Mock Test No6
Mock Test No6
Mock Test No6
Part 2. You will hear a talk about different lifespans in animals. For questions 6-10, decide whether the
following statements are true (T) or false (F). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided. (10 points)
6. Younger bodies replace dead and dying cells more efficiently than older bodies.
7. There is no variation in aging patterns and lifespan within the animal kingdom.
8. In general, larger species tend to have shorter lifespans than smaller ones.
9. Smaller creatures tend to evolve rapidly to grow and reproduce as a defense mechanism against
predators.
10. Genetic differences can account for discrepancies in longevity among animals with similar sizes and
habitats.
Part 3. For questions 11-15, you will hear a discussion in which two biologists, Ian Cartwright and
Angela Sharpe, talk about conservation and the public's perception of it. Choose the answer (А, В,
C or D) which fits best according to what you hear.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. (10pts)
11. According to Ian, why aren't people easily convinced of the importance of protecting endangered species?
A. They find it difficult to understand the concept.
B. They are presented with information that is too vague.
C. They do not believe human activity causes extinction.
D. They think that conservationists are exaggerating the situation.
12. Angela says that eco-tourism has been successful because___________.
A. it provides locals with a long-term source of income.
B. it has been properly managed by governments in developing countries.
C. it encourages people to have more respect for nature.
D. it is affordable for a large number of people from developed countries.
13. The story Ian tells about how economists determined the value of the environment
highlights___________.
A. what a complex subject economics can be.
B. the ease with which false promises are made.
C. why companies get away with polluting lakes.
D. how ignorant people are of the role nature plays in their lives.
14. What explanation does Angie give for people being indifferent to the destruction of the ecosystem?
A. They believe scientists will fix the problem.
B. The vast majority do not suffer too much when it happens.
C. They consider the exploitation of environmental resources necessary.
D. They think the cost of replacing unrecognized benefits has been overestimated.
15. The species Ian refers to___________.
A. indicate how fast an ecosystem is likely to collapse. B. only live in one specific ecosystem.
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C. are extremely sensitive to environmental change. D. appear to be in the greatest danger of extinction.
Part 4. You will listen to a recording about sleep. For questions 16-25, complete the summary by
writing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS in each gap. Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided. (20 points)
SLEEP AND MENTAL HEALTH
16. The culprit behind our ______________________ relationship to sleep originates from our ancient
understanding of the subject.
17. Parents of small children have a disposition to be ______________________ in routine negotiations.
18. Every reversal becomes a drama, every disappointment turns into a catastrophe and every excitement
shifts into ______________________.
19. An innovatively ______________________ approach to bedtimes when growing up can be considered
an expression of independence and individuality.
20. There are various ways of expressing our perceptions about lives, ranging from positive narratives to
appalling tales of complete ignorance and ______________________.
21. When exhaustion sets in, we tend to think in a ______________________ way.
22. When we lie in bed, we think that we bear a resemblance to a ______________________, for instance,
a rabbit or a squirrel.
23. Given the harsh grown-up life, we need to be free to ______________________ this.
24. It is inferred from curled squirrel position that mental problems cannot be universally handled by
______________________.
25. It is not until we have treated ourselves with a ______________________ or a long night’s sleep that
we understand the reasons to live
Part 2. For questions 56-65, fill each gap with the correct form of the words in brackets. Write your
answer in the boxes provided on the answer sheet. (10 points)
56. His outstanding performance in the role earned him _________ positive reviews from both critics and
audiences. (DESERVE)
57. On the final day, we visited the _________ Victoria Falls and then flew home. (MAJESTY)
58. Local planners admit they _________ the number of tourists that would come for the festival.
(ESTIMATE)
59. Local officials were surprised at the scale of the _________ against plans for a local casino. (CRY)
60. Peter seems ______ by her sudden success and fame, he remained as cool as a cucumber. (FAZE)
61. Can you think of one _________ reason why I should give you your job back?
(SOLITUDE)
62. He has continually _________ chickens from different nations to create a hybrid that is ever more
robust in health and spectacular in physical attributes. (BREED)
63. This morning’s explosion at a chemical plant resulted in one _________ and four injuries. (FATAL)
64. He is _________ polite and tries desperately to understand other people's views. (FAIL)
65. The star arrived in London with her usual _________ of dancers and backing singers. (TOUR)
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Part 2. For questions 76-85, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word and write
your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. (15 points)
The expectation for new mothers to "bounce back" physically after childbirth is
(76)______________only unrealistic but can significantly threaten their health and well-being. According
to Jill Schwartz, a Los Angeles-based therapist specializing in perinatal mental health, these harmful
appearance pressures need to be (77)______________seriously. Society (78)______________a disservice
to moms by focusing on how they should look rather than providing the support they need.
Such damaging ideals can worsen (79)______________ trigger mental health conditions,
particularly in postpartum women with a history of depression, anxiety, or eating disorders. An obsession
with appearance, exercise, or even "healthy eating" can indicate serious maternal mental health issues, such
as orthorexia - a set of rigid rules about eating (80)______________than a preference for nutritious foods.
Schwartz emphasizes that one of the most important steps for new moms is to accept and appreciate
the changes that come with parenthood. She acknowledges that the body undergoes significant
(81)______________ during childbirth, and while it won’t return to its pre-pregnancy state, this
transformation should be embraced. "You've done this beautiful, amazing thing that not everybody gets to
experience," she notes.
Debra Benfield, a dietitian specializing in women's body image, advises that moms recognize these
pressures (82)______________ cultural inheritances rather than natural expectations. By becoming
(83)______________ of these external diet culture directives, mothers can begin to resist unrealistic and
harmful ideals. Some women may find empowerment in actively rebelling against societal pressures. For
instance, instead of (84)______________to the pressure to rapidly resume intense exercise, Schwartz
recommends a slower, more patient approach, emphasizing the importance of grace and healing time.
Part 3. For questions 86-95, read the following passage and circle the best answer to each of the
following questions. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided. (15 points)
On the surface, a desert appears to be one of the harshest environments on Earth, yet a remarkable
variety of plants have adapted to thrive in this dry climate. Despite their origins in different locations
around the globe, desert plants have developed similar strategies for surviving in arid environments. Some
plants have adapted in such a way that it is hard to tell them apart, even though they belong to very
different biological families. One useful way to classify, and thus better understand, desert plants is to
examine the evolution of certain survival strategies, which are shared across geographic and biological
boundaries.
In general, the survival strategies of desert plants can be divided into two kinds: adaptation for
quick use of ephemeral resources (“maximum variance behavior”) and adaptation for the best use of poor
but more permanent resources (“minimum variance behavior”). The former strategy involves adaptation to
environmental changes, such as seasonal availability of water. This is observed in desert annuals and
perennials alike. Such plants tend to grow rapidly and produce many seeds under the right conditions. The
latter strategy involves adaptation to the worst possible conditions, which can be seen in succulents, true
xerophytes, and grasses. These plants usually grow slowly, use water efficiently, and exhibit passive
cooling.
Water scarcity and heat are the key factors limiting the survival of desert plants. Plants that have
adapted to the worst possible conditions have evolved ways for quickly acquiring and storing water to
ensure their survival. [A] Depending on strategies and physical adaptations, they can be divided into either
succulents or drought-resistant plants. [B] For the most part, succulents have evolved extensive, shallow
root systems to quickly absorb water during brief periods of heavy rainfall. Water is then stored in the
fleshy tissue of their thick trunks or lobes as well as in the roots. The cactus is a good example of a
succulent. To retain water, succulents have waxy coaxings on their skin and a modified system of
respiration. The stomata (surface pores), through which the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases
oxygen, open only at night when temperatures are cooler and less water from the plant will evaporate. [C]
Unlike most other plants, a succulent stores all or most of its chlorophyll, the chemical essential to
photosynthesis, in its stem, skin, or other outer tissues, rather than concentrating it in the leaves. Doing this
places it in a strong, well-watered part of the plant, rather than in an appendage susceptible to drying out
and dropping off. [D]
Drought-resistant plants, or xerophytes, come in many forms including true xerophytes, deciduous
plants, and grasses. Xerophytic shrubs, such as the five species of creosote bush, are the most abundant
type of vegetation in most arid environments. They are able to withstand desiccation in severe droughts
without dying. Some have evolved small leaves with special coatings to reduce loss of water through
evaporation. Others have replaced leaves with thorns or spines. While succulent roots form shallow,
dense webs, xerophytes tend to develop deep root networks that pull water out of soil other desert
plants cannot reach. For example, the roots of the mesquite bush, said to have the deepest root systems
among desert plants, can reach depths of up to eighty feet.
Succulents and xerophytes, on one hand, have physically adapted to gather and retain water to
survive long periods of drought. Drought-avoiding plants, on the other hand, escape unfavorable conditions
by perishing. These include annuals and perennials. Because profuse seed development is crucial to the
survival of most annual species, they tend to produce far more flowers than other types of desert plants.
The desert marigold of the American southwest, for example, has adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall
by growing rapidly, bursting into a brilliant display of yellow flowers, and then dropping a cascade of
seeds before dying. In some cases, annuals complete their entire life cycle in a matter of a few weeks or
months. Their seeds may remain inactive for up to ten years while waiting for wetter conditions.
Perennials, such as the ocotillo, may go dormant during dry periods, spring to life when it rains, and then
return to dormancy in a process that may occur up to five times per year.
86. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of desert plants?
A. They are hard to see in the harsh desert landscape.
B. They have evolved similar features, regardless of geographic origins.
C. They have evolved from different families that exchanged survival strategies.
D. They all look essentially the same.
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87. The word “ephemeral” in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. minimal B. yearly C. short-lived D. abundant
88. Which of the following square brackets [A], [B], [C], or [D] best indicates where in the paragraph the
sentence “All of these adaptations together make succulents particularly well suited to dry climates.”
can be inserted.
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
89. Why does the author mention the action of stomata in the passage?
A. To explain how chlorophyll works B. To emphasize a unique adaptation of succulents
C. To illustrate that cacti have no leaves D. To describe the basic parts of a succulent
90. The word “Others” in the passage refers to _______.
A. grasses B. shrubs C. coatings D. leaves
91. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the
passage?
A. At the same time that xerophytes evolved their thick webs of low-lying roots, succulents formed thin
networks to reach surface water.
B. Both succulents and xerophytes form long, dense networks of roots in order to reach water within the
soil that non-desert plants could not reach.
C. Because of their long roots systems developed to reach water deep within the soil, xerophytes
have become more dominant in desert environments than succulents.
D. In contrast to xerophytes, which produce long root systems to tap water deep within the soil,
succulents develop a thick web of roots just below the soil surface.
92. According to paragraph 4, thorns on xerophytes _________.
A. are similar to blades of grass B. can reach water very far underground
C. are what some plants have instead of leaves D. help keep the plants from being eaten by animals
93. In what form do drought-avoiding annuals wait for wetter weather?
A. stems B. flowers C. roots D. seeds
94. The word “dormant” in the passage is closet in meaning to ________.
A. dry B. inactive C. dead D. weak
95. According to the author, all of the following are associated with plants that exhibit “minimum
variance behavior" EXCEPT ________.
A. slow growth B. modified respiration C. rapid seed production D. deep root systems
Part 4. For questions 96-105, read the passage and do the following tasks. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes. (15 points)
SPACE FLIGHT TOURISM
Falcon 1's successful launch on 28th of September was an outstanding achievement for the fledging
space tourism industry. When a rocket made by Space X in Hawthorne, California, reached an orbit of 500
kilometres from the Earth, it became possible for privately developed rocket too.
Two days after the launch, Virgin Galactic started a business with the US National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration which will be accepted by US scientists as a way of researching
climate change using a spacecraft.
No doubt the civilian space flight industry is an exciting area and this was apparent at the
International Aeronautical Congress in Glasgow last month. It displayed slick promotional
videos, and models of the "Nearly Ready" spacecraft in orbit to the people who would be
investing money in the project.
However, in spite of increasing confidence, it is also necessary to be cautious: can a civilian
spacecraft be safe like holiday airlines? Gerardine Goh, a lawyer at DLR, the German Aerospace
Centre in Bonn and a member of Germany's delegation to the UN's Office of Outer Space
Affairs reported that as it is not global, there needs to be enforceable regulations in place to
guarantee the safety of a civilian spacecraft. She said, "Ships should be equipped to be
seaworthy, aircraft should be equipped to be airworthy but there is no legislation in place
to ensure that a spacecraft is spaceworthy."
At the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety, Goh is planning to press the
UN to force civilian space operators to warrant which spacecraft are designed and built to minimum safety
standards. She says, "Mass commercial space flight does not currently have international safety
regulations." and "We deeply need a UN treaty which offers us this."
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One way companies are planning to transport tourists into space is with a "mother ship'' an
aircraft which carries a rocket at an altitude of 16 kilometres before launching it, says Goh.
"But with launching the aircraft, the ICAO's air safety standards only apply to the mother ship
and the rocket capsule until they are separated. After that, we do not have any safety
standards for the capsule Itself. It is a critical problem."
From 16 kilometres to the Karman line, the point of 100 kilometres up where space is considered to
start, the rocket will be travelling within a legal vacuum. Here, lawyers cannot agree on whether it is a
plane or a rocket. Some Insist that if you are in a well-equipped functioning rocket, more strict safety
measures should try to be incorporated into the spaceship's design.
The other aspects of the UN's 1967 treaty for outer space exploration may be discussed again if
civilian space flight turns out to be successful. For example, countries must consider how to rescue and
repatriate astronauts crashing or landing in their land. Also, governments have to decide if the money
generated by the space flight industry will be enough to cover the cost of rescuing space tourists.
Civilian space flight companies are very aware of the risks in this field as they have already had the
experience of dealing with a tragedy. Unfortunately, three engineers were killed and another three were
severely injured in 2007, when nitrous oxide rocket fuel suddenly exploded during fuel flow tests at a
Scaled Composites facility in Mojave, California. The company is establishing WhiteKnightTwo, a carrier
aircraft and Spaceship Two, a six-seater rocket for Virgin Galactic. The facility was regulated by
California's health and safety regulator, and it has now modified its technology to decrease the risks.
However, space flight's dangers are far from just fuel issues. According to Laurent Gathier of
Dassault Aviation developing the VSH of a rocket powered sub-orbital tourist space plane, other critical
safety factors are with depressurization risks, passengers close to the engine and the activities of flight
trajectories including cosmic ray shielding.
Civilian space companies should incorporate the safety features into their designs. For instance, the
VSH will equip an ejector seat for all tourists and staff. It is a device for bailing out of the spacecraft with
default of 40,000 feet (12 kilometres).
Goh's vision is essentially against the Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space
Transportation (AST) and does not have any schemes to regulate civilian space flight safety until 2012.
The Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004 mentions that George Nield as AST chief said,
the civilian space flight regulation must not "stifle'' the developing technologies with inconvenient rules.
Before launching, a hands-off approach to civilian space flight could be quite risky. Goh said, "A
lack of safety standards and a lot of operational burdens will leave a commercial space flight in the
dangerous activity categories in terms of insurance." It means insurance costs will be very high. Critics
who are developing safety standards also insist that the "at-your-own-risk" mentality that is applied to risky
sports like scuba-diving should also be applied to civilian space flight.
Questions 96-100 - Complete the summary. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the
passage for each answer:
On 28 September the emerging space tourism industry was enormous. In Hawthorne, California, a
rocket was erected by 96._________________. Climate change was monitored by
97.________________in US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration using its spacecraft. In
Glasgow, at the International Aeronautical meeting, it is apparent that civilian space flight industry is
growing, as it showed the 98.________________ spacecraft which promises sub-orbital flights. Although
developing confirmation, non-regulation is clear to guarantee 99.__________________. A method for
space business is cooperating with a _mother ship conveyable at 16 kilometres in the skies. From 16
kilometres to 100 kilometres’ travelling may be available, but lawyers definitely cannot agree with whether
it is a plane or a rocket. 100._________________ need to be revisited if civilian space flight proves
successful.
Questions 101-105. Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-H below.
101. Civilian space flight companies
102. Laurent Gathier
103. VSH devised for a safety
104. Insurance costs
105. Critics
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