Central Luzon State University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

ABEN 4420
Renewable Energy for AB
Applications
Introduction to Renewable Energy
 Requirements for Energy Supply

The following conditions need to be satisfied for providing

necessary energy supplies:
✓Accessibility: Stable supply based on enough occurrence or
availability
✓Applicability: Ease in operation with reliability
✓Acceptability: Safety in use with fewer burdens on environment

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Requirements for Energy Supply

▪ Primary energies refer to natural resources prior to modification

for use.
✓ Fossil energies – crude oil, natural gas, coal
✓ Renewable energies – solar, wind, hydro, geothermal
▪ Secondary energies refer to energies converted from primary
sources for use in human social activities such as in industries,
residents, businesses and transportation.
✓ Electricity
✓ Heat
✓ Diesel/Gasoline fuel
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Forms of Energy
▪ Kinetic energy – as possessed by moving solids and fluids
▪ Potential energy – as possessed by fluids at elevation in
gravitational field
▪ Thermal energy – as internal energy contained in solids and
fluids
▪ Chemical energy – as produced through chemical reaction
▪ Electrical energy – as produced by electromagnetic induction
▪ Radiant energy – in the form of electromagnetic wave as solar
radiation
▪ Nuclear energy – as produced through atomic fission

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 World Energy

▪ The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere stayed stable at about 280 ppm until
the industrial revolution in 18th century.
▪ Its recent concentration has reached more than 400 ppm.
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 World Energy

▪ Climate change originating from

anthropogenic causes emitting
the greenhouse gases, brought
about 1.0℃ increase in world
average temperature in 20th
century.
▪ It is predicted that temperatures
may increase by 1.4 to 5.8 ℃
between 1990 and 2100.

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 World Energy
▪ Climate change will result in:
- rise in sea level
- change in the amount and pattern
of precipitation
- Increase extreme weather events

▪ Greenhouse gases
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Methane (CH4)
- Nitrous oxide (N2O)
- Hydroflourocarbons (HFC)
- Perfluoro-carbons (PFC)
- Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 World Energy
Gas demand is
markedly lower than
in last year’s STEPS
while low-emissions
sources – led by
renewables – see
even greater growth.
The upside for coal
proves short-lived.

Difference in total energy supply in the WEO-2022 STEPS relative to

the WEO-2021 STEPS
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 World Energy
Total fossil fuel use sees a definitive peak for the first time in this year’s STEPS. The share
of fossil fuels in the energy mix falls to around 60% in 2050.

Fossil fuel demand in the STEPS, 1990-2050

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Philippines Energy Status
Philippines Energy Mix, by Fuel

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Philippines Energy Status

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Philippines Energy Status
Power capacity and Generation

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Philippines Energy Status
Energy Indicators

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Philippines Energy Status

NREP, 2020-2040
sets a target of at least
35% RE share
in the power generation
mix by 2030 and
aspires to increase it to
at least 50% by
2040.

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy

Non-renewable sources
– the conventional fossil fuels,
e.g. coal, oil and natural gas,
which are likely to deplete
with time.

Renewable sources
– sources that are essentially
inexhaustible, e.g. wind power,
solar power, geothermal energy,
tidal/wave power, hydroelectric
power
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy

Non-renewable Energy
✓ Fossil Energy Sources - Crude oil, Natural gas and Coal
✓ Nuclear energy
▪ Fossil Fuels - formed from the decomposition of buried carbon-based
organisms that died millions of years ago. They create carbon-rich
deposits that are extracted and burned for energy.
▪ Provide around 60% of the world’s electrical power, and more than 80%
of the world’s total energy demands
▪ Fossil fuels are non-renewable and limited in supply.

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy

How Fossil Fuel Works

▪ Coal is crushed to a fine dust and burnt
▪ Oil and gas can be burnt directly
▪ Burn fuel > heat water to make steam >
steam turns turbines > turbines turns
generators > electrical power sent around
the country
▪ Crude oil (called “petroleum”) is easier to
get out of the ground than coal, as it can
flow along pipes. This also makes it cheaper
to transport.
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy

Advantages to Using Fossil Fuels

▪ Very large amounts of electricity can
be generated in one place using coal,
fairly cheap
▪ Transporting oil and gas to the power
stations is easy
▪ Gas-fired power stations are very
efficient
▪ A fossil-fueled power station can be
built almost anywhere

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy

Disadvantages to Using Fossil Fuels

▪ The main drawback of fossil fuels is pollution
▪ Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, which contributes
to the “greenhouse effect”, warming the Earth.
▪ Burning coal produces sulfur dioxide, a gas that contributes to acid
rain.
▪ Importing of crude oil leads to oil spills in the oceans
▪ Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous. Strip mining destroys
large areas of the landscape.

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy

Non-renewable energy
▪ Nuclear energy – stored chemical energy in the
nucleus of atom is released through a process
called fission
▪ Fission – splitting of nucleus into smaller parts, of
mostly radioactive elements to produce energy
e.g. uranium
▪ Nuclear power produces around 11% of the
world’s energy needs, and produces huge amounts
of energy from small amounts of fuel, without the
pollution that you’d get from burning fossil fuels.
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy

How Nuclear Power Works

▪ The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and
the heat is generated by nuclear fission.
Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the
uranium atoms, which split roughly in half
and release energy in the form of heat.
▪ Nuclear fission makes heat > heated water
makes steam > stem turns turbines >
turbines turn generators > electrical power
is sent around the country

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy

Advantages to Using Nuclear Power

▪ Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it’s not expensive to
make.
▪ Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not
contribute to the greenhouse effect
▪ Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel
▪ Produces small amounts of waste
▪ Nuclear power is reliable

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy

Disadvantages to Nuclear Power

▪ Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous
▪ Nuclear radiation emitted is harmful to humans
▪ Nuclear waste products remain for a long time in the environment

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy
Renewable Energy
▪ Any form of energy produced from resources which are
continually replenished by natural processes at a rate that
equals or exceeds its rate of use

Biomass energy Hydro energy Solar energy Wind energy Geothermal Ocean energy
energy
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy
Renewable Energy
“Renewable energy includes renewable energy includes all forms of
energy produced from renewable sources in a sustainable manner,
including bioenergy, geothermal energy, hydropower, ocean energy,
solar energy and wind energy”
- International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
“Derived from natural processes and replenished at a faster rate than
they are consumed”
“Renewable energy includes electricity and heat derived from solar,
wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels
and hydrogen derived from renewable resources”
- International Energy Agency (IEA)
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy
Hydroelectric Energy
▪ Involves building a dam wall in an area
to allow a river to fill up behind the wall
▪ Water flows through control gates turns
turbines
▪ Generators built within the dam wall
generate electricity from the turbines
▪ Electricity from the power plant is
carried to rest of the country via power
lines
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy
Hydroelectric Energy
▪ Hydroelectric Energy (use water to turn turbines) produce
electric the same way as coal-powered power plants (use
steam to turn turbines)
▪ Hydroelectric is a clean source of Energy
▪ However, it’s expensive to build dams and building of a dam
may lead to flooding and environmental damage

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy
Tidal/Wave Energy
▪ Form of hydro power which uses the
tidal movements of the ocean as
water flows back and forth
▪ Two ways to generate electricity with
tides involve use of:
1. Kinetic Energy that powers
turbines as water moves between
full and low tide
2. Potential Energy in which barrages
are used to exploit the difference
between full and low tide
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy
Wind Energy
▪ Source of energy which has been
used for a long time e.g. use of
windmills in the middle ages
▪ From solar energy
▪ Wind cause as a result of the sun
heating the earth’s surface unevenly
▪ Warm patches of air rises causing the
cooler dense air to replace the
warmer lighter air

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy
Wind Energy
▪ Use the kinetic energy in
the wind by building tall
towers with propellers
(wind turbines) attached
at the top and
generators to convert
energy into electrical
energy

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy
Advantages of Wind Power
▪ Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel
▪ Produces no waste or greenhouse
gases
▪ The land beneath can usually still be
used for farming
▪ Wind farms can be tourist attractions
▪ A good method of supplying energy
to remote areas
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy
Disadvantages of Wind Power
▪ The wind is not always predictable – some days have no
wind
▪ Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast,
where land is limited and expensive.
▪ Coverage of the landscape with wind turbines is unsightly
and spoils landscape
▪ Can kill birds – migrating flocks tend to like strong winds
▪ Noisy – wind generators make a constant, low “swooshing”
noise
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy
Geothermal Energy
▪ Geothermal means heat from the earth
▪ Originates from:
- heat trapped within the earth’s core
- decay of natural occurring substances
▪ Volcanoes, hot springs and steam vents
represent easy accessible points to the
energy
▪ Often, geothermal energy accessed
through drilling into the earth’s crust
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy
Geothermal Energy
▪ Steam produced from
underground rocks is used to drive
turbines, which drive electric
generators to produce electricity
▪ Geothermal energy can also be
used as a heating source
- Hot water brought to the
surface is sent through insulated
pipes and into radiator panels
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy
Solar Energy
▪ Use of solar panels or photovoltaic cells to convert
light (photons) from the sun into electricity
▪ Solar cells in panels made from elements that can
produce electric current when light is absorbed e.g.
silicon
▪ Solar panels used in a variety of different
applications, including:
- Telecommunications
- Solar geysers
- Solar furnace
- Solar power plant

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy
Biomass Energy (Biofuel)
▪ Include solid biomass, liquid biofuel and various bio-gases
▪ Biofuel obtained from plant and animal matter
▪ Plant and animal matter is used to produce fuels such as
bioethanol, methanol, biodiesel and natural gas
▪ Plant and animal matter include:
- Sugar canes, animal manure, vegetable oil, woodchips,
seaweed, corn stalks, etc.

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy
Advantages of Renewables
▪ Diversifying energy carriers for the production fuels,
electricity, and heat; enhancing energy security; and
reducing the long-run price of fuels from conventional
sources;
▪ Reducing pollution, environmental emissions, and safety
risks from conventional energy sources that damage human
health, natural systems, crops, and materials;
▪ Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions down to levels that
can be sustained;
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy
Advantages of Renewables
▪ Improving access to clean energy sources and conversion
technologies, thereby helping to meet the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) while taking advantage of the
local availability of renewables;
▪ Reducing dependence on and minimizing spending on
imported fuels;
▪ Reducing conflicts related to the mining and use of limited
available natural resources, as most renewable energy
sources are well distributed;
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy
Advantages of Renewables
▪ Spurring economic development, creating new jobs and
local employment, especially in rural areas, as most
renewable energy technologies can be applied in small-,
medium-, and large-scale systems in distributed and
centralized application;
▪ Balancing the use of fossil fuels, saving them for other
applications and for future generations.

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Sources of Energy
Disadvantages of Renewables
▪ Although the energy from renewable sources is most often
available for free (which reduces vulnerabilities associated
with the price volatility of fossil fuels), renewable energy
conversion technologies are often quite capital-intensive:
operating costs (fuel costs) are replaced by initial costs
(installed capital costs).
▪ The spatial energy intensity (kW/m²) or density (kW/m3) of
renewable energy sources is often low compared with most
fossil fuel and nuclear energy sources.
ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications
 Sources of Energy
Disadvantages of Renewables
▪ The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from renewables is often
not yet competitive in the (distorted) marketplace, especially in
grid-connected applications.
▪ The exploitation of renewable energy sources may entail
environmental and social concerns, as experienced with, for
instance, electricity production from hydropower and wind
energy and the use of biomass resources.
▪ The intermittent character of the production of energy carriers
from wind, solar, and wave energy may set specific
requirements for the total energy system to achieve a reliable
energy supply.

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications

 Thank You!

ABEN 4420 – Renewable Energy for AB Applications