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    LinearAlgebra Chapter1

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    nmiganh

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    LinearAlgebra Chapter1

    Uploaded by

    nmiganh
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    LinearAlgebra_chapter1

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    5 views10 pages

    LinearAlgebra Chapter1

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    nmiganh

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    Composition of maps

    Definition
    Let f : X 7! Y , g : Y 7! Z be two maps. The map h : X 7! Z which is
    defined by h(x) = g (f (x)), 8x 2 X is called the composition of g and f .
    We denote by h = g f .

    Examples
    Given two following maps f : R 7! R, x 7! f (x) = x 2 and g : R 7! R,
    x 7! g (x) = 2x 1. Determine f g and g f ?

    Remark
    In general, f g 6= g f.

    T.T.T. Mai (FaMI) Linear Algebra September 10, 2024 35 / 60


    Inverse map

    Definition
    Let f : X 7! Y be a bijective map. The map f 1 : Y 7! X such that
    f 1 (y ) = x , f (x) = y is called the inverse map of f .

    Properties
    1 h (g f ) = (h g ) f 1 1
    1 f f =f f = Id
    2 f Id = Id f =f 1 1 1
    1) 1
    2 (g f) =f g
    3 (f =f

    Injectivity, Surjectivity, Bijectivity of the composition of maps


    If f and g are injective, then g f is injective;
    If f and g are surjective, then g f is surjective;
    If f and g are bijective, then g f is bijective.

    T.T.T. Mai (FaMI) Linear Algebra September 10, 2024 36 / 60


    Composition of maps, inverse map

    Exercises
    Let f : X 7! Y and g : Y 7! Z be two maps. Prove that
    1 if f is surjective and g f is injective, then g is injective.
    2 if g is injective and g f is surjective, then f is surjective

    T.T.T. Mai (FaMI) Linear Algebra September 10, 2024 37 / 60


    Overview

    1 Logic

    2 Sets

    3 Maps

    4 Algebraic Structures

    5 Field of Complex Numbers

    T.T.T. Mai (FaMI) Linear Algebra September 10, 2024 38 / 60


    Binary operations

    Definition
    Let G be a set. A binary operation is a map of sets:

    ⇤:G ⇥G !G

    For ease of notation we write ⇤(a, b) = a ⇤ b 8a, b 2 G

    When we are talking about a set G , together with a fixed binary operation
    ⇤, we often write (G , ⇤)

    Example
    p
    Let B = {a + b 2|a, b 2 Q}. Determine whether the operations of
    addition and multiplication are the binary operation on B.

    T.T.T. Mai (FaMI) Linear Algebra September 10, 2024 39 / 60


    Binary operations

    Properties of binary operations


    Let ⇤ be a binary operation on G
    1) ⇤ is said to be commutative if x ⇤ y = y ⇤ x 8x, y 2 G .
    2) ⇤ is said to be associative if (x ⇤ y ) ⇤ z = x ⇤ (y ⇤ z) 8x, y 2 G .

    Examples
    Determine whether the following binary operation ⇤ is commutative,
    associative?
    a) x ⇤ y = xy 2 8x, y 2 R
    b) x ⇤ y = x y 8x, y 2 R+
    c) (x1 , x2 ) ⇤ (y1 , y2 ) = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 ) 8(x1 , x2 ), (y1 , y2 ) 2 R2

    T.T.T. Mai (FaMI) Linear Algebra September 10, 2024 40 / 60


    Groups

    Definition
    A group is a set G , together with a binary operation ⇤, such that the
    following hold:
    1) (Associativity): (a ⇤ b) ⇤ c = a ⇤ (b ⇤ c) 8a, b, c 2 G
    2) (Existence of identity): 9e 2 G such that a ⇤ e = e ⇤ a = a 8a 2 G
    3) (Existence of inverses): Given a 2 G , 9b 2 G such that
    a ⇤ b = b ⇤ a = e. The inverse element is denoted by a0

    If (G , ⇤) satisfies only (1)), then G is called a semigroup.

    Definition
    A group (G , ⇤) is called Abelian if it also satisfies x ⇤ y = y ⇤ x 8x, y 2 G

    T.T.T. Mai (FaMI) Linear Algebra September 10, 2024 41 / 60

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