1.

Lead Nitrate
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF HEAT Decripitation occurs with May be Nitrate.
A small amount of the salt is heated gently evolution of reddish brown gas.
in a dry test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic coloured flame. Absence of Copper, Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste and Barium.
introduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCl Reddish brown turning moist Presence of nitrate

Salt + dilute HCl ferrous sulphate paper brown
evolves

5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 Reddish brown gas turning Presence of nitrate
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat acidified ferrous sulphate paper
green evolves

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide

Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: Reddish brown gas moist ferrous Presence of nitrate
Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric sulphate paper brown evolves
acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No red orange vapours evolved. Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichromate +
conc. Sulphuric acid + heated .
III.TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION
OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 ௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate is appeared. Absence of chloride , bromide and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of sulphate
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate. Absence of Sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the effervescence ceases +
Barium chloride solution
 13 BROWN RING TEST: Brown ring is formed at the junction of Nitrate is confirmed.
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added the two layers.
until the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.

14 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence of phosphate

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO 3 + precipitate is formed.
about 1mL each of ammonium
molybdateand Conc. HNO3
15 Test with sodium nitroprusside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
1mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extract + 1mL of dil .ammonia.
+few drops of sodium nitro
prusside.
IV.IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled
water .

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 0 - group: No Reddish brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent + appeared
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I – group: White precipitate soluble when boiled Presence of lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl. with water is obtained.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I – group: Yellow precipitate soluble in hot water Lead is confirmed.
Original solution + 2 ml of Potassium which reappears as golden yellow
Iodide. spangles on cooling.

RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Lead 2. Acid Radical : Nitrate
The given simple salt is : Lead Nitrate.
 2
2. Aluminium Sulphate

I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic change Absence of nitrate,
A small amount of the salt is heated gently in a dry ammonium, and zinc.
test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic Absence of Copper, Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste and coloured flame. Barium.
introduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCl No characteristic change. Absence of Nitrate, Sulphide and

Salt + dilute HCl Carbonate.

5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 No characteristic gas Absence of nitrate, chloride and
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat evolved bromide

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brown gas is Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric acid + evolved.
heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. evolved.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichromate + conc. evolved.
Sulphuric acid + heated .
III.TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION
OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 ௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate is appeared. Absence of chloride , bromide and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: A white precipitate soluble in Presence of sulphate.
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until ammonium acetate is formed
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: A white precipitate insoluble in dil Sulphate is confirmed.
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid H2SO4
added until the effervescence ceases +
Barium chloride solution
13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring is appeared. Absence of Nitrate.
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.
14 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow ppt is formed. Absence of phosphate
1 ml of the extract + dil HNO 3 +
about 1mL each of ammonium
molybdateand Conc. HNO3

15 Test with sodium nitroprusside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.

1mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extract + 1mL of dil .ammonia.
+few drops of sodium nitro
prusside.
IV.IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled
water .

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 0 - group: No Reddish brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent + appeared.
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II – group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml ofdil HCl + H2S
gas.
4 III – group: Gelatianous white precipitate is appeared. Presence of Aluminium.
Original solution 1 ml + NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
III – group: A bright red lake is appeared. Aluminium is confirmed.
Original solution + Ammonium
Hydroxide + Aluminon reagent.

RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Aluminium 2. Acid Radical : Sulphate The given
simple salt is : Aluminium Sulphate.
 3. Aluminium Nitrate

I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF HEAT Decripitation occurs with May be Nitrate.
A small amount of the salt is heated gently evolution of reddish brown gas.
in a dry test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic coloured flame. Absence of Copper, Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste and Barium.
introduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCl Reddish brown turning moist Presence of nitrate

Salt + dilute HCl ferrous sulphate paper brown
evolves .

5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 Reddish brown gas turning Presence of nitrate
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat acidified ferrous sulphate paper
green evolves

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: Reddish brown gas turning Presence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric moist ferrous sulphate paper
acid + heated. brown evolves

8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Absence of Ammonium.

Salt + NaOH + heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours evolved. Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichromate +
conc. Sulphuric acid + heated .
III.TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION
OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 ௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate is appeared. Absence of chloride, bromide and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of sulphate
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the effervescence ceases +
Barium chloride solution
 13 BROWN RING TEST: Brown ring is formed at the junction of the Nitrate is confirmed.
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added two layers.
until the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.
14 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow ppt is formed. Absence of phosphate
1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
1mL each of ammonium molybdateand
Conc. HNO3

15 Test with sodium nitroprusside: 1mL of No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
the sodium carbonate extract + 1mL of appears
dil .ammonia. +few drops of sodium
nitro prusside.

IV.IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled
water .

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 0 - group: No Reddish brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent + appeared.
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II – group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml ofdil HCl + H2S
gas.
4 III – group: Gelatinous white precipitate is obtained. Presence of Aluminium.
Original solution 1 ml + NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
III – group: A bright red lake is obtained. Aluminium is confirmed.
Original solution + Ammonium
Hydroxide + Aluminon reagent.

RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Aluminium 2. Acid Radical : Nitrate
The given simple salt is : Aluminium Nitrate.

4. Zinc Sulphide
 I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF HEAT The white salt turns yellow on May be Zinc.
A small amount of the salt is heated gently in a heating.
dry test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic coloured flame. Absence of Copper, Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste and Barium.
introduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCl Colorless rotten egg smelling Presence of Sulphide

Salt + dilute HCl gas turning Lead acetate paper
black.
5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 No characteristic gas evolved Absence of nitrate, chloride
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat and bromide

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brown gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric acid
+ heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours evolved. Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichromate + conc.
Sulphuric acid + heated .
III.TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION
OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 ௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: A black precipitate is obtained. Presence of Sulphide.
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained . Absence of Sulphate
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of Sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the effervescence ceases +
Barium chloride solution
13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.

14 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence of phosphate

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + precipitate is formed.
about 1mL each of ammonium
molybdateand Conc. HNO3
 15 Test with sodium nitroprusside: A purple or violet colouration Sulphide is confirmed.
1mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extract + 1mL of dil .ammonia.
+few drops of sodium nitro
prusside.
IV.IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL
SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of dilute HCl
GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 0 - group: No Reddish brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent + appeared.
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II – group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCl +
H2S gas.
4 III – group: No gelatinous white precipitate is Absence of Aluminium.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + appeared.
2ml NH4OH
5 IV – group: Dirty white precipitate is obtained. Presence of Zinc.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + H2S gas.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
18 IV – group: White precipitate soluble in excess of Zinc is
Original solution + Potassium Ferro Sodium hydroxide and insoluble in confirmed.
cyanide. dilute acid.

RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Zinc 2. Acid Radical : Sulphide The
given simple salt is : Zinc Sulphide.

5. .Zinc Sulphate
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
 2 ACTION OF HEAT The white salt turns May be Zinc.
A small amount of the salt is heated gently in a dry yellow on heating.
test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic coloured Absence of Copper, Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste and flame. Barium.
introduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCl No characteristic change is Absence of Nitrate, Sulphide and

Salt + dilute HCl obtained. Carbonate.

5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 No characteristic gas Absence of nitrate, chloride

Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat evolved and bromide

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brown gas is Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric acid + evolved.
heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. evolved.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichromate + conc. evolved.
Sulphuric acid + heated .
III.TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION
OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 ௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate. Absence of chloride, bromide and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate

11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: A white precipitate soluble in Presence of sulphate.

Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until ammonium acetate is formed
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: A white precipitate, insoluble in dil. Sulphate is confirmed.
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid H2SO4
added until the effervescence ceases +
Barium chloride solution
13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.
14 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
1 ml of the extract + dil HNO 3 + is formed.
about 1mL each of ammonium
molybdateand Conc. HNO3

15 Test with sodium nitroprusside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.

1mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extract + 1mL of dil .ammonia.
+few drops of sodium nitro
prusside.
IV.IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled
water

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 0 - group: No Reddish brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent + appeared.
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II – group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCl +
H2S gas.
4 III – group: No gelatinous white precipitate is Absence of Aluminium
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + appeared.
2ml NH4OH
5 IV – group: Dirty white precipitate is obtained. Presence of Zinc.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + H2S gas.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
IV – group: White precipitate soluble in excess of Zinc is
Original solution + Potassium Ferro Sodium hydroxide and insoluble in confirmed.
cyanide. dilute acid.

RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Zinc 2. Acid Radical : Sulphate The
given simple salt is : Zinc Sulphate.

6. .Calcium Carbonate.
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
 1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron salts
Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic change Absence of zinc, ammonium and
A small amount of the salt is heated gently in nitrate.
a dry test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: Brick red coloured flame. Presence of Calcium
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste and
introduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCl Brisk effervescence of colourless, Carbonate is confirmed.

Salt + dilute HCl odourless gas turning Lime water milky.

5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 No characteristic gas evolved Absence of nitrate,

Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat chloride and bromide

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brown gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric
acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours evolved. Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichromate +
conc. Sulphuric acid + heated .
III.TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION
OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 ௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate is obtained. Absence of chloride, bromide and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate

11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of sulphate

Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of Sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the effervescence ceases +
Barium chloride solution
13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.

14 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + is formed.
about 1mL each of ammonium
molybdateand Conc. HNO3
 .15 Test with sodium nitroprusside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
1mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extract + 1mL of dil .ammonia.
+few drops of sodium nitro
prusside.
IV.IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL
SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of dil HCl

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 0 - group: No Reddish brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent + appeared.
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II – group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCl +
H2S gas.
4 III – group: No gelatinous white precipitate is Absence of Aluminium
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + appeared.
2ml NH4OH
5 IV – group: No dirty white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Zinc.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + H2S gas.
6 V- group: White precipitate is obtained. Presence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution + 1 mlNH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + 2 ml (NH4)2CO3 solutions

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
V- group: White precipitate insoluble in Acetic Calcium is confirmed.
Original solution + Ammonium acid.
Hydroxide + Ammonium Oxalate.

RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Calcium
2. Acid Radical :Carbonate
The given simple salt is : Calcium Carbonate.

7. BARIUM CHLORIDE
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic change. Absence of
A small amount of the salt is Nitrate, Ammonium and Zinc.
heated gently in a dry test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: Grassy green flame. Presence of Barium.
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a
paste and introduced into the
Bunsen flame.
4 ACTION OF DIL HCl No characteristic change. Absence of Nitrate,
Salt + dilute HCl Sulphide and Carbonate.

5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 A colourless gas evolves. It gives a dense white Presence of chloride.
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat fumes when a glass rod dipped in liquid ammonia
is brought close to its mouth..

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 A greenish yellow gas turning starch iodide paper Presence of chloride.
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat blue evolves

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brown gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc.
Sulphuric acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: Red orange vapours evolved are passed Presence of chloride
Salt + a pinch of Potassium through water to get a yellow solution, which
Dichromate + conc. Sulphuric acid on adding Lead acetate forms a yellow
+ heated . precipitate.

III.TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION

OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 ௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: A curdy white precipitate, soluble in Chloride is confirmed.
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until excess of Ammonium hydroxide.
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of sulphate.
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of Sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the effervescence ceases +
Barium chloride solution
13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.
14 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate
1 ml of the extract + dil HNO 3 + is formed.
about 1mL each of ammonium
molybdateand Conc. HNO3

15 Test with sodium nitroprusside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.

1mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extract + 1mL of dil .ammonia.
+few drops of sodium nitro
prusside.
IV.IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
 PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled
water.

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 0 - group: No Reddish brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent + appeared.
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II – group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCl +
H2S gas.
4 III – group: No gelatinous white precipitate is Absence of Aluminium
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + appeared.
2ml NH4OH
5 IV – group: No dirty white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Zinc.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + H2S gas.
6 V – group: White precipitate is obtained. Presence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution + 1 mlNH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + 2 ml (NH4)2CO3 solutions

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
V – group: Yellow precipitate, soluble in acid. Barium is confirmed.
Original solution + Potassium
Chromate is added.

RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Barium 2. Acid Radical : Chloride The
given simple salt is : Barium Chloride.

8. Ammonium Carbonate

I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron

Colour of the salt is noted salts

2 ACTION OF HEAT Salt sublimes with evolution of May be Ammonium

A small amount of the salt is heated gently in pungent smelling gas giving dense
a dry test tube. white fumes with a glass rod dipped in
conc HCl and also turns red litmus
paper blue
colourless odourless gas evolves and presence of carbonate
turns lime water milky
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic coloured flame. Absence of Copper, Calcium
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste and and Barium.
introduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCl Brisk effervescence of colourless, Carbonate is confirmed.

Salt + dilute HCl odourless gas turning Lime water milky.

5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 No characteristic gas evolved Absence of nitrate,

Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat chloride and bromide

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brown gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric
acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: Pungent smelling gas forming dense white Presence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. fumes with a glass rod dipped in conc.
HCl and also turns red Litmus paper blue
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours. Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichromate +
conc. Sulphuric acid + heated .
III.TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION
OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate is obtained. Absence of chloride, bromide and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate

11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of sulphate.

Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of Sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the effervescence ceases +
Barium chloride solution
13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.

14 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence of phosphate

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + precipitate is formed.
about 1mL each of ammonium
molybdateand Conc. HNO3
15 Test with sodium nitroprusside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
1mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extract + 1mL of dil. ammonia.
+few drops of sodium nitro
prusside.
 PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled
water.

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 0 - group: Reddish brown precipitate is obtained. Ammonium is confirmed.
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent +
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II – group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCl +
H2S gas.
4 III – group: No gelatinous white precipitate is Absence of Aluminium
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + appeared.
2ml NH4OH
5 IV – group: No dirty white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Zinc.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + H2S gas.
6 V – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + 2 ml (NH4)2CO3 solutions
7 VI – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Magnesium.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + 2 ml Di Sodium Hydrogen
Phosphate.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
0 - group: Reddish brown precipitate is obtained. Ammonium is confirmed.
Original solution + Sodium
Hydroxide + Nessler’s reagent

RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Ammonium 2. Acid Radical : Carbonate.
The given simple salt is : AmmoniumCarbonate

9. Magnesium Sulphate
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic change. Absence of Nitrate, Ammonium and
A small amount of the salt is heated gently in a dry Zinc.
test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic coloured Absence of Copper, Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste and flame. Barium.
introduced into the Bunsen flame.
 4 ACTION OF DIL HCl No characteristic change. Absence of Nitrate, Sulphide and
Salt + dilute HCl Carbonate.

5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 No characteristic gas Absence of nitrate, chloride and
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat evolved bromide

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brown gas is Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric acid + evolved.
heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. evolved.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours. Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichromate + conc.
Sulphuric acid + heated .
III.TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 ௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate is obtained. Absence of chloride , bromide and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate

11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: A white precipitate soluble in Presence of sulphate.

Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until ammonium acetate is obtained
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: A white precipitate, insoluble in dil Sulphate is confirmed.
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid H2SO4 is obtained.
added until the effervescence ceases +
Barium chloride solution
13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.

14 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + is formed.
about 1mL each of ammonium
molybdateand Conc. HNO3
15 Test with sodium nitroprusside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
1mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extract + 1mL of dil .aommonia.
+few drops of sodium nitro
prusside.
IV.IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled
water.

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 0 - group: No Reddish brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent + appeared.
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II – group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCl +
H2S gas.
4 III – group: No gelatinous white precipitate is Absence of Aluminium
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + appeared.
2ml NH4OH
5 IV – group: No dirty white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Zinc.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + H2S gas.
6 V – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution + 1 mlNH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + 2 ml (NH4)2CO3 solutions
7 VI – group: White precipitate is obtained. Presence of Magnesium.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + 2 ml Di Sodium Hydrogen
Phosphate.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
VI – group: Blue precipitate is obtained. Magnesium is confirmed.
Original solution + Magneson reagent

RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Magnesium 2. Acid Radical : Sulphate
The given simple salt is : Magnesium Sulphate.

.
10. Ammonium Chloride

I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron

Colour of the salt is noted salts

2 ACTION OF HEAT Salt sublimes with evolution of pungent smelling May be Ammonium.
A small amount of the salt is gas giving dense white fumes with a glass rod
heated gently in a dry test tube. dipped in conc HCl and also turns red litmus
paper blue
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic coloured flame. Absence of Copper, Calcium
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste and Barium.
and introduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCl No characteristic change. Absence of Nitrate

Salt + dilute HCl Sulphide and Carbonate.
5 ACTION WITH Con H2SO4 A colourless gas evolves. It gives a dense white Presence of chloride.
Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat fumes when a glass rod dipped in liquid ammonia is
brought close to its mouth..

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 A greenish yellow gas turning starch iodide paper Presence of chloride.
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SO4 + heat blue evolves

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brown gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc.
Sulphuric acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: Pungent smelling gas forming dense white fumes Presence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. with a glass rod dipped in conc. HCl and also turns
red Litmus paper blue.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: Red orange vapours evolved are passed through Presence of Chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium water to get a yellow solution, which on adding Lead
Dichromate + conc. Sulphuric acid + acetate forms a yellow precipitate.
heated .

III.TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION

OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Sodium carbonate extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 ௦ SILVER NITRATE TEST: A curdy white precipitate, soluble in . Chloride is confirmed
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until excess of Ammonium hydroxide.
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of sulphate.
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of Sulphate
. Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the effervescence ceases +
Barium chloride solution
13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
. Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.
14 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence of phosphate
1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + precipitate is formed.
about 1mL each of ammonium
molybdateand Conc. HNO3

15 Test with sodium nitroprusside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.

1mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extract + 1mL of dil .aommonia.
+few drops of sodium nitro
prusside.
IV.IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled
water.

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
 1 0 - group: Reddish brown precipitate is obtained. Ammonium is confirmed.
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent +
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II – group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCl +
H2S gas.
4 III – group: No gelatinous white precipitate is Absence of Aluminium
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + appeared.
2ml NH4OH
5 IV – group: No dirty white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Zinc.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + H2S gas.
6 V – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + 2 ml (NH4)2CO3 solutions
7 VI – group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Magnesium.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4Cl + 2 ml
NH4OH + 2 ml Di Sodium Hydrogen
Phosphate.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
0 - group: Reddish brown precipitate is obtained. Ammonium is confirmed.
Original solution + Sodium
Hydroxide + Nessler’s reagent

RESULT
The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : Ammonium
2. Acid Radical : Chloride The given simple salt is : Ammonium Chloride.