P1.

2 Motion,
Forces and Energy

Year 10 Combined Science

 Speed Acceleration

Measuring Measuring
1 3
Speed Acceleration

Distance-time Speed-time
2 4 graph
graph

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1 Measuring Speed

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Why measurement of speed is important?

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Why measurement of speed is important?

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 1. To calculate speed, we need to first measure:

1. DISTANCE TRAVELLED BETWEEN 2 POINTS

5 METER

2 SECONDS

2. TIME TAKEN TO TRAVEL BETWEEN THESE 2 POINTS

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Definition of speed:
How fast an object is moving.
200 METER

25 SECONDS

Formula for Speed: SPEED = DISTANCE

TIME
= 200 m
25 s
= 8 m/s 8
 Units

Quantity SI Unit Other units

Distance Meter, m Kilometer, km
Time Second, s Hour, h
Speed Meter per Kilometer per
second, m/s hour, km/h
 Worked Example 1

A car travels 100 m in 5 s. What is its

average speed?

A red car travels 400 m in 20 s. A blue

car travels 660 m in 30 s. Which car has
the greater average speed?
How far? ➔ Distance
Formula for Distance:
DISTANCE = SPEED X TIME

DISTANCE = 25 m/s X 60 s

= 1500 m

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How long ? → Time
Formula for Time : TIME TAKEN = DISTANCE TRAVELLED
AVERAGE SPEED
= 1500 m
0.5 m/s
= 3000 m

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Summary

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2 Distance-time graph
y-axis

Distance or Position
A distance-time graph
represents the motion of an
object. x-axis

It shows how the position or Time

distance covered by an object
changes over time.
 Interpreting Distance-Time Graphs

The gradient of the line (or slope) on

a distance-time graph tells us about constant speed

Distance or Position
the speed of the object.

A straight diagonal line means the

object is travelling at a constant
speed.
slope

The steeper the slope, the faster the

object is moving.
Time
 Interpreting Distance-Time Graphs

A stationary object does not change

Distance or Position
at rest
its distance even if time increases.

This will produce a flat horizontal

line, indicating that the object is at
rest.

Time
 Interpreting Distance-Time Graphs

When the line on a distance-time

Distance or Position
graph slopes downwards, it
represents ‘returning to the starting constant speed,
returning to the
point’. starting point

If the line descends all the way back

to the x-axis, the object has fully
returned to its starting point.

Time
 Interpreting Juno’s Journey

Let’s look at Juno’s journey to

school!

C
At A, Juno is moving at a constant

Distance (m)
speed.

At B, Juno is at rest or stationary. B

A
At C, Juno is again moving at a
constant speed, but this time faster
than his speed in point A.
Time (min)
 Calculating Speed from Distance-Time Graphs

The gradient or slope in a The gradient is calculated using:

distance-time graph equals the
speed. change in y values
gradient =
change in x values
Remember: The unit of speed
depends on the units given in the x-
and y-axes.
 Calculating Juno’s Speed

Let’s try to calculate Juno’s SPEED to

school

change in y values C
gradient =

Distance (m)
change in x values

20 m - 0
gradient = B
6 min - 0
A
gradient = 3.33 m / seconds

Juno run at a speed of 3.33 metres per

seconds in section A. Time
(seconds)
 Try This!

Calculate Juno’s speed in section C. C

How does it compare to his speed in

Distance (m)
section A?
B
60 m - 20 m
gradient =
10 s - 8 s

gradient = 20 m / seconds A

Juno run faster towards the end of his trip

than when he first started out from home.
Time (seconds)
2 Measuring Acceleration

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 Definition of Acceleration:
The change in speed per unit time.

Formula : ACCELERATION = SPEED

TIME
a = Δ v
Δ t
Units :

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Definition of acceleration:
The rate of change of an object’s speed

Formula : ACCELERATION = FINAL SPEED – INITIAL SPEED

TIME

Units : 𝑚/𝑠 2

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 Worked Example 1
A car accelerates from 5 m/s to 35 m/s in 5 s/ What is its acceleration?

ACCELERATION = FINAL SPEED – INITIAL SPEED

TIME
= 35 – 5
5

= 6 𝑚/𝑠 2
 2 Speed-time graph
y-axis

Distance or Position
A speed-time graph
Show how fast an object is travelling at a particular
time.
The object has CONSTANT SPEED between
t = 0 and t = 2.0 s of 1.0 m/s.
After t= 2.0 s, the speed of the object increases at Time
a steady rate of 0.5 m/s per second.
It has a CONSTANT ACCELERATION. x-axis

DECELERATION is when the speed of an object

decreasing with time.
Interpreting Speed-Time Graphs

State of Object Which Shape of Speed-time

one? graph
At rest F Horizontal line along the
time axis
Moving at constant B, D, H A non-zero horizontal line
speed
Constant Acceleration A, C, G Straight line of positive
gradient
Changing Acceleration - A curved graph
Constant Deceleration E Straight line of negative
gradient
Interpreting Speed-Time Graphs

Area under the speed-time graph is

the distance travelled by the object

a. At
 Mass and Weight Density

Density
1 Mass 3
P=m/v

Gravitational Will object sink

2 4 or float
field strength

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Definition of Mass, m:
Measure of quantity of matter in an object.

Mass is measured in kilogram (kg)

Definition of Weight, W:
Gravitational Force on an object that has mass.

Weight is measured in Newtons (N)

Definition of Gravitational field strength, g:

Gravitational Force on an object per unit mass.

g=W/m

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To find Weight:

Formula : WEIGHT = MASS X GRAVITATIONAL FIELD STRENGTH

W = m X g

The gravitational field strength, g on the Earth is 9.8 N/kg.

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 Worked Example

Calculate the weight of someone whose

mass is 60 kg.

Calculate the mass of someone whose

weight is 500 N.
1. Weight
Weight = Mass X Gravity

Weight = 60 kg X 9.8 N/kg

= 588 N

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2. Mass
Mass = Weight
Gravitational field strength

Mass = 500 N
9.8 N/kg

= 51 kg
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3
Definition of Density , p :

Mass per unit volume

Formula :
Density = Mass
Volume
p = m
v
Where ; p= density in g/𝑐𝑚3
m = mass in g or kg
V= volume in 𝑐𝑚3
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3
Units of Density , p :

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 Worked Example

A brick has a dimensions 20.0 cm x 9.0 cm x 6.5 cm

Weight of brick = 22.3 N

Calculate the density of the block

Mass of brick, m = W Finally, Density of the block can be calculated as follow –
g
= 22.3 Density of brick, p = mass
9.8 volume
= 2.276 kg
= 2276
= 2276 g
1170
(Remember that 1 kg = 1000 g)
= 1.945 g/𝑐𝑚3
= 1.9 g/𝑐𝑚3
Volume of brick, V = 20.0 x 9.0 x 6.5
= 1170 𝑐𝑚3
 Will object float or sink ??

1. If an object is MORE DENSE

than water, then it will sink.

2. If an object is LESS DENSE

than water, then it will float
 FORCE
1 What is Force? 2 Effect of Force

• Force is a Push or Pull

• Objects behave depends on

the force acting on it

• The unit for measuring force 1. Change speed

is Newton (N)
2. Change the direction of
• Force also includes bending, movement
stretching, squeezing,
tearing, etc 3. Change shape
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 FRICTION
1 2 Effect of Friction
What is Friction?

A force that opposes the

motion of an object 1. Slows down the motion of
an object

2. Cause heating in the

objects

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 FRICTION THROUGH FLUID
1 2 Effect of Friction
Air resistance?

A force of friction when an

object moves through air 1. The skydiver falling
or water experience friction (DRAG)
or AIR RESISTANCE

2. Cause heating in the

objects and become
warmer.

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 RESULTANT FORCE
1 What is resultant
force?
The total of all forces added up
• Force with Same direction = ADD
• Force with Different direction = MINUS

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 Effect of
2
ZERO RESULTANT
FORCE

1. If stationary, it remain
STATIONARY forever.

2. If moves at CONSTANT
SPEED, it remain
travelling at that
speed.
HOMEWORK (14th October)