+AM 1 Introduction 2023

Applied microbiology
Dr. Tô Thị Mai Hương

Life Sciences Department
to-thi-mai.huong@usth.edu.vn
A brief summary :
- The too small living things to be seen without magnification
- Present ubiquitous
- Microbes world include : bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae,

viruses and phages, prions, protozoans, helminths
Pathway of discovery in microbiology
• 1676 –first observation of bacteria “animalcules”

• 1796 – First vaccine (smallpox)
Observation: milkmaids who had previously caught cowpox were protected from smallpox
→ inoculated cowpox protected against inoculated smallpox
• 1867: severe infection could be reduced by boiling the material before surgery
• 1885 - Vaccine against Rabies
Microorganisms: The Bad and the Ugly …
- Usually called “germ, agent ..”
- Many cause diseases: Anthrax, Rabies, Black death (plague), Cholera, Smallpox ..
- Cause food spoilage

Could them be
the Good ?
How Jews purchased Palestine from the British ?
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Molasses Aceton + butanol
• 1929 Discovery of Penicillin (first antibiotic, by accident while investigating the properties
of staphylococci from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the
Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945 )

Microbiologist roles:
Applying our understanding of microbial life processes for:

- the beneﬁt of humankind and planet Earth
- or avoid the their harmful effect
Objective of the course
Introduction of current and potential application of

microorganism in research and industry
Food
Technology
Wide range
Industry Agriculture
application of
microorganism
Microbiology
Human
Environment
therapeutics
Application of Microorganism in Food Industry
What are the main applications of food microorganism in daily life
that you know ?
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus bulgaricus Lactobacillus brevis Oenococcus oeni

Pediococcus pentosaceus
Microorganisms As Foods
Yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Pichia pastoris
Candida utilis
Torulopsis
Geotrichum candidum
Fungi (Mycoprotein)
Aspergillus oryzae
Fusarium venenatum Single cell protein
Sclerotium rolfsii
Polyporus
Trichoderma
Scytalidium acidophilum
Bacteria
Rhodobacter capsulatus
spirulina (dietary supplement)
Algae
Chlorella
Fusarium forms the basis of QuornTM , a processed mycoprotein that has
been used as a meat substitute for some years in the UK
The cyanobacterium Spirulina
LACTOBACILLUS SAKEI: A PROMISING BIOPRESERVATIVE
- A psychrophilic lactic acid

bacterium
- First isolated from Japanese rice
beer Sake
Sakacins are bacteriocins produced by L. sakei

Nisine: A PROMISING BIOPRESERVATIVE
Nisin: ‘group N Streptococci Inhibitory Substance”

- is a cationic
- amphiphilic peptide produced by various strains of Lactococcus lactis, which has a
relatively broad target spectrum that inhibits a wide range of gram-positive bacteria.
Application of microorganism in
Environment Technology
Microorganisms are major players in all matter cycles in the
nature
• Carbon cycle (TCA)

• Nitrogen cycle
• Sulfur and phosphorus cycle
How microbe can degrade matter compounds :
▫ Role of adaptation in microbial survival

 Most microorganisms live in harsh environments
 Microbes must adapt to constantly varying conditions
-Mutations in existing enzymes generate catalysts capable of

utilizing new substrates
→ the possessor of such an enzyme capable of degrading a
substrate that other organisms cannot gains a growth advantage or
a new ecological niche.
→ Takes advantage of microbial adaptation
- discovered in the 1950 ’s whilst a scientist was
experimenting with using gamma radiation to sterilize
meat
-D. radiodurans can tolerate 1,500 kilorads without experiencing

mutation (about 3,000 times what humans can withstand)
-The key to its ability to withstand radiation lies within its DNA which is tightly packed into a ring, so that fragments
severed by radiation can be kept close and eventually put back together by repair mechanisms.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IH3ABle9k7A
Adult tardigrade.
Wikimedia commons.
What can microorganisms do ?
Microorganisms represent an almost limitless

supply of enzymatic reactions
→ Microbes can do all the things that we currently

use chemistry and energy to do
Bioplastics and/or biodegradable plastic
• Use of living organism to make complex polymers (Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs),
polylactic acid (PLA) …
• Many of them are biodegradable, but not all

Biodegradation is the decomposition of materials, largely done by microorganisms
Fact:
vô số chủng loại
cùng tồn tại
- Microorganisms had already coexisted for billions of years with an immense variety of
organic compounds.
vượt trội
- Microorganisms excel at using organic substances, natural or synthetic, as sources of
nutrients and energy.
phân hủy vượt trội
- Some microorganism has a remarkable of degradative capacities
Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene
by Plastic-Eating Mealworms:
Role of Gut Microorganisms
Use of living organism to

degrade complex polymers
1. What is the hottest or
coldest temperature life can
survive ?
2. Any potential applications

of these « competances » ?
36
Cyanobacteria in a hot spring at Yellowstone National Park,
Wyoming. © Brad Pict/Fotolia
37
In 1969, Thomas Brock discovered a bacterium in a hot
spring at Yellowstone National Park named
Thermus aquaticus
Taq DNA polymerase are

widely used start from 2004
(In1993, Kary Mullis got Nobel prize for the inventory of PCR protocol) 38
A new microbe, for now called “Strain 121”, has since been discovered in a
thermal vent deep in the Pacific Ocean. The microbe thrives at 121C and there
are claims that it can even survive for two hours at 130C.
The balloon-like shape at upper left is a

A deep-sea hydrothermal vent specimen of ‘Strain 121’, a microbe that
(Credit: AF Archive/Alamy Stock Photo) survives temperatures as high as 130 °C
(scale bar is one micron) (Image: Derek
Other potential of Lovley/UMass Amherst)
application ? 39
Other potential of
application ?
40
Metal Extraction
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz ~
lọc sinh học = khai thác kim loại từ quặng bằng VSV
Bioleaching is the extraction of metals from their ores through the
use of living organisms.
Metal Extraction
• Use of specific transport proteins to remove certain
chemicals
Biological Leaching of Copper Ores
Application of microorganism in
Agriculture
Biofertilizers
Effect of inoculation with Azotobacter salinestris

on Sorghum growth
Microbial pesticides
Microbial pesticides represent a “biodegradable” way
to control insects
• Over 100 microbial pathogens have been identified for insects
• Many microorganisms produce toxin that are toxic for certain insects
• These can be genetically engineering to increase their potency
• The genes for these toxins can be placed in our food plants.
Bt toxin
• Bacillus thuringiensis produces a toxin (BT toxin) that is toxic
to certain types of insect larvae that feed on plants.
Baculovirus : Sophisticated Pathogens of Insects
Application of microorganism in energy
industry
Biofuels
Application of microorganism for
industrial and pharmaceuticals products
Bioconversions
• Bioconversion of steroids
– Chemical synthesis requires 37 steps
– Bioconversion requires 11 steps
→reduces the cost and shortens the time of manufacturing.
• How these processes work :

- Use of immobilized cells (cells localized in a matrix and the
chemical is converted as it flows pass the column)
Which metabolites that
microorganism can produce ?
Primary Fermentation
• Are produced during an organism’s growth phase
Secondary Fermentation
• Are not essential to cell growth or function.
Products from Microorganisms
Primary Metabolites Secondary Metabolites
Amino Acids Antibiotics
Vitamins Pigments
Polysaccharides Toxins
Ethanol Alkaloids
Acetone and Butanol Many pharmacological

compounds
Fermentation of Glutamate in Japan
Each fermenter is approximately
30 m high
250 m3 large
Microbes are talented:
▪ Major decomposers: Convert waste into usable items like energy and
food.
✓ Nutrient cycling, elemental cycling
✓ Eat oil, clean toxic waste (bioremediation)
✓ Make plastic, decompose plastic
✓ Harvest metals from the oceans
✓ Deal with hazardous materials that currently cannot be contained.
▪ Protect against disease
▪ Make food
60
Why using microbes as a “bioreactor” ?
• May reduce the risks and complexities of

industrial syntheses
• Less expensive
• By-products are usually less toxic
• Used In situ
No other life forms are as important as
microorganisms for the support and maintenance
of life on Earth

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Applied microbiology

Dr. Tô Thị Mai Hương

- The too small living things to be seen without magnification

- Microbes world include : bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae,

• 1676 –first observation of bacteria “animalcules”

- Usually called “germ, agent ..”

- Cause food spoilage

Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945 )

Applying our understanding of microbial life processes for:

Introduction of current and potential application of

Lactobacillus bulgaricus Lactobacillus brevis Oenococcus oeni

- A psychrophilic lactic acid

Sakacins are bacteriocins produced by L. sakei

Nisin: ‘group N Streptococci Inhibitory Substance”

• Carbon cycle (TCA)

▫ Role of adaptation in microbial survival

-Mutations in existing enzymes generate catalysts capable of

-D. radiodurans can tolerate 1,500 kilorads without experiencing

Microorganisms represent an almost limitless

→ Microbes can do all the things that we currently

• Many of them are biodegradable, but not all

Role of Gut Microorganisms

Use of living organism to

2. Any potential applications

Taq DNA polymerase are

The balloon-like shape at upper left is a

Effect of inoculation with Azotobacter salinestris

• How these processes work :

Primary Metabolites Secondary Metabolites

Amino Acids Antibiotics

Acetone and Butanol Many pharmacological

Each fermenter is approximately

• May reduce the risks and complexities of

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