MEC 310 – DYNAMICS

Course Name: Dynamics

Course Number: MEC 310
Part 5
Kinetics of Particles: Energy and
Momentum Methods
 Impact
2

 Impact: Collision between two bodies which occurs

during a small time interval and during which the
bodies exert large forces on each other.
 Line of Impact: Common normal to the surfaces in
contact during impact.
 Central Impact: Impact for which the mass centers of
the two bodies lie on the line of impact; otherwise, it Direct Central Impact
is an eccentric impact..
 Direct Impact: Impact for which the velocities of the
two bodies are directed along the line of impact.
 Oblique Impact: Impact for which one or both of the
bodies move along a line other than the line of
impact.

Oblique Central Impact

 Direct Central Impact
3

 Bodies moving in the same straight line,

vA > vB .
 Upon impact the bodies undergo a
period of deformation, at the end of which, they
are in contact and moving at a common velocity.
 A period of restitution follows during which the
bodies either regain their original shape or remain
permanently deformed.
 Wish to determine the final velocities of the two
bodies. The total momentum of the two body
system is preserved, m Av A  mB v B  mB vB  mB vB
 A second relation between the final velocities is
required.
 Direct Central Impact (Cont’d)
4

 Period of deformation: m Av A   Pdt  m Au e  coefficient of restitution

  Rdt u  vA

 Pdt vA  u
 Period of restitution: m Au   Rdt  m AvA 0  e 1

v  u
 A similar analysis of particle B yields e B
u  vB
 Combining the relations leads to the v  v  ev  v 
B A A B
desired second relation between the
final velocities.
 Perfectly elastic impact, e = 1:

 Perfectly plastic impact, e = 0: Total energy and total momentum

vB  vA  v conserved. vB  vA  v A  v B
m Av A  mB v B  m A  mB v
 Oblique Central Impact
5

 No tangential impulse
component; tangential
component of momentum for
each particle is conserved.

v A t  vA t v B t  vB t
 Normal component of total  Final velocities are unknown in
momentum of the two particles magnitude and direction. Four
is conserved. equations are required.
m A v A n  mB v B n  m A vA n  mB vB n
 Normal components of relative
velocities before and after
impact are related by the
coefficient of restitution. v   v
B n A n  ev A n  v B n 
 Oblique Central Impact (Cont’d)
6

 Block constrained to move along

horizontal surface.
 
 Impulses from internal forces F and  F
along the
 n axis and from external
force Fext
exerted by horizontal surface and
directed along the vertical to the
surface.
 Final velocity of ball unknown in
direction and magnitude and
unknown final block velocity
magnitude. Three equations
required.
 Oblique Central Impact (Cont’d)
7

 Tangential momentum of ball is conserved. v B t  vB t

 Total horizontal momentum of block and ball
is conserved m A v A   mB v B  x  m A vA   mB vB  x
 Normal component of relative velocities of
block and ball are related by coefficient of
restitution. vB n  vA n  ev A n  v B n 
 Note: Validity of last expression does not
follow from previous relation for the
coefficient of restitution. A similar but
separate derivation is required.
 Problems Involving Energy and
Momentum
8

 Three methods for the analysis of kinetics problems:

- Direct application of Newton’s second law

- Method of work and energy

- Method of impulse and momentum

 Select the method best suited for the problem or part of a problem
under consideration.
 Example 10
9

 A ball is thrown against a frictionless, vertical wall.

Immediately before the ball strikes the wall, its velocity has a
magnitude v and forms angle of 30o with the horizontal.
Knowing that
e = 0.90, determine the magnitude and direction of the
velocity of the ball as it rebounds from the wall.\

 SOLUTION:
o Resolve ball velocity into components normal and tangential
to wall.
o Impulse exerted by the wall is normal to the wall.
Component of ball momentum tangential to wall is
conserved.
o Assume that the wall has infinite mass so that wall velocity
before and after impact is zero. Apply coefficient of
restitution relation to find change in normal relative velocity
between wall and ball, i.e., the normal ball velocity.
 Example 10 (Cont’d)
10

 SOLUTION:
 Resolve ball velocity into components parallel and
perpendicular to wall.
vn  v cos 30  0.866v vt  v sin 30  0.500v
 Component of ball momentum tangential to wall is
conserved.
vt  vt  0.500v

 Apply coefficient of restitution relation with zero

wall velocity.
0  vn  evn  0 
vn  0.90.866v   0.779v
  

v  0.779v n  0.500v t
 0.779 
v  0.926v tan 1   32.7
 0.500 
 Example 11
11

 The magnitude and direction of the velocities of

two identical frictionless balls before they strike
each other are as shown. Assuming e = 0.9,
determine the magnitude and direction of the
velocity of each ball after the impact.
 SOLUTION:
• Resolve the ball velocities into components
normal and tangential to the contact plane.
 Tangential component of momentum for each ball
is conserved.
 Total normal component of the momentum of the
two ball system is conserved.
 The normal relative velocities of the balls are
related by the coefficient of restitution.
 Solve the last two equations simultaneously for
the normal velocities of the balls after the impact.
 Example 11 (Cont’d)
12

 SOLUTION:
• Resolve the ball velocities into components
normal and tangential to the contact plane.
v A n  v A cos 30  26.0 ft s v A t  v A sin 30  15.0 ft s

vB n  vB cos 60  20.0 ft s vB t  vB sin 60  34.6 ft s

• Tangential component of momentum for each

ball is conserved.
vA t  v A t  15.0 ft s vB t  vB t  34.6 ft s
• Total normal component of the momentum of the
two ball system is conserved.
m A v A n  mB vB n  m A vA n  mB vB n
m26.0   m 20.0   mvA n  mvB n
vA n  vB n  6.0
 Example 11 (Cont’d)
13

 The normal relative velocities of the balls are

related by the coefficient of restitution.
vA n  vB n  ev A n  vB n 
 0.9026.0   20.0   41.4
 Solve the last two equations simultaneously for
the normal velocities of the balls after the impact.
vA n  17.7 ft s vB n  23.7 ft s

  

v A  17.7t  15.0n
 15.0 
vA  23.2 ft s tan 1   40.3
 17.7 
  
vB  23.7t  34.6n
 34.6 
vB  41.9 ft s tan 1   55.6
 23. 7 
 Example 12
14

 Ball B is hanging from an inextensible cord. An identical ball

A is released from rest when it is just touching the cord and
acquires a velocity v0 before striking ball B. Assuming
perfectly elastic impact (e = 1) and no friction, determine the
velocity of each ball immediately after impact.
 SOLUTION:
• Determine orientation of impact line of action.
 The momentum component of ball A tangential to the
contact plane is conserved.
 The total horizontal momentum of the two ball system is
conserved.
 The relative velocities along the line of action before and
after the impact are related by the coefficient of restitution.
 Solve the last two expressions for the velocity of ball A along
the line of action and the velocity of ball B which is
horizontal.
 Example 12 (Cont’d)
15

 SOLUTION:
• Determine orientation of impact line of action. r
sin    0 .5
• The momentum component of ball A tangential 2r
to the contact plane is conserved.   30
  
mv A  Ft  mv A
mv0 sin 30  0  mvA t
vA t  0.5v0
• The total horizontal (x component)
momentum of the two ball system is
conserved.
   
mv A  Tt  mv A  mvB
0  mvA t cos 30  mvA n sin 30  mvB
0  0.5v0  cos 30  vA n sin 30  vB
0.5vA n  vB  0.433v0
 Example 12 (Cont’d)
16

 The relative velocities along the line of action

before and after the impact are related by the
coefficient of restitution.
vB n  vA n  ev A n  vB n 
vB sin 30  vA n  v0 cos 30  0
0.5vB  vA n  0.866v0

 Solve the last two expressions for the velocity of

ball A along the line of action and the velocity of
ball B which is horizontal. vA   0.520v0 vB  0.693v0
n

  
v A  0.5v0t  0.520v0n

  tan 1
0.52 
vA  0.721v0   46.1
 0 .5 
  46.1  30  16.1
vB  0.693v0 
 Example 13
17

 A 30 kg block is dropped from a height of 2 m onto the

10 kg pan of a spring scale. Assuming the impact to
be perfectly plastic, determine the maximum deflection
of the pan. The constant of the spring is k = 20 kN/m.
 SOLUTION:
• Apply the principle of conservation of energy to
determine the velocity of the block at the instant of
impact.
• Since the impact is perfectly plastic, the block and pan
move together at the same velocity after impact.
Determine that velocity from the requirement that the
total momentum of the block and pan is conserved.
• Apply the principle of conservation of energy to
determine the maximum deflection of the spring.
 Example 13 (Cont’d)
18

 SOLUTION:
 Apply principle of conservation of energy to
determine velocity of the block at instant of
impact.
T1  0 V1  WA y  309.812   588 J
T2  12 m A v A 22  12 30v A 22 V2  0
T1  V1  T2  V2
0  588 J  12 30v A 22  0 v A 2  6.26 m s
 Determine velocity after impact from
requirement that total momentum of the
block and pan is conserved.
m A v A 2  mB vB 2  m A  mB v3
306.26  0  30  10v3 v3  4.70 m s
 Example 13 (Cont’d)
19

 Initial spring deflection due to pan weight:

WB 109.81 3
x3    4 . 91  10 m
k 20  103

 Apply the principle of conservation of energy to

determine the maximum deflection of the spring.
T3  12 m A  mB v32  12 30  104.7 2  442 J
V3  Vg  Ve

0 1 kx 2
2 3
 1
2
20  10 4.91 10 
3 3 2
 0.241 J
T4  0 T3  V3  T4  V4
V4  Vg  Ve  W A  WB  h   12 kx42    
442  0.241  0  392 x4  4.91  103  12 20  103 x42
 
 392 x4  x3   12 20  103 x42 x4  0.230 m
 392x4  4.91  103   12 20  103 x42
 Example 13 (Cont’d)
20

T3  V3  T4  V4
   
442  0.241  0  392 x4  4.91  103  12 20  103 x42
x4  0.230 m

h  x4  x3  0.230 m  4.91  103 m h  0.225 m