C# interview questions

1. What is C#?
C# is an object-oriented programming language compiled by the.Net framework to
generate Microsoft Intermediate Language.

2. What is the difference between static, public, and void?

Public declared variables can be accessed from anywhere in the

application.

Static declared variables can be accessed globally without needing to

create an instance of the class.

Void is a type modifier which states the method and is used to specify
the return type of a method in C#.

3. What is an object?

An object is a class instance that can be used to access class methods.

The "New" keyword can be used to construct an object.

4. Define Constructors.

A constructor is a member function with the same name as its

class. The constructor is automatically invoked when an object
is created. While the class is being initialized, it constructs all
the values of data members.

6. What is the difference between out and ref

parameters?

When an argument is passed as a ref, it must be initialized

before it can be passed to the method. An out parameter, on
the other hand, need not to be initialized before passing to a
method.

7. What is the benefit of ‘using’ statement in C#?

The ‘using’ statement can be used in order to obtain a resource

for processing before automatically disposing it when execution
is completed.
8. What is serialization?

In order to transport an object through a network, we would

need to convert it into a stream of bytes. This process is called
Serialization.

9. Can “this” command be used within a static method?

No. This is because only static variables/methods can be used
in a static method.

10. Differentiate between Break and Continue

Statement.

Continue statement – continue statements breaks on iteration,

if a specified condition is true and continue with next iteration.

Break statement - Used to jump out of a loop, even if the

condition is true.

11. List the different types of comments in C#.

• The different types of comments in C# are:

• XML comments
• Example -

• /// example of XML comment

• Single Line comments

• Example -

• // example of single-line comment

• Multi-line comments
• Example -

• /* example of an

• multiline comment */
12. Explain the four steps involved in the C# code compilation.
Four steps of code compilation in C# include -

• Source code compilation in managed code.

• Newly created code is clubbed with assembly code.
• The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is loaded.
• Assembly execution is done through CLR.

13. Discuss the various methods to pass parameters in a

method.
The various methods of passing parameters in a method
include -

• Output parameters: Lets the method return more than one

value.
• Value parameters: The formal value copies and stores the
value of the actual argument, which enables the
manipulation of the formal parameter without affecting the
value of the actual parameter.
• Reference parameters: The memory address of the actual
parameter is stored in the formal argument, which means
any change to the formal parameter would reflect on the
actual argument too.

14. Name all the C# access modifiers.

The C# access modifiers are -

• Private Access Modifier - A private attribute or method

is one that can only be accessed from within the class.
• Public Access Modifier - When an attribute or method is
declared public, it can be accessed from anywhere in the
code.
• Internal Access Modifier - When a property or method is
defined as internal, it can only be accessible from the
current assembly point of that class.
 • Protected Access Modifier - When a user declares a
method or attribute as protected, it can only be accessed
by members of that class and those who inherit it.

15. Mention all the advantages of C#.

The following are the advantages of C#

• C# is component-oriented.
• It is an object-oriented language.
• The syntax is really easy to grasp.
• It is easier to learn.
• C# is part of the framework called .NET
-

• Source code compilation in managed code.

• Newly created code is clubbed with assembly code.
• The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is loaded.
• Assembly execution is done through CLR.

16. Mention the important IDEs for C# development provided

by Microsoft.
The following IDEs’ are useful in C# development -

• MonoDevelop
• Visual Studio Code (VS Code)
• Browxy
• Visual Studio Express (VSE)
• Visual Web Developer (VWD)

17. Why do we use C# language?

Below are the reasons why we use the C# language -

• C# is a component-oriented language.
• It is easy to pass parameters in the C# language.
 • The C# language can be compiled on many platforms.
• The C# language follows a structured approach.
• It is easy to learn and pick up.
• The C# language produces really efficient and readable
programmes.

18. Mention the features of C# briefly.

Some of the main features of C# are -

• C# is a safely typed and managed language.

• C# is object-oriented in nature.
• C# is a Cross-platform friendly language.
• C# is a platform-independent language when it comes to
compilation.
• C# is general purpose in nature.
• C# is used in implementing Destructors and Constructors.
• C# is part of the .NET framework.
• C# is an easy-to-learn and easy-to-grasp language.
• C# is a structured language.

19. What is meant by Unmanaged or Managed Code?

In simple terms, managed code is code that is executed by the
CLR (Common Language Runtime). This means that every
application code is totally dependent on the .NET platform and
is regarded as overseen in light of it. Code executed by a
runtime programme that is not part of the .NET platform is
considered unmanaged code. Memory, security, and other
activities related to execution will be handled by the
application's runtime.

20. What is meant by an Abstract Class?

It's a type of class whose objects can't be instantiated, and it's
signified by the term 'abstract'. It consists of a methodology or
a single approach.
21. Differentiate between finalize blocks and finalize.
Once the try and catch blocks have been completed, the
finalize block is called since it is used for exception handling.
No matter if the exception has been captured, this block of
code is run. In general, the code in this block is cleaner.

Just before garbage collection, the finalize method is called.

The main priorities of the finalize method are to clean up
unmanaged code, which is automatically triggered whenever
an instance is not re-called.

22. What is meant by an Interface?

An interface is a class that does not have any implementation.

Only the declarations of events, properties, and attributes are
included.

23. What is meant by a Partial Class?

A partial class effectively breaks a class's definition into various
classes in the same or other source code files. A class definition
can be written in numerous files, but it is compiled as a single
class at runtime, and when a class is formed, all methods from
all source files can be accessed using the same object. The
keyword 'partial' denotes this.

24. What is the difference between read-only and constants?

During the time of compilation, constant variables are declared
as well as initialized. It’s not possible to change this particular
value later. On the other hand, read-only is used after a value is
assigned at run time.

25. What is an interface class?

An interface class is an abstract class with only public abstract
methods. Only declaration is there in these methods, but not
the definition. They must be implemented in the inherited
classes.
26. What are reference types and value types?
A value type holds a data value inside its memory space.
Reference type, on the other hand, keeps the object’s address
where the value is stored. It is, essentially, a pointer to a
different memory location.

27. What are User Control and Custom Control?

Custom Controls are produced as compiled code. These are
easy to use and can be added to the toolbox. Developers can
drag and drop these controls onto their web forms. User
Controls are almost the same as ASP include files. They are
also easy to create. User controls, however, can’t be put in the
toolbox. They also can’t be dragged and dropped from it.

28. What are sealed classes in C#?

When a restriction needs to be placed on the class that needs
to be inherited, sealed classes are created. In order to prevent
any derivation from a class, a sealed modifier is used. Compile-
time error occurs when a sealed class is forcefully specified as
a base class.

29. What is method overloading?

Method overloading is the process of generating many methods
in the same class with the same name but distinct signatures.
The compiler utilizes overload resolution to identify which
method to invoke when we compile.

30. What is the difference between Arraylist and Array?

An array only has items of the same type and its size if fixed.
Arraylist is similar but it does not have a fixed size.

31. Is it possible for a private virtual method to be overridden?

A private virtual method cannot be overridden as it can’t be
accessed outside the class.
32. Describe the accessibility modifier “protected internal”.
Variables or methods that are Protected Internal can be
accessed within the same assembly as well as from the classes
which have been derived from the parent class.

33. What are the differences between System.String and

System.Text.StringBuilder classes?
System.String is absolute. When a string variable’s value is
modified, a new memory is assigned to the new value. The
previous memory allocation gets released.
System.StringBuilder, on the other hand, is designed so it can
have a mutable string in which a plethora of operations can be
performed without the need for allocation of a separate
memory location for the string that has been modified.

34. What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo()

and System.Array.Clone() ?
In the Clone() method, a new array object is created, with all
the original Array elements using the CopyTo() method.
Essentially, all the elements present in the existing array get
copied into another existing array.

35. How can the Array elements be sorted in descending order?

You can use the Using Sort() methods and then Reverse()
method.

36. What’s the difference between an abstract and interface

class?
All methods in interfaces have only a declaration but no
definition. We can have some strong methods in an abstract
class. All methods in an interface class are public. Private
methods may exist in an abstract class.
37. What is the difference between Dispose() and
Finalize()methods?

Dispose() is used when an object is required to release any

unmanaged resources in it. Finalize(), on the other hand,
doesn’t assure the garbage collection of an object even though
it is used for the same function.

38. What are circular references?

When two or more resources are dependent on each, it causes
a lock condition, and the resources become unusable. This is
called a circular reference.

39. What are generics in C# .NET?

In order to reduce code redundancy, raise type safety, and
performance, generics can be used in order to make code
classes that can be reused. Collection classes can be created
using generics.

40. What is an object pool in .NET?

A container that has objects which are ready to be used is
known as an object pool. It helps in tracking the object which is
currently in use and the total number of objects present in the
pool. This brings down the need for creating and re-creating
objects.

41. List down the most commonly used types of exceptions

in .NET
Commonly used types of exceptions in .NET are:

ArgumentException

ArithmeticException

DivideByZeroException

OverflowException
InvalidCastException

InvalidOperationException

NullReferenceException

OutOfMemoryException

StackOverflowException

42. What are Custom Exceptions?

In some cases, errors have to be handled according to user
requirements. Custom exceptions are used in such cases.

43. What are delegates?

Delegates are essentially the same as function pointers in C+
+. The main and only difference between the two is delegates
are type safe while function pointers are not. Delegates are
essential because they allow for the creation of generic type-
safe functions.

44. What is the difference between method overriding and

method overloading?
In method overriding, the relevant method definition is
replaced in the derived class, which changes the method
behavior. When it comes to method overloading, a method is
created with the same name and is in the same class while
having different signatures.

45. How do you inherit a class into another class in C#?

In C#, colon can be used as an inheritance operator. You need
to place a colon and follow it with the class name.
46. What are the various ways that a method can be
overloaded??
Different data types can be used for a parameter in order for a
method to be overloaded; different orders of parameters as
well as different numbers of parameters can be used.

47. Why can't the accessibility modifier be specified for

methods within the interface?
In an interface, there are virtual methods which do not come
with method definition. All the methods present are to be
overridden in the derived class. This is the reason they are all
public.

48. How can we set the class to be inherited, but prevent the
method from being overridden?
To set the class to be inherited, it needs to be declared as
public. The method needs to be sealed to prevent any
overrides.

49. What happens if the method names in the inherited

interfaces conflict?
A problem could arise when the methods from various
interfaces expect different data. But when it comes to the
compiler itself, there shouldn’t be an issue.

50. What is the difference between a Struct and a Class?

Structs are essentially value-type variables, whereas classes
would be reference types.

51. How to use nullable types in .Net?

When either normal values or a null value can be taken by
value types, they are called nullable types.
52. How can we make an array with non-standard values?
An array with non-default values can be created using
Enumerable.Repeat.

53. What is the difference between “is” and “as” operators in

c#?
An “is” operator can be used to check an object’s compatibility
with respect to a given type, and the result is returned as a
Boolean. An “as” operator can be used for casting an object to
either a type or a class.

54. What is a multicast delegate?

Multicast delegate is when a single delegate comes with
multiple handlers. Each handler is assigned to a method.

55. What are indexers in C# .NET?

In C#, indexers are called smart arrays. Indexers allow class
instances to be indexed in the same way as arrays do.

56. What is the distinction between "throw" and "throw ex"

in.NET?
“Throw” statement keeps the original error stack. But “throw
ex” keeps the stack trace from their throw point.

57. What are C# attributes and its significance?

C# gives developers an option to define declarative tags on a
few entities. For instance, class and method are known as
attributes. The information related to the attribute can be
retrieved during runtime by taking the help of Reflection.
58. In C#, how do you implement the singleton design
pattern?
In a singleton pattern, a class is allowed to have only one
instance, and an access point is provided to it globally.

59. What's the distinction between directcast and

ctype?
If an object is required to have the run-time type similar to a
different object, then DirectCast is used to convert it. When the
conversion is between the expression as well as the type, then
Ctype is used.

60. Is C# code managed or unmanaged code?

C# is a managed code as the runtime of Common language
can compile C# code to Intermediate language.

61. What is a Console application?

An application that is able to run in the command prompt
window is called a console application.

62. What are namespaces in C#?

Namespaces allow you to keep one set of names that is
different from others. A great advantage of namespace is that
class names declared in one namespace don’t clash with those
declared in another namespace.

63. What is the distinction between the Dispose() and

Finalize() methods?
Namespaces, interfaces, structures, and delegates can all be
members.
64. Write features of Generics in C#?
Generics is a technique to improve your program in various
ways including creating generic classes and reusing code.

65. Difference between SortedList and SortedDictionary

in C#.
SortedList is a collection of value pairs sorted by their keys.
SortedDictionary is a collection to store the value pairs in the
sorted form, in which the sorting is done on the key.

66. What is Singleton design pattern in C#?

Singleton design pattern in C# has just one instance that gives
global access to it.

67. What is tuple in C#?

Tuple is a data structure to represent a data set that has
multiple values that could be related to each other.

68. What are Events?

An event is a notice that something has occurred.

69. What is the Constructor Chaining in C#?

With Constructor Chaining, an overloaded constructor can be
called from another constructor. The constructor must belong
to the same class.

70. What is a multicasting delegate in C#?

Multicasting of delegates helps users to point to more than one
method in a single call.
71. What are Accessibility Modifiers in C#?
Access Modifiers are terms that specify a program's member,
class, or datatype's accessibility.

72. What is a Virtual Method in C#?

In the parent class, a virtual method is declared that can be
overridden in the child class. We construct a virtual method in
the base class using the virtual keyword, and that function is
overridden in the derived class with the Override keyword.

73. What is Multithreading with .NET?

Multi-threading refers to the use of multiple threads within a
single process. Each thread here performs a different function.

74. In C#, what is a Hash table class?

The Hash table class represents a collection of key/value pairs
that are organized based on the hash code of the key.

75. What is LINQ in C#?

LINQ refers to Language Integrated Query. It provides .NET
languages (like C#) the ability to generate queries to retrieve
data from the data source.

76. Why can't a private virtual procedure in C# be

overridden?
Private virtual methods are not accessible outside of the class.

77. What is File Handling in C#?

File handling includes operations such as creating the file,
reading from the file, and appending the file, among others.
78. What do you understand about Get and Set Accessor
properties?
In C#, Get and Set are termed accessors because they use
properties. Such private fields are accessed via accessors.

79. What is the Race condition in C#?

When 2 threads access the same resource and try to change it
at the same time, we have a race condition.

80. Why are Async and Await used in C#?

Asynchronous programming processes execute independently
of the primary or other processes. Asynchronous methods in
C# are created using the Async and Await keywords.

81. What is an Indexer in C#?

An indexer is a class property that allows you to access a
member variable of another class using array characteristics.

82. What is Thread Pooling in C#?

In C#, a Thread Pool is a group of threads. These threads are
used to do work without interfering with the principal thread's
operation.

83. What information can you provide regarding the

XSD file in C#?
XSD stands for XML Schema Definition. The XML file can have
any attributes and elements if there is no XSD file associated
with it.
84. What are I/O classes in C#?
In C#, the System.IO namespace contains multiple classes that
are used to conduct different file operations such as creation,
deletion, closure, and opening.

85. What exactly do you mean by regular expressions in

C#?
A regular expression is a pattern that can be used to match a
set of input. Constructs, character literals, and operators are all
possible.