MODULE 2: THE SENTENCE

THE SENTENCE

2a A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and that
expresses a complete thought.
If a group of words does not express a complete thought, it is a fragment, or an incomplete
part of a sentence.
FRAGMENT the man in the blue coat
SENTENCE The man in the blue coat is my uncle.
FRAGMENT standing in line
SENTENCE We were standing in line.
FRAGMENT before you go to the meeting
SENTENCE Do you want some lunch before you go to the meeting?
Notice that a sentence always begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, a question
mark, or an exclamation point.

EXERCISE 1 Identifying Complete Sentences and

Sentence Fragments
On the line before each word group, write S if it is a sentence or F if it is a fragment. Add
correct capitalization and end punctuation to the sentences.
W ?
EX. S would you like a bowl of soup∧

_________ 1. waiting for your phone call

_________ 2. help me carry this huge package
_________ 3. after the basketball game was over
_________ 4. three of my favorite animals
_________ 5. did you finish your science project
_________ 6. it doesn’t bother me
_________ 7. someday if we are fortunate
_________ 8. the fastest runner on the whole team
_________ 9. there is very little money in the treasury
_________ 10. hoping to win a scholarship to college

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 1

EXERCISE 2 Revising Fragments to Create Complete Sentences
Revise each word group below so that it is a complete sentence. Add modifiers and any other
words needed to make the meaning of each sentence clear.
EX. in the center of the room
In the center of the room stood a large statue.
1. standing in the lobby
___________________________________________________________________
2. nevertheless, I
___________________________________________________________________
3. after the concert
___________________________________________________________________
4. out in the driveway
___________________________________________________________________
5. the men were
___________________________________________________________________
6. climbing to the top of the mountain
___________________________________________________________________
7. it often
___________________________________________________________________
8. this exciting movie
___________________________________________________________________
9. late last night while walking home
___________________________________________________________________
10. four students on the bus
___________________________________________________________________
11. boardsailing in the California surf
___________________________________________________________________
12. in ink on a postcard
___________________________________________________________________
13. want to try the shrimp
___________________________________________________________________
14. now Heidi
___________________________________________________________________
15. feeds her chickens
___________________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 2

2: THE SENTENCE
RUN-ON SENTENCES

2b A run-on sentence is two or more complete sentences run together as one.

There are two kinds of run-ons. In a fused sentence, the sentences have no punctuation at
all between them.
RUN-ON Jeremiah moved here from Israel he is my best friend.
CORRECT Jeremiah moved here from Israel. He is my best friend.

The second kind of run-on is called a comma splice. Two sentences are linked together
with only a comma to separate them.

RUN-ON Jeremiah joined the school orchestra, he plays the violin.

CORRECT Jeremiah joined the school orchestra. He plays the violin.
To revise run-on sentences, you can always make two separate sentences. But if the two
thoughts are related and are equal to one another in importance, you may want to make a
compound sentence as shown below.

RUN-ONS The Delaware River is in eastern Pennsylvania the Ohio River is in western
Pennsylvania. [fused]
The Delaware River is in eastern Pennsylvania, the Ohio River is in western
Pennsylvania. [comma splice]

You can revise a run-on sentence by using one of the following techniques.

1. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction (such as and, but, or, nor, so, or yet).
CORRECTED The Delaware River is in eastern Pennsylvania, and the Ohio River
is in western Pennsylvania.
2. Use a semicolon.
CORRECTED The Delaware River is in eastern Pennsylvania; the Ohio River is in
western Pennsylvania.
3. Use a semicolon and a word such as therefore, instead, meanwhile, still, also,
nevertheless, or however. These words are called conjunctive adverbs. Follow a
conjunctive adverb with a comma.
CORRECTED The Delaware River is in eastern Pennsylvania; however, the Ohio
River is in western Pennsylvania.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 3

EXERCISE 3 Revising Run-on Sentences
Follow the directions in parentheses to revise each run-on sentence below. Be sure to use
correct end punctuation.
EX. Jamyce has worked hard on her report, it isn’t finished yet. (Use a comma and a
coordinating conjunction.)
Jamyce has worked hard on her report, but it isn’t finished yet.

1. My friend Reiko designed the cover for our yearbook the design won an award
presented by the Houston Arts League. (Use a semicolon.)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Delaware is one of the smallest states, Rhode Island is even smaller. (Use a semicolon
and a conjunctive adverb.)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. The sound of the motorcycle woke me up, I still didn’t get out of bed. (Use a comma
and a coordinating conjunction.)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Did you attend the concert my mom wouldn’t let me go on a school night. (Split into
two sentences.)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. I have always loved animals someday I’d like to be a veterinarian. (Use a comma and
a coordinating conjunction.)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 4

MODULE 2: THE SENTENCE
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

2c A sentence consists of two parts: the subject and the predicate. The subject is the
part that names the person or thing the sentence is about. The predicate is the
part that says something about the subject.
The subject may be one word or a group of words. The complete subject contains all the
words that identify the person or thing described in the rest of the sentence. The complete
subject may appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence.
COMPLETE SUBJECT
EXAMPLES The woman in the red car just got a speeding ticket.
COMPLETE SUBJECT
Did Phoebe’s brother win the poetry contest?
COMPLETE SUBJECT
Into the water dove a brown pelican.
Like the subject, the predicate may be one word or a group of words. The complete predicate
contains all the words that say something about the subject. Like the complete subject, the
complete predicate can appear in many different places in a sentence.
COMPLETE PREDICATE
EXAMPLES The woman in the red car just got a speeding ticket.
COMPLETE PREDICATE
Did Phoebe’s brother win the poetry contest?
COMPLETE PREDICATE
Into the water dove a brown pelican.

EXERCISE 4 Identifying the Complete Subject

Underline the complete subject in each sentence.
EX. What is the source of your information?

1. The desert is a great place to take photos.

2. In outdoor magazines, readers can often find photos of magnificent deserts.
3. Have you ever seen photos of desert landscapes?
4. In the desert, strong winds can carve deep ridges in the rocks.
5. Similarly, those fierce winds blast clouds of flying sand against the rocks.
6. Sand and dust in the wind leave behind a hard surface of bare rocks.
7. The sand is eventually deposited elsewhere in the desert, often as sand dunes.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 5

 8. Standing in dramatic rows in some desert landscapes are huge sand dunes.
9. The dunes are constantly shifting and changing shape because of strong winds.
10. The powdery dunes may be compressed into hard layers of sandstone after many
thousands of years.

EXERCISE 5 Writing Complete Predicates

Write ten complete sentences by adding a complete predicate to each subject below. Be sure
to use correct capitalization and end punctuation in your sentences.
EX. the clerk in that store
The clerk in that store is extremely helpful.
1. one of the buildings on our street
___________________________________________________________________
2. my favorite poem
___________________________________________________________________
3. a popular tourist attraction in our area
___________________________________________________________________
4. dinosaurs
___________________________________________________________________
5. several people
___________________________________________________________________
6. the most interesting books
___________________________________________________________________
7. political leaders
___________________________________________________________________
8. a good way to get exercise
___________________________________________________________________
9. the escalator at the north end of the mall
___________________________________________________________________
10. the artist
___________________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 6

MODULE 2: THE SENTENCE
THE SIMPLE SUBJECT AND SIMPLE PREDICATE

2d The simple subject is the main word or group of words within the complete
subject.
EXAMPLE The letter from Sharon is on your desk.
COMPLETE SUBJECT The letter from Sharon
SIMPLE SUBJECT letter
EXAMPLE Did that mysterious Colonel Potter return my call?
COMPLETE SUBJECT that mysterious Colonel Potter
SIMPLE SUBJECT Colonel Potter
NOTE In this module, the term subject refers to the simple subject unless otherwise
indicated.

EXERCISE 6 Identifying Complete Subjects and Simple Subjects

In each sentence below, underline the complete subject once and draw a second line under
the simple subject.
EX. The talented Ansel Adams was a photographer, a conservationist, and a writer.
1. Ansel Adams’s photographs of Yosemite Valley are very dramatic.
2. Time after time, Adams captured the stark beauty of the canyons.
3. His experiments with light and shutter speed made him unique.
4. Many talented photographers have tried to duplicate Adams’s work, without success.
5. In his many books, the photographer wrote books about his photographic techniques.
6. He often photographed mountains, forests, and rivers.
7. Adams’s style of photography is called straight photography.
8. Straight photography shows the subjects of the pictures simply and directly.
9. Adams established photography departments in several schools.
10. One of these departments is at the San Francisco Art Institute.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 7

2e The simple predicate, or verb, is the main word or group of words within the
complete predicate.
EXAMPLE He wasn’t going to the movie.
COMPLETE PREDICATE wasn’t going to the movie
SIMPLE PREDICATE was going
EXAMPLE In a little while, the fireworks should begin.
COMPLETE PREDICATE should begin in a little while
SIMPLE PREDICATE should begin
The simple predicate may be a single verb or a verb phrase. A verb phrase is a main
verb and its helping verbs.
EXAMPLES is walking has been called will have seen

When you look for the simple predicate in a sentence, be sure to include all parts of the
verb phrase. Keep in mind the various helping verbs, such as am, is, were, do, have, can,
will, and could.
NOTE In this module, the simple predicate is usually called the verb.
The words not and never and the contraction -n’t are not part of a verb or verb
phrase.

EXERCISE 7 Identifying Complete Predicates and

Simple Predicates
In each sentence below, underline the complete predicate once and draw a second line under
the simple predicate. Be sure to include all parts of the verb phrase.
EX. Ravi was leading the band at practice yesterday.

1.
The high school band has finally gotten new uniforms after many years.
2.
They are black with orange stripes down the pant legs and the sleeves.
3.
A committee raised the money for the uniforms.
4.
They earned almost $3,000 through car washes, bake sales, and a flea market.
5.
Everyone in the band helped with these activities.
6.
The band members will appear in their new uniforms tonight.
7.
Dr. Beach has arranged for the appearance of four other high school bands from
various parts of the city.
8. All the band members will march into the stadium in uniform.
9. Then they will play “The Star-Spangled Banner” together.
10. Are you going to the concert?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 8

MODULE 2: THE SENTENCE
FINDING THE SUBJECT

The best way to find the subject of a sentence is to find the verb first. Then ask yourself,
“Who or what is performing this action?”
EXAMPLES Each month at the library, you can meet the author of a best-selling novel.
[The verb is can meet. Who can meet? You can meet. You is the subject.]
The fuel for the lantern is in the shed. [The verb is is. What is in the shed?
Fuel is in the shed. Fuel is the subject.]

2f The subject of a verb is never in a prepositional phrase.

EXAMPLES The assistant to the principal is Ms. Gómez. [Assistant is the subject. The
prepositional phrase to the principal modifies the subject.]
The car with the flat tire limped into the service station. [Car is the subject.
The prepositional phrase with the flat tire modifies the subject.]

2fg You can find the subject in a question by turning the question into a statement.
Find the verb in the statement and ask, “Who or what does this?”
Questions often begin with a verb, a helping verb, or a word such as what, where, when,
how, or why. The subject usually follows the verb or helping verb.
EXAMPLE Has the plane left? becomes The plane has left. [What left? The plane left.]
2h Do not mistake the word there for the subject of a sentence. To find the subject
in this type of sentence, omit there and ask who or what performs the verb’s
action.
EXAMPLE There are many worms in the compost pile.
[What are in the compost pile? The worms are. Worms is the subject.]
NOTE Like there, the adverb here often begins a sentence. To find the subject in such
a sentence, omit here and ask who or what performs the verb’s action.
EXAMPLE Here is your ticket. [What is? Your ticket is. Ticket is the subject.]
2i In a request or a command, the subject of a sentence is usually not stated. In
such sentences, you is the understood subject.
REQUEST Please feed the cat. [Who should feed the cat? You should feed the cat. You
is the understood subject.]
COMMAND Don’t talk during his speech. [Who shouldn’t talk? You shouldn’t talk. You is
the understood subject.]

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 9

Sometimes a request or command will include a name. Names used in commands or
requests are called nouns of direct address. They identify the person spoken to or
addressed, but they are not subjects. You is still the understood subject.
EXAMPLE Marie, please deliver this note for me. [You, referring to Marie, is the
understood subject of the verb deliver.]

EXERCISE 8 Identifying Subjects and Verbs

In the sentences below, underline each subject once. Underline the verb twice. If the
understood subject is you, write you on the line before the sentence.
EX. ____ There are almost forty new houses on this road.

_____ 1. Rodney, return your books to the library.

_____ 2. When will the candidate make a speech in our community?
_____ 3. Here are the directions to my house.
_____ 4. Take the dog for a walk around the block.
_____ 5. Did your mother enjoy the concert?
_____ 6. There is a new movie at the multiplex tonight.
_____ 7. Will you need a ticket to the lecture?
_____ 8. Is Harrisburg the capital of Pennsylvania?
_____ 9. Tamika, watch the children in the pool.
_____ 10. Be quiet!
_____ 11. Can you play badminton?
_____ 12. The quarterback, along with the coach, left early.
_____ 13. Learn the rules by Wednesday.
_____ 14. Dorothea Dix, with Elizabeth Blackwell, helped the sick.
_____ 15. There was a pebble in my shoe.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 10

MODULE 2: THE SENTENCE
COMPOUND SUBJECTS AND COMPOUND VERBS

2j A compound subject consists of two or more subjects that are joined by a

conjunction and have the same verb.
The conjunctions most commonly used to connect the parts of a compound subject are and
and or.

EXAMPLE Lucia and Sunil brought refreshments for the team. [Who brought
refreshments? Lucia brought them. Sunil brought them. Lucia and Sunil form
the compound subject.]
When more than two subjects make up the compound subject, the subjects are separated by
commas, with a conjunction before the last one.
EXAMPLE Lucia, Sunil, and Sophia brought refreshments for the team. [Compound
subject: Lucia, Sunil, Sophia]

Correlative conjunctions may be used with compound subjects.

EXAMPLE Either Lucia or Sunil will bring refreshments for the team. [Compound
subject: Lucia, Sunil]
2k A compound verb consists of two or more verbs that are joined by a conjunction
and have the same subject.
EXAMPLES The photographer ran up the aisle and snapped the president’s picture.
I listened to the game on the radio but missed the fourth inning.
Our team won four games, lost two, and tied three.
Congress will either approve the bill or suggest some changes.

Notice that in the last sentence, the helping verb will is not repeated before the second
verb, suggest. In compound verbs, the helping verb may or may not be repeated before the
second verb if it is the same for both verbs.

EXERCISE 9 Identifying Compound Subjects and Their Verbs

In each sentence, underline the compound subject once and the verb twice.
EX. Birds and lizards might be modern relatives of dinosaurs.

1. Either Tanya or Latrice will win the election.

2. There are your shoes and socks, under your bed.
3. Are Helena and Miguel staying for dinner?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 11

 4. In the cold waters of this stream, many trout, bass, and pickerel live.
5. At the bottom of the drawer were needles, thread, and even extra buttons.
6. Bottles of juice and cartons of milk were packed in the cooler.
7. Neither my brother nor my sister can come to the concert on Friday.
8. Only Jeremy and I know the location of the buried treasure.
9. Here are Jim and Sandy at the bus stop, right on time.
10. In April, my sisters and I are visiting colleges in Maine and Utah.

EXERCISE 10 Identifying Subjects and Compound Verbs

In each sentence below, underline the subject once and the compound verb twice. Be sure to
include any helping verbs.
EX. They visited Canada but did not go to Banff.

1. The fielder shielded her eyes, saw the ball, and moved quickly to her left.
2. I opened the door but saw no one on the porch.
3. Tomorrow morning, we will either go to the beach or walk into town for breakfast at
the diner.
4. Odessa will direct the play and perform the role of Lady Macbeth.
5. Ray Charles wrote the music and lyrics for his songs and played the piano extremely
well.
6. You can come to Puerto Rico, relax on the beach, and visit our great shops and
restaurants.
7. At this theater, you can watch a movie and eat dinner in your seat.
8. The new computers at the library have large monitors and are available for everyone’s
use.
9. My cousin joined the Houston Museum of Natural Science last year and has gone to
many interesting programs there.
10. Could you either meet me right after school today or come to my house after soccer
practice?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 12

MODULE 2: THE SENTENCE
COMPLEMENTS

2l A complement is a word or group of words that completes the meaning of a

predicate.
Notice how each sentence below needs a complement to make sense. The complement may
be a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective, and it may be compound. The best way to find the
complement in a sentence is to ask who or what receives the action of the verb.
s v c
EXAMPLES Denzel Washington is a great actor. [noun]
s v c
The coach advised us. [pronoun]
s v c c
She is always friendly and polite. [compound adjective]
s v c c
Dr. Ramírez helped Velma and me. [noun and pronoun]

NOTE The complement of a sentence is never part of a prepositional phrase.

EXAMPLES She fed the dog. [Dog is the complement.]
She called to the dog. [Dog is part of the prepositional phrase
to the dog.]

EXERCISE 11 Identifying Subjects, Verbs, and Complements

In each sentence, underline the simple subject once and the verb twice. Then put brackets
around the complement. [Hint: Some sentences may have compound subjects or
complements.]
EX. Ariana started a new [club] at school.

1. Ariana had noticed a lack of community service activities at her school.

2. Her teachers and friends supported her idea for the club.
3. She chose the name "Hampton's Helpers" in honor of community hero Bertha
Hampton.
4. The process for starting a new club was challenging.
5. First, she created a school survey to gauge interest.
6. Then, she requested a teacher or staff member to sponsor the club.
7. Club officers identified and contacted local organizations that the club could support.
8. The club required a meeting space and a regular meeting schedule.
9. Donations of supplies and money would support the club's activities.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 13

 10. Ariana did not expect the donation site to surpass its goal on the very first day.
11. More important, students eager to help crowded the room during the club's first
meeting.
12. Ariana and her friends felt relieved to see that the idea was a success.
13. The club will continue its work long after Ariana graduates.
14. What club should your school add?
15. Learn your school's steps for starting a new club!

EXERCISE 12 Writing Sentence Complements

Complete each sentence below by adding a complement. Add any other words necessary to
make the sentence clear.
EX. Tomorrow Latonya will give a speech .

1. Before the performance, Gina was ______________________________________ .

2. Do you need ____________________ or _______________________________ ?
3. Last Thursday, I finished ____________________ and _____________________ .
4. Mei won __________________________________________________________ .
5. This bread tastes ____________________________________________________ .
6. That painting is really _______________________________________________ .
7. Could I borrow your ________________________________________________ ?
8. My favorite musician today is _________________________________________ .
9. Have you seen ____________________________________________________ ?
10. The best book I ever read was _________________________________________ .
11. Tonight’s practice session was __________ but ___________________________ .
12. Our neighbor brought home ___________________________________________ .
13. This new app is ____________________________________________________ .
14. Next Monday I begin my new _________________________________________ .
15. How soon will you finish ____________________________________________ ?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 14

MODULE 2: THE SENTENCE
THE SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

2m A subject complement is a noun, pronoun, or adjective that follows a linking

verb. It describes or explains the subject of the sentence.
There are two kinds of subject complements—the predicate nominative and the predicate
adjective.
(1) A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun in the predicate that explains or
identifies the subject of the sentence.
EXAMPLES Termites are dangerous pests.
The new attorney general is she.
Mario is a very talented musician.

(2) A predicate adjective is an adjective in the predicate that modifies the subject of
the sentence.
EXAMPLES The wind feels cold.
The ground is wet.

Subject complements may be compound.

EXAMPLES Two great songwriters were Richard Rodgers and Oscar
Hammerstein II. [compound predicate nominatives]
The pizza is hot and spicy. [compound predicate adjectives]

To find the subject complement in an interrogative sentence, rearrange the sentence to

make a statement.
EXAMPLE Was Jordan Peele the director?
Jordan Peele was the director. [predicate nominative]
To find the subject complement in an imperative sentence, insert the understood subject
you.
EXAMPLE Be proud of your achievements!
(You) Be proud of your achievements! [predicate adjective]

EXERCISE 13 Identifying Subject Complements

In each sentence, underline the subject complement. On the line before the sentence, write
PN for predicate nominative or PA for predicate adjective. [Hint: Some sentences may
contain compound subject complements.]
EX. PA The woods were full of wildflowers and animals.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 15

_____ 1. Marah is a canoeing counselor at a camp in Maine.
_____ 2. Most of the campers are boys and girls from big cities.
_____ 3. At first, some of the new arrivals seem a little scared and shy of the wilderness
surroundings.
_____ 4. To most of them, canoes seem dangerous.
_____ 5. Marah is patient with these new wilderness campers.
_____ 6. She becomes their guide to new experiences.
_____ 7. Many rivers and river valleys in northern Maine are home to bears, moose, and
other wild creatures.
_____ 8. With Marah’s help, children from the city become skilled and knowledgeable
about the treasures of the wilderness.
_____ 9. I was one of Marah’s first campers, 12 years ago.
_____ 10. Thanks to Marah, I am now a seasoned wilderness traveler and the author of
two books about the rivers of Maine.

EXERCISE 14 Writing Subject Complements

Complete each sentence below by adding a subject complement. Add any other words that
you feel are necessary to make the sentence clear. On the line before each item, identify the
complement in your completed sentence. Write PN for predicate nominative or PA for
predicate adjective.
EX. PA The river was wide and deep.

_____ 1. Suddenly, the sky became _________________________________________ .

_____ 2. My favorite food is ______________________________________________ .
_____ 3. Is that man __________________ or _______________________________ ?
_____ 4. Nancy looked __________________ but _____________________________ .
_____ 5. The winner of the race was ________________________________________ .
_____ 6. Two inventions that changed the world are __________ and ______________ .
_____ 7. Remain ___________________________________________ to your friends.
_____ 8. The mountains appear __________________ yet _______________________ .
_____ 9. Today the weather seems __________________________________________ .
_____10. Is Ms. Ramillo a _______________________________________________ ?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 16

MODULE 2: THE SENTENCE
OBJECTS

Objects are complements that do not refer to the subject of the sentence.
2n A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb or shows
the result of the action. It answers the question “Whom?” or “What?” about a
transitive verb.
EXAMPLES Gina called me. [Gina called whom? Me is the direct object.]
Hot soup may burn your throat. [Hot soup may burn what? Throat is the
direct object.]

Direct objects are never found in prepositional phrases.

EXAMPLES Yosef rode the horse. [Horse is the direct object.]
Yosef rode on the horse. [Horse is part of the prepositional phrase on the
horse.]

2o An indirect object is a noun or pronoun that precedes the direct object and
usually tells to whom or for whom (or to what or for what) the action of the verb
is done.
EXAMPLES The coach gave Josh and him awards. [Josh and him are the compound
indirect object of the verb gave, telling to whom the coach gave the awards.
The noun awards is the direct object.]
Juan built his sister a shelf for her books. [The noun sister is the indirect
object of the verb built, telling for whom Juan built a shelf. The noun shelf
is the direct object.]

If the word to or for is used, the noun or pronoun following it is part of a prepositional
phrase and cannot be an indirect object.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE I made a card for you.
INDIRECT OBJECT I made you a card.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE He gave the extra ticket to Tom.
INDIRECT OBJECT He gave Tom the extra ticket.

EXERCISE 15 Identifying Direct Objects

Underline the direct object in each sentence.
EX. George’s parents, the Ristevskis, own the Liberty Deli.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 17

 1. Students from the university and staff from the hospital often buy lunch there.
2. Early each morning, Mrs. Ristevski bakes the bread for the deli sandwiches.
3. Twice a month, Mr. Ristevski makes his own sausage.
4. During the cold winter months, the neighbors especially like the convenient location
of the delicatessen.
5. For 25 years, the Ristevski family has owned and managed the delicatessen.

EXERCISE 16 Identifying Direct Objects and Indirect Objects

In each sentence below, underline the direct object once and the indirect object twice. Some
sentences may not contain an indirect object. [Hint: Both direct objects and indirect objects
may be compound.]
EX. Ms. Sanchez gave Trudy and us directions to her office.

1. Can you loan Marley and Pat enough money for their tickets?

2. He left your jacket in the hall closet.

3. Dr. Fuller gave the children some good advice about poison ivy.

4. Please read me the opening paragraph of your essay.

5. Before the hike, Javon gave each girl and boy trail maps.

6. At the wildlife park, we photographed zebras and monkeys.

7. Could you please show me the fastest route to Monterey?

8. Take Marshall Boulevard to the top of the hill and turn right.

9. I’ll give you this book about interesting sights in Monterey.

10. Thank you very much, sir.

11. N. K. Jemisin published her first novel in 2010.

12. Did you study the life of Sauk leader Black Hawk?

13. He teaches his students the concepts of t’ai chi ch’uan, a system of self-defense and
meditation.

14. My grandfather visited three cities in the Southwest.

15. The archaeologist Howard Carter found Tutankhamen’s tomb.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Module 2 18

MODULE 2: THE SENTENCE
CLASSIFYING SENTENCES BY PURPOSE

2p Sentences may be classified as declarative, imperative, interrogative, or

exclamatory.
(1) A declarative sentence makes a statement. All declarative sentences are followed
by periods.
EXAMPLE The famous painter Arshile Gorky was born in Armenia in 1904.
(2) An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Imperative
sentences are usually followed by periods. Very strong commands, however, may
be followed by exclamation points.
EXAMPLES Please shut the window.
Don’t swim alone.
Watch out for the sharks!
Notice that a command or request has the understood subject you.
(3) An interrogative sentence asks a question. Interrogative sentences are followed by
question marks.
EXAMPLE What is your favorite poem?
(4) An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling. Exclamatory sentences are
always followed by exclamation points.
EXAMPLES That car is rolling down the hill!
What an incredible race that was!
I can’t believe I won free pizza for a year!

EXERCISE 17 Identifying the Four Kinds of Sentences

Add the correct punctuation mark to the end of each sentence. On the line before the
sentence, indicate which type of sentence it is. Write D for declarative, INT for interrogative,
IMP for imperative, or E for exclamatory. [Hint: Some imperative sentences may end in
exclamation points.]
EX. imp. 1. Stop fighting at once!

_____ 1. Have you seen any of the Indiana Jones movies

_____ 2. The first one, Raiders of the Lost Ark, came out in 1981
_____ 3. What a fantastic movie it was

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_____ 4. Although audiences had seen Harrison Ford as Han Solo in Star Wars, he
became a star when he took on the role of Indiana Jones
_____ 5. Check if we can stream Raiders of the Lost Ark for free
_____ 6. Wow, there must have been at least a billion snakes in that scene
_____ 7. Are you afraid of snakes
_____ 8. Watch out for the falling rocks, Indy
_____ 9. Critics did not give the sequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, the great
reviews that they gave the first movie
____ 10. Why do you think critics preferred the first Indiana Jones movie

EXERCISE 18 Writing the Four Kinds of Sentences

You are sitting in a restaurant. Suddenly you notice that the diner at the next table is a large
penguin. Write a dialogue that might take place between you and the penguin. Add stage
directions if you wish. Write 10 sentences, using at least two examples of each kind of
sentence. Label each of your sentences D for declarative, INT for interrogative, IMP for
imperative, or E for exclamatory.
EX. Me [with a puzzled expression]: We don’t usually see penguins in this
neighborhood. (D)

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MODULE 2: THE SENTENCE
MODULE REVIEW

A. Identifying the Parts of a Sentence

In the paragraph below, classify each underlined word according to its function in the
sentence. Write S for subject, PN for predicate nominative, DO for direct object, V for verb,
PA for predicate adjective, and IO for indirect object.
DO
EX. Romesh Gunesekera has published a book of short stories.

Romesh Gunesekera is a [1] native of Sri Lanka. [2] Sri Lanka is an island nation located

in the Indian Ocean. Gunesekera now [3] lives in London, where he has published

[4] Monkfish Moon. His book is [5] skillful in its blending of appearance and reality. Its nine

short [6] stories give [7] readers several interesting [8] views of life in Sri Lanka.

[9] Some of the stories are [10] frightening. They [11] tell of events related to Sri Lanka’s

long and cruel civil war. Only the [12] setting, however, will seem [13] unfamiliar to readers

outside of Sri Lanka. All of the stories contain complex [14] characters and vivid details.

Because Gunesekera [15] has based this excellent [16] collection of stories on his native

land, he has given the [17] East and the West a new and powerful [18] link. His book

[19] is both a masterpiece of literature and a [20] tribute to a beautiful and complex country.

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B. Identifying and Punctuating the Four Kinds of Sentences
Add the correct punctuation mark to the end of each sentence. On the line before the
sentence, classify it by writing D for declarative, INT for interrogative, IMP for imperative,
or E for exclamatory.
EX. IMP Please pass the salt

_____ 1.
In 1991, Paul Sereno discovered a dinosaur fossil in Argentina
_____ 2.
That dinosaur was given the name Eoraptor
_____ 3.
What a fierce animal the dinosaur must have been
_____ 4.
Look up an image of the Eoraptor to see what I mean
_____ 5.
Did it live about 228 million years ago
_____ 6.
Another dinosaur lived at about the same time
_____ 7.
What dinosaur was that
_____ 8.
It was called Herrerasaurus, and Sereno found its fossil in the same rock
formation, as the Eoraptor
_____ 9. Do you believe that dinosaurs once roamed these woods
_____ 10. Wow, they must have been terrifying

C. Writing Sentences
Write 15 sentences according to the guidelines below. Underline the part or parts called for
in the guidelines.
EX. a declarative sentence with a compound verb
Alfonso Cuarón co-wrote and directed the movie Gravity.
1. a declarative sentence with a predicate adjective
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. an interrogative sentence with a direct object
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. an interrogative sentence with a compound subject
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. an imperative sentence with an indirect object and a direct object
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

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 5. an imperative sentence that ends with a period
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
6. an imperative sentence that ends with an exclamation point
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
7. a declarative sentence with a compound indirect object and a direct object
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
8. an exclamatory sentence with a predicate adjective
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
9. a sentence that begins with there and contains a compound subject
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
10. a sentence with the understood subject you
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
11. a declarative sentence with a predicate nominative
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
12. an exclamatory sentence with a compound verb
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
13. a declarative sentence with a compound predicate nominative
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
14. an interrogative sentence with a compound verb
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
15. a sentence with the understood subject you and a compound verb
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

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