1.What is the difference between image processing and computer vision?

Image processing is the process of manipulating digital images through a computer. This can
include tasks such as resizing, cropping, or adding filters to an image. Computer vision, on the
other hand, is the process of using computers to interpret and understand digital images. This can
involve tasks such as object recognition or facial recognition.

2. Can you give some examples of real-world applications that use digital image processing
techniques?

There are many real-world applications that use digital image processing techniques. Some
examples include medical image processing, video compression, and object recognition.

3. Can you explain what aliasing is in context with digital images? If yes, then how can it be
prevented?

Aliasing is an effect that can occur when a digital image is displayed or printed. It is caused by
the sampling of the image data not being high enough to accurately represent the image, and
results in the image appearing “jagged” or “pixelated”. To prevent aliasing, you need to use a
higher sampling rate when digitizing the image.

4. What are some best practices for storing digital images?

There are a few things to keep in mind when storing digital images:

– File format: Choose a file format that is appropriate for the type of image and the intended use.
JPEG is a good format for photos, while PNG is better for images with text or line art.

– Resolution: Make sure the resolution is high enough for the intended use. For example, if you
plan to print the image, you will need a higher resolution than if you are just posting it online.

– File size: Keep the file size as small as possible without sacrificing quality. Large files can be
difficult to work with and take up a lot of storage space.

5. How do you differentiate between a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter?

A high-pass filter is one that allows high frequencies through and blocks low frequencies. A low-
pass filter does the reverse, allowing low frequencies through and blocking high frequencies.

6. What’s the difference between edge detection and line detection? Which one is preferred in
certain situations?

Edge detection is the process of identifying boundaries in an image, while line detection is the
process of identifying straight lines in an image. Edge detection is generally preferred when
trying to identify objects in an image, while line detection is generally preferred when trying to
identify features in an image.
7. What type of filters are used to reduce noise in an image?

There are a variety of filters that can be used to reduce noise in an image, but the most common
are median filters and Gaussian filters. Median filters work by replacing each pixel in an image
with the median value of the surrounding pixels, while Gaussian filters work by blurring an
image and then sharpening it again.

8. Can you explain what histogram equalization is? Why do we need to perform it on an image?

Histogram equalization is a process that is used to improve the contrast in an image. It does this
by spreading out the intensity values of the image so that they are more evenly distributed. This
can be useful in improving the visibility of details in an image.

9. How does color quantization affect the size of an image file?

Color quantization is the process of reducing the number of colors used in an image. This can be
done for a number of reasons, such as reducing the file size or improving performance. When
you reduce the number of colors, you are also reducing the amount of data that needs to be
stored. As a result, color quantization can have a significant effect on the file size of an image.

10. What is the importance of using feature vectors when performing image classification?

Feature vectors are important when performing image classification because they provide a way
to reduce the dimensionality of the data while still retaining important information about the
image. This can be helpful in cases where the data is too high-dimensional to be processed
efficiently, or where there is a lot of noise in the data that can be filtered out by using a lower-
dimensional representation. Additionally, using feature vectors can make it easier to compare
different images to each other and to find patterns in the data.

11. Can you explain the differences between RGB, HSV, CMYK, and YCbCr?

RGB, or red-green-blue, is the most common color model used in digital image processing.
HSV, or hue-saturation-value, is another common color model that is often used to more easily
identify colors. CMYK, or cyan-magenta-yellow-black, is a color model used in printing.
YCbCr, or luma-chrominance, is a color model used in digital video and image processing.

12. What do you understand about illumination invariance? Is it possible to achieve it in

practice?

Illumination invariance is the ability of an image processing algorithm to produce consistent

results regardless of the level of illumination in the scene being captured. In other words, it
should not matter if it is a bright sunny day or a dark night – the algorithm should still be able to
produce the same results. In practice, it is often difficult to achieve perfect illumination
invariance, but it is possible to get close.

13. Can you explain what scale invariance is? Do all images have this property?
Scale invariance is the ability of an image to maintain its appearance when scaled up or down.
This means that the features of the image will remain the same, even if the size of the image
changes. Not all images have this property, but many do.

14. What is the importance of specifying a reference frame while capturing or processing an
image?

A reference frame is a coordinate system that is used to specify the position and orientation of
objects in an image. Without a reference frame, it would be very difficult to accurately process
an image. For example, if you were trying to identify a specific object in an image, you would
need to know the object’s position and orientation in order to accurately locate it.

15. What happens if you apply multiple transforms to an image?

If you apply multiple transforms to an image, the image will be transformed multiple times. The
order in which the transforms are applied will determine the final result.

16. What are the main challenges faced by deep learning models when applied to image data
sets?

The main challenges faced by deep learning models when applied to image data sets are the high
dimensionality of the data and the lack of labels. The high dimensionality of the data means that
the models have to be very large to be able to learn the relationships between the pixels, and the
lack of labels means that it is very difficult to train the models.

17. What are Gabor Filters? How do they help improve the performance of machine learning
models while working with image data sets?

Gabor filters are a type of edge detection filter that can be used to improve the performance of
machine learning models when working with image data sets. By using Gabor filters, you can
reduce the amount of noise in an image, which can help improve the accuracy of your machine
learning models.

18. What is your favorite tool for manipulating images?

My favorite tool for manipulating images is Adobe Photoshop. I love the way that it allows me to
easily edit and retouch photos, and the results are always amazing.

19. What are some important metrics for evaluating the accuracy of a model trained for
classifying images?

There are a few important metrics for evaluating the accuracy of a model trained for classifying
images. One is the classification accuracy, which measures how often the model correctly
predicts the class of an image. Another important metric is the mean squared error, which
measures how close the model’s predictions are to the actual class labels. Finally, the receiver
operating characteristic curve is a measure of how well the model can discriminate between
different classes.

20. What is the difference between a 2D convolutional layer and 3D convolutional layer? Which
one would you recommend in specific situations?

A 2D convolutional layer is a layer that is used for processing two-dimensional data, such as
images. A 3D convolutional layer is a layer that is used for processing three-dimensional data,
such as videos. In general, 3D convolutional layers are more powerful than 2D convolutional
layers, but they are also more computationally expensive. Therefore, you would want to use a 2D
convolutional layer when processing images if you are concerned about computational cost, and
you would want to use a 3D convolutional layer when processing videos if you are not as
concerned about computational cost.

21. What is Feature Extraction?

Feature extraction is a part of the dimensionality reduction process, in which, an initial set of the
raw data is divided and reduced to more manageable groups. So when you want to process it will
be easier. The most important characteristic of these large data sets is that they have a large
number of variables. These variables require a lot of computing resources to process. So Feature
extraction helps to get the best feature from those big data sets by selecting and combining
variables into features, thus, effectively reducing the amount of data. These features are easy to
process, but still able to describe the actual data set with accuracy and originality.

22.Why Feature Extraction is Useful?

The technique of extracting the features is useful when you have a large data set and need to
reduce the number of resources without losing any important or relevant information. Feature
extraction helps to reduce the amount of redundant data from the data set.

In the end, the reduction of the data helps to build the model with less machine effort and also
increases the speed of learning and generalization steps in the machine learning process.

23. Applications of Feature Extraction

• Bag of Words- Bag-of-Words is the most used technique for natural language
processing. In this process they extract the words or the features from a sentence,
document, website, etc. and then they classify them into the frequency of use. So
in this whole process feature extraction is one of the most important parts.
• Image Processing –Image processing is one of the best and most interesting
domain. In this domain basically you will start playing with your images in order
to understand them. So here we use many many techniques which includes feature
extraction as well and algorithms to detect features such as shaped, edges, or
motion in a digital image or video to process them.
• Auto-encoders: The main purpose of the auto-encoders is efficient data coding
which is unsupervised in nature. this process comes under unsupervised learning .
So Feature extraction procedure is applicable here to identify the key features
from the data to code by learning from the coding of the original data set to derive
new ones.