Chapter 1: Introduction to Databases and SQL

1. What is a database?
- a) A collection of tables
- b) A collection of related data
- c) A type of software
- d) A programming language

2. Which type of database uses tables with rows and columns?

- a) Non-relational database
- b) Document database
- c) Relational database
- d) Graph database

3. Which of the following is an example of a non-relational database?

- a) MySQL
- b) PostgreSQL
- c) MongoDB
- d) Oracle Database

4. What does SQL stand for?

- a) Standard Query Language
- b) Simple Query Language
- c) Structured Query Language
- d) Sequential Query Language

5. Who developed SQL?

- a) Raymond Boyce and Donald Chamberlin
- b) Larry Page and Sergey Brin
- c) Tim Berners-Lee
- d) Bill Gates and Paul Allen

6. In which decade was SQL developed?

- a) 1950s
- b) 1960s
- c) 1970s
- d) 1980s

7. Which SQL command is used to retrieve data from a database?

- a) INSERT
- b) DELETE
- c) SELECT
- d) UPDATE

8. Which SQL command is used to delete data from a database?

- a) SELECT
- b) UPDATE
- c) DELETE
- d) INSERT

9. What is the basic structure of an SQL query to retrieve data?

- a) DELETE ... WHERE
- b) INSERT ... INTO
- c) SELECT ... FROM
- d) CREATE ... TABLE

10. Which SQL category includes commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE?
 - a) DDL
- b) DML
- c) DCL
- d) TCL

11. What does a table consist of in a database?

- a) Rows and columns
- b) Keys and relations
- c) Queries and functions
- d) Primary and foreign keys

12. What uniquely identifies each row in a table?

- a) Foreign Key
- b) Unique Key
- c) Primary Key
- d) Candidate Key

13. What is a Foreign Key?

- a) A column that uniquely identifies each row
- b) A key that links one table to another
- c) A key that stores unique values in a table
- d) A key used to create tables

14. Which SQL data type is used to store whole numbers?

- a) VARCHAR
- b) TEXT
- c) INT
- d) DATE

15. What is the purpose of the NOT NULL constraint in SQL?

- a) To ensure that a column has a unique value
- b) To ensure that a column is not empty
- c) To ensure that a column stores only positive numbers
- d) To ensure that a column has the default value

16. Which SQL constraint ensures that all values in a column are unique?
- a) CHECK
- b) UNIQUE
- c) NOT NULL
- d) PRIMARY KEY

17. What is the purpose of normalization in databases?

- a) To increase redundancy
- b) To organize data and reduce redundancy
- c) To delete unnecessary data
- d) To create new tables

18. What is a characteristic of a table in First Normal Form (1NF)?

- a) No atomic values
- b) Repeating groups in columns
- c) All values are atomic
- d) Multiple values per column

19. A table is in Second Normal Form (2NF) if it is already in 1NF and:

- a) There are no transitive dependencies
 - b) All non-primary key columns are dependent on the whole primary key
- c) It contains atomic values
- d) It contains partial dependencies

20. What is the main focus of Third Normal Form (3NF)?

- a) No repeating groups
- b) No transitive dependencies
- c) No partial dependencies
- d) All of the above

21. What is the primary use of the SELECT statement?

- a) To update data
- b) To retrieve data
- c) To delete data
- d) To insert data

22. Which clause is used in SQL to filter records based on a condition?

- a) SELECT
- b) FROM
- c) WHERE
- d) LIMIT

23. How can you sort the results of a query in SQL?

- a) ORDER BY
- b) SORT BY
- c) FILTER BY
- d) GROUP BY

24. What is the use of the LIMIT clause in SQL?

- a) To restrict the columns returned
- b) To sort the data
- c) To limit the number of rows returned
- d) To group the data

25. Which clause is used to remove duplicate records in an SQL query?

- a) DISTINCT
- b) UNIQUE
- c) WHERE
- d) ORDER BY

26. Which SQL function is used to calculate the sum of a numeric column?
- a) COUNT()
- b) AVG()
- c) SUM()
- d) MAX()

27. What SQL command is used to insert new data into a table?
- a) SELECT
- b) UPDATE
- c) INSERT INTO
- d) ALTER TABLE

28. How do you update existing data in an SQL table?

- a) UPDATE ... SET
- b) SELECT ... SET
 - c) INSERT ... INTO
- d) DELETE ... FROM

29. Which SQL operator is used to filter data based on multiple conditions?
- a) AND
- b) OR
- c) IN
- d) NOT

30. What is the correct syntax to delete a record from a table?

- a) DELETE ... FROM ... WHERE
- b) REMOVE ... FROM ... WHERE
- c) SELECT ... FROM ... WHERE
- d) INSERT ... INTO ... WHERE

31. Which function returns the average value of a numeric column?

- a) MAX()
- b) COUNT()
- c) AVG()
- d) SUM()

32. What keyword is used to retrieve unique values from a column?

- a) UNIQUE
- b) DISTINCT
- c) SINGLE
- d) DIFFERENT

33. Which of the following is an aggregate function in SQL?

- a) SELECT
- b) GROUP BY
- c) AVG()
- d) HAVING

34. What SQL clause is used to group rows that have the same values in specified
columns?
- a) ORDER BY
- b) GROUP BY
- c) WHERE
- d) HAVING

35. Which clause is used to filter data after grouping?

- a) HAVING
- b) WHERE
- c) ORDER BY
- d) LIMIT

36. What is the purpose of the JOIN clause in SQL?

- a) To retrieve data from multiple tables
- b) To delete data from multiple tables
- c) To update data in multiple tables
- d) To insert data into multiple tables

37. Which type of JOIN returns all records from the left table and the matched
records from the right table?
- a) INNER JOIN
 - b) RIGHT JOIN
- c) LEFT JOIN
- d) FULL JOIN

38. What does the FULL JOIN do?

- a) Returns only matched records
- b) Returns records that have a match in both tables
- c) Returns all records when there is a match in either table
- d) Returns records that have no match in either table

39. Which SQL function returns the largest value of a column?

- a) SUM()
- b) MAX()
- c) COUNT()
- d) AVG()

40. What is the role of the UNION operator in SQL?

- a) Combine the results of two or more SELECT queries
- b) Filter the results of a SELECT query
- c) Sort the results of a query
- d) Group the results of a query

41. Which SQL command is used to save a transaction?

- a) SAVE
- b) COMMIT
- c) INSERT
- d) BACKUP

42. What command is used to undo a transaction in SQL?

- a) ROLLBACK
- b) COMMIT
- c) DELETE
- d) UPDATE

43. What is an index in SQL?

- a

) A table with a large number of rows

- b) A way to increase query performance
- c) A special type of query
- d) A method of storing foreign keys

44. Which type of index allows for faster retrieval of unique values in a column?
- a) Foreign Index
- b) Primary Index
- c) Composite Index
- d) Unique Index

45. What is the main disadvantage of using indexes?

- a) Increased disk space usage
- b) Slower data retrieval
- c) Increased cost of queries
- d) Decreased data integrity

46. Which statement about transactions is true?

 - a) Transactions must always be completed
- b) Transactions are used only for SELECT queries
- c) Transactions ensure ACID properties
- d) Transactions are required for all database operations

47. What does ACID stand for in database transactions?

- a) Availability, Consistency, Isolation, Durability
- b) Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability
- c) Authentication, Confidentiality, Integrity, Data

48. What is a deadlock in databases?

- a) When two transactions wait indefinitely for each other to release resources

- b) When a transaction completes successfully

- c) When two tables cannot be joined
- d) When data cannot be inserted into a table

49. What is the purpose of a checkpoint in SQL transactions?

- a) To back up the database
- b) To save a point of the transaction
- c) To lock a table during a transaction
- d) To delete unwanted data

50. What is the purpose of a foreign key in a database?

- a) To identify each record in a table uniquely
- b) To enforce a link between two tables
- c) To ensure data redundancy
- d) To define default values in a table