1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Chapter - 4

Historical Architecture and Modern Structural

Design

Contents :

 Building Planning :
a) Proportion
b) Orientation
c) Site Plan
d) Working Drawing
e) Building Layout
f) Architectural and Structural Working Drawings
g) Standard Codes as Measure of Controlling Safety and Serviceability
h) Building Bye-Laws and Their Role in Controlled Development of Built-
Environment
i) Concept of Green Building

 Construction :
a) Conventional Constructions : Masonry, Timber, Steel and Concrete
Constructions
b) Introduction to Additive Construction Methods using Concrete (3D Printed
Buildings)

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 1

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURE AND MODERN STRUCTURAL DESIGN :

Building Planning :

Building Planning is the arrangement of various components or units of a building in a systematic

manner so as to form a meaningful and homogeneous structure to meet its functional purpose. The
arrangement of the various rooms in the building is known as Planning of Building.

Building planning is a graphical representation of what a building will look like after construction. It
is used by builders and contractors to construct buildings of all kinds. Building planning is also useful
when it is essential to estimate how much a project will cost and for preparing project budgets
building planning is also useful.

The basic objective of planning the building is to arrange all the units of the building on all floors at a
given level according to their functional requirements. By doing this, one can make the best use of
space available for building.

In building planning, privacy can be obtained by judicious planning of the building with respect to
grouping, the position of doors and windows, mode of the hanging of doors, location of entrance and
pathways, drives, etc. sometimes, provision of lobbies, corridors, screens, etc.

Factors Affecting to Building Planning

Followings are the factors affecting the planning of the building,
i. Function of building e.g. residential, industrial, public, commercial etc.
ii. Shape and size of the plot
iii. Topography
iv. Climatic condition
v. Building by-Laws etc.

Principles of Building Planning :

These principles are not as rigid as laws of nature, certain deviations from these principles are
necessary and inadequacies in them are to be met with by an individual.
Basic principles of building planning -
1. Aspect
2. Prospect
Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 2
1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

3. Furniture Requirements
4. Roominess
5. Grouping
6. Circulation
7. Sanitation
8. Elegance
9. Privacy
10. Flexibility
11. Economy
12. Practical Consideration

1. Aspect -
Aspect is the positioning of rooms in buildings with respect to 4 directions in such a way that the
occupants of buildings would enjoy the natural comforts like sunshine, breeze, scenery, etc. to the
maximum possible extent.
A room receiving light and air from any particular direction is said to have the aspect of that
direction. All the rooms of a dwelling need a particular aspect. Some necessary aspects of commonly
constructed rooms are listed below:

Aspect Diagram

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 3

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

i. Living Room: It should have a southern or south-east aspect. The sun is towards the south
during winter and north during summer which will provide sunshine during winter and cooler
during summertime.
ii. Bedroom: It should have a west or south-west aspect, as the breeze required particularly in
summer would prevail from this side.
iii. Kitchen: It should have an eastern aspect so as to admit morning sun refresh and purify the air.
iv. Gallery or Verandah: It should be south-west aspect.
v. Classroom, Reading Room: It should be laid with the north aspect as light received from the
north will be diffused and evenly distributed.

2. Prospect -
Prospect in building planning is the view desired by the occupants of the building from certain of the
house. Prospect is dictated by surrounding peculiarities good or bad of the selected site like a flower
garden or garbage dumps, It demands the disposition of doors and windows-like aspect. However, a
good layout should not be disturbed for the sake of good prospects only.
Certain projecting windows or a blind face of the bay with window openings at sides would help for
concealment of inside views of a building.

3. Furniture Requirements -
Furniture is a functional requirement of a room. A living room, drawing room, kitchen, classroom,
office room, laboratory, hospital room, etc. all have their own furniture requirements.
A room should have enough space to accommodate all the furniture required for the maximum
number of people without overcrowding.

4. Roominess -
Roominess is obtained by getting the maximum benefit from the minimum dimension of a room
without cramping the plan. By using every nook and corner of the building advantage roominess is
derived.
In residential buildings considerable storage space is required for various purposes which are
provided by making space for wall cupboards, lofts, wooden shelves, etc.
A rectangular room is more useful than a square room in the same area. The length and breadth ratio
of a good room should be between 1.2 to 1.5. A ratio more than that creates a bad effect. A small
room should not be made unnecessary too high.

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 4

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

5. Grouping -
Grouping in building planning means setting out different rooms of a building according to their
inter-relationship of invitation and transition. The rooms arranged in the layout in a proper correlation
of their functions and in due proximity with each other.

Grouping in Residential Building Plan -

 The dining room should be close to the kitchen.
 The kitchen should be kept away from the main living room.
 Main bedrooms should have independent and separate access from each room towards the
sanitary units.
 In an office building, hospitals, etc. the administrative department should be located centrally
for convenience and economy of services.

6. Circulation -
Access or internal connection between rooms on the same floor or between floors is known a
circulation. Circulation between rooms of the same floor is called horizontal circulation like-
passages, corridors, halls, etc. Circulation between various floors is known as vertical circulation,
like- stairs, lifts, etc.

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 5

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Horizontal Circulation should be independent, short, and straight not invade the property of any
room. All the passages should be well ventilated and lighted.
Stairs should also be well lighted and ventilated and properly planned in regard to width, rise, and
tread. Stairs should not have winder steps.

7. Sanitation -
Sanitation of building not only associated with urinals, bath-rooms, wash-basins, sinks but also the
overall lighting and ventilation. All the parts of a building should have well lighting and ventilation to
maintain good hygienic conditions. This could be done in a natural way or in an artificial way (air
condition).
Necessary provision to facilitate the cleaning of the building be installed. Washing closets, lavatories,
urinals, bathrooms like sanitary conveniences should be installed adequate in number in relation to
the occupant load.

8. Elegance -
Elegance is the overall effect produced by elevation and general layout of the plan of a building. To
get good elegance of a building it is better if elevation is developed first and then the plan is adjusted
accordingly.

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 6

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Selection of site or open plot for the construction of building greatly affects the elegance. Building
located in depression will give bad elegance whereas building on an elevated spot gives an impressive
appearance. Buildings located on backward sloping upwards ground give good elevation & elegance.
Privacy is an important part of building planning. Privacy may be from one part to another of the
same building or could be from neighbouring buildings, streets, etc.

In residential buildings, every room should have certain privacy which can be secured carefully
planning the entrance, path-ways, and drives.
Proper grouping of rooms, good positioning of doors and windows, lobbies, or screens can give
required internal privacy. Toilet rooms, bedrooms, w.c. and urinals should have absolute privacy.

10. Flexibility -
Flexibility means planning the rooms in such a way that though originally designed for a specific
purpose, may be used for other purposes also when desired.
For designing houses for middle-class families or other buildings where the economy is the main
consideration flexibility should always be considered.
If large space is needed in a certain time a house to accommodate the gathering. It can be obtained by
removing a removable partition wall or curtain between the room and the dining room. Alternatively,
an open yard, garden, or verandah can also be provided.

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 7

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

11. Economy -
The economy is a major factor in building planning. To fit the proposed scheme within the limitations
of the resources and funds certain alterations and omissions in the original plan have to make. But
while considering the economy, the required strength and durability of the structure should not be
compromised.
Some simple economy achieving approaches in buildings are,
 Simple elevation, dispensing of porches, lobbies, etc.
 Steeper rise to the stair, wider steps in the stair.
 Reducing the story height to a bare minimum.
 Standardization of sizes of various components and materials.

12. Practical Consideration -

Besides all the Principles of planning discussed, the following practical points should be additionally
considered,

i. The strength, stability, convenience, and comfort of the occupants of the building, should be
considered first.
ii. Provisions for future extensions without dismantling should be made in the planning.
iii. The building should be strong and capable to withstand the likely adverse effects of natural
agencies (earthquake, flood, storm, etc.)
iv. Elevation should be simple yet attractive. Too many porches may give good elevation for
some time, but in the end, simple designs fit better for generations.
v. The larger size of the room should always be considered as far as possible as it can be
shortened by providing partitions but smaller rooms cannot be enlarged easily.

Proportion :
Proportion refers to the proper and harmonious relation of one part to another or to the whole.
Proportion is largely the matter of relationship. It is not the actual size but the relative size of one
form to another perceivable through comparison which the eye can make between the size, shape,
direction and tone of the various elements of composition. It is a proportion by which various objects
are identified. One of the important phase of proportion and which should be considered in the
development of a facade (front view) is the relationship of solids to the voids or of walled surfaces to
the openings in form of doors and windows. It is necessary that one clearly dominate the other to

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 8

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

develop contrast. The appropriation of voids and solids is dependent upon the size and purpose of the
rooms. However, the size of openings varies with the type of construction and material etc.

Orientation :
The orientation of the building is the term used to define the setting or fixing the direction of the
layout plan of building respect to the direction of north. The orientation of building refers to the
direction of north is normal to the long axis.
Orientation is how a building is positioned in relation to the sun’s paths in different seasons, as well
as to prevailing wind patterns. In passive design, it is also about how living and sleeping areas are
designed and positioned, either to take advantage of the sun and wind, or be protected from their
effects.

For example, if the length of the building is east-west, its orientation will be the north-south
direction.

Proper orientation means setting plan of the proposed building in such a manner and direction, that
future occupants of the building would enjoy the almost whatever is good and to avoid whatever is
bad in respect of comfort in the elements of nature such as sun, wind and rain.

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 9

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Good orientation involves proper placement of rooms in relation to the sun, wind, rain, topography
and outlook and at the same time providing a convenient access both to the street and back yard. The
orientation of the building should be such that it allows neither excessive nor deficient amount of air
and light to enter the building.

Orientation of building

For optimum orientation -

 A building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum in summer.
 In hot climates, verandahs or chajjas or sum breakers may be provided. Hospital school,
drawing office, the library should be located on North Side i.e. long sides of these should face
north whereas south side and west side should be protected by verandahs.
 Verandahs should not be provided on north facing.
 To reduce the intensity of sun rays, the tall tree is may be planted on the sunny side.
 Walls of the minimum area may be provided on East and Westside.
 Rooms which are occupied through the day are placed on North, whereas bedrooms may be
located on West or in direction of prevailing wind.
 For ventilation point of view, the height of a house should not be more than twice the width of
the street.
 No part of the building is allowed of the project beyond the set back distance.

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 10

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Site Plan :
A site plan is a type of drawing used by architects, landscape architects, urban planners, and
engineers which shows existing and proposed conditions for a given area, typically a piece of land
which is to be modified. Sites plan typically show buildings, roads, sidewalks and paths/trails,
parking, drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines, water lines, lighting, and landscaping and garden
elements.

A site plan is a top view of a property that is drawn to scale. A site plan can show:

 property lines
 outline of existing and proposed buildings and structures
 distance between buildings
 distance between buildings and property lines (setbacks)
 parking lots, indicating parking spaces
 driveways
 surrounding streets
 landscaped areas
 easements
 ground sign location
 utilities

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 11

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Site Plan

Working Drawing :

Working drawings provide dimensioned, graphical information that can be used; by a contractor to
construct the works, or by suppliers to fabricate components of the works or to assemble or install

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 12

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

components. They may include architectural drawings, structural drawings, civil drawings,
mechanical drawings, electrical drawings, and so on.

Traditionally, working drawings consist of two-dimensional orthogonal projections of the building or

component they are describing, such as plans, sections and elevations. These may be drawn to scale
by hand, or prepared using Computer Aided Design (CAD) software.

Working drawings may include title blocks, dimensions, notation and symbols. It is important that
these are consistent with industry standards so that their precise meaning is clear and can be
understood. Specification information can be included on working drawings or in a separate
specification.
The scale at which drawings are prepared should reflect the level of detail of the information they are
required to convey. Different line thicknesses can be used to provide greater clarity for certain
elements.

Working drawings logically subdivide into location, assembly and component drawings –

 Location drawings, also called general arrangement drawings, include floor plans, sections
and elevations: they show where the construction elements are located.
 Assembly drawings show how the different parts are put together. For example, a wall detail
will show the layers that make up the construction, how they are fixed to structural elements,
how to finish the edges of openings, and how prefabricated components are to be fitted.
 Component drawings enable self-contained elements e.g. windows and door-sets, to be
fabricated in a workshop, and delivered to site complete and ready for installation. Larger
components may include roof trusses, cladding panels, cupboards and kitchens. Complete
rooms, especially hotel bedrooms and bathrooms, may be made as prefabricated pods
complete with internal decorations and fittings.

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 13

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Working Drawing

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 14

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Building Layout :

A building layout indicates the foundation plan on a ground surface, as shown in its drawings so that
in order to carry out excavation, the positions, as well as orientation of the structure, can be precisely
defined.

It is just basically beginning the process of using all the architectural proposals and drawings and
transferring them all to the ground where the construction will take place.

Layout Plan

Architectural Drawings :
An architectural drawing or architect's drawing is a technical drawing of a building (or building
project) that falls within the definition of architecture. Architectural drawings are used by architects
and others for a number of purposes: to develop a design idea into a coherent proposal, to
communicate ideas and concepts, to convince clients of the merits of a design, to assist a building
contractor to construct it based on design intent, as a record of the design and planned development,
or to make a record of a building that already exists.
Architectural drawings are made according to a set of conventions, which include particular views
(floor plan, section etc.), sheet sizes, units of measurement and scales, annotation and cross
referencing.

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 15

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Architectural Drawing

Structural Working Drawings :

A structural drawing, a type of engineering drawing, is a plan or set of plans and details for how a
building or other structure will be built. Structural drawings are generally prepared by registered
professional engineers, and based on information provided by architectural drawings. The structural
drawings are primarily concerned with the load-carrying members of a structure. They outline the
size and types of materials to be used, as well as the general demands for connections. They do not

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 16

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

address architectural details like surface finishes, partition walls, or mechanical systems. The
structural drawings communicate the design of the building's structure to the building authority for
review. Structural drawings are also included with a proposed building's contract documents, which
guide contractors in detailing, fabricating, and installing parts of the structure.
The structural drawings set has different subsets: General Notes, Plans, Elevations, Sections, and
Details
General Notes are part of structural drawings and they cover the codes used in design and the by-laws
of the building. Typically there are no details on these drawings. Structural notes provide information
regarding general material properties (steel or wood grade, concrete strength, etc) or construction
requirements (soil compaction, weld procedures, etc). The structural notes also provide information
about design criteria (gravity, seismic, and wind loading).

The structural plan drawings show the foundation, floor, and roof plan of the building. These plans
provide information like size and location of the structural elements present in the respective plans.

Elevations show the exterior walls of a building or structure. In elevation drawings you can find the
height of building (floors and roof elevations) and structural properties of elements present in the
walls and that cannot be seen in plan drawings.

Sections plans are referenced in the plan view drawings and provide information about elements that
cannot be see in plan drawings. The sections usually are cut through walls or structural elements that
are not typical and the constructor needs to be aware off.

The details drawings provide particular information on how to construct or connect the structural
elements. The details can be reference in plans, elevations and sections.

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 17

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Structural Working Drawing

Standard Codes as Measure of Controlling Safety and Serviceability :

As per BIS Code – IS : 456 – 2000 & National Building Code of India 2005 - SP 7: 2005-

The measure of controlling safety is specified in it as -

The Code contains regulations which can be immediately adopted or enacted for use by various
departments, municipal administrations and public bodies. It lays down a set of minimum provisions

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 18

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

designed to protect the safety of the public with regard to structural sufficiency, fire hazards and
health aspects of buildings; so long as these basic requirements are met, the choice of materials and
methods of design and construction is left to the ingenuity of the building professionals. The Code
also covers aspects of administrative regulations, development control rules and general building
requirements; fire protection requirements; stipulations regarding materials and structural design;
rules for design of electrical installations, lighting, air conditioning and lifts; regulation for
ventilation, acoustics and plumbing services, such as, water supply, drainage, sanitation and gas
supply; measures to ensure safety of workers and public during construction; and rules for erection of
signs and outdoor display structures.

The measure of serviceability is specified in it as -

In the method of design based on limit state concept, the structure shall be designed to withstand
safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life; it shall also satisfy the serviceability
requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable
limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a 'limit state'.
The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for the
use for which it is intended, that is, that it will not reach a limit state

In civil engineering and structural engineering, serviceability refers to the conditions under which a
building is still considered useful. Serviceability limit states relate to structural performance under
normal service conditions, as for serviceability the function of a building, its appearance,
maintainability, durability and comfort for its occupants must be preserved under normal use.

Should these limit states be exceeded, a structure that may still be structurally sound would
nevertheless be considered unfit. It refers to conditions other than the building strength that render the
buildings unusable. Serviceability limit state design of structures includes factors such as durability,
overall stability, fire resistance, deflection, cracking and excessive vibration.

Serviceability requirements are a set of conditions under which a foundation structure is considered to
be useful. It is the second category of performance after the strength requirement. So, a foundation
may be sound and perform well structurally, but it still might not be fit for utilisation if the
serviceability requirements are not met. Serviceability requirements of foundations include
settlement, heave, tilt, vibration, lateral movement, and durability.

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 19

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Building Bye-Laws and their role in Controlled Development of Built Environment :

Building bye-laws are a set of rules under which construction of a building needs to take place. The
rules regulate coverage, height, architectural design and safety measures in order to protect buildings
against natural disasters such as earthquakes and hazards such as fire as well as structural failures.
Every locality prepares certain rules and regulations which help in controlling the development of the
locality. The rules and regulations covering the requirements of building, ensuring safety of the
public through open spaces, minimum size of rooms, heights and area limitations.
The building bye-laws are necessary to achieve the following objects –
1. Building bye-laws give guidelines to the architects or engineer and thus help in pre-planning
the building activities.
2. Building bye-laws allow orderly growth and prevent haphazard development.
3. Provisions of bye-laws usually afford safety against fire, noise, health hazard, and structural
failure.

Role of Building Bye-Laws in Controlled Development of Built Environment -

Now the importance of building bye-laws is being increasingly realised. Formulated primarily by a
central authority, building bye-laws ensure that constructions are not only safe but also adhere to
aesthetic standards. In that sense, these regulate the construction and the architectural aspects of
construction activities. For example, the rules prescribed under the building bye-laws can make it
mandatory for builders to keep fire safety and earthquake-resistance provisions at their projects.
Building bye-laws also govern the provisions for open spaces in a project, with the aim to ensure that
developments do not turn the city into a concrete jungle.
Building bye-laws also contain rules to ensure that there is minimum harm to the environment, as a
result of developments.
As construction activities involve a lot of aspects that might be harmful or disturbing for those living
in the surrounding areas, checks are also put in place, to keep such disturbances to their lowest level.
Harmful levels of dust accumulation, health hazards, structural failure, risk of fire and high level of
noise, are some of the aspects that builders need to take care of, throughout the construction cycle.

Concept of Green Building :

A ‘green’ building is a building that, in its design, construction or operation, reduces or eliminates
negative impacts, and can create positive impacts, on our climate and natural environment. Green
buildings preserve precious natural resources and improve our quality of life. Green Building is an

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 20

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

eco-friendly building and follows the 3R concept of sustainable construction, i.e. Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle of wastes things.

There are a number of features which can make a building ‘green’. These include:
 Efficient use of energy, water and other resources
 Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy
 Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use and recycling
 Good indoor environmental air quality
 Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable
 Consideration of the environment in design, construction and operation
 Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design, construction and operation
 A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment

CONSTRUCTION :

Conventional Constructions :
Conventional Construction means a structure or dwelling constructed on the site by craftsmen
(Masons, Labours etc.) utilizing materials delivered to the site. Said structure shall consist of footings
and foundations poured in place and solidly attached to the walls.

Masonry:
It is the art of building buildings or works in which they are used, depending on the
case, brick , stone , lime , sand , plaster , cement or other similar materials. Structural material
consisting of masonry units seated with mortars . Masonry consists of building structures from single
units that are laid and bound together with mortar. Brick, stone and concrete blocks are the most
common materials used in masonry construction. Masonry is a popular construction technique around
the world, due to its many advantages. However, like with any construction method, there are also
limitations. This article summarizes the pros and cons of masonry construction.

Timber:
Timber is the oldest material used by humans for construction after stone. Despite its
complex chemical nature, wood has excellent properties which lend themselves to human

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 21

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

use. It is readily and economically available; easily machine-able; amenable to fabrication into an
infinite variety of sizes and shapes using simple on-site building techniques;
 Exceptionally strong relative to its weight
 A good heat and electrical insulator
 It is a renewable and biodegradable resource.

However, it also has some drawbacks of which the user must be aware. It is a “natural”

material and is available in limited amount

Steel:
Steel is by far the most useful material for building structures with strength of approximately ten
times that of concrete, steel is the ideal material for modern construction. Due to its large
strength to weight ratio, steel structures tend to be more economical than concrete structures for tall
buildings and large span buildings and bridges. Steel structures can be constructed very fast and this
enables the structure to be used early thereby leading to overall economy. Steel structures are ductile
and robust and can withstand severe loadings such as earthquakes.
Steel structures can be easily repaired and retrofitted to carry higher loads. Steel is also a
very eco-friendly material and steel structures can be easily dismantled and sold as scrap. Thus the
lifecycle cost of steel structures, which includes the cost of construction, maintenance, repair and
dismantling, can be less than that for concrete structures. Since steel is produced in the factory under
better quality control, steel structures have higher reliability and safety. To get the most benefit out of
steel, steel structures should be designed and protected to resist corrosion and fire.

Concrete:
Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. Often, additives
and reinforcements are included in the mixture to achieve the desired physical
properties of the finished material. When these ingredients are mixed together, they form a
fluid mass that is easily casted into shape. Over time, the cement forms a hard matrix which
binds the rest of the ingredients together into a durable stone-like material with many uses.
The aim is to mix these materials in measured amounts to make concrete that is easy to:
transport, place, compact, finish and which will set, and harden, to give a strong and durable
product. The amount of each material (i.e. cement, water and aggregates) affects the properties of
hardened concrete

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 22

1FY2-06 Introduction to Built Environment 2021

Additive Construction Methods using Concrete 3D Printed Building :

Additive manufacturing (AM) or additive layer manufacturing (ALM) is the industrial production
name for 3D printing, a computer controlled process that creates three dimensional objects by
depositing materials, usually in layers. Additive Manufacturing (AM) refers to a process by which
digital 3D design data is used to build up a component in layers
by depositing material. Concrete 3D printing is an emerging technique for the construction of
buildings and infrastructure.
In this method, a 3D model of an object is created in computer-aided design (CAD) software, which
is then divided into slices, and a G-code is generated for the movement of the print head to extrude
the concrete. The extrusion of concrete through the nozzle and movement of the print head are
computer-controlled. Construction 3D Printing (C3DP) or 3D construction Printing (3DCP) refers to
various technologies that use 3D printing as a core method to fabricate buildings or construction
components.

Department of Engineering (I-Sem. all branches), ACERC, Ajmer Page 23