JAVA

UNIT-I

1. What are the key features of Java that distinguish it from other programming
languages?
 Platform Independence: Runs on any device with a JVM.
 Object-Oriented: Uses classes and objects.
 Automatic Memory Management: Includes garbage collection.
 Rich Standard Library: Extensive built-in classes.
 Robust and Secure: Strong type checking and exception handling.
 Multithreading Support: Concurrent thread execution.
 Network-Centric: Built-in networking capabilities.
2. Describe the purpose and usage of variables in Java?
 Purpose: Store data for manipulation.
 Usage: Declare with a type, assign values, and modify as needed.
3. Explain the difference between primitive and reference data types in Java?
 Primitive: Directly holds values (e.g., int, char).
 Reference: Holds references to objects (e.g., String, arrays).
4. How do operators work in Java? Provide examples of different types of operators?
 Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, % (e.g., a + b).
 Relational: ==, !=, >, < (e.g., a > b).
 Logical: &&, ||, ! (e.g., a && b).
 Assignment: =, +=, -= (e.g., a = b).
 Unary: +, -, ++, -- (e.g., ++a).
5. What is an expression in Java, and how does it differ from a statement?
 Expression: Evaluates to a value (e.g., a + b).
 Statement: Performs an action (e.g., int sum = a + b;).
6. Define a class and an object in Java. How are they related?
  Class: Blueprint for objects, defines attributes and methods.
 Object: Instance of a class with actual data.
 Relation: A class defines the structure; objects are instances of that class.
7. What is the role of constructors in Java, and how do they differ from methods?
 Constructors: Initialize objects; no return type, same name as the class.
 Methods: Perform actions and have their own names and return types.
8. What are access modifiers in Java, and what is their purpose?
 Access Modifiers: Control the visibility of classes, methods, and variables.
 Types: public, protected, default, private.
9. Concept of Encapsulation and Its Implementation in Java
 Encapsulation: Encapsulation is an object-oriented programming principle that
involves bundling the data (attributes) and the methods (functions) that operate on
the data into a single unit or class. It helps in hiding the internal state of the object
from the outside world and only exposing a controlled interface. This enhances
security and reduces complexity.
 Implementation in Java: In Java, encapsulation is implemented using access
modifiers. Data members of a class are made private, and public methods (getters
and setters) are provided to access and modify these private variables. This ensures
that the internal representation of the object is hidden from outside manipulation.
10. Setter and Getter Methods Enhancing Encapsulation in Java
 Setter Methods: Setters are public methods that allow controlled modification of
private variables. They ensure that the values assigned to these variables meet
specific criteria or constraints.
 Getter Methods: Getters are public methods that provide read access to private
variables. They allow external code to retrieve the values of these variables without
directly accessing them.
11. This Keyword and Its Usage in Java
 this Keyword: This keyword is a reference to the current object instance. It is used
within an instance method or constructor to refer to the current object's fields,
methods, or constructors.
 Usage: It can be used to:
o Distinguish between instance variables and parameters with the same name.
o Invoke other constructors in the same class (constructor chaining).
o Pass the current object as a parameter to other methods.
12. Concept of Inheritance and Its Types in Java
 Inheritance: Inheritance is a mechanism in object-oriented programming that allows
a new class (subclass or derived class) to inherit attributes and methods from an
existing class (superclass or base class). It promotes code reuse and establishes a
hierarchical relationship between classes.
 Types of Inheritance:
o Single Inheritance: A subclass inherits from a single superclass.
o Multiple Inheritance (through interfaces): A class implements multiple
interfaces, allowing it to inherit behaviours from more than one source.
o Multilevel Inheritance: A subclass inherits from another subclass, creating a
chain of inheritance.
o Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple subclasses inherit from a single superclass.
13. Purpose of the super Keyword in Java
 super Keyword: The super keyword is used to refer to the immediate superclass of
the current object. It is used to:
o Access superclass methods and constructors that have been overridden or
hidden.
o Access superclass fields that are shadowed by subclass fields.
o Invoke the superclass constructor from the subclass constructor.
14. Method Overriding and Polymorphism in Java
 Method Overriding: Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific
implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. The method in
the subclass must have the same name, return type, and parameter list as the
method in the superclass.
 Polymorphism: Method overriding supports runtime polymorphism by allowing the
subclass to define its own version of a method. This enables objects to be treated as
instances of their superclass while still executing subclass-specific implementations.
15. Type Casting in Java and Its Relation to Polymorphism
 Type Casting: Type casting is the process of converting an object of one type to
another type. There are two types:
o Upcasting: Converting a subclass object to a superclass type (implicitly done
by the compiler).
o Down casting: Converting a superclass object to a subclass type (explicitly
done by the programmer).
  Relation to Polymorphism: Type casting enables polymorphism by allowing methods
to be invoked on objects of a subclass through references of the superclass type. This
allows for dynamic method binding and flexibility in method execution.
16. Definition of Abstraction in Java and Use of Abstract Classes and Interfaces
 Abstraction: Abstraction is the concept of hiding the complex implementation details
and showing only the essential features of an object. It simplifies interactions with
complex systems by providing a clear and simple interface.
 Abstract Classes: An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own
and may contain abstract methods (methods without implementation). Subclasses
must provide implementations for these abstract methods.
 Interfaces: An interface is a reference type that can contain only abstract methods
(prior to Java 8) and constants. Classes implement interfaces to provide concrete
behaviour for the methods defined in the interface. Interfaces support multiple
inheritance in Java.

UNIT-II
1. Difference Between an Exception and an Error in Java
 Exception: An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program
that disrupts the normal flow of instructions. Exceptions are intended to be caught
and handled by the program. Examples include IO Exception and SQL Exception.
 Error: An error represents a serious problem that a typical application should not try
to catch. Errors are usually related to the environment or JVM itself, such as
OutOfMemoryError or StackOverflowError.
2. Types of Exceptions in Java
 Checked Exceptions: These are exceptions that the programmer must handle either
by using a try-catch block or by declaring them in the method signature using the
throws keyword. Examples include IO Exception and SQL Exception.
 Unchecked Exceptions: These are exceptions that the programmer does not need to
explicitly handle. They are usually related to programming errors and are subclasses
of Runtime Exception. Examples include NullPointerException and
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
3. How the try-catch Block Works in Java Exception Handling
 try Block: Contains code that might throw an exception. It defines a block where
exceptions can be caught and handled.
 catch Block: Follows the try block and handles exceptions thrown by the try block.
The catch block specifies the type of exception it can handle.
4. Purpose of the finally Block
 The finally block is used to execute code that must run regardless of whether an
exception is thrown or not. It is commonly used for cleanup tasks such as closing
resources or releasing locks.
5. Role of the throws Keyword in Java Exception Handling
 The throws keyword is used in a method declaration to indicate that the method may
throw certain exceptions. It allows the method to propagate exceptions to its caller,
which then has to handle or declare those exceptions.
6. Usage of the throw Statement
 The throw statement is used to explicitly throw an exception from within a method
or block of code. It is used to signal that an exceptional condition has occurred.
7. Examples of Built-in Exceptions in Java
 NullPointerException: Occurs when an application attempts to use null where an
object is required.
 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Occurs when an application attempts to access
an array with an illegal index.
 NumberFormatException: Occurs when an application attempts to convert a string
to a numeric type with an invalid format.
8. Creating and Using Custom Exceptions in Java
 Creating a Custom Exception: Custom exceptions are defined by extending the
Exception class or its subclasses. They allow you to create exceptions specific to your
application's needs.
 Using Custom Exception: Custom exceptions can be thrown and caught just like
standard exceptions. They are used to signal application-specific error conditions.
9.Purpose of the File Class in Java
o The File class represents a file or directory path in the file system. It provides
methods to perform file operations such as checking existence, creating,
deleting, and renaming files and directories.
10.Difference Between Byte Streams and Character Streams in Java
o Byte Streams: Handle raw binary data (bytes). They are used for reading and
writing binary data such as image files. Examples include FileInputStream and
FileOutputStream.
o Character Streams: Handle data in character form, using Unicode. They are
used for reading and writing text data. Examples include FileReader and
FileWriter.
11.Filtered Byte Streams
o Filtered byte streams are used to modify the data being read or written by
adding additional functionality such as buffering, data transformation, or
compression. Examples include BufferedInputStream and DataInputStream.
12.Functionality of the RandomAccessFile Class
o The RandomAccessFile class allows reading and writing to a file at random
access positions. It provides methods to seek to specific file positions, read
and write data at those positions, and supports both byte and character data.

UNIT-III
1. How do you define a package in Java, and what is its purpose?
 Definition: Use the package keyword at the top of a Java file (e.g., package
com.example.myapp;).
 Purpose: Organizes classes into namespaces, avoids name conflicts, and controls
access.
2. What is the role of the CLASSPATH environment variable in Java?
 Role: Specifies the path where Java looks for user-defined classes and packages at
runtime.
3. Explain the different access specifiers in Java and their usage.
 public: Accessible from any other class.
 protected: Accessible within its own package and by subclasses.
 default (no modifier): Accessible only within its own package.
 private: Accessible only within its own class.
4. How do you import packages in Java? Provide examples.
 Import Statement: Use import followed by the package name.
 Example: import java.util.ArrayList; or import java.util.*; (for all classes in java.util).
5. What is the purpose of the StringTokenizer class, and how is it used?
 Purpose: Breaks a string into tokens based on specified delimiters.
 Usage: Create an instance with a string and delimiter, then use nextToken() to
retrieve tokens.
6. Describe the functionality of the BitSet class in Java.
  Functionality: Manages a set of bits, allowing for efficient storage and manipulation
of binary data. Provides methods to set, clear, and query individual bits.
7. How do you use the Date and Calendar classes for date and time operations?
 Date: Represents a specific point in time. Use Date constructors and methods like
getTime().
 Calendar: Provides methods for manipulating date and time fields (e.g.,
get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH), set(Calendar.YEAR, 2024)).
8. Explain how the Random class can be used for generating random numbers.
 Purpose: Generates random numbers.
 Usage: Create an instance of Random and use methods like nextInt(), nextDouble(),
or nextBoolean() to get random values
9. What is the Java Collections Framework, and what are its main components?
 Java Collections Framework: A set of classes and interfaces for storing and
manipulating groups of objects.
 Main Components:
o Collections Interfaces: Defines various types of collections (e.g., List, Set,
Map).
o Implementation Classes: Concrete implementations of the interfaces (e.g.,
ArrayList, HashSet, HashMap).
o Algorithms: Methods for manipulating collections (e.g., sorting, searching).
10. Explain the difference between Collection interfaces and Collection implementation
classes.
 Collection Interfaces: Define the operations that can be performed on collections
(e.g., List, Set, Map). They specify what methods a collection should have.
 Collection Implementation Classes: Provide concrete implementations of these
interfaces (e.g., ArrayList for List, HashSet for Set). They define how the methods are
executed.
11. How does sorting work in Java Collections? What are Comparable and Comparator
interfaces used for?
 Sorting: The Collections.sort() method or Stream.sorted() method is used to sort
elements.
 Comparable Interface: Allows an object to define its natural ordering (compareTo()
method).
  Comparator Interface: Provides a way to define custom orderings by implementing
compare() method.
12. Describe the purpose and use of the List, Set, and Map interfaces in Java Collections.
 List: Represents an ordered collection that allows duplicate elements. Examples:
ArrayList, LinkedList.
 Set: Represents a collection with no duplicate elements and no guaranteed order.
Examples: HashSet, LinkedHashSet.
 Map: Represents a collection of key-value pairs, where each key is unique. Examples:
HashMap, TreeMap.

UNIT-IV
1. What is the difference between process-based and thread-based multitasking?
o Process-Based Multitasking: Multiple processes run concurrently, each with
its own memory space. Example: Running different applications
simultaneously.
o Thread-Based Multitasking: Multiple threads run within the same process,
sharing the same memory space. Example: Concurrent tasks within a single
application.
2. Describe the life cycle of a thread in Java.
o New: Thread is created but not yet started.
o Runnable: Thread is eligible for execution but not yet running.
o Blocked/Waiting: Thread is waiting for resources or a condition to be met.
o Timed Waiting: Thread is waiting for a specified period.
o Terminated: Thread has completed execution.
3. How do you create and start a thread in Java?
o Create: Extend the Thread class or implement the Runnable interface.
o Start: Call start() method on the thread instance.
4. Explain the concept of thread priorities and how they affect thread execution.
o Thread Priorities: Integer values (from Thread.MIN_PRIORITY to
Thread.MAX_PRIORITY) that indicate the importance of a thread.
o Effect: Higher priority threads are more likely to be executed before lower
priority threads, though actual scheduling depends on the JVM and OS.
 5. What is thread synchronization, and why is it important in Java?
o Thread Synchronization: Mechanism to control access to shared resources by
multiple threads to avoid data inconsistency and ensure thread safety.
o Importance: Prevents issues like race conditions and ensures that only one
thread can access a resource at a time.
6. How do you implement inter-thread communication in Java?
o Methods: Use wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods provided by the Object
class.
o Purpose: Allows threads to communicate and coordinate their actions.
JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)
1. What are the different types of JDBC drivers, and how do they differ?
o Type 1 (JDBC-ODBC Bridge): Connects Java applications to databases via
ODBC.
o Type 2 (Native-API Driver): Uses native libraries to communicate with the
database.
o Type 3 (Network Protocol Driver): Uses a middle layer to communicate with
the database.
o Type 4 (Thin Driver): Directly communicates with the database using a
database-specific protocol.
2. Explain the JDBC architecture and its components.
o JDBC API: Provides application-level interface for database access.
o JDBC Driver Manager: Manages a list of database drivers and establishes
connections.
o JDBC Driver: Implements the JDBC interfaces to interact with the database.
3. What are the key JDBC classes and interfaces used for database connectivity?
o Classes: DriverManager, Connection, Statement, PreparedStatement,
ResultSet.
o Interfaces: Driver, Connection, Statement, PreparedStatement, ResultSet.
4. Describe the basic steps involved in developing a JDBC application.
o Load Driver: Register the JDBC driver (Class.forName()).
o Establish Connection: Use DriverManager.getConnection() to connect to the
database.
 o Create Statement: Use Connection.createStatement() or
Connection.prepareStatement().
o Execute Query: Use Statement.executeQuery() or
PreparedStatement.executeQuery().
o Process Results: Use ResultSet to handle the results.
o Close Resources: Close ResultSet, Statement, and Connection.
5. How do you create a new database and table using JDBC?
o Create Database: Execute a SQL CREATE DATABASE command using a
Statement.
o Create Table: Execute a SQL CREATE TABLE command using a Statement on
the created database.