Cellular

semen,
saliva, criminal
7.2
Introduction:7.1
foremost examination
urine,fluids, 7.
2. 1. BLOOD: In Forensic FORENSICBIOLOGY
Normal
manufacturedcomponents investigation
with Hair,
1.
responsible membranes
the
Aglutinogens
haemoglobins they RBC evidence
3. 2. WBC
granulated
PLATELETS
rculating Granulocytes
eosinophil
basophils.and human
Agranulocytes transportation Fluid that of Fibres
lose (Red Biology
(White biological
of
their connective crime.
encountered
comprises for blood of of
sweat, and
of in blood crimes, is
blood.bodies. defenceblood(haem=Iron he
tarnuclei
human bone materials tears, defined
Diatoms.
Thrombocytes): like are of
oxygen. cells/
comprises tissue
beforemarrow. such faecal
65 variety of
Clotting lymphocy numerous mechanism of cells/
300,000 in
4,000-11,000 red Erythrocytes): as
Biological as
+globin=protein) entering the of plays
Leucocytes): the murder, matter, the
of blood Mammals
of
blood
Platelets/ul crime
tes and RBC, body a identification
of antigens
present vital
and cells/u body. the WBC& rape, milk,fluids
Platelets
is contain cells.RBC scenewhich
due monocy circulatory don't role etc.
of Biconcave robbery,
toare blood.
leucocytesresponsible
PLATELETS.
investigation. is in include of -Sheeba Grace
platelets. neutrophils, have t he linking
present are tes. contains biological
system. first etc., blood,
small, thein nucieidisc's
are for and the the
in
 66
67 provenconfirmed sampl
are es suspected the where confirmtesatt ory
examinations Preliminary blood. be
to
followed
by
areconcluded. perform.
carcinogen Probable fluorescence Luminol sensitive,
quick is It cannot
be
+t+++ alone toeasy and
carcinogen Probable color Green Dark o-Tolidine which presence
of
+++ a
is blood
for done nation Prelainmd inarspeci
kastlemeyer
test EXAMINATIthe ON:exami PRELIMINARY teyst fic 7.3not
Relatively
safe color Phenolphthalein
Pink or investigations.
colour Green green criminal
Relativelysafe Leucomalachite
evidence
is
inassoci
liktog ated
commonly Blood
as stain. suspected
important
step first the Bood ion of examination
carcinogen color Blue Benzidine the in is Identificatof
++++ evidence. accepted
as are India 1973procedure,
of criminal
293section
ue or
code
of
Carcinogen Benzidine undermentioned expert Forensic Keports
methyl Tetra aof
Probable +++
color Blue
platelets.
Comment Sensitivity Indicator Test contain does and
tests:
screening common its and Blood
blood
unclotted from
blood.'
ndicates activityperoxidase positive
for indicates
the colouration liquid the Plasma
is
lue-green peroxide). hydrogen peroxide
(3% hydrogen +1drop 50ml) platelets; disorders blood other
water distilled 43ml, acid- acetic glacial
acetate-5.0g, (sodium reagent contain not does and Infection
and Fights
TMB drop add1 stain
suspected theBenzidine:
To methyl Tetra clotted has that blood system. clotting blood the
oxidation-reduction
reactions. catalyst
for from liquid Serum
is component
of
Platelets/Thrombocytes
Essential
serves
aas heme andoxidant peroxide
anis Hydrogenidentification.
xidation-reduction
blood for example
of hydrogen stains. blood
an as
oflots wicoincides
th oxidation where reactionsBiochemical WBC/Leukocytes
DNAin Source
of infection Fights
fluorescence. colour
or changeof resulting
the in reduction
xidation undergoes substrate colourless haemoglobin
is
which Det on blood.
test ectiof
component
of Hermea catalysed
by reactions
are These assays. 3.
mptive
blood. fotests
r
theseemployed in chemistry reduction
the is Oxidation- screening
samnple. suspected given the blood
in traces
of blood, detect To
Basiofs 2.
DNA. before used dioxide carbon
PRESUMPTIVE
TESTS: 1,
markers typing the
removal andtissuesRBC/Erythrocytes
Confirmatory
tests of
ny Contain
maof Transport
of Cell
1. oxygen
to
Presumptive
tests function Composition
interest forensic of
forensic its and blood
functions:
 69
positive. 68
2end.
If other
rtheeached betosaidprocedurise thevisible
napthol sodium
a- of band pink
(Glacial buffer 50ml in phosphate
of dissolved observe and wellSample the into drops hasreagent the When reading. are
1:126mg Reagent of a-napthol
0.2%phosphate of
(50ml buffer 2drops the e foBuffer
r the Sample
in
suspected Proce dur e:SAd2oaextkract. the take and
stain seminal Suspected Procedure: mins 1-5
Whattman
paper+ filter on oonfirmation. the
acid negative positive
or
1 gives blood suspected the which
semen phosphatase
activity
of of
aciInhibition
d semen. as for countriess thesubjecttoed is case the
-tartaric by blood. testing kit tsuppl
he y
cannot
be test
alone phosphate Acid stains. semen tWhen
he western Some are kits
test
forconfirmed card: [A BA TRACE
identification,
location
of for testdelicate Phosphate:
Very Acid HEMA technique Latest (i )
PRESUMPTIVE
TEST: pyridineferri7.7 protoporpy heme.positivefor
quantity. and stains semen of fluorescence
age depends
on (haemiofn) crystals shapedindicates needle which pink
Intensity
offluorescence. gives examination
dark under for tne some for cool Let
itseconds. 10-20 for C 65° platate hot genton iy
UVexposed
to article
isSuspected "Pseudomonas
bacteria. Florence" shde the warmn water-7ml)
+ distilled 3ml
+ wat er) distilled
gives Semen gucose (100gm glucose standard nlOomi
presence
of the todue light fluorescence
UVunder pyridine-
}ml, âml, v/v (10%
Examination: Violet Ultra slip(sodium
(ii) hydroxide cover with slide Maton erial Procedure:
rubbed it Stiffness
ferroprotoporphyrin. pyridine crystofals feathery produce red
off. isuntilremains
drying. rough
on smell.
and stiff turns Stain characteristic gives pyridineto with reacts
haemoglobin agent.Ferrousiron
from reducing
odour.
stain Dried characteristic gives yellow, pale colourless
or is glucose
asa the andsolvent, blood and alkali actreagent
anas s pvridine
stain semen examined.
Fresh visually article
is place
orSuspected hydroxide
and Sodium Teichmann. that
of same
as Takavamais
Examination: Visual () specificityof Sensitivity
and glycine. histidine
ormethviamine,
pyridine nicotine, nitrogenous
asSuch bases occupied
by
SEMEN: FOR TEST 7.6 complex heme valances residual the in
where hexacoordinate the of
possible. not semen
is from spermferroprotoporphyrin compounds
of Hemochromogen are
ntification
of case this operation.
In vasectomy disease
or some JHEMOCHROMOGEN TAKAYAMA fi
to
duesemen)(Aspermic spermatozoa contain not does semen whose TEST:
person size, andcharacteristic
shape spermatozoa
its has Human indicating Rhombohedron colour brown
crystals shaped positive giveschloride
bestality. sodium material the for result
Indecency
and Sodomy, Rape, likoffences
e sexualinvestigation
of the stain blood GlacialProcedure:
of
crystal with
1 mixed acid acetic
biood 12vears
fluid
in body
important most the oneof Semen is process. sexual during identified were stains brown
males ejaculated
by liquid aodour.
is
characteristic
It substance
with alte Even Teichmann
test. by Crstals coloured seen
alescent white,yellowish thick, starchy, aSemen
is SEMEN: Dak which the to due
ferrip7rot
.5 oporphyri shape, rhombic in arecombination acid
resnut.s of presence the in
position. inclined bands
in Observe time we withhalogen salt, of
Teichmann
crystals in
some dissolve
for to
allowit NaOH dextrose
5%+ sample+ adding glacial Positive formed. are tested 1853 (9
blood)
by (positive
for bandcoloured brown thick observed
as hlood
is blood
by d for
withheating /TEICHMANN] HEMATIN
589nm 527-frequency
of spectroscopy
the Spectroscopy:
this In (iv) TESTS: 74CONFIRMA
TORY
TEST:
 70
71
Reagent
the tilt 3) Decol
away
colourourizerviolet watteher.Addmowat
wash st ching tap with rinse Imandinute forth
(Reagent water.Add back& slide
degradation
urea. of for 2) Iodine Gram's
bacterial involved
by ammonia todue urine
is Characteristic
odour
of (Reagent1)o solution violet Crystal slide.Add tap with rinse 1mi and nute
Ultraviolet
light. fluorescence
under give and yellow palcolourless
e or heating by
slide the smear
stained suspect
PROCEDURE: ed
EXAMINATION: PHYSICAL (I) to
a on watgentle
er-300ml| on Fixa
look may stains Suspected
urine Distil ed ethanol,a-n1d Oml
cases. assault sexual andMurder 95% in(2.5%[Safranin sokstion Safrani n Reagent:
vestigation
of the useful
in its and
are stains examination Urine
Ethanol Decol-95%ourizer 4.
URINE 7.12 3.
saliva.
water-30Qml] DiReagent
stil ed:
colour yellow10mintues after mix, gently bubbles
lodme3 Potassium -1g,Iodine lodine Gram's Reagent:
positive
for indicates 2.
without
air temperature room toalitlow sample suspected vial kit
the diagnostics.
to
Add Abacus supplied
by Saligae10minutes. within &B MiA xReagent: 1.
of
salivaiderntification the for done SALIgAE
test SALIgAE: watdistilled
er. 80ml
of oxalate
toAmmonium B:Add0.8gof
kit with Test 7.11 ethanol. 95% 20ml
of todye violet crystal 0.2gof A:Add
control. with
compare solution violet crystal oxalateAmmonium REAGENT:
and blank with Repeat stain.salivary positive
for indicates solution
starch blue dark iodine, Lugol's Add C.
37° at hour one fortubes STAINING: GRAM 7.9
incubate
the and it cork weltemperature.
l, Stir room at
cool to allowit positive. saidprocedure
be to is thevisible are bands pink
and itboistarch,
l soluble 3drops
ofsolution+ Procedure:
Test the
ifho end other reached hasreagent the When reading. observe
the
iodine)] Lugol's and water 1Oml
of starchin soluble sample
well the into drops add2extract the, take and hours
(50mgof solution starch soluble [0.5% test. this activity by amylase fBuffer
o2r an the sample
in suspectedPROCEDURE:Soak
the
measuring
the detected
by be can Saliva Starch-iodine
test: Semen., indicates area:
Ccontrol and area test eachT one
Se n lines pinkfor:positive
Two S.
wellsample the sample
to (6-7drops)of 200uL
iodine. with the from dropper device, Remove
the refrigerated.
reaction colour blue givesa starch
it added
to saliva
is extract
of When temperatulaitrbele and pouch
drolyses. gets starch
it added
to when saliva, present
in enzyme sample suspected theAllow
room warm
at
to
Ptyalin
an is status. secretor define offenses
to sexual apparels
in
and or 10minutes.
buds bidees cigarettes
or on
done usually saliva
Identification
is of semen
detectwiintng criminal in
SALIVA: 7.10 result for gives testsensitive Very cases. ABA
card: /P30 card
acrosomal
cap. presence
of clear with shape oval
inbodies, purple marker accepted isp30
CONFIRMATORY
anTEST: 7.8
stained
differentially appear
as Spermatozoa
wil colour. red give wil indicates
negative Gram and Violet stain wiprotein
l immersion.Gram
positive positive
for
col ur semen. acetate sodium
o1microscope
l with under examine and dry air toAllowit 1min. for purple anhydrous) distilled
added (Reagent
is4) solution Safranin water. tap with (10seconds)
rinsè development of rapid water+
Reagent2: acid acetic
acidacetic (Glacial buffer 25Oml Iml+2g
dissolvedin anhydrous) acetateof sodium
 73
stains. weatexamination
s
techniques chromatography
paper of goodfthe or
mucus,it vaginal disagreeable
and urine with mixed Being smell. hasa characteristically
hold
female found
on different perodourisn:pisired andbut same Gas
diapers.It used
as or
been have that clothes garments Composition crime. scene
of are urine and sw eat
blood from stain is
the that females on clothes
leftb leftover
inthe profusely seen have who culprit of
isMenstrual menstruation. by are stains
Most LDH5. andLDH4 proteins
like victim Swe at SWEAT: or
assault case in common
of defence 7.15
presence
of with
theidentified degrades.
becan It in
blooditFibrinogen
Confirmed
for test
a
of
the because to
clots form coagulate not does bloodMenstrual faecal complex Neutral matter
zinc-urobilin isfsalItlutor. escentzinc alcohol
formed solu tio n:
in
preisence
oofn
BLOOD:MENSTRUAL 7.18 the
observeit
and alcohol Amyl 4g, Metha
ziAlnccoholic (3.) and
n ol -1 gr0ml
een Formatof
blood. Foetal anti-sera
for identified
with chloride Zinc solution chloride
peptideis human.Y grown
up of venous
ablood absent
in which
is Methanol- chloride-
4g Meercuric solution chloride sol40%utiourn:ic (2.) 10ml,
alcoholic
peptide hasYblood important.
Foetal blood identification
is foetal of solution (1.)solution add sample the To UroTesMerbit:lincogen
:40%
culprit the guilt
of the fix To India. problem
in big Foeticide
ais
BLOOD: FOETAL 7.17 Urobilinogen
urobilin. to oxidation
of Urobilinogen inalcohol. Soluble
and ubin
bilirto
microscope under reduction formed
by 1s
UrobilinogenCONFIRMATORY
TEST: of
7.14
observed cells
areEndothelial slide. made
aon film
is thin Faeces. for results
is Positive
HCL:Indicates (3)
thwhi
e chis seen
10minutes
anda centrifuged
for Extract
is fibres
are muscle residues
and vegetable particles, Undigested
food
indicates
HCL whichobserved Observation slip. cover with cover
it and lodine Lugol's +ldrop
colour
is rBrilliant
ed completely. dry toLeave
it mixed. is microscopic
slide aon
taken stain
is the fromscraping minutes.A 30
reagent
Gunzberg's drops
of 1-2 and aporcelain
dish taken
on water
for distilled witsoftened
h are stainsSuspected Procedure:
extract
is suspected (Gunzberg'
1drop
of s): test HCL Free (2)
shirt. flaps
of and undergarments,
ontrousers
confirmed. mucusis presence
of then
remains, the found
on Stains
are cases.bestiality andsodomy important in are
opalescent acid acetic more addition
of Opalescernce.
On its and matter FaecalExamination
of MATTER: FAECAL 713
appears substancesit lipoid mucus
or presence
of the toDue colour
extract. the todrop by
drop acid Acetic 3%Add test: Mucus (1) Orange/brownstaine urine. for result positive gives papert
ldrop
of
NaOH. drop
5%of 1acid+ picric
Procedure: filter aonstain
extracted of
drop one urine: for testChemical
materials fooddigested semiUndigested
and microscope observed
4. of
urine.urea crystals which with under
coverit and slide
microscopniikatrerate testhexagonal
for positive
i paisslip, cover
andmucosa gastric from Endothelial
cells 3. Ad1d
conc.HNO3 dropof
HCL Free 2. suspected
astain
on to
i
EXAMINATION: the MICROSCOPIC (ti)
Mucus Presence
of 1. presence
creatinine of
urea. & presence of
vomit. presence
of the account
for taken Materials
beto indicate
relies
the onurine Characteristic
odour
of Detection Urine.
flame. over gently heated and
urine from stains urinal of
VOMIT: 7.16 ODOUR (i)
tubg test Suspected TEST:
ain material stain
taken is
 menstrous mixture 7.20 Confirmation 9
methods, 7.1number vaginalmore is
secretion
evidence
BLOOD 1. Type of cycle. iodine and on results ABHbeing
7.21 Presence cellsapplicable.
COLLECTING the i.
Differentiation
contain blood VAGINAL iii. i . from On
morphology
in obtained from
of of
Microscopic
ofthe cells Lactate Amino
degradation
Fibrin but fluid.
Dry a) of
ConditionMethod glycogenated group the
microorganisms the
glycogen,
form
METHODS and he
tAcidic
when vagina. uterus,
substances,
dehydrogenase acid
SECRETIONS:
collection of of
between secretions. of ordinary
2) 1) vaginal pattern, examination,
Scrapping Swab cellular
a
which menstrual in
OF Vaginal epithelial
solution
cell reaction
BIOLOGICAL which
cleanScrape rotating;sterile BestProcedure 1s content.
can vaginal swabsPGM, (FDP).
andproduct method
4 a No
on variable or be secretions isoenzyme.
absolute
blade, gauze vaginal stain are cells it owing to
bloodstain allow non- secretions are and
EVIDENCE: demonstrated by not is of
wrap absorbent
itwith Vaginal tested.
is from found
to exposing DNA found
sample into distilled
dry. depending test possible by testing
contain secretions
clean surtaces; epithelial and to
the to the
water, and in
using identify vagina, contain
piece
to by ordinary
blood. presence
the
rub semen can Acid
ggist's lightly iodine
on
of over staining cells contribute are reaction
paper moisten
the complex are the
stain are material
phos endometrial
and
fold. stage
vapour. are following of
using while a
with largebased large js
of to as no