General Biology q2 Week 2

PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
LIGHT REACTION EVENTS

For General Biology 1/ Grade 11
Quarter 2/ Week 2
1
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
K: describe the patterns of electron flow through light reaction
events
S: complete the electron transport chain diagram for light-
dependent reactions
A: recognize the importance of light-dependent reactions
of photosynthesis in living things
LEARNING
COMPETENCY:
Describe the patterns of electron flow through light reaction events

(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-4)
I.WHAT HAPPENED
Hi! How are you today?

It’s another day of learning, and I’m so excited to discuss to you this familiar yet intere
Join me to another meaningful journey of learning.
So, let’s get started!
3
PRE-ACTIVITY:
ACTIVITY 1
Complete Me. Identify the parts of the image to complete the

description. Write your answers in your notebook.
Photosynthesis is a process of making food in plants. Plants

use (1) from the sun, along with (2) in the soil and a
gas called
(3) to make (4) . During this process, (5) is
released into the air.
4
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
The pre-activity gives us an idea on the concept of photosynthesis.
Can you define what photosynthesis is? What are the stages involved in photosynthesis
What do you think will happen if leaves receive no sunlight?
The first stage of photosynthesis will be discussed today. Check whether your answers
DISCUSSION:
Life on Earth is powered by solar energy. The process

through which light energy is converted into chemical energy
stored in sugar and other molecules is called photosynthesis.
Organisms acquire organic compounds for energy by one of the
two major modes: heterotrophic nutrition or autotrophic
nutrition. Heterotrophs are unable to make their own food, and
they live on compounds produced by other organisms (hetero
means "other"). They are the biosphere's consumers. Most
fungi and many types of prokaryotes and humans are
heterotrophs. On the other hand, autotrophs are "self-feeders
(auto means "self" and trophos means "feed"). They are
organisms that can produce their own food and feed
themselves without the help of any other organisms. Almost all
plants are autotrophs (producers of the biosphere). Plants are
specifically photoautotrophs, organisms that use light as a
source of energy to synthesize organic substances.
5
Plant Cell Chloroplasts
Plant cells have different types of plastids that can harvest

solar energy, store nutrients, and manufacture nutrient
molecules. The most common type of plastid is the chloroplast.
Chloroplasts are responsible for the trapping of light energy in
a chemical form and contain the green pigment called
chlorophyll (Figure 1). All green parts of a plant have
chloroplasts. In most plants, the leaves are the major sites of
photosynthesis. It is the light energy absorbed by chlorophyll
that drives the synthesis of organic molecules in the
chloroplast. Chloroplasts are found mainly in the cells of the
mesophyll, the tissue in the interior of the leaf. This layer
contains tiny openings called stomata where gases, carbon
dioxide and oxygen, enter and exit the leaves. Chloroplasts
have a double membrane: inner membrane and outer
membrane. The inner membrane holds a thick fluid called the
stroma, where tiny disc-shaped interconnected membranous
sacs called thylakoids are suspended. Thylakoids enclose
another internal compartment called thylakoid space. In some
places, thylakoid sacs are stacked in columns called grana
(singular: granum). The green pigment chlorophyll, which
absorbs light, resides in the thylakoid membranes. Light-
absorbing molecules called photosystems are also embedded
in the thylakoid membrane.
Figure 1. Structure of a plant cell

chloroplast. Source: fig.cox.miami.edu
6
Light-Dependent Reactions
The sun emits energy through electromagnetic radiation.

This electromagnetic radiation exists in various wavelengths.
One type emitted by the sun is visible light, while another type
includes X- rays and ultraviolet radiation that can be harmful.
Some organisms like green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
contain chlorophyll a pigment which is responsible for
photosynthesis. Photosynthetic plants have a mixture of
different pigments in their leaves giving plant flexibility in
absorbing energy from a wide range of visible light
wavelengths.
Photosynthesis involves two stages. The first stage is

light- dependent reaction, and the second stage is Calvin cycle
(note that only the first stage will be discussed in this learning
material).
The light reactions are the steps of photosynthesis that

convert solar energy to chemical energy. The following are the
processes that occur in light-dependent reactions (Figures 2
and 3):
1. The reaction begins in a group of pigments and proteins

called photosystem. Photosystems exist in the membranes of
thylakoids, i.e., photosystem II and photosystem I in eukaryotes
and some prokaryotes. A pigment molecule in the photosystem
absorbs individual light packet called photon. As the photon of
light travels and reaches a molecule of chlorophyll in
photosystem II, the electrons become excited (Figure 2).
Photosystem II transfers the free electrons along a series of
proteins called electron transport chain.
7
Figure 2. Absorption of energy
by a chlorophyll molecule.
Source: opentextbc.ca
2. Energy from the electrons fuel membrane pumps that move

hydrogen ions against the concentration gradient from the
stroma to the thylakoid space. As the energy is used, electrons
will be accepted by another pigment molecule in photosystem
I, causing them to break away from the atom of the chlorophyll
molecule. Water is split, providing a source of electrons and
protons (hydrogen ions, H+, continues to be used in the
process) and giving off O2 as a by-product.
3. Two carrier molecules absorb more energy: adenosine

triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (NADPH). Hydrogen ion build up in the
concentration gradient allows potential energy to be harvested
and stored as chemical energy in ATP through the
transmembrane ATP synthase. The process wherein hydrogen
ions move through ATP synthase is called chemiosmosis, i.e.,
ions move from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane.
Another function of the light- dependent stage is the
generation of another energy carrier which is NADPH. As the
electrons from the electron transport chain reach photosystem
I, these are re-excited by another photon captured by
chlorophyll. NADPH is formed from NADP + and hydrogen ions
fuelled by the energy carried by the electrons. Now that the
solar energy is stored in energy carriers, it can be used to
make a sugar molecule.
8
Figure 3. Light-dependent reactions. Source: opentextbc.ca
9
ACTIVITY 2
A. Label and Connect Me. Choose from the

words inside the box to label the diagram below
and draw a line to indicate the path of electrons in
the electron transport chain. Write your answers in
your notebook.
Photosystem I Cytochrome
ATP Synthase
Photosystem II
Modified from Photosynthesis Student Worksheet
10

General Biology q2 Week 2

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

LIGHT REACTION EVENTS

Describe the patterns of electron flow through light reaction events

Hi! How are you today?

Complete Me. Identify the parts of the image to complete the

Photosynthesis is a process of making food in plants. Plants

Life on Earth is powered by solar energy. The process

Plant cells have different types of plastids that can harvest

Figure 1. Structure of a plant cell

The sun emits energy through electromagnetic radiation.

Photosynthesis involves two stages. The first stage is

The light reactions are the steps of photosynthesis that

1. The reaction begins in a group of pigments and proteins

2. Energy from the electrons fuel membrane pumps that move

3. Two carrier molecules absorb more energy: adenosine

A. Label and Connect Me. Choose from the

Modified from Photosynthesis Student Worksheet

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