5 Stat Notation and Operation

Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

Calabanga | Pasacao | Pili | Sipocot
Statistical Notation and

Operation
Objective:
At the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
1. Gain understanding of the basic language and symbols in statistics;
2. Identify common statistical notations;
3. Be familiar with the basic theorems of summation and the derived
formulas;
4. Compute the summation of certain variables applying the theorems
of summation.
NOTATIONS
Statistics involves summation of several numbers,
which necessitates the use of symbols to express numerical
ideas, minimizing the excessive use of words. The symbols
used are referred to as standard notation.
Often mathematical formulae require the addition of
many variables, Summation or sigma notation is a
convenient and simple form of shorthand used to give a
concise expression for a sum of the values of a variable.
Let x1, x2, x3, …xn denote a set of n numbers. x1 is the
first number in the set. xi represents the ith number in the
set.
Summation notation involves:
The Summation Sign
This appears as the symbol, S, which is the Greek upper case

letter, s. The summation sign, S, instructs us to sum the elements of a
sequence. A typical element of the sequence which is being summed
appears to the right of the summation sign.
Summation notation involves:
The Variable of Summation
The variable of summation is represented by an index which is

placed beneath the summation sign. The index is often represented by i.
(Other common possibilities for representation of the index are j and t.)
The index appears as the expression i = 1. The index assumes values
starting with the value on the right hand side of the equation and ending
with the value above the summation sign.
The starting point for the summation or the lower limit of the summation.
The stopping point for the summation or the upper limit of summation.
Some typical examples of summation:
This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x1 and ending

with xn.
This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x1 and

ending with x10 .
Some typical examples of summation:
This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x3 and ending

with x10.
This expression means sum the squared values of x, starting at

x1 and ending with xn.
PROPERTIES OF SUM
A. Sum of the Product of a Constant and a Variable
The sum of the product of a constant and a variable is equal to

the constant multiplied by the sum of the variables.
In symbols:
𝑛 𝑛
෍ cxi = 𝑐 ෍ xi
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
C is any constant.
Example 1. Find σ𝑛𝑖=1 xi = 125, given the following data:
Xi C
3 5
4 5
5 5
6 5
7 5
Solution:
𝑛
෍ cxi = 5 25 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑖=1
B. Sum of a Constant
The sum of a constant taken from 1 to n equals n times the
constant symbols
𝑛
෍ Ci = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛
𝑖=1
or
𝑛
෍ Ci = 𝑛𝐶; 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑖=1
Example 2:
The sum of this set of values; 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 is 30. The five values

are constant and equal to 6. The sum is equal to the product of 5 and
the constant 6.
C. Summation of Sum
The summation of the sum of several variables is equal to the
sum of terms taken separately.
In symbols:
𝑛
෍ X1 + Y1 = (X1 + Y1) + 𝑋2 + 𝑌2 + 𝑋3 + 𝑌3 + ⋯ . (𝑋𝑛 + 𝑌𝑛)

𝑖=1
or
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
෍ X1 + Y1 = ෍ X1 + ෍ Y1
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Example 3: Given the set of ordered pairs x = 2,6,3,4,8 and y =
3,5,6,8,4. Find the summation of x, the summation of y and the
summations of x and y.
Xi Yi Xi + Yi
2 3 5
6 5 11
3 6 9
4 8 12
8 4 12
Solution:
5 5 5
෍ 𝑋𝑖 = 𝟐𝟑 ෍ 𝑌𝑖 = 𝟐𝟔 ෍(𝑋𝑖 + 𝑌𝑖 ) = 𝟒𝟗
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Add each pair and get the total for the five pairs
σ= (2+3) +(6+5) + (3+6) +(4+8) + (8+4)
= 5 + 11 + 9 + 12 + 12
= 49
Or, rearrange the terms by grouping the numbers under Xi together

and then the numbers under yi. Thus,
σ = (2 + 6 + 3+ 4 + 8) + (3 + 5 + 6 + 8 + 4)
= 23 + 26
= 49
D. Summation of a Variable and a Constant
The summation of a variable and a constant is equal to the sum
of the variables added to the product of n and the constant.
In symbols:
𝑛 𝑛
෍ Xi + 𝑐 = ෍ Xi + 𝑛𝑐
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Example 4: Using x = 3, 6, 4, 2, 8 and C = 6, find the summation of x

and c
σ5𝑖=1 Xi + nc = (3 + 6 + 4 + 2+ 8) + (5)(6) = 23 + 30 = 53
E. Sum of the Squares of Variables
The sum of the square of n number of observation is:
= X12 + X22 + X32 + ….Xn2
Example 5: Given the set of numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, the sum of the

squares is
5
෌𝑖=1 X1² = 32 + 42 + 52 + 62 + 72 = 135
F. Square of the Sum of Variables
The square of the sum of n number of observations is
𝑛 2
𝟐
෍ Xi = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛
𝑖=1
Example 6: Given the set of numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, find the

summation
Solution: The first step is taking the sum of the variables, then getting
the square of the sum.
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 2 = 3+4+5+6+7 𝟐 = 25 𝟐 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓
G. Sum of a Product
The sum of the product of n pairs of variables is
𝑛
෍(Xi)(Yi) = 𝑋1 𝑌1 + 𝑋2 𝑌2 + ⋯ (𝑋𝑛)(𝑌𝑛)
𝑖=1
Example 7: To obtain the sum of the product of n pairs of

observation, first multiply each pair of variables and then get the sum.
Given the following data, find the summation of x multiplied by y.
Xi Yi Xi + Yi
1 3 3
2 4 8
3 5 15
4 6 24
5 7 35
෍(Xi)(Yi) = 𝟖𝟓
𝑖=1
Thank you!
Maricris dlP. Tapar
Instructor

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Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

Statistical Notation and

The Summation Sign

This appears as the symbol, S, which is the Greek upper case

The Variable of Summation

The variable of summation is represented by an index which is

This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x1 and ending

This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x1 and

This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x3 and ending

This expression means sum the squared values of x, starting at

The sum of the product of a constant and a variable is equal to

෍ Ci = 𝑛𝐶; 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

The sum of this set of values; 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 is 30. The five values

෍ X1 + Y1 = (X1 + Y1) + 𝑋2 + 𝑌2 + 𝑋3 + 𝑌3 + ⋯ . (𝑋𝑛 + 𝑌𝑛)

Or, rearrange the terms by grouping the numbers under Xi together

Example 4: Using x = 3, 6, 4, 2, 8 and C = 6, find the summation of x

The sum of the square of n number of observation is:

= X12 + X22 + X32 + ….Xn2

Example 5: Given the set of numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, the sum of the

Example 6: Given the set of numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, find the

Example 7: To obtain the sum of the product of n pairs of

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