanentism is

essential for describing the language.
There are several views in linguistics about the syntax and the subject that are
sometimes radically different. We share the one, according to which the word combina-
tion is the subject of syntax: syntax studies the word combination in respect with its
composition and the mechanism . . . i.e. what kind of syntactical relationship is reported
between the words within the composition of the word combination. Also, the type of
relationship between these words is the subject of the study of syntax.
Compared with morphology, it is not the word which is the smallest unit of
the syntactical analysis. It is the unity of minimum two words.
Coordination is a specific phenomenon for the Georgian language. It is the two-
way subordination: verb-predicate manages the name in the case and itself agrees in
number and person.
The coordination mechanism acts in both transitive and intransitive verbs. The article
analyses in detail the syntactical mechanism of coordination in modern Georgian with the
predicate of various types and structure (transitive syntactical structure of the 2-3 person
predicate; intransitive 1, 2 and 3- person predicate syntactical construction types).
We consider that in order to present a full spectrum of the verbal constructions in the
process of analyzing simple sentences of the Georgian language, it is necessary to
introduce the dichotomy of labile/stable constructions.
We regard in 3 series non case-changeable actants as the stable syntactic
construction; the verbs that possess case-changeable (according to tense-mood series)
actants are the ones that have the labial construction.
Verbs with stable construction are: 1. Absolute intransitive one-person verbs
(stands, sits, hides, etc ...); 2. The so-called ~inversive” one-person verbs create a
different type of the stable constructions: pats, helps, meets (sZinavs, RviZavs, scxe-
la, sciva, eSinia...); 3 Relative verbs having the stable construction ae quite a large
group: efereba, exmareba, xvdeba...); 4. The two-person inversive verbs are alos of
stable construction (hyavs, aqvs, enatreba, uxdeba...); 5. One, extremely small group
(elaparakeba, hpirdeba evedreba...) of three-person verbs tense-mood in all three
series shows a stable construction.
Verbs with labile construction: 1. One group of one-person verbs having the labile
construction which are called medio-active (altrenatively _ verbs of middle-active voice) –
iRviZebs, iZinebs, mefobs...); 2. Two-person verbs with labile construction form a
large group in Georgian (aSenebs, malavs, akeTebs, xatavs...); 3. The three-person
transitive verbs uSenebs, swers, ayvarebs... are distinguished with a more compli-
cated construction:). 4. The archaic verb icis (uwyis) also has a labile construction,
which can not develop forms of the second series but in the future area the subject
changes the case: icis man - ecodineba mas…
149
Ketevan Datukishvili
The Role of Postpositions and

Particles in the Contemporary
Georgian Part of Speech System
The paper analyzes the role of postpositions and particles in the part of speech
system. The research is carried out on the synchronic plane, embracing contemporary
Georgian language data.
There are two types of postpositions in Georgian: 1. Independent postpositions: mier
(by) (by man), Sesaxeb (about) (about the issue), Soris among (among friends)... 2.
Postpositions forming part of a word: -ze (on) (Tav-ze) (on the head), -Si (in) (saxl-Si)
(in the house), Tan (with) (kac-Tan) (with a man), -gan (of) (xis-gan) (of wood)...
Two types of particles are also distinguished: 1. Independent particles: xom (isn’t
it?), nuTu (indeed), ki (yes), ara (no), ver (not able to)... 2. Particles combined with
the word: -c (bavSvi-c) (even the child), -ve (ori-ve) (both), -Ra (Cven-Ra) (only us),
-o (dabrunda-o) (reported speech particle, e.g. “they say he/she has returned)...
The aim of the paper was to find out whether the combined postpositions (-ze, -Si...)
and particles (-c, -ve, -Ra, -o...) can be regarded as parts of speech.
From the functional viewpoint, it is possible to regard both types of postpositions
(independent and combined) as one group. The same refers to particles. However,
grammatically, it is inadmissible to view independent and combined postpositions (or
particles) as one group, because they represent two completely different units: one the
one hand, words (mier, Sesaxeb, Soris, xom, nuTu, ki...) and, on the other hand,
affixes (-ze, -Si, -gan, -c, -ve, -Ra...).
Thus, in contemporary Georgian, independent postpositions and particles are words,
hence, they can be regarded as parts of speech. As for the combined postpositions (-ze, -
Si etc.) and particles (-c, -ve etc.), they should be viewed as word-forming units i.e.
morphemes. Therefore, the combined postpositions and particles cannot be regarded as
parts of speech. They are inflectional affixes forming part of the inflectional system of
nouns.
150
Rusudan Zekalashvili
Towards the Speech Peculiarities of the

Characters of Ilia Chavchavadze Prose
It is very important to consider the speech of personages of prose by Ilia

Chavchavadze, their conversation manner, usage of the language means established by
rules of etiquette in the different situations of communication, which can help us to
characterize the personages. The social status of the speaker, level of education, attitude
to the representatives of other social classes and so on. In this process we can guess their
personal values and priorities and these factors enrich their images with additional
features.
Ilia Chavchavadze paid great attention to the speech behavior of the personages of
his prose, when portraying them: the conversation manner, abide by certain rules and
norms of courtesy or disobeying them. The dialogues from the famous stories by Ilia
Chavchavadze “Otaraant Widow” (1887), “Is the Man a Human?!” (1858-1863), “The
Story of a Beggar” (1859) and play “Scenes from the initial period of the emancipation of
peasants” (1865) are very interesting from this point of view.
The speech of the characters of those stories reflects their social belonging: attitudes
of landlords and peasants or servants, differences between ruling and subordinated
classes.
In order to fully show characteristics of the widow woman, Otaraant widow, the
writer chooses an unexpected mean: this personage denies so-called sweet words (that
means to break the speech etiquette), so her speech is always strict though she by her
inner nature is kindhearted and can do kind things; that is why some people consider her
kindness as “peppered kindness.” This personage is strong by her nature, true-hearted,
strict and fights against any kind of lie, fawning and cruelty in human relations.
In the satiric dialogues in the story named “Is the Man a Human?!” the ignorance,
dissimulation, insincerity and bared lie between the representatives of the different social
classes as well as between the members of the family and pretended courtesy often only
covers inner lie and futility.
In the novel “The story of a Beggar” the speech of the personages of a priest and the
main hero Gabriel is very interesting for the manner of conversation. The conversation
manner of the religious person is impressive, full of sincerity and kindness and it has
unforgettable impression on a reader. The speech of Gabriel reflects his modesty, his
spiritual values, his humbleness.
Besides the above said, the linguistic portraits of two characters are discussed; they
are: Mose Gdzeladze – Luarsab's father-in-law (“Is the Man a Human?!”) and Glakha
Chriashvili – a peasant (“Scenes from the initial period of the emancipation of peasants”).
Ilia Chavchavadze, when describing his personages, uses their speech behavior in
different communicative situations, manner of greeting or saying good-bye, thank
somebody or delivering regards, apologizing, using set phrases to show respect and
politeness; the writer uses set phraseological units, speech etiquette, proverbs, sayings,
151
expletive words to show in the dialogues, he also points out the non-verbal means such as
gesticulation, manner of speaking and so on.
In order to perceive and interpret all those speech means correctly we ought to
observe the whole communication situation and mutual attitudes of the acting characters
of the stories. This helps a reader to understand the writer’s intentions correctly.
152
Darejan Tvaltvadze
Eka Kvirkvelia
The Fragments of the Manuscripts Containing the Text of the
Gospel Preserved in Svaneti Museum
During the research of the text of the Georgian translation of the Gospel, the greatest
importance acquires the study of each existed manuscript and the determination of the
connection of its texts with the redactions of the Georgian translation of the Gospels. One
part of existed 300 full or fragmental manuscripts of the Gospels are published and
researched. However, another part is still unstudied.
The manuscripts of the Gospels preserved in Svaneti Historical and Ethnographical
Museum present a significant treasure for textological science of the New Testament,
because they are important from the codicological and textological viewpoints. Some of
them are studied. Some of them remained beyond a scientific interest.
There are several manuscripts in Svaneti Historical and Ethnographical Museum,
which comprise almost full tests of the Gospels. There are also several fragments of the
manuscripts of the Gospels, particularly: N3381 – 76 folios of the Gospel (the 13th
century); N8 – 10 folios of the Gospel (the 12th -13th centuries); N491 – 4 folios of the so-
called Chvabiani Gospels (the 12th century); N131 – 1 palimpsest folio (the 14th -15th
centuries); N132 - 1 palimpsest folio (the 12th -14th centuries). Besides the fragments of
the Gospels, 20-folio fragment (N10) of the readings of the Gospel is preserved in Mestia
Museum, which should be a part of the manuscript rewritten in the 15th – 16th centuries.
The objects of our study are six fragments (N3381, N8, N491, N131, N132 and N10)
comprising the text of the Gospel, which are preserved in Svaneti Museum. Five of them
(N3381; N8; N491, N131, N132) represent a part of the manuscript of the Gospels, while
one (N 10) is the fragment of the readings of the Gospel. The research aims at carrying
out a structural-codicological analysis of the mentioned fragmental manuscripts as well as
the determination of the essence of the texts presented in them.
The paper presents an extended description of the fragments of the manuscripts,
which mainly rely on the materials found during the scientific expedition, which was held
in Svaneti Museum on 4-10 April 2016 within the framework of the scientific project
“The preparation of the academic edition of old Georgian translation of Luke’s Gospel”
(state scientific grant for fundamental researches 31/64) financed by Shota Rustaveli
National Scientific Foundation. The scientific expedition aimed at the study of the
palimpsests and the fragmental manuscripts of the Gospel preserved in Svaneti.
Svaneti Historical and Ethnographical Museum presents five fragments, which were
the parts of the manuscript of the Gospels. The oldest one is N8 in the catalogue of the
museum and consists of 10 pages. It presents fragments from the Gospel of John. The
textological research of the fragmental text of the Gospel of John presented in the
manuscript revealed that it consists of the texts of the Athonite redaction i.e. it was edited
by Giorgi Mtatsmindeli. The structural-codicological analysis if the fragment revealed
that the fragmental manuscript N8 is a part of the manuscript of the Gospels presented in
Mestia Museum under the number 3381. It lacks the beginning and the ending as well as
153
some parts of Mark’s, Matthew’s and Luke’s Gospels. The given manuscript (N3381)
consists of 76-pages written on the paper and dates back to the 13th century. We carried
out the textological research, which revealed that manuscript N3381 presents the text of
the Gospels edited by Giorgi Mtatsmindeli.
Besides comprising identical texts, both manuscripts represent the samples of
Nuskhuri handwriting with the capital letters written with a brown or a red ink. Both
manuscripts have a similar system of lining. All the above-mentioned proves the
consideration that fragment N8 is a part of manuscript N3381 (particularly, its final pages
(pp. 77-86), which present an incomplete text of several chapters of the Gospel of John).
It is noteworthy that N3381 and N8 manuscripts are indicated separately in the Catalogue
of Georgian Manuscripts Preserved in Georgia’s Regions (2015), which is the latest work
about the manuscripts presented in Svaneti Historical and Ethnographical Museum.
According to the catalogue, N8 dates back to the 12th -13th centuries, while N3381 is
considered as the list of the 13th century. It is obvious that both fragments, which are the
parts of the same manuscript, must be similarly dated (the 12th -13th centuries).
The paper discusses three more fragments of the Gospels and determines the editing
of the texts presented in them. Particularly, 4-page fragment of the so-called Chvabiani
Gospels (N491) consists of several articles of the Gospel of John. The textological
research proved that the text of the fragment follows Giorgi Mtatsmindeli editing N131 (1
folio of the 14th-15th centuries) and N132 (1 folio - a part of the manuscript of the 12th-14th
centuries) are the fragments of the Gospels written on palimpsest papers. The texts of the
Gospel presented in these fragments should be edited by Giorgi Mtatsmindeli.
Besides the fragments of the Gospels, Svaneti Museum presents one fragment from
the readings of the Gospel (manuscript N10), which comprises 20 pages and dates back to
the 14th-16th centuries. It is proved that the manuscript consists of the readings of
Mathew’s, Luke’s and John’s Gospels. Nowadays, eight readings are preserved. They
consist of readings 28,2-15 from Mathew’s, readings 24, 37-54 from Luke’s and readings
1,6-16, 20,1-31, 21,1-20 from John’s Gospels. According to the belongingness, from the
first sight, the text of the Gospel follows Athonite editing. However, in some passages,
the rewriter gives such a free interpretation, which is not presented in Adishi, Jrutch-
Parkahli or Athonite editions. Therefore, only a further detailed analysis can reveal the
belongingness of this fragment.
The paper makes the first attempt of presenting an expanded description of all
fragments comprising the text of the Gospel preserved in Svaneti Historical and
Ethnographical Museum. This attempt is especially significant due to the non-existence
of a full description of the manuscripts presented in this museum.
154
Ketevan Margiani
Maia Lomia
The Issue of Segmentation and Marking

of Evidential Imperfect Forms in Megrelian
and Svan Languages
There are peculiar evidential imperfect verb forms in certain Kartvelian languages,
namely, Megrelian, Laz and Svan. These forms are not found in the literary Georgian. In
the Laz language, these forms are analytical. Therefore, segmentation is arbitrary and no
special marker is distinguished.The given paper analyzes Megrelian and Svan empirical
material. Segmentation and glossing of the above-mentioned forms in the non-written
languages, on the one hand, reveals the rich internal capacities of languages with regard
to expressing such universal categories as evidentiality; on the other hand, such analysis
studies the genesis of the category under analysis and proves its authenticity.In Megrelian
and Svan, there are two verb forms expressing evidential (non-modalized74)imperfect. In
the traditional grammar they are termed as different Resultative firms, belonging either to
the I series, due to the verb base, or to a separate IV series due to the peculiar formation
of tenses.
Initially the Megrelian verb forms of Evidential Imperfect I and Imperfect II, and
Svan Evidential Imperfect II were formed analytically. As a result of transformation,
these forms became organic and a special marker of evidentiality appeared. As for the
Svan Evidential Imperfect I, it was of organic formation from the very start. It has a
special marker, which distinguishes it from non-evidential (neutral) imperfect
(continuous) suppressive forms. The verbs of the present circle of the I series and non-
modalized evidential imperfect forms are semantically opposed as to the expression of
seen and unseen past actions. The paper proves that a special evidential marker should be
distinguished in Megrelian and Svan.As for the Svan language, there is an organic marker
in all evidential tenses (modalized or non-modalized, organic or analytical formation).
Therefore, these forms are opposed to corresponding non-evidential forms. We argue that
this marker originated in the most ancient stage of language development.
74
These languages also have evidential imperfect tenses of modalized, epistemic semantics (in the
Svan language:complete and incomplete conditional, in Megrelian: future incomplete). They are
not discussed in the given paper.
155
Meri Nikolaishvili
Nino Bagration-Davitashvili
For the Issues of the Perfect Semantics

Verbs and Forms of the III Series in Georgian
It is well-known that all rows of the III series of the Georgian verbs have Perfect
semantics, however they vary in forms. Transitive verbs have inversion; intransitive
verbs produce the descriptive forms. Transitive verbs have dative construction, intransi-
tive verbs- nominative construction, etc.
I Resultative forms of the transitive verbs is complete analogue of the intransitive
static verbs of the present tense. We do not meet any mold of producing I Resultative of
the transitive verbs that we do not have in the present tense of the static verbs, while the II
Resultative and III Subjunctive of the transitive verb coincides with the relative forms of
the prefixal passive verbs which represent the substituted forms of those static verbs. The
III series of the transitive verb is seemed to be formed from the static verbs of the present,
past and subjunctive, only due to the evolution of the meaning. (N. Natadze).
We think, that static verbs have perfect semantic and when the language needed to
produce perfect forms, it used the existing molds of the perfect semantic verbs and
created the given forms with the relevant constructions (this is the reason that the oldest
forms are of the dative construction of the intransitive verbs and the forms of III series are
relatively new). In fact they follow the construction of the static verbs of the I series. (S-
Nominative case, O indirect- Dative case, O direct – Dative case, they are similar to
patient and recipient forms).
III series does not represent the continuation of the I and II series. It is a separate ring
of the verbs system, namely - the Perfect, (as it is given in the other languages) and that is
why its construction does not depend on the I and II series.
156
Salome Omiadze
References to Gluttonyms in Akaki Shanidze’s

“Basics of the Georgian Grammar”
In his book “Basics of the Georgian Grammar” Akaki Shanidze analyzes three types
of noun declension. The examples given in this analysis abound in gluttonyms, namely,
names of food products, dishes and their ingredients: beetroot, beans, garlic, tomatoes,
cherry-plum, milk, sour-cream, lard, skimmed milk, peach, apricot, pear, grapes,
blackberry, orange, juice, water, tea, young wine, wine, khinkali and so on; chronotopic
lexemes related to gluttony: supper, dinner; vegetable garden, fire-place, clay oven,
furnace, wine-cellar, tavern, market; crockery and kitchen utilities: glass, knife, kettle,
pot, sieve, jug, pitcher, litre, chest, basket; characteristics of taste: bitter, salty, spicy etc.
Naturally, the above-mentioned lexemes have been selected and analyzed from the
grammatical viewpoint i.e. each of them falls within a certain type of declension under
the influence of the phonetic factor. However, the very fact that Akaki Shanidze often
refers to gluttonyms when analyzing a concrete morphological issue proves the frequency
of use of gluttonyms in the general discourse, hence, the need for special study dedicated
to the research of gluttonyms as lexemes of high communicative relevance.
The paper analyzes the data from diverse chapters of Akaki Shanidze’s book
regarding certain gluttonyms (xmiadi – “bread”, oraguli – “salmon”, kuWmaWi – “liver”,
pilpili – “pepper”; xabazi – “baker”, yasabi – “butcher”, bayali – “grocer”; Caidani –
“tea-pot”, yavadani – “coffee-pot”; Caixana – “tea-house”, yavaxana – “coffee-house”;
Wama _ mirTmeva – “to eat – to have” ...). The research has proved that “Basics of the
Georgian Grammar”, which is dedicated to the description of the morphological structure
of the Georgian language, at the same time contains significant information on the
structure, semantics and functioning of the components of Georgian gluttonic discourse.
157
Inga Sanikidze
Illia’s Linguistic World Outlook and the

Stylistics of His Oratorical Text
Generally, for maintaining the unity of the complete text, the semantic mosaic it
should be built on some important supports. In the very such case, ~anaphora’’ (cassock)
is activated as a stylistic way (mode). In the word of ~Illia”, a dominant ~anaphora”
(cassock) is given to us in the form of syntactic structure which by its solid fundament
consolidates the ~arched”, so-called intermediate thoughts, among them the lexical
~anaphoras” and Epifores. The stylistically marked structure is an expressive component
modeled linguistically which bears the function of stylistic support. It binds both the
previous and the next developed sentences and in case of an anaphoric repeat of the same
structure, it compels the hearer to return to the starting position.
~He was an [autocrat/ ruler / writer / narrator / a man, who … . – These syntactical
data are attributes (belong) to Gr. Orbeliani and are those examples of ~Anaphora” which
appear in postsedentic position in the structure of the ~word”. The accentuated syntactic
form is modeled mainly in a complex sentence and then it creates itself the independent
complex sentences (e.g. ~He was the man who made his will to the country…”).
The antecedent ~anaphora” in Illia’s text in one case goes ahead the postcedent one
and takes the listener to the vector directed upward, so called to culminating height on the
stairs of expressive mood. And in another case it follows the prosthetic, it is oriented on
the pronoun ~You” and goes down to the final idea (thought). To the second antecendic
~anaphora” is granted function of making an expression. In the latter one of the stylistic
mark is expressed in the peculiarity of syntactic construction of the sentence. The simple
or complex forms at the end of the text are completed so by the extra complex sentences
are ended thus that the Pronoun ~you” and the members of the sentence derived with the
same root as the most important emotional signals are scattered in the syntactic structures.
They restore the oratory text and create sensitive fortifications.
Namely, the verbal facture, rejecting the pseudoarchaization. Initiation of a new
linguistic stage, do not hinder at all to Illia to offer such new lines which as a part of the
oratory technique is evolutionary on the ethnocultural level.
158
Ramaz Kurdadze
On one Arabic Word in Georgian Surnames
The paper focuses on Georgian surnames: Khabarashvili, Khabareli, Khabaridze,

Khabaradze. The author assumes that these surnames are of anthroponymic origin. They
are derived from the Arabic word khabar, the chief meaning of which is news. The paper
also discusses other meanings of the given word found in Georgian dialects. Mention is
also made of a small stream containing the same root - Khabaroula.
In order to prove similar spreading of the above-mentioned Arabic word, examples
are brought from other languages as well. For instance, Russian: Khabarov and
Khabarovsk.
Nino Sharashenidze
Modality, Tense, Aspect and Mood in Georgian
In the Georgian language, the verb paradigm is distributed among the forms of
screeves (Shanidze). A screeve is a complex grammatical category which embraces the
characteristics of tense, person, aspect, mood, permansive, resultative, perfect,
evidentiality. The agglutinative nature of the language implies the existence of several
grammatical meanings in one and the same verb form. The category of modality is
expressed by means of adding modal elements to the verb form. The modal element
expresses modal semantics, whereas the verb form bears the semantics of other
grammatical categories. Thus, in Georgian, a modal construction embraces a combination
of several grammatical peculiarities and semantics. The modal element is not usually
found with all screeve forms. In order to express a modal content, different modal
elements choose different screeves. The paper analyzes the construction formed by the
combination of unda modal form and the verb. The paper also focuses on the semantic
peculiarities of such constructions.
The categories of tense and aspect are important features of the modal construction.
The modal element უნდა is used with three screeves in Georgian: Present Subjunctive,
Second Subjunctive and Second Resultative. Out of these, two are subjunctive mood
forms, whereas the third one is the form of the indicative mood. However, as a result of
weakening of the functions of the third subjunctive, the screeve of the second subjunctive
has acquired numerous functions. One of such functions is to express modality in the
past. In contemporary Georgian, tense and aspect functions are distributed as follows: the
element unda combined with Present Subjunctive expresses Present Simple or
Continuous tenses and incomplete aspect, the element unda combined with Second
Subjunctive expresses future tense and either complete or incomplete aspect, whereas the
element unda combined with Second Resultative expresses the Past Tense and either
complete or incomplete aspect. The analysis of collocations has fully revealed the
functional distribution of tense and aspect in the modal constructions.
160
DOCTORANTS
AND
MAGISTRANDS
Salome Gegechkori
Lika Shonia
The Dynamics of Overcoming the Non-Canonical
Complexes of Consonants in Megrelian Nouns
In Megrelian, non-canonical complexes are formed in the ergative and dative cases
of nouns which have consonantal stems. This phenomenon can be overcome by various
means: partial assimilation, simplification of the stem, substitution or insertion of the
vowel i – between the stem and the case-marker. All the means of overcoming the non-
canonical complexes of consonants are found in Megrelian. However, it should be
mentioned that the most frequent means is the insertion of the vowel i. There is an
opinion in scientific literature that in future the language will become more uniform, and
the insertion of the vowel i will be the only means of overcoming the non-canonical
complexes of consonants. Observation of this process enables identify other tendencies as
well, especially in the Eastern area, where all the above-mentioned means are used. The
study of the dynamics of overcoming the non-canonical complexes of consonants has
proved that some nouns lose the stem consonant not only in the dative, but also in the
ergative case. The paper analyzes this phenomenon on the examples of certain nouns and
offers corresponding illustrative material proving the above-mentioned phenomenon.
163
Maia Maduashvili
Evidential Perfect in the

Old Georgian Language
The paper deals with the morphological means of expressing evidentiality – perfect
verb forms (evidential perfect I and evidential perfect II). We investigated original old
Georgian Hagiographic texts of the V-X centuries.
The study of the empirical material and discussion of the issue from the diachronic
viewpoint proves that evidentiality expressed by means of perfect tense forms originated
in the ancient period as a secondary function of the above-mentioned tenses. In the
following centuries, this phenomenon became more frequent.
164
Chankseliani Tamar
The Structural-Semantic Analysis of

Svan Pronouns Expressing the Negation of Possibility
The Svan language is quite rich in negative pronouns, the distribution and
significance of which differs throughout various dialects of the Svan language. In
Georgian and Svan, there are partly similar principles of constructing pronouns denoting
the negation of the ability to act: negative particles are added to corresponding
interrogative forms. However, the Svan language has its peculiar elements. There are two
structural patterns of pronouns denoting the negation of ability: I. similar to Georgian:
containing the particle deš („not able to“), and II. Neutral negative pronoun + particle
moS. Pronouns with particle deš denote the impossibility or restriction of action, whereas
the forms with the particle moš in the construction denote not only the restriction of
ability, but also possession or lack of the ability, or, to be more precise, its dubitability. In
some contexts, both of these two patterns may be used. However, in most cases, the
peculiarly Svan type – negative pronouns with particle moš – seem more natural.
165
Maguli Ghambashidze
Dynamic Modal “Shedzleba” and its Connection to the Negative

Particles in Georgian Script Language1
It is the main course of modern linguistic to research the expressions of modality and
negation and clear up their relations. Actually the object of our research is the analyses of
the objective and subjective forms of the dynamic semantic verb “shedzleba” (can) with
respect to the negative particles. The analyses is established on the data of the corpora of
the Old, Middle and Modern Georgian Script Language.
In this article the distribution of the negative particles is learnt by considering the
“Subject Oriented” and “Neutral” dynamic semantics (Palmer 1999, Wymann 1996).
It is important, that because of the semantic incompatibility the particle “nu” does
not confirm in negative contexts, except of exclamatory sentences, in which the particle
“nu” expresses only the negative attitude to the speaker’s speech and does not forbid any
action.
It should be noted, that there is not free interchange between the negative particles
“ar” and “ver” expressing the semantic nuances of the objective and subjective forms of
the dynamic semantic verb “shedzleba”. Furthermore, the negative particles distinguish
not only the objective and subjective forms but the “Subject Oriented” and “Neutral”
dynamic semantics as well.
The research shows, that the particle “ver” in the Old Georgian was used only with
the objective “Subject Oriented” verb “shedzleba”. This function is gained by the
particle “ar” and its variants and they have been expressing the “Subject Oriented” and
“Neutral” dynamic semantics of the objective verb “shedzleba”. So, the particle “ver”
does not exist with the objective verb “shedzleba” in Modern Georgian, except of the
expressive cases, which are rare in literary language.
As for the relation of the particle “ver” and the subjective forms of the verb
“shedzleba”, we should mention, that we have no difference here; from the Middle
Georgian the particle “ver” is used equally by the expressing of the “Subject Oriented”
and “Neutral” dynamic semantics.
The particle “ar” is not confirmed with the subjective forms of the verb “shedzleba”
in the Middle Georgian. As a rule, it does not attached to the subjective forms in the
Modern Georgian, though we have some contexts with different semantic nuances, in
which using the particle “ar” with the subjective forms is a usual fact.
As a rule the analyzed negative particles lead to the verb “shedzleba” directly,
though we have exceptions, which are discussed in the article.
It should be mentioned that, as a rule, the objective verb “shedzleba” with the
particle “ar” is connected to infinitive, rarely it is connected to the predicate of
subordinated clause. It may be said that the distribution of infinitive and hypotax
constructions are equal in the Modern Georgian.
1
This work was supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation (SRNSF), 218000 “The
Category of Modality in the Georgian Language”.
166
According to the data of the Middle Georgian the subjective verb “shedzleba” with
the particle “ver” is connected to the hypotax construction only once, in other cases this
verb with the particle “ver” is connected to the infinitive or the other noun. These
constructions are equally connected to the dynamic subjective verb “shedzleba” in the
Modern Georgian. As for the objective verb “shedzleba” with the particle “ver”, which
was confirmed only in the Old and Middle Georgian, it always make such construction:
the particle “ver” + the objective verb “shedzleba” + the infinitive in nominative or
adverbial cases.
It should be said that we have found the cases of double rejection with the objective
verb “shedzleba” in the middle and modern Georgian texts and the one case of the
double rejection with the subjective verb “shedzleba” in the Modern Georgian, their first
component mainly is a negative pronoun and the second one is the negative particle.
Finally, it is a very interesting issue to observe the combination of the verb
“shedzleba” and the tenses of the verb of subordinated clause. The tendency is that if the
objective verb “shedzleba” is in Present indicative it needs the verb of subordinated
clause in II subjunctive, but if the modal semantic verb is in Aorist, it demands the form
of Pluperfect from the verb of subordinated clause. On the other hand the subjective verb
“shedzleba” in different tenses is always connected to the verb of subordinated clause in
Pluperfect.
167
Giorgi Jgharkava
The Linguistic Means of Expressing Negation in
Laz Proverbs as Compared to Georgian and Megrelian Data
Negation as a functional-semantic category is expressed on various levels of

language (morphological, syntactic, and lexical) by diverse language means, for instance,
negative particles, pronouns, adverbs, affixes etc. It is well known that Kartvelian
languages (Georgian, Megrelian, Laz and Svan) are related. However, analysis of
corresponding empirical material has proved that, despite their common origin, these
languages reveal certain differences regarding the expression of negation. Therefore, the
paper aims at the research of the linguistic means of expressing negation in Laz proverbs
and comparison of the research outcomes with Georgian and Megrelian data. The issue of
negation in Laz proverbs has not been researched so far. Moreover, no comparative
analysis has been implemented regarding the given issue.
A proverb is a language phenomenon that contains the most ancient encoded
information. However, on the synchronic plane it may be subject to certain influence.
This is especially true for Laz proverbs. In this regard, comparative research of the data of
related languages is of special interest. Observation of negation mechanisms in Laz
proverbs enables us distinguish the grammatical models of negation. The research has
proved that not all the structural models expressing negation are found in Laz proverbs. It
should also be mentioned that the Laz language is rich in the affixal means of expressing
negation. However, not all these means are characteristic of the language of proverbs.
The final conclusions are drawn taking into account the material of other Kartvelian
languages – Georgian and Megrelian.
168
gamomcemlobis redaqtorebi: dali germaniSvili
marina Wyonia
damkabadonebeli xaTuTa badriZe
garekanis dizaineri nino ebraliZe
0179, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri, 14

14, Ilia Tchavtchavadze Ave., Tbilisi 0179
Tel.: 995(32) 225 14 32
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

samecniero Sromebis krebuli

COLLECTED SCIENTIFIC WORKS

eZRvneba ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

redaqtorebi: prof. darejan TvalTvaZe

pasuxismgebeli mdivani asoc. prof. rusudan zeqalaSvili

© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

gegeWkori salome, Sonia lika

DOCTORANTS AND MAGISTRANDS

GEGECHKORI SALOME, SHONIA LIKA

winadadebisa da misi nawilebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba ganekuTvneba

1 unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove qarTulSi SeiniSneba tendencia, usulo sa-

a. absolutur-gardauvali zmna-Semasmenlis konstruqciebis ko-

b. relatiur-gardauvali zmna-Semasmenlis konstruqciebis koor-

1 gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ukanaskneli magaliTi: micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli

m-evedreba is me mas gv-evedreba is Cven mas

g. relatiur-gardamavali zmna-Semasmenlis konstruqciebis ko-

1 inversiul zmnaTa Sesaxeb ix. meliqiSvili 1978: 81-93.

sampiriani gardamavali zmna-Semasmenlis qvemdebare iseTsave daq-

a. stabiluri konstruqciis mqone zmna-Semasmeneli

inversiis sakiTxi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs stabiluri sin-

b. labiluri konstruqciis mqone zmna-Semasmeneli

benvenisti 1974 – Бенвенист Э., Общая лингвистика, 1974.

Tandebulisa da nawilakis sakiTxi Tanamedrove

rogorc cnobilia, sityvaTa tradiciul dayofas metyvelebis na-

gogolaSvili 2012 – Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia, sa-

ilia WavWavaZis personaJTa

mwerlis ena da personaJTa metyveleba

mwerali Tavis nawarmoebebSi Zerwavs moqmed pirTa saxeebs yo-

personaJis metyvelebis leqsikuri daxasiaTeba

personaJis metyveleba, garda sxva enobrivi saSualebebisa, SeiZ-

personaJebi ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebebSi

ilia WavWavaZis prozauli nawarmoebebi qarTuli literaturis

moTxrobis mTavari moqmedi piri scildeba yoveldRiurobis

1 dialogis Sesaxeb yoveldRiurobasa da literaturaSi sainteresoa rolf

3.1. luarsabi da darejani

sruliad sapirispiro suraTi daxata mweralma `kacia-adamian-

3.2. rZlebis damokidebuleba – Tavaziani siyalbe

miuxedavad imisa, rom mkiTxvelma kargad icis damokidebuleba

3.3. glexis qali babale – pirmoTneoba

sainteresoa glexis qal babalesa da darejanis dialogi, ro-

3.4. mose gZelaZe

erT-erTi personaJis, Tavad mose gZelaZis, daxasiaTebas SesaniS-

4. `glaxis naambobi~ – gabrieli da mRvdeli

moTxrobaSi `glaxis naambobi~ gabrielis metyvelebaSi vlindeba

5. glaxa WriaSvili – fuWi Warbsityvaoba

`glexTa ganTavisuflebis pirvel-droebis scenebSi~ (1865w.), ro-

ilia WavWavaZe did mniSvnelobas aniWebda moqmed pirTa sametyve-

1 am saSualebebis Sesaxeb amjerad aq ar gveqneba saubari.

demetraZe 1977 – ir. demetraZe, fatikuri komunikacia da brita-

ilia 1977 – i. WavWavaZe, Txzulebani or tomad, tomi I, Tbilisi:

svaneTis muzeumSi daculi saxarebis

saxarebis qarTuli Targmanis teqstis istoriis kvlevisas gadam-

adiSis oTxTavi 2003 – adiSis oTxTavi 897 wlisa, teqsti gamosa-

sur. 2, oTxTavis fragmenti N8 (k-37, metreveliT 8), 4v-5r

evdencialur imperfeqtul formaTa

evidencialoba universaluri kategoriaa. igi yvela enaSi dasturde-

arabuli 1984 – a. arabuli, mesame seriis nakvTeulTa warmoeba

perfeqtuli semantikis zmnebisa da mesame