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Gr 9 Maths: Content Area 2

Patterns, Algebra & Graphs
QUESTIONS
Mainly past ANA exam content

• Patterns
• Algebraic Expressions
• Factorisation
• Algebraic Equations
• Graphs
Questions: Patterns

The Questions Get to know and understand the

PATTERNS 1.1 The next number in the sequence general term . . .
st
( Solutions on page A1) 1 ; 9 ; 25 ; . . . is
2.1 Write down the 1 3 terms of a sequence if the general
term is :
A 33 B 36 a) 3n b) 5n
The most common weakness that learners have when doing
patterns is determining the general term. C 49 D 50 (1) c) 3n + 1 d) 5n – 2
2 3
e) n f) n (18)
What is 'the general term (or rule)'?
1.2 The two missing numbers in the
The general term (or rule) of a sequence gives us the value of sequence below th
2.2 Write down the 12 term for each case in
any term if we know the position.
Question 2.1. (6)
18 ; 36 ; ____ ; 72 ; ____ ; 108 are
e.g. If the 'general term' of a sequence is 2n, we are saying
th
that: the n term is 2n A 38 and 74 B 42 and 78
3. Use the table to answer the questions that follow:
st
So: the 1 term is 2(1) = 2  C 54 and 90 D 45 and 81 (1)
nd
the 2 term is 2(2) = 4  As we see, x 1 2 3 4 a 10
rd
the 3 term is 2(3) = 6  any term can 1.3 Which number is missing in the sequence?
be 'generated'. 1 1 1 y 3 6 9 12 21 b
1 ; ; ; ... ;
th
2 4 16
& the 40 term is 2(40) = 80 
1 1
A B 3.1 Write down the relationship between x and y. (1)
Note: n is the position of the term 8 10
n Tn 1 1 3.2 Write down the values of a and b. (2)
C D (1)
12 14
1 2
2 4 1.4 Which number is missing in the number sequence? 4. Study the given number sequence and answer the
2n
3 6 1 1 1 1 questions that follow:
; ... ; ; ;
3 12 24 48 3 ; 10 ; 17 ; 24 ; 31 ; . . .
? 40 ? 50
1 1
A B
6 8 4.1 Determine the constant difference between the
In REVERSE: If the term, Tn = 50, what will n be? consecutive terms in the number sequence. (1)
i.e. Which term has the value 50? 1 1
C D (1)
9 10
The 25 term !
th
So, n = 25. 4.2 Write down the next two terms in the sequence. (2)

1.5 The next number in the sequence 4.3 Write down the general term of the sequence. (2)
In TABLE FORM: n 1 2 3 ? 40
3 ; 6 ; 11 ; 18; . . . is
2n 50 ?
A 25 B 24
th
50 is the 25 term 
th
C 26 D 27 (1)
The 40 term is 80 

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Questions: Patterns

5.1 Complete the table below: 8. 10. A tiler creates the following patterns with black and
white tiles:
Position in
1 2 3 4 5
pattern

Term 1 8 27 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

(2) Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

8.1 Study the above diagram pattern and
5.2 Write down the general term Tn of the above complete the table.
number pattern. (1) 10.1 Study the above diagram pattern and
Figure 1 2 3 4 complete the table.
5.3 If Tn = 512, determine the value of n. (2)
Number of
5 9 Figure 1 2 3 4
sides
(2) Number of
6.1 Write down the next TWO terms in the number 1 2 3 4
black tiles
sequence 7 ; 11 ; 15 ; . . . (2)
8.2 Describe the pattern in your own words. (1) Number of
6
white tiles
6.2 Write down the general term Tn of the above 8.3 Write down the general term of the pattern
number sequence. (2)
in the form, Tn = ______________________ (2)
Tn = (2)
10.2 Write down the general term, Tn , of
th
6.3 Calculate the value of the 50 term. (2) the number sequence created by the
9. Matchsticks are arranged as shown in the following number of white tiles. (2)
figures :
7.1 Write down the next two terms in the
given sequence: 11. Natural numbers are arranged as shown below.
3 ; 8 ; 13 ; ____ ; ____ (2) 1 + 2 = 3
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
4 + 5 + 6 = 7 + 8
7.2 Describe the pattern in Question 7.1
9.1 Determine the number of matchsticks in 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 = 13 + 14 + 15
in your own words. (1)
the next figure if the pattern is continued. (2)
th
Find the first number in the 20 row if the pattern
7.3 Write down the general term of the
9.2 Write down the general term of the given is continued another 17 times. (2)
given sequence in the form
sequence of the matchsticks in the form
Tn = ___________________. (2) Tn = ___________________. (2)
For further practice in this topic –
7.4 Which term in the sequence is equal see The Answer Series
9.3 Determine the number of matchsticks in
to 38? (3) th Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on p. 1.15
the 20 figure. (2)

Q2 Copyright © The Answer

Questions: Algebraic Expressions

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication x− y ( x + y )2

5.10 % (2)
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS and Division y+x x− y

( Solutions on page A3) 4. Answer the following questions. x−2 x −3

5.11 − (5)
2x 3x
4.1 Add 2b − 3a − c and a − 4b + 2c. (3)
Terminology 2 2 4x2 4x
2
4.2 Multiply 5x − 3x by −4 x . (2) 5.12 ÷ (2)
1. Given the expression 2x – 7 – 8x . 2a 2 2a 2
2 3
2 4.3 Divide 8a + 16a − 4a by 2a. (3)
1.1 Write down the coefficient of x . (1) 15 x 2 y 3 + 9 x 2 y 3
5.13 (2)
4.4 Simplify −3(x)(x) + 2x(− x). (3) 8x2 y3
1.2 Write down the constant term. (1)
5 2
1.3 Write the expression in descending powers 4.5 Multiply 4m – 3mn + 2n by −3m n (3) 5a 2b 20a3b
5.14 ÷ (5)
of x. (1) 3ab 27
4.6 Subtract –2ab from 3ab.
1.4 Write down the exponent in the term 2x. (1) 5 4 a−b
5.15 – – (5)
5. Simplify: b a ab
1.5 Calculate the value of the expression 3 3
1 5.1 (3 x) + 2 x (2) 3a− 2 b × 24b− 1 a− 1
2
2x – 7 – 8x if x = . (2) 5.16 (3)
2 2 2
9a− 4 b− 3
5.2 (2x) % 3x (2)
x − y 2 3 2 2 x2 2x2 7 x2
2. Given the expression: + 4 – x
2 5.3 (a b ) . ab (2) 5.17 + − (3)
3 2 3 6
5 5
5.4 2 – 1 (2) 3 y3
Circle the letter of the incorrect statement. 6x2
5.18 % (2)
A The expression consists of 3 terms. 7 xy 2x

B The coefficient of x is 1.
2
Fractions (+, −, % , ÷ )
C The coefficient of x is –1.
5.5
x + x (3) Square roots and cube roots
D The expression contains 2 variables. (1) 2 5
3
5.19 225 x 4 − 125 x 6 (5)
5a
5.6 5a – (3)
8 12 5.20 16 x 16 × 25 x 4 (3)
Substitution
3 2 a2b 2 4a 2 bc
3.1 Calculate the value of 2 x – 3 x + 9 x + 2 if x = – 2. (4) 5.7 2
% (2) 5.21 3
27 x 27 (2)
ac 20b 3
2
3.2 If x = –1, calculate the value of y if y = 2x – 3x + 5. (2)
6x5 15 x 3 5.22 16a 2 + 9a 2 (2)
5.8 – (3)
1
If a = 2 , b = –3 and c = , find the value of 5ac .
4
3.3 (4) x 3x 2
2 b
2x +1 x +2 – 1
3.4 If x = 2 and y = –3, calculate the value of 5.9 – (4)
2 2
4 2 4
3x − 2xy − y . (5)

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Questions: Algebraic Expressions
2
6.6 (2 x − 3)( x + 1) (3) 8.1 The value of – x – 2(2x – 1) when x = –2 is . . .
2
Note: x = x%x . . . x multiplied by itself!
6.7 x ( x + 2) – ( x – 1)( x – 3) (4) A 6 B 1
STUDY THESE PRODUCTS
2
6.8 ( x − 3) − x ( x + 4) (4) C –6 D –1 (2)
OVER AND OVER AGAIN
2
So: 6.9 (2 x – 1) – ( x + 1)( x – 1) (4)
(x + y)2 = ( x + y)( x + y) 8.2
3
The LCM of 5a and 60a is . . .
2
2
2 2 6.10 2( x + 2) – (2x – 1)( x + 2) (4)
= x + xy + xy + y
2 2 5 3
= x + 2xy + y A 60a B 30a
2 2 2
So: ( x + y) does not equal x + y
3 6
C 60a D 300a (2)
7. Complete the following products:
And:
2
(x − y)2 = ( x − y)( x − y) 7.1 (x + 5) = (x + 5)(x + 5) = ..................................
2 2
= x − xy − xy + y 8.3
x
–1 =
2
= x − 2xy + y
2 2
7.2 (p − 3) = (p − 3)(p − 3) = .................................. y
2 2 2
So: ( x − y) does not equal x − y y − x y −x
2
7.3 (2a + 3) = .......................................................... A B
x y
And, finally 2
7.4 (4x − 1) = .......................................................... C x–y
x −y
(x + y)(x − y) = x2 − x y + x y − y2 D
y
(2)
the difference
= x2 − y2 ...
of 2 squares! 7.5 (x + 5)(x – 5) = ............................... = ...............

7.6 (p – 3)(p + 3) = ............................... = ...............

8.4 ⎛ x − 3y ⎞ ⎛ x + 3y ⎞ =
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
7.7 (2a + 3)(2a – 3) = ........................... = ...............
6. Determine the following products and simplify if
necessary. x2 2 x2 2
7.8 (4x – 1)(4x + 1) = ........................... = ............... A + 3 x y – 9y B + x y – 9y
9 9
2 2
6.1 4ab(5a b + 2ab – 3) (3)
7.9 (x + 3)(x + 4) = ................................................. x2 2 x2 2
2 2 2 C + 9y D – 9y (2)
6.2 3a bc (3a − 4b − c) (3) 9 9
7.10 (x − 3)(x − 4) = .................................................
6.3 ( x + 5)( x + 2) (3)
7.11 (x + 3)(x − 4) = .................................................
6.4 ( x − 2)( x − 3) (3) For further practice in this topic –
see The Answer Series
7.12 (x – 3)(x + 4) = .................................................
6.5 ( x + 7)( x – 1) (3) Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on pg 1.18 & 1.40
(24)

Q4 Copyright © The Answer

 Questions: Factorisation

Factorise the following trinomials:

3. Trinomials 3 TERMS
FACTORISATION 3.1
2
a + 8a + 16 = (a . . . .)(a . . . .) = ( )
2

( Solutions on page A7)

2 2
3.2 p – 10p + 25 = (p . . . .)(p . . . .) = ( )
Complete the products:
STUDY THIS TOPIC VERY WELL !
 Perfect Squares  Perfect Square TRINOMIALS 3.3 x2 + 5x + 6 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .)
 
1. Common Factor 2 2 3.4 x2 – 5x + 6 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .) NOTE
Always check (x + 3) = (x + 3)(x + 3) = x . . . . . . . + 9 = x . . . . + 9
2

for this first! 2 2 To factorise

ab + ac = a(b + c) & (x – 3)2 = (x – 3)(x – 3) = x . . . . . . . + 9 = x . . . . + 9
3.5 x2 + x – 6 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .) is to reverse
BECAUSE: a(b + c) = ab + ac . . . reversed 2 a product!
â x + 6x + 9 = . . . . . . .
Factorise: 2
& x – 6x + 9 = . . . . . . . 3.6 x2 – x – 6 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .)
3 2
1.1 8p + 4 p (2)
1.2
2
10t – 5t (2) 2 2 2
(a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b) = a . . . . . . . + b = a . . . . + b
2
3.7 x2 – 11x + 18 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .)
2 2 3 3 NOTE 2 2 2 2
1.3 3x y – 9xy + 12x y (2) & (a – b)2 = (a + b)(a + b) = a . . . . . . . + b = a . . . . + b
2
To factorise 3.8 x2 + 11x + 18 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .)
1.4 2p + 2 is to reverse (2) 2 2
â a + 2ab + b = . . . . . . .
a product!
1.5 2(x + y) + a(x + y) (2) 2 2
& a – 2ab + b = . . . . . . . 3.9 x2 – 7x – 18 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .)
1.6 2(x + y) – t(x + y) (2)
2
 1.7 t x – ty – 2 x + 2y (3) 3.10 x + 7x – 18 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .)
 Other products  TRINOMIALS
 a challenging question
  2
3.11 x + 9x + 18 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .)
(x + 2)(x + 3) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . = . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Difference between Squares 2
(x – 2)(x – 3) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . = . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 x – 9x + 18 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .)
x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y)
(x + 2)(x – 3) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . = . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.13 x + 3x – 18 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .)
BECAUSE: (x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2 . . . reversed
(x – 2)(x + 3) = . . . . . . . . . . . . . = . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Factorise: 2
2 2
3.14 x – 3x – 18 = (x . . . .)(x . . . .)
2.1 4x – y 2 TERMS (2) (28)
Observe the results above to
2 2
2.2 4x – 4y (2) understand factorising trinomials
2 Remember:
2.3 81 – 100a (2)
2 2
Always check for a
2.4 9p – 36q Common Factor first! (3)
2
2.5 7x – 28 (3)

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Questions: Factorisation

Mixed Factorisation
NOTES
Factorise fully :

3 2
4.1 3a – 9a – 6a (3)

2
 Always first
4.2 2a – 18a + 36 check for a (3)
common
2
4.3 4(a + b) – x (a + b) factor; then, (3)
 make sure the
3 factorisation
4.4 6x (a – b) + x(b – a) (4)
is complete.
3 2
4.5 6a – 12a + 18a (3)

Use factorisation to simplify

the following fractions

x2 − 1
5.1 (3)
3x + 3

x2 − 4 x
5.2 2
(3)
x − 2x − 8

3a − 6b
5.3 (3)
4b − 2a

2 x2 − 8 x2 − 4 x
5.4 % (4)
3 x − 12 x −2

x2 + 2 x x2 − 4
5.5 3
÷ (5)
x − 2x x −2

For further practice in this topic –

see The Answer Series
Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on pg 1.40

Q6 Copyright © The Answer

Questions: Algebraic Equations

1.5 The product of a number and 6 decreased by 4 is Equations including fractions

ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS equal to 20. Which one of the following equations
matches the statement? 4. Solve for x :
(Linear and Quadratic) x-2 2x + 1 5
A 6x + 4 = 20 4.1 + = (5)
( Solutions on page A9) 4 3 3
B 6x – 4 = 20 x+2 x-3
4.2 – = 0 (3)
2 C 6(x + 4) = 20 3 4
1.1 If 3 is a root of the equation x + x + t = 0 ,
2x -3 x +1 = 3x -1
the value of t is . . . D 6 – 4x = 20 (1) 4.3 - (4)
2 3 2
A 12 x -1
4.4 x – = 3 (4)
B –12 A ' root' of 2
an equation is x+1 x-1
1 2. Solve for x in the following LINEAR equations 4.5 – = 1 (3)
C ' the solution' 3 6
2 (i.e. find the value of x which makes the
of the equation.
1 equation true).
D – (1) Quadratic Equations
2 2.1 x + 5 = 2 (1)
These
examples can 5. Solve for x:
1.2 Calculate the value of p if 2p + 12 = 58. 2.2 x – 3 = –4 be done by (1)
5.1 (x – 3)(x + 4) = 0 (2)
A 22 inspection.
2.3 2x = 12 (1) 2
5.2 x – 5x – 6 = 0 (3)
B 12 2
5.3 x – 1 = 0 (3)
x
2.4 = 6 (1)
C 18 5 2
5.4 x – 2x = 0 (3)
D 23 (1)
6. Solve for x:
2
1.3 If ( x – 1)( x + 2) = 0 then x = 3. Solve for x : 6.1 2(x – 2) = (2x – 1)(x – 3) (4)
2 2
A –1 or 0 3.1 3x – 1 = 5 (2) 6.2 (x – 2) + 3x – 2 = (x + 3) (4)
2
B 1 or –2 6.3 (x – 3) = 16 (6)
3.2 2(x + 1) = 10 (3)
C 1
3.3 8 x + 3 = 3 x – 22 (2) Other . . .
D –2 (1)
3.4 3( x + 6 ) = 12 (2) 7. Solve for x :
3x
1.4 If = – 6 then x =
2 3.5 2x – 5 = 5x + 16 (3) 7.1 x = 2 7.2
1
= 2 (3)(3)
x
A 9 3
3.6 x + x = 2
3
(2)
B 4
For further practice in this topic –
C –9 see The Answer Series
Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on pg 1.21 & 1.42
D –4 (1)

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Questions: Graphs

1.3 y 2. Determine the co–ordinates of P in the graph below.

GRAPHS
d y
( Solutions on page A13)
6 3
P
1.1 The graph of the straight line defined by
f( x ) = 2 x + 4 is
O x

A y B y O x y=x
f f
4 4
2 (1)
The gradient of the line shown above is .
3
x x
2 –2 What is the value of d ?

A 3 3. Use the given equation to complete each of the

B 4 following tables.

C 6 3.1 y = 3x – 5

C y D y D 9 (1)
x –2 –1 0 1
f f y (2)
1.4 What is the y–intercept of the graph defined by
x x 4x + 2y = 12 ? 2
–2 2 3.2 y = – x –1
3
A –4 x –3 –1 0 1
–4 –4
(1) B –2 y (2)
C 6
D 12 (1)

1.2 If T is a point on the line defined by y = x,

the coordinates of T are . . . 1.5 The straight line graph defined by 3‫ ݕ‬+ 2x + 1 = 0 will
A (5; –5) cut the x–axis at the point …

B (5; 0) 1
A (–2 ; 0) B (– ; 0)
2
C (–5; 5)
1
C (–3 ; 0) D (– ; 0) (1)
D (–5; –5) (1) 3

Q8 Copyright © The Answer

Questions: Graphs

4.1 On the given grid draw the graphs defined by 6. Study the graph below. 7. Use the graph below to answer the questions
y = 3x – 2 and y = 3x + 1 on the same set of axes. that follow.
y
y
Label each graph and clearly mark the points where
the graphs cut the axes. 5
y 5
4
4
5 3
4 3
2 C
3 2
2 1
1
1 O x B
O x – 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 O x
– 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 –1 – 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1 –1
–2 –2
–2 A
–3
–3
–4 –3
–5 –4
–4
(6) –5
–5
4.2 What is the relationship between the lines that you
have drawn? (1)
6.1 Use the graph to calculate the gradient of the
5.1 Write down the defining equation of each 7.1 Write down the coordinates of points A, B and C
straight line. (3)
of the following straight line graphs. in the table.

y 6.2 Determine the equation of the straight line. (2)

A A B C
B 6 6.3 Write down the gradient of any other straight line x–coordinate
4 which can be drawn parallel to the given line. (1)
y–coordinate
2 (3)

O x 7.2 Use the table in Question 7.1 or any

–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 other method to determine the equation
–2 of line ABC. (2)
–4 D
–6
C (4)
5.2 What can you deduce about lines AD and BC?
Give a reason for your answer. (2)

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Questions: Graphs

8. Study the straight line graphs below and answer 9. Underline the word, the number or the equation 10.1 On the given grid draw the graphs defined by
the questions that follow. between brackets so that each of the following 2 3
y = − x + 1 and y = x – 1.
statements is correct. 3 2
y
B
Label each graph and clearly mark the points where
9.1 The lines x = 4 and x = –4
5 each graph cuts the x–axis and the y–axis. (6)
are (parallel/ perpendicular) to
4 C one another. (1)
y
3
2 9.2 The equation of the horizontal line
5
through the point P (3; – 2) is
1 4
D ( x = 3 / y = – 2 ). (1)
O x
– 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 3
–1 2
9.3 The gradient of the line defined by
–2 E y – 4 x + 5 = 0 is equal to (– 4 / 4). (1) 1
–3 O x
– 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
A –4 9.4 This graph of f below represents –1
–5 a (linear/non–linear) function.
–2
y –3
–4

Complete: –5
f
8.1 The equation of the line CD is . . . . . . . . . . . (1) x (1)

8.2 The equation of the line AB is. . . . . . . . . . . (2) 10.2 What is the relationship between the lines that you
have drawn? (1)
8.3 If DE = 2, the co–ordinates of E are. . . . . . . . . . . (2)

8.4 The length of CE is . . . . . . . . . . . (1)

Q10 Copyright © The Answer

Questions: Graphs

11. Use the grid below to answer the questions that follow. 12.1 On the same set of axes, draw and label the
graphs defined by y = –2 x + 1 and y = x – 2. NOTES
11.1 Draw the graphs defined by y = –2x + 4 and x = 1
on the given set of axes. Label each graph Use the given grid and clearly indicate the points
and clearly mark the points where the lines where the lines cut the axes.
cut the axes.
y y

5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
O x O x
– 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 – 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1 –1
–2 –2
–3 –3
–4 –4
–5 –5

(6) (8)

11.2 Write down the coordinates of the point where 12.2 The lines intersect at T.
the two lines cut one another. (2)
Show by calculation that the coordinates of T
are x = 1 and y = –1 or (1; –1). (2)

For further practice in this topic –

see The Answer Series
Gr 9 Mathematics 2 in 1 on pg 1.44

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Gr 9 Maths: Content Area 2

Patterns, Algebra & Graphs
ANSWERS

• Patterns
• Algebraic Expressions
• Factorisation
• Algebraic Equations
• Graphs
Solutions: Patterns

2.2 a) T12 = 3(12) = 36  5.1 Position

1 2 3 4 5
PATTERNS in pattern
b) T12 = 5(12) = 60 
Term 1 8 27 64 125 
2 2 2 c) T12 = 3(12) + 1 = 37 
1.1 C  . . . 1 ; 3 ; 5 ; 72
3
5.2 Tn = n 
d) T12 = 5(12) – 2 = 58 
+ 18 + 18 + 18 + 18
1.2 C  . . . 18 ; 36 ; 54 ; 72 ; 90 2 5.3 If Tn = 512, then n = 8  2 512
e) T12 = (12) = 144 
2 256
1 1 1 1 3
f) T12 = (12) = 1 728  2 128
1.3 A  ... ; 1 ; 2 ; 13 ; 4
20 2 2 2 2 2 64
2 32
1 1 1 1
; 1;
9
1.4 A  ... ; ; . . . 512 = 2 2 16
3 6 12 24 48
3 3 3
3.1 y = 3x  = 2 %2 %2 2 8
1.5 D 
2 2 2
. . . 1 +2 ; 2 +2 ; 3 +2 ; 4 +2 ; 5 +2
2 2 = 8%8%8 2 4
3.2 a=7  . . . 7 % 3 = 21 3
2
=8 
b = 30  . . . 10 % 3 = 30

2.1 a) Tn = 3n :
3; 6; 9  . . . 3(1 ) ; 3(2 ) ; 3(3 )
6.1 7 ; 11 ; 15 ; 19 ; 23 
b) Tn = 5n : 4.1 The constant difference = 7 
6.2 The common difference is 4
5 ; 10 ; 15  . . . 5(1 ) ; 5(2 ) ; 5(3 ) 4.2 3 ; 10 ; 17 ; 24 ; 31 ; 38 ; 45 
So, compare the multiples of 4 . . . where Tn = 4n:
c) Tn = 3n + 1: 4.3 The constant difference is 7 . . . see Question 4.1 4 ; 8 ; 12 ; 16 ; . . .
4 ; 7 ; 10  . . . 3(1 ) + 1 ; 3(2 ) + 1 ; 3(3 ) + 1
So, write down the multiples of 7 . . . where Tn = 7n: to the given sequence:
d) Tn = 5n – 2: 7 ; 14 ; 21 ; 28 ; 35 ; . . . 7 ; 11 ; 15 ; 19 ; . . .
3 ; 8 ; 13  . . . 5(1 ) – 2 ; 5(2 ) – 2 ; 5(3 ) – 2 and compare the given sequence: Each term is 3 more than the multiples of 4.
+4 +4 +4 +4
2
e) Tn = n : 3 ; 10 ; 17 ; 24 ; 31 ; . . .
â Tn = 4n + 3  . . . 7 ; 11 ; 15 ; 19 ; 23
1; 4; 9 
2 2
. . . (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 )
2 Each term is 4 less than the multiples of 7.

â Tn = 7n – 4  6.3 T50 = 4(50) + 3

3
f) Tn = n : = 203 
3 3 3
1 ; 8 ; 27  . . . (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 )

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Solutions: Patterns

7.1 3 ; 8 ; 13 ; 18 ; 23 
9. Figure 1 2 3 NOTES
7.2 Each term is 5 more than the previous term  Number of
6 9 12
matchsticks
7.3 Compare Tn = 5n : 5 ; 10 ; 15 ; . . .
9.1 Number of matchsticks in Figure 4 = 15 
to : 3 ; 8 ; 13 ; . . .
+3 +3
Each term is 2 less than the multiples of 5
9.2 Tn = 3n + 3  . . . 6 ; 9 ; 12
â Tn = 5n – 2  & each term is 3 more
than the multiples of 3
7.4 38 is 2 less than 40 ; 40 = 5 x 8
9.3 T20 = 3(20) + 3
th
â 38 is the 8 term  = 63 matchsticks 

OR: Solve the equation:

th
5n – 2 = 38 . . . the n term = 38
10.1 Figure 1 2 3 4
Add 2: â 5n = 40
Divide by 5: n = 8 Number of
1 2 3 4
black tiles
th
â The 8 term  Number of
6 10 14 18 
white tiles

+4 +4 +4
10.2 Tn = 4n + 2  . . . 6 ; 10 ; 14 ; 18
8.1 Figure 1 2 3 4 & each term is 2 more
than the multiples of 4
Number of
5 9 13 17 
sides
11. Look at the pattern formed by the first numbers
8.2 Each figure has four more sides than the of each line:
previous figure 
1 ; 4 ; 9 ; . . . the squares!
+4 +4 +4
8.3 Tn = 4n + 1  . . . 5 ; 9 ; 13 ; 17 row 1 row 2 row 3
2 2 2
(1 ) (2 ) (3 )
& each term is 1 more
than the multiples of 4 th
â The first number in the 20 row will be 20 = 400 
2

A2 Copyright © The Answer

Solutions: Algebraic Expressions

Substitution Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS 3.1
3 2
2x – 3x + 9x + 2 and Division
3 2
x = –2: 2(– 2) – 3(–2) + 9(– 2) + 2 4.1 (2b – 3a – c) + (a – 4b + 2c) OR: –3a + 2b – c
= 2(–8) – 3(4) + 9(–2) + 2 = 2b – 3a – c + a – 4b + 2c Add a – 4b + 2c
Terminology = –16 – 12 – 18 + 2 = –3a + a + 2b – 4b – c + 2c –2a – 2b + c 
= –44 
1.1 –8  . . . – 8x
2 = –2a – 2b + c 

1.2 –7  . . . the term with no variable 2

3.2 y = 2x – 3x + 5 4.2
2 2
–4 x (5x – 3x)
4 3
1.3
2
–8x + 2x – 7  x = –1: y = 2(–1)2 – 3(– 1) + 5 = –20 x + 12 x 
= 2+3+5
= 10  Distributive Property:
1.4 1  . . . 2x 1
a(b + c) = ab + ac
2
1.5 2x – 7 – 8x
5ac
3.3
() ()
2
1
x= : 2 1 –7– 8 1 b 4.3
8a + 16a2 - 4a3
2 2 2
( )( )
5 2 1 2a
= ( 2 )( 1 ) – 7 – ( 8 )( 1 ) = 1 1 2 . . . it is useful to put whole numbers =
8a 16a2
+ –
4a3
. . . Each term in the numerator
1 2 1 4 (-3) over 1 when fractions are involved 2a 2a 2a must be divided by 2a.
= 1–7–2 5(1) = 4 + 8a – 2a 
2
=
= –8  -3
= -5 
3 4.4 –3(x)(x) + 2x(– x)
2 2
= –3x – 2x . . . LIKE TERMS ☺
2
= –5x 
x- y 2 2
2. B  . . . x is part of the fraction , which can 3.4 3x – 2xy – y
3
2 2
1 1 1 = 3(2) – 2(2)(–3) – (–3)
also be written as (x - y) = x – y. 2 5
3 3 3 = 3(4) – 2(–6) – (9) 4.5 –3m n(4m – 3mn + 2n) . . . Distributive
1 3 3 6 2 2 Property
â The coefficient of x is . = 12 + 12 – 9 = –12m n + 9m n – 6m n 
3
= 15 
The two variables are x and y. 4.6 3ab – (–2ab)
= 3ab + 2ab . . . LIKE TERMS ☺
= 5ab 

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Solutions: Algebraic Expressions
3 3 3 3 3
5.1 (3 x) + 2 x . . . (3 x ) = 3 . x 5.11
x-2
–
x-3
. . . Do not multiply!
a2b 2 4a 2 bc When we multiply fractions,
2x 3x
= 27x + 2x
3 3
. . . LIKE TERMS ☺ 5.7 % we may cancel FACTORS.
ac 2 20b3
3 3( x - 2) - 2( x - 3)
= 29x  ab 2 a2 c = . . . NB : Brackets!
= % NB: Understand the expression 6x
2
c 5b 2 3x − 6 − 2 x + 6
a×a×b×b 4×a×a×b×c = . . . Keep the denominator, 6x!
2 2 2 a3 % 6x
5.2 (2 x) % 3 x . . . (2 x ) = 2x % 2x = a×c×c 20 × b × b × b
5c = x
= 4x % 3x
2 2 . . . and then cancel!
6x
4
= 12 x  =
1

6 NB :
6x5 15 x 3
5.8 – It is only when working with
5.3
2 3 2
(a b ) . ab
2 x4 3x 2
fractions IN EQUATIONS
4 6 2 = 6x – 5x . . . LIKE TERMS ☺
= a b . ab (Page Q6, Question 4), that
5 8
= a b  = x  4x2 4x you logically multiply both
5.12 ÷ 2
2a2 2a sides of the equation!
NB: Understand the expression
5 4x2 2a2
5.4
5
2 –1
5
... 2
5
= 2%2%2%2%2 6×x × x × x × x × x 15 × x × x × x = 2
%
– 2a 4x
= 32 – 1 1
5
= 1%1%1%1%1 x × x × x × x 3 × x × x
= x 
= 31 

2x +1 x +2 – 1 This is an expression :
5.9 –
4 2 4 15 x2y 3 + 9 x2y 3 . . . LIKE TERMS ☺
Fractions (+, −, % , ÷ ) 2 x + 1 − 2( x + 2) − 1
keep the value the same; 5.13
= do not multiply it! 8 x2 y 3
4
x ×5 + x ×2 All terms need to be 24 x2y 3
5.5 2 x + 1 − 2 x -- 4 − 1 =
2 ×5 5 ×2 = written over a common 8 x2 y 3
4 (the same) denominator.
When we add or subtract
= 5x + 2x fractions, we must determine =
-4 = 3 
10 4
a common denominator
7x = –1 
= 
10
5a2b 20a3 b
2 5.14 ÷
5a × 3 5a × 2 x-y (x + y) 3ab 27
5.6 – 5.10 % a b2
y+x x−y Compare to: %
8 × 3 12 × 2 NB: 'Keep' the denominator! b a = 5a % 27
Do not multiply by it. ( x - y) 2 3 20a3 b
15a - 10a ( x + y) = b 
= = % 9
24 (x + y) (x − y) = 
5a 4a2 b
=  x+y
24 =
1
= x+y 

A4 Copyright © The Answer

Solutions: Algebraic Expressions

5 4 a−b Square roots and cube roots

5.15 – – . . . Do not multiply! 2
b a ab 6.3 ( x + 5)( x + 2) = x + 2x + 5x + 10
3
5a − 4b − (a − b) 5.19 225 x 4 – 125 x 6 2
= . . . NB : Brackets! 2 2 = x + 7x + 10
ab = 15x – 5x
2
3 225 5 125
5a − 4b − a + b = 10x 
= . . . Keep the denominator, ab! 3 75 5 25
ab 2
5 25 5 6.4 ( x − 2)( x − 3) = x – 3x – 2x + 6
4a − 3b
=  5 3
2
= x – 5x + 6
ab â 125 = 5
2 2
â 225 = 3 % 5 â
3
125 = 5
3a -2 b × 24b -1 a -1 â 225 = 3 % 5 2
5.16 6.5 ( x + 7)( x – 1) = x – x + 7x – 7
9a - 4 b-3 2
-3 = x + 6x – 7
72a
= 5.20 16 x 16 × 25 x 4 OR: = 400 x 20
9a - 4 b-3
3 a -3 – 3 – (– 4) 1 = 16 x 16 . 25 x 4 = 20 x 10
= 8ab  ... =a = a 8 2 6.6 (2x – 3)(x + 1)
a -4 = 4x . 5x
2
&
1
=b
3
= 20x
10
 = 2x + 2 x – 3x – 3
-3
b 2
= 2x – x – 3 

5.21 3
27 x 27 3 % 3 % 3 = 27 ;
...
x 2
2x 7x 2 2
= 3x 
9 x 9 % x 9 % x 9 = x 27
5.17 + –
2 3 6 6.7 x(x + 2) – (x – 1)(x – 3)
2 2
3x2 + 2(2x2 ) - 7x2 Write all 3 terms over a = x + 2x – (x – 3x – x + 3)
= ... 5.22 16a + 9a 2 2 st
. . . 1 add LIKE TERMS
6 common denominator, 6. 2 2
= x + 2x – (x – 4x + 3)
2 2 2 2
3x + 4x - 7x = 25a 2 2
= . . . Do not multiply NB: 16a2 + 9a2 ≠ 4a + 3a! = x + 2x – x + 4x – 3
6 (by 6)! = 5a 
0 = 6x – 3 
=
6
= 0 
Distributive 2 2
6.1
2 2
4ab(5a b + 2ab – 3) 6.8 (x – 3) – x (x + 4) (x – 3)
Property:
6 x2 3y 3 3 3 2 2
2
= x – 6x + 9 – x – 4x
2 = (x – 3)(x – 3)
5.18 % = 20a b + 8a b – 12ab  a(b + c) 2
7x y 2x
= ab + ac = –10x + 9  = x – 3x – 3 x + 9
6x 3y 3 2
= x – 6x + 9
= % and
7y 2x 2 2 2 Perfect Square
6.2 3a bc (3a – 4b – c) a(b – c)
9y 2 Trinomial
=  4 2 2 2 2 2 3 = ab – ac
7 = 9a bc – 12a b c – 3a bc 

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Solutions: Algebraic Expressions
2
6.9 (2 x – 1) – ( x + 1)( x – 1)
2
7.1  7.4 : 7.9  7.12 :
= (2 x – 1)(2 x – 1) – ( x – 1) Perfect Square Trinomials Observe how the trinomial
2 2 is obtained in each case.
= 4x – 4x + 1 – x + 1
2
= 3x – 4x + 2  2
7.1 (x + 5) = (x + 5)(x + 5)
2 2
2 2 7.9 (x + 3)(x + 4) = x + 4x + 3x + 12 = x + 7x + 12 
(2x – 1) = (2x – 1)(2x – 1) = x + 5x + 5x + 25
2
= 4x – 2x – 2x + 1 2
= x + 10x + 25  2 2
Perfect Square 2
7.10 (x – 3)(x – 4) = x – 4x – 3x + 12 = x – 7x + 12 
Trinomial = 4x – 4x + 1
2
7.2 (p – 3) = (p – 3)(p – 3) 2 2
2
& (x + 1)(x – 1) = x – x + x – 1 7.11 (x + 3)(x – 4) = x – 4x + 3x – 12 = x – x – 12 
2
Difference 2
= x –1 = p – 3p – 3p + 9
between 2 2 2
= p – 6p + 9  7.12 (x – 3)(x + 4) = x + 4x – 3x – 12 = x + x – 12 
Squares
2
7.3 (2a + 3) = (2a + 3)(2a + 3)
2
= 4a + 6a + 6a + 9
2
2 = 4a + 12a + 9 
6.10 2(x + 2) – (2x – 1)(x + 2)
2
2 8.1 B  . . . –(–2) – (2(–2) – 1)
= 2(x + 2)(x + 2) – (2 x + 4x – x – 2) 7.4
2
(4x – 1) = (4x – 1)(4x – 1) = –(4) – (–4 – 1)
2 2
= 2(x + 4x + 4) – (2 x + 3x – 2) 2
= 16x – 4x – 4x + 1 = –4 – (–5)
2 2
= 2 x + 8x + 8 – 2 x – 3x + 2 2
= 16x – 8x + 1  = –4 + 5
= 5x + 10  2 = 1
(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(x + 2)
8.2 C 
2
= x + 2x + 2 x + 4
Perfect Square 2 7.5  7.8 :
= x + 4x + 4 x 1×y x-y
Trinomial Difference between Squares 8.3 D  ... – = . . . Write the terms
y 1×y y over the same
denominator.

( 3x - 3 y)( 3x + 3 y)
2 2
7.5 (x + 5)(x – 5) = x – 5 x + 5 x – 25 = x – 25
8.4 D  ...

= ( x ) – (3y)
2 2 2
7.6 (p – 3)(p + 3) = p + 3p – 3p – 9 = p – 9 2
. . . difference of squares
3
2 2
7.7 (2a + 3)(2a – 3) = 4a – 6a + 6a – 9 = 4a – 9 =
x 2 – 9y 2
9
2 2
7.8 (4x – 1)(4x + 1) = 16 x + 4 x – 4 x – 1 = 16 x – 1

A6 Copyright © The Answer

Solutions: Factorisation
2 2 2
2.3 81 – 100a 2.4 9p – 36q Check each answer by
FACTORISATION = (9 + 10a)(9 – 10a) 
2
= 9(p – 4q )
2
multiplying back (to the beginning)
= 9(p + 2q)(p – 2q)  2 2
3.1 a + 8a + 16 = (a + 4)(a + 4) = (a + 4) 
2
2.5 7 x – 28
1. Common Factor 2
= 7( x – 4) 2 2
3.2 p – 10p + 25 = (p – 5)(p – 5) = (p – 5) 
= 7(x + 2)(x – 2) 
Check each answer by
x2 + 5x + 6 = (x + 3)(x + 2)  ... 1 + 3 +3
multiplying back (to the beginning)
3.3
1 + 2 +2
3 2 2
1.1 8p + 4p 1.2 10t – 5t +5
3. Trinomials 3 TERMS
2
= 4p (2p + 1)  = 5t(2t – 1) 

1.3
2 2
3 x y – 9x y + 12 x y
3 3
1.4
2
2p + 2 3.4 x2 – 5x + 6 = (x – 3)(x – 2)  ... 1 – 3 –3
1 – 2 –2
2 2 2 Observe these PRODUCTS:
= 3 x y(x – 3y + 4x y )  = 2(p + 1)  –5
 Perfect Squares  Perfect Square TRINOMIALS
1.5 2( x + y) + a(x + y) 1.6 2( x + y) – t(x + y)  
2 2
= (x + y)(2 + a)  = (x + y)(2 – t)  (x + 3) = (x + 3)(x + 3) = x + 3x + 3x + 9 = x + 6x + 9
2
3.5 x2 + x – 6 = (x + 3)(x – 2)  ...
1 + 3 +3
2 2 1 – 2 –2
& (x – 3)2 = (x – 3)(x – 3) = x – 3x – 3x + 9 = x – 6x + 9
1.7 t x – ty – 2x + 2y 2 +1
â x + 6x + 9 = ( x + 3)2
= (t x – ty) – (2 x -- 2y) 2
& x – 6x + 9 = ( x – 3)2
= t( x – y) – 2(x – y) 1 – 3 –3
2 2 2 2 3.6 x2 – x – 6 = (x – 3)(x + 2)  ...
= (x – y)(t – 2)  (a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b) = a + ab + ab + b = a + 2ab + b 1 + 2 +2
2 2 2 2
& (a – b)2 = (a – b)(a – b) = a – ab – ab + b = a – 2ab + b –1
2 2 2
â a + 2ab + b = (a + b)
2 2
& a – 2ab + b = (a – b)2 1 – 9 –9
2. Difference between Squares 3.7 x2 – 11 x + 18 = (x – 9)(x – 2)  ...
1 – 2 –2
 Other products  TRINOMIALS – 11
Check each answer by
multiplying back (to the beginning)  
(x + 2)(x + 3) = x + 2x + 3x + 6 = x + 5x + 6
2 2
2 2 2 2 1 + 9 +9
2.1 4x – y 2.2 4 x – 4y 3.8 x2 + 11 x + 18 = (x + 9)(x + 2)  ...
2 2
(x – 2)(x – 3) = x2 – 2x – 3x + 6 = x2 – 5x + 6 1 + 2 +2
= (2 x + y)(2x – y)  = 4( x – y )
(x + 2)(x – 3) = x2 + 2x – 3x – 6 = x2 – x – 6 + 11
= 4(x + y)(x – y) 
(x – 2)(x + 3) = x2 – 2x + 3x – 6 = x2 + x – 6
Compare Question 2.1 and Question 2.2! 1 – 9 –9
Observe the results above to 3.9 x2 – 7x – 18 = (x – 9)(x + 2)  ...
In Question 2.1: 4 is not a common factor. 1 + 2 +2
understand factorising trinomials
In Question 2.2: 4 is a common factor. –7

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Solutions: Factorisation

2 1 + 9 +9 Mixed Factorisation x2 - 4 x . . . CF 1 – 4 –4
3.10 x + 7x – 18 = (x + 9)(x – 2)  ... 5.2 2
...
1 – 2 –2 x - 2 x - 8 . . . Trinomial 1 + 2 +2
+7 Check each answer by –2
x ( x - 4)
multiplying back (to the beginning) =
( x - 4)(x + 2)
3 2
4.1 3a – 9a – 6a x 
... 1 + 6 +6
2
3.11 x + 9x + 18 = (x + 6)(x + 3)  2 =
1 + 3 +3 = 3a(a – 3a – 2)  . . . note: this does not x+2
+9 factorise further
2
4.2 2a – 18a + 36 3a − 6b
2 1 – 6 –6 5.3
= 2(a – 9a + 18) 4b − 2a
1 – 3 –3
... 1 – 6 –6
2
3.12 x – 9x + 18 = (x – 6)(x – 3)  = 2(a – 6)(a – 3)  3(a − 2b)
1 – 3 –3 –9 = . . . Common Factors
2(2b − a)
–9 2
4.3 4(a + b) – x (a + b)
2 3( a − 2b )
= (a + b)(4 – x ) . . . always check to see if = . . . 2b – a
− 2( a − 2b )
2 1 + 6 +6 = (a + b)(2 + x)(2 – x)  you can factorise further = – (a – 2b)
3.13 x + 3x – 18 = (x + 6)(x – 3)  ... 3
1 – 3 –3 3 = − 
4.4 6x (a – b) + x (b – a) 2
+3
3
= 6x (a – b) – x (a – b) . . . switchround
=
3
(a – b)(6x – x) . . . the 'new' factor can 2 x2 − 8 x2 − 4 x
5.4 % Don't be frightened
2 1 – 6 –6 2
(a – b) . x (6 x – 1) factorise further 3 x − 12 x−2
3.14 x – 3x – 18 = (x – 6)(x + 3)  ... = by the look of these
1 + 3 +3
= x (a – b)(6 x 2 – 1)  2(x 2 − 4) x ( x − 4) fractions!
–3 = %
3( x − 4) x −2 Just focus on
3 2
4.5 6a – 12a + 18a 2(x + 2)( x − 2 ) factorising where
2 = possible; then
= 6a(a – 2a + 3)  . . . note: this does not 3( x − 2)
factorise further cancel the factors
2( x + 2) where possible.
= 
3
FACTORISATION
x2 + 2 x x2 - 4
Use factorisation to simplify 5.5 3
÷
There are 3 TYPES of factorization: x - 2x x -2
 Common Factor (CF) : Always try this first! the following fractions
x2 + 2 x x−2
= x 2 . . . note the 'flipped' fraction!
 Difference between Squares (DbS) : 2 terms x 2 - 1 . . . DbS x3 - 2 x x −4
5.1
 Trinomials : 3 terms 3 x + 3 . . . CF x ( x + 2) ( x - 2)
= 2
%
( x + 1)(x - 1) x x
( - 2) ( x + 2)( x - 2)
RECOGNISE THESE ! =
3( x + 1) 1
= 
x-1 x2 - 2
= 
3

A8 Copyright © The Answer

Solutions: Algebraic Equations

2.1 x+5 = 2 . . . '5 more than a number is 2' 3.3 8x + 3 = 3 x – 22

ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS â x = –3  â 8 x – 3x = –22 – 3 . . . Subtract 3x & Subtract 3
â 5x = –25
(Linear and Quadratic) 2.2 x – 3 = –4 . . . '3 less than a number is –4' â x = –5  . . . ÷ 5, OR: 5 % ? = – 25
â x = –1 
Check : LHS = 8(–5) + 3 = – 40 + 3 = –37
2.3 2x = 12 . . . 'double a number is 12' & RHS = 3(–5) – 22 = – 15 – 22 = – 37
LOGIC IS KEY!
â x= 6  â LHS = RHS  â The answer is correct.

1.1 B  . . . If 3 is a root, then x = 3 will x i.e. The equation is 'true' for x = – 5.

2.4 = 6 . . . 'a fifth of a number is 6'
5
make the equation true We say that –5 is the root (or solution)
â x = 30 
2 of the equation.
i.e. 3 +3+t = 0
â 9+3+t = 0
â t = –12 3.4 3( x + 6 ) = 12
Check your answer by substituting in the given
â 3 x + 18 = 12 . . . OR: x+6 = 4
1.2 D  . . . 2p + 12 = 58 OR: ? + 12 = 58 equation to see if it is 'true' for the value of x . â 3x = –6 â x = –2 
â x = –2 
â 2p = 46 Answer: 46
3.1 3x – 1 = 5
â p = 23 So, 2p = 46 Check your answer by substituting in the given
â 3x = 6 equation to see if it is 'true' for the value of x .
â 2 % ? = 46
â x = 2 
â p = 23
[ Check : LHS = 3x – 1 = 3(2) – 1 = 5 = RHS  ] 3.5 2x – 5 = 5x + 16 . . . Add 5 & Subtract 5x
1.3 B  . . . If (x – 1)(x + 2) = 0 , â 2x – 5x = 16 + 5
then x–1 = 0 or x+2 = 0 â –3x = 21
â x = 1 â x = –2 3.2 2(x + 1) = 10 â x = –7  . . . Divide by –3
â 2x + 2 = 10 . . . OR: x+1 = 5
Check your answer by substituting in the given
â 2x = 8 â x = 4 
3x ? equation to see if it is 'true' for the value of x .
1.4 D  ... = –6 OR: = –6
2 2 â x = 4 
â 3x = –12 Answer: – 12
[ Check : LHS = 2(4 + 1) = 2 % 5 = 10 = RHS  ] 3.6 x3 + x3 = 2
x = –4 â 3x = – 12 3
â 2x = 2 . . . LIKE TERMS
So, 3 % ? = – 12 â x
3
= 1 . . . divide by 2
â x = –4 â x = 1  . . . take cube root
Check your answer by substituting in the given
1.5 B  . . . The product of a number, x, and 6 equals
equation to see if it is 'true' for the value of x .
x % 6 = 6x

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Solutions: Algebraic Equations

Equations including fractions 4.3

2x -3
-
x +1 = 3x -1 NB: Quadratic Equations
2 3 2 Brackets!
x6) 3(2x – 3) – 2(x + 1) = 3(3x – 1)
NOTE : In EXPRESSIONS , the previous section, The LOGIC :
â 6x – 9 – 2x – 2 = 9x – 3
we did not multiply. We kept the denominator! If the product of 2 numbers = 0, then
6 times the LHS â 4x – 11 = 9x – 3 either one or the other number must = 0.
Now, in EQUATIONS , we do multiply,
= 6 times the RHS â 4x – 9x = –3 + 11
applying logic !!! – ' what we do to the left
hand side (LHS) of an equation, we also do to â –5x = 8
8 5.1 ( x – 3)( x + 4) = 0 . . . the product of x – 3 and
the right hand side (RHS)'. â x = – 
5 x – 4 equals 0, so:
Check your answer ! Either x – 3 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
â x = 3  â x = –4 
x-2 2x + 1 5 x x -1 3
4.1 + = 4.4 – =
4 3 3 NB: 1 2 1
Brackets! Check : If x = 3 :
NB: Brackets!
x 1 2) â3(x – 2) + 4(2x + 1) = 4(5) x2) â 2x – (x – 1) = 2(3) LHS = (3 – 3)(3 + 4) = 0(7) = 0 = RHS 
â 3x – 6 + 8x + 4 = 20 â 2x – x + 1 = 6
If x = – 4 :
â 11x – 2 = 20 2 times the LHS â x +1 = 6
LHS = (– 4 – 3)(– 4 + 4) = (– 7) % 0 = 0 = RHS 
â 11x = 22 = 2 times the RHS â x = 5 
â Both answers are correct
â x = 2  Check your answer !

Check your answer ! x+1 x-1 1 2

4.5 – = 5.2 x – 5x – 6 = 0 . . . Factorise the trinomial
3 6 1
â (x – 6)(x + 1) = 0 so that you have a product
NB: Brackets!
The LCM of the denominators is 12. x 6 ) â 2(x + 1) – (x – 1) = 6(1)
The logic: 12 % the LHS = 12 % the RHS â 2x + 2 – x + 1 = 6 â Either x – 6 = 0 or x+1 = 0 1 – 6 –6
1 + 1 +1
6 times the LHS â x +3 = 6 â x = 6  x = –1 
–5
x+2 x-3
= 6 times the RHS â x = 3 
4.2 – = 0 Check your answers !
3 4 NB: Brackets! Check your answer !

x 1 2) â 4(x + 2) – 3(x – 3) = 0 2 2
5.3 x – 1 = 0 ... Factorise ! OR: x – 1 = 0
â 4x + 8 – 3x + 9 = 0 Compare the position of the = signs (Difference 2
â (x + 1)(x – 1) = 0 between squares) x =1
â x + 17 = 0 In Algebraic Expressions (in the previous section): x = ±1
â Either x+1 = 0 or x–1 = 0
â x = –17  The = signs are down the left
â x = –1  x = 1 
Check your answer ! In Algebraic Equations (Q4.1 to 4.5 above):
The = signs are in the middle Check your answers !
and the â signs are on the left

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Solutions: Algebraic Equations
2 2 2
5.4 x – 2x = 0 . . . Factorise! (Common Factor) 6.2 (x – 2) + 3x – 2 = (x + 3) Other . . .
â x(x – 2) = 0 â (x – 2)(x – 2) + 3x – 2 = (x + 3)(x + 3)
Note:
â Either x = 0  or x–2 = 0 2 2
â x – 4x + 4 + 3x – 2 = x + 6x + 9 2
the two 2x terms Solving equations requires
â x = 2 
â – x + 2 = 6x + 9 . . . cancel each other reversing operations
and the equation
Check your answers ! â – x – 6x = 9 – 2 becomes linear.
â –7x = 7
+ -- x ÷ powers roots
â x = –1 

Check your answer ! x +3 = 8 3x = 12 x3 = 8

In Questions 6.1 and 6.2: In Question 6.3:
âx+3 –3 = 8 –3 3x 12 Take
3
on both sides
(x – 2)
2
(x + 3)
2 â =
3 3
6.3
2
( x – 3) = 16 âx = 5  â x= 2 
= (x – 2)(x – 2) = (x + 3)(x + 3) âx=4
2 2 Note: x 2 = 9
= x – 2x – 2x + 4 = x + 3x + 3x + 9 (x – 3)(x – 3) = 16 â x = ±3
2 2
= x – 4x + 4 = x + 6x + 9 2
â x – 6x + 9 – 16 = 0 If the power is even,
Remember the logic? there are 2 roots!
2
â x – 6x – 7 = 0  The product must = 0 !
Now, the equations . . . â ( x – 7)( x + 1) = 0  The trinomial is factorised x –3 = 8 x x =5
= 12
âx–3 +3 = 8 +3 3
Square both sides
x
The logic: â x = 11  â 3 x 3 = 12 x 3 ( x) = 5
2 2
2
6.1 2(x – 2) = (2x – 1)(x – 3)
( x – 7) times ( x + 1) equals 0, so . . . . â x = 36  â x = 25 
2
â 2(x – 2)(x – 2) = 2x – 6x – x + 3
Either x – 7 equals 0 or x + 1 equals 0
2 2
â 2(x – 4x + 4) = 2x – 7x + 3 i.e. Either x – 7 = 0 or x +1 = 0 ALWAYS CHECK YOUR ANSWER!
2
2 2
the two 2x terms â x = 7  or x = –1 
â 2x – 8 x + 8 = 2 x – 7 x + 3 cancel each other
and the equation Check your answers ! So, solve for x: (a) x = 2 (b) x = 2
â –8x + 7x = 3 – 8 . . . becomes linear
(no longer Square both sides Square both sides
â – x = –5
quadratic). â x = 4  â x = 4
â x = 5 
Square both sides again
Check your answer !
â x = 16 

Now see Q7.1

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Solutions: Algebraic Equations

7.1 x = 2 NOTES

( )
2
2
Square both sides â x = (2)

â x = 4

( x ) = (4)
2 2
Square both sides again â

â x = 16
Square both sides again! â ( x ) = (16)
2 2

â x = 256 

Check your answer !

1
7.2 = 2
x
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
â ⎜ ⎟ = (2)
⎝ x⎠

1
â = 4
x

2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
â ⎜ ⎟ = (4)
⎝ x ⎠

1 16
â =
x 1

1
â x = 
16

Check your answer !

A12 Copyright © The Answer

Solutions: Graphs

2. P is the intersection of the lines y = x and y = 3 and so 4.1 y

GRAPHS at point P, both these equations must 'be true'. 5

y = 3x – 2
So, y must equal x and y must equal 3. â y = x = 3 4
3
â P(3; 3)  (0; 1) 2
1.1 B  . . . f(x) = 2x + 4:
 positive gradient of
2
. . . 2 x,
( 1
− ;0
3 ) 1 ( )2
3
;0
x
1 O
– 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
 y–int of 4 . . . y = 4 when x = 0 3.1 y = 3x – 5 –1
– 2 (0; – 2)
y = 3(–2) – 5 = –11
–2 –1 0 1 –3
If a point lies on a line, then the equation of the graph x y = 3x + 1
y = 3(–1) – 5 = –8 –4
will be true for its coordinates. (See Question 1.2) y –11 –8 –5 –2 –5
y = 3(0) – 5 = –5
1.2 D  . . . The equation is y = x, so x and y will have y = 3(1) – 5 = –2
to be equal (i.e. the coordinates must have
the same value) To find the points where the graphs cut the axes:
We substitute the values of x into the equation to find y.
d 2 y = 3x – 2: y = 3x + 1:
1.3 B  ... = â d=4 . . . equivalent fractions
6 3 2
3.2 y = - x –1
3 For the Y-intercept , substitute x = 0
Very important to know:
x –3 –1 0 1 â y = 3(0) – 2 â y = 3(0) + 1
On the Y-axis, the x-coordinate is (always) 0 (See Question 1.4)
1 5 = –2 = 1
On the X-axis, the y-coordinate is (always) 0 (See Question 1.5) y 1 – –1 –
3 3
â The graph cuts the â The graph cuts the
1.4 C  . . . Substitute x = 0; then 2
3 1 ( )
y = – -3 –1 = 2–1 = 1
y–axis at –2.
The point is (0; 2)
y–axis at 1.
The point is (0; 1)
y–intercept: 4(0) + 2y = 12
2 2 1
â 2y = 12 y = – (– 1) – 1 = –1 = –
3 3 3
â y = 6 For the X-intercept , substitute y = 0
2
y = – (0) – 1 = – 1
So, the point on the y–axis is (0; 6) 3
â 0 = 3x – 2 â 0 = 3x + 1
2 2 5
y = – (1) – 1 = – – 1 = – â 3x = 2 â 3x = – 1
1.5 B  . . . Substitute y = 0; then 3 3 3
2 1
x–intercept: 3(0) + 2x + 1 = 0 â x = â x = –
3 3
â 2x = –1
1 â The graph cuts the â The graph cuts the
â x = –
2
x–axis at 2 . x–axis at – 1 .
(
â − 1;0 ) . . . the coordinates of 3 3
2 the x–intercept
( )
The point is 2 ; 0
3 (
The point is − 1 ; 0
3 )
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Solutions: Graphs

4.2 They are parallel  . . . they have equal gradients

6.1 The gradient = –
5
= –5  8.1 The equation of CD: x = 2 
1 . . . because every point on (vertical) line CD has
an x–coordinate equal to 2
By inspection The use of a formula
â x = 2 is the equation of CD
4  negative gradient for the gradient is
5.1 AD : The gradient = – = –2 . . . â m = –2
2 rise vertical change not ideal for
 or grade 9 learners. The equation of a line is a 'rule' which
& the y–intercept is 4 ... â c = 4 run horizontal change
is true for all points on the line.
â The equation is y = –2x + 4  . . . m = –2 & c = 4 So, –– and
5 units down
in y = mx + c 1 unit across

4 8.2 The equation of AB: y = 2x 

BC : The gradient = – = –2 . . . â m = –2 6.2 y = –5x + 5  . . . gradient, m = –5 &
2
y–intercept, c = 5
& the y–intercept is – 4 . . . â c = –4 Method 1:
6.3 The gradient of any other straight line Observe various points on the graph:
â The equation is y = –2x – 4  . . . m = –2 & c = –4
in y = mx + c drawn parallel to this line is –5.  . . . parallel lines e.g. (– 2; –4) ; (–1; –2) ; (1; 2)
have the same and notice that y always equals twice x
gradient
The standard form of the equation of Method 2 :
a straight line is y = m x + c , where 2
7.1 m, the gradient = + = 2
m = the gradient and c = the y–intercept. 1
A B C & c, the y–intercept, is 0

x–coordinate 0 2 4

5.2 They are parallel. y–coordinate –2 0 2 8.3 E(2; –2)  . . . x = 2 and y = –2 at point E
They both have gradients of –2.
8.4 CE = 6 units  . . . CE = CD + DE = 4 + 2 = 6 units
Note : x = 0 on the y–axis (at A)
Both gradients are negative and are & y = 0 on the x–axis (at B) OR CE = YC – YE . . . the difference of the
number of units down = 4 – (–2) y–coordinates of C and
measured as
number of units across
= 6
vertical change 7.2 y = x–2  . . . By inspection:
i.e.
horizontal change The y–coordinates are all 2 less
than the x–coordinates.

2
or: Gradient = + = 1
2
& y–intercept, c = – 2

A14 Copyright © The Answer

Solutions: Graphs

9.1 The lines x = 4 and x = –4 are parallel to 10.1 y For the X-intercept , substitute y = 0
one another. 
y 2 3
. . . The lines x = 4 and x = – 4 : 5 â 0 = – x+1 â 0 = x–1
3 2
are both parallel to the y–axis O x 2 3
–4 4 4 â x = 1 â x = 1
y = 3 x–1 3 2
3 2
x = –4 x=4 y =–2 x+1 â 2x = 3 ... %3 â 3x = 2 ... %2
3 2
3 2
9.2 The equation of the horizontal line through the â x = ... ÷2 â x = ... ÷3
1 2 3
point P(3; – 2) is y = –2. 
O x
. . . The horizontal line through y – 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 â The graph cuts the â The graph cuts the
P(3; – 2) is y = – 2 ; O x
–1
x–axis at 3 . x–axis at 2 .
2 3
–2
(2 ) (3 )
The vertical line through y = –2
–2 P(3; – 2) The point is 3 ; 0 The point is 2 ; 0
P(3; – 2) is x = 3 ; –3

x = 3 –4

–5
10.2 They are perpendicular.
9.3 The gradient of the line defined by y – 4 x + 5 = 0 is
equal to 4.  Out of interest:
. . . y – 4x + 5 = 0 2 3
Compare the gradients, – and .
â y = 4x – 5 . . . y = mx + c 3 2
â The gradient, which is the coefficient of x, is 4 To find the points where the graphs cut the axes: They are negative inverses of one another.

2 3
y = – x + 1: y = x – 1:
3 2
9.4 This graph of f below represents a non–linear function. 
y
. . . A linear function is For the Y-intercept , substitute x = 0
a straight line,
f 2 3
not a curve. â y = – (0) + 1 â y = (0) – 1
x 3 2
= 1 = –1

â The graph cuts the â The graph cuts the

y–axis at 1. y–axis at –1.
The point is (0; 1) The point is (0; –1)

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Solutions: Graphs
y y
11.1 12.1 12.2 y = –2x + 1 . . .  & y = x–2 ... 
y = –2x + 4 5
5 y = –2x + 1  = : –2x + 1 = x – 2
Both equations
4
4 â –2x – x = –2 – 1 must be true
3 at T, the point
3 y =x–2 â –3x = –3
2 of intersection.
2 â x = 1
1
1
– 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –1
O
1 2 3 4 5
x Substitute x = 1 into : y = (1) – 2 OR into !
O x –1 T = –1
– 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1 –2 â T(1; –1) 
–2 –3

–3 –4
x=1
–4 –5

–5
NOTES
To find the points where the graphs cut the axes:
y = –2x + 1: y = x – 2:
To find the points where the graphs cut the axes:
y = –2x + 4: For the Y-intercept , substitute x = 0
y–intercept (substitute x = 0): y = –2(0) + 4 â y = –2(0) + 1 â y = (0) – 2
= 4 = 1 = –2
x–intercept (substitute y = 0): 0 = –2x + 4 â The graph cuts the â The graph cuts the
â 2x = 4 y–axis at 1. y–axis at –2.
â x = 2
The point is (0; 1) The point is (0; –2)
x = 1: This graph is a vertical line through x = 1.
For the X-intercept , substitute y = 0
Every point on the graph has an x–coordinate
equal to 1. â 0 = –2x + 1 â 0 = x–2
â 2x = 1 â x = 2
11.2 The point of intersection is (1; 2)  1
â x =
. . . At this point, x = 1 and y = –2x + 4 2
(i.e. both equations are true) â The graph cuts the â The graph cuts the
â y = –2(1) + 4 x–axis at 1 . x–axis at 2.
= 2 2
â The point is (1; 2) (2 )
The point is 1 ; 0 The point is (2; 0)

A16 Copyright © The Answer