Blood

By
Dr. Shereen Hamed
Lecturer of Histology & Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine.
Mansoura University
Revision in 34 minutes

Blood
By
Dr. Shereen Hamed
Lecturer of Histology & Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine,
Mansoura University
Blood: the fluid of Blood
life contained in the
closed circulatory
system Blood
plasma
cells

45% 55%
 Spherocytosis

Sickle cells

Abnormal
Poikilocytes
shapes

Crenation

5
Swollen 7/4/2021
 Abnormalities in number of RBCs

Decrease Increase
(anaemia) (polycythemia)

MaIfunction of
Deflciency Hge: Haemolysis : B.M. : Haemoconcentration Increased
iron, in dehydrations producion
haemorrhagic haemolytic
Aplastic from the
Vit B12 anemia anaemia
anemia bone
marrow
 Abnormal number

Leucocytosis Leucopenia

Physiological Pathological VIB

• Pregnancy. Acute & chronic • Viral diseases.
• Newborns. infections • Typhoid fever.
• Cold bath & cold wind.
• Irradiation.
• Sun rays.
• Broad spectrum
• Heavy meal. antibiotics.
 WBCs
granular Non granular

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes

60-75% 1-5% 0.5-1% 20% 3-8%
 neutrophils Eosinophils basophils
% 60-75 % 1-5 % 0.5-1 %
size 10-12 µm 12-15 µm 10-12 µm

Life span 1-4 days 8-12 days 10-15 days

LM: • Darkly stained. Less darkly stained. • Lightly stained.

nucleus • Segmented (2-5 segments) bilobed or horse-shoe shaped. • Irregular
Obscured by cytoplasmic
granules
LM: Fine neutrophilic granules large acidophilic refractile granules large basophilic granules.
cytoplasm

EM  Few Mitochondria, • Numerous large ellipsoid granules • Filled with large electron-
 Endoplasmic reticulum with electron-dense crystalloid dense granules.
2 types of granules core. • Histamine & heparin.
• Specific: Small & numerous. • Histaminase & sulphatase
Bacteriostatic & bactericidal enzymes.
Azurophil:
• Large & few.
• Hydrolytic enzymes (lysosomes).
 neutrophils Eosinophils basophils

Function 1. Defense against Attracted to the site of Produce histamine &

microorganism allergy → heparin during
2.Secrete prteolytic action through: allergy
enzymes ‫قتال‬ of Ag-Ab Release eosinophil
3. Pus formation. ‫مخلفات‬ complex.
‫الحرب‬ chemotactic factor.
&
3.Stimulate BM during →
infections to produce destroy excess
more leucocytes histamine & other
(neutrophilia) ‫من نفس‬ substances causing
‫طلب امدادات الفرقة‬ allergy.
4 .Attract monocytes to
the infected area. ‫اخرى‬
‫طلب امدادات‬
6.Secrete trephone→
wound healing. ‫اتصال‬
1.Arneth count
Classifies neutrophil into 5 classes according to the number
of nuclear segments

•The more the segments , the more the maturity

(The commonest is class three).

2.Schiling count
–Mature (segmented) (multilobed) 98%
–Immature (unilobed) Stab (band) 1-2%.
 Lymphocytes

Small Medium
Percentage 25-30 %
15-20 % 5-10 %
Diameter 6-8 µm 10-12 µm
LM
Nucleus • Small, rounded. • Large, indented.
• Deeply stained. • Lightly stained.

Cytoplasm • Little rim around nucleus. •Abundant.

• Pale blue. • More basophilic.
B.M (human). B.M then Thymus
gland
•Bursa of fabricus
(birds).

3 months Years

Humoral immunity cellular immunity

 & .
or shaped.

21
reaction. 7/4/2021
 & .

 Numerous .

 Few cell organoids

 Small Golgi .

 Azeurophilic granules

Abnormalities
22 : monocytosis 7/4/2021
• Migrate by amaeboid movement through the wall of
capillaries and venules into the surrounding C.T. →
.

23 7/4/2021
Fragments of cytoplasm covered with a
membrane with no nucleus (not true cells).
.
.
.
or discs.
.

24 7/4/2021
 or , discs.
• Outer part .
• Central part .

25 7/4/2021
 , covered with a

& .
&
.
26 7/4/2021
granules:
granules:
granules:

granules:
granules.
 → V.C.

changes into → change into

network → attraction of RBCs → closes blood vessels and stops bleeding.

28 7/4/2021
 Active (red) bone marrow Inactive(yellow) bone
marrow
1.Stroma of fixed cells: 1.Stroma of fixed cells
 Reticular branched cells Reticular branched cells
 Fat cells Fat cells ++++
 Endothelial cells
 Osteogenic cells Osteogenic cells
 Pericytes UMC
2.Free cells 2. No free cells

3. Blood sinusoids.
Active (red) bone marrow Inactive(yellow) bone
marrow

In fetus: most bones. In adult: Shafts of

In adult: flat bones e.g. long bones
skull and pelvic bones,
sternum, ribs, clavicle and
vertebrae.
 Active (red) bone Inactive(yellow) bone
marrow marrow

1. Formation of 1. Storage of fat.

Formation of blood cells.
2. Destruction of old 2. On need it changes
RBCs. into active red bone
3. Storage of iron. marrow.
4. Storage of fat
Development of
erythrocytes
 size nucleus cytoplasm
UMC Branched stellate cell Oval pale pale basophilic

CFU Rounded cell 8-10 um Rounded pale pale basophilic

CFU- E sensitive to erythropoietin hormone

proerythroblast 14-17 um Central large 80% small amount of HB

Basophilic erythroblast 13-16um 75% Large number polyribosomes

and rER

polychromatophilic erythroblast 12-15 UM 50% acidophilia with basophilia

Normoblast 8-10 um 25% trace basophilia

pyknotic N. > extruded N

Reticulocyte 9 um The cell is Stained with cresyl Few polyribosomes -

No less than 2% blue supravital stain (dark blue acidophilic cytoplasm
reticulum)

Mature erythrocyte 6-9 UM Devoid of N and organelles Biconcave – acidophilic

 Development of
granular leucocytes
 size nucleus cytoplasm

UMC Branched stellate cell Oval pale pale basophilic

CFU Rounded cell 8-10 um Rounded pale pale basophilic

CFU- G C.F.U. granulocytes

Myelooblast slightly larger Large, round , pale. Basophilic &
non granular

Promyelocyte The largest cell. large, pale Basophilic ,fine non

specific granules

myelocytes smaller indented Appearance of specific

granules

Metamyelocytes smaller smaller, dark, kidney more specific granules

shaped
Neutrophil metamyelocytes are called juvenile neutrophils (staff cells)
 Development of
non granular leucocytes
In red bone In thymus In red bone
marrow marrow

UMC UMC UMC

CFU CFU CFU

B lymphoblast T lymphoblast Monoblast

B lymphocyte T lymphocyte Monocyte

Development of
platelets
 size nucleus cytoplasm
UMC Branched Oval pale pale basophilic
stellate cell
CFU Rounded cell 8- Rounded pale pale basophilic
10 um
Megakaryoblast large cell Indented with clear basophilic
nucleol

Promegakaryocyte larger large and lobulated basophilic with fine

granules

Megakaryocyte very large large, lobulated dark Less basophilic rich in

(40 μm). stained fine granules.
 References
• Principles of histology, (student book of Histology & Cell
Biology Department, faculty of medicine, Mansoura
university)

• Basic Histology, text book of histology & cell biology

• Dr. Mona farouk’s lecture

• Dr. Ahmed El Mansy‘s lecture

• Internet sources