Ionic and Covalent 1

TOPIC: Ionic and Covalent Bonding SCIENCE 9
Readings:
There are two primary forms of bonding that an atom can participate in covalent and ionic.
• Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms.
Non-Metals when combined with other Non-Metals make covalent compounds.
• Ionic bonds form when two or more ions come together and are held together by charge
differences. Metals and Non-Metals when combined make ionic compounds.
A. Covalent Bonds
• The electrons in an atom are responsible for forming bonds.

• The bonding electrons are called the VALENCE electrons and they are the electrons
that are found in the outermost shell of the atom. In the periodic table.
• Conveniently, the Group Number at the top of each column in the periodic table also
gives the number of valence electrons. For example, Boron (represented as B in the
periodic table) is in Group 3A and has 3 valence electrons; Carbon (represented as C)
is in Group 4A and has 4 valence electrons.
Once you know how many valence electrons an atom has, you can start building molecules.
There are a couple of rules to follow however as you build:
1. The Octet Rule: The atoms that participate in covalent bonding share electrons in a
way that enables them to acquire a stable electron configuration or full valence shell.
This means that they want to acquire the electronic configuration of the noble gas of
their row. The Noble Gases are like the Michael Jordan's of the Chemistry world and
every one of them wants to "be like Mike".
2. There are several exceptions to the octet rule, however:
o Hydrogen (H) only requires 2 electrons to have a full valence shell since it
only needs to be like Helium (He).
o Elements on the 3rd Period (3rd row) of the periodic table and below can
actually have more than 8 electrons around them. They have extra space to
allow for the extra electrons.
Now that you know the number of valence electrons and the rules you can start making
molecules. For instance, looking at hydrogen we know that it is in Group I and thus has 1
valence electron, if it bound itself to another hydrogen it could share the two electrons
between them and both be "happy".
If that same hydrogen bonded to Chlorine, the hydrogen would get the two electrons it needs
to be complete and the chlorine which has 7 valence electrons would get one more to fulfill
its octet.
B. Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonds are formed by the combination of positive and negative ions; the combination of
these ions forms in numerical combinations that generate a neutral (zero charge) molecule.
• Each ion wishes to form an octet and be like the nearest noble gas.
• It is easier for the element to gain electron(s) (anions) to produce the octet and
sometimes it is easier for the element to lose electron(s) (cations).
• Group 1A, 2A, and 3A elements all form positive ions or cations. This is because it is
easier energetically for those elements to lose 1, 2, or 3 electrons than it would be for
them to gain 5, 6, or 7 electrons.
• The gain or loss of an electron generally requires energy and once you exceed the gain
or loss of 3 electrons the energy cost is simply too high for most atoms to accomplish.
• You should also notice that the elements on the right side of the periodic table (the non-
metals) in Groups 5A, 6A, and 7A all form negative ions or Anions for the same reason.
Forming Ionic Compounds
As was mentioned above, ions come together in compounds to form neutral (uncharged)
molecules. This means that the positive and negative ions have to be balanced so that their
charges all add up to zero:
In the examples to the right, the sodium is +1 and the chloride is -1 so adding them together
to form a neutral molecule (positive charges + negative charges = zero) only requires 1 of
each. NaCl
But in the case of calcium which forms a +2 ion and chlorine which forms a -1 ion, we need
two chlorines to balance the charge of the one calcium. CaCl 2
Here are a few more general rules to follow when building and naming ionic molecules:
1. The number of ions in the compound is indicated as a subscript after the element's
symbol: MgF2 (Magnesium Fluoride), AlCl3 (Aluminum Chloride), or
Al2O3 (Aluminum Oxide)
2. The cation is generally listed first in the compound: MgF2 (Magnesium Fluoride),
AlCl3 (Aluminum Chloride), or Al2O3 (Aluminum Oxide)
3. The name of the compound is simply the name of the positive element followed by
the name of the negative element adding the �ide suffix: MgF2 (Magnesium
Fluoride), AlCl3 (Aluminum Chloride), or Al2O3 (Aluminum Oxide)

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TOPIC: Ionic and Covalent Bonding SCIENCE 9

• The electrons in an atom are responsible for forming bonds.

There are a couple of rules to follow however as you build:

Forming Ionic Compounds

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