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6 Introduction

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views

6 Introduction

Uploaded by

apoeszam321
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 25

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Quality Control and Assurance

Introduction
What Is Quality?

• Oxford American Dictionary


• a degree or level of excellence

• American Society for Quality


• totality of features and characteristics that
satisfy needs without deficiencies

• Consumer’s and producer’s perspective

2-2
What Is Quality: Customer’s Perspective

• Fitness for use


• how well product or service does what it is
supposed to

• Quality of design
• designing the required quality characteristics
into a product or service

2-3
Dimensions of Quality: Manufactured
Products
• Performance
• basic operating characteristics of a product; how well
a car handles its gas mileage

• Reliability
• probability that a product will operate properly within
an expected time frame; that is, a TV will work without
repair for about seven years

• Durability
• how long product lasts before replacement; L. L. Bean
boots (a type of shoes) may last a lifetime

• Serviceability
• ease of getting repairs, speed of repairs, courtesy and
competence of repair person 2-4
Dimensions of Quality: Manufactured
Products
• Aesthetics
• how a product looks, feels, sounds, smells, or tastes

• Features
• “extra” items added to basic features, such as a stereo
CD or a leather interior in a car

• Conformance to standard
• degree to which a product meets pre–established
standards

• Perceived quality
• customer's perception of the overall quality of a
product or service with respect to its intended purpose,
relative to alternatives.
2-5
What Is Quality: Producer’s Perspective

• Quality of conformance
• making sure product or service is produced
according to design
• if new tires do not conform to specifications, they
will wobble (an unsteady movement from side to
side)
• if a hotel room is not clean when a guest checks
in, hotel is not functioning according to
specifications of its design

2-6
What Is Quality: A Final Perspective

• Customer’s and producer’s perspectives


depend on each other

• Producer’s perspective:
• production process (conformance to specification) and
COST

• Customer’s perspective:
• quality of design (quality characteristics) and PRICE

• Customer’s view must dominate 2-7


Meaning of Quality

2-8
What Is Quality: Modern definition

Example-

2-9
Meaning of Quality Improvement

• Quality Improvement
Quality improvement is the reduction of
variability in processes and products.

Alternatively, quality improvement is also


seen as “waste reduction”.

2-10
Quality Engineering

Quality engineering is the set of operational,


managerial, and engineering activities that a
company uses to ensure that the quality
characteristics of a product are at the nominal
or required levels.

2-11
Quality Characteristics

Quality Characteristics

▪ Physical (Variable) - length, weight, voltage,


viscosity

▪ Sensory (Attribute) - taste, appearance, color

▪ Time Orientation - reliability, durability,


serviceability

2-12
Quality Engineering Terminology

Two types of data

• Attributes Data - discrete data, often in the


form of counts.

• Variables Data - continuous measurements


such as length, weight.

2-13
Quality Engineering Terminology

• Specifications
Quality characteristics being measured are
often compared to standards or specifications.

• Nominal or target value

• Upper Specification Limit (USL)

• Lower Specification Limit (LSL)

2-14
Quality Engineering Terminology

• When a component or product does not meet


specifications, they are considered to be
nonconforming or defective.

• A nonconforming or defective product usually


has one or more defects.

• Defects are nonconformities that may seriously


affect the safe or effective use of the product.

2-15
A Brief History of Quality Engineering and
Improvement

• Walter Shewhart (1924) introduced statistical


control chart concepts.

• The American Society for Quality Control


formed in 1946 (now known as the American
Society for Quality (ASQ)).

• 1950s and 1960s saw an increase in


reliability engineering, experimental design,
and statistical quality control.
2-16
A Brief History of Quality Engineering and
Improvement

• Competition from foreign industries (Japan)


increases during the 1970s and 1980s.

• Statistical methods for quality improvement use


increases in the United States during the 1980s.

• Total Quality Management (TQM) emerges


during 1970s and into the 1980s as an important
management tool to implement statistical
methods.

2-17
A Brief History of Quality Engineering and
Improvement

Total Quality Management (TQM)

• TQM is a managerial framework to accomplish


quality improvement. Also known as Company-
Wide Quality Control (CWQC).

2-18
A Brief History of Quality Engineering and
Improvement

• ISO 9000 certification activities increase in


U.S. industry in the 1990s.

• Motorola’s Six-Sigma (Bill Smith) initiative


begins in the 1990s.

2-19
Statistical Methods for Quality Engineering
and Improvement

Three major areas:

• Statistical process control (SPC)

• Design of experiments (DOE)

• Acceptance sampling

2-20
Statistical Methods for Quality Control and
Improvement

Statistical Process Control (SPC)


• Control charts are used for process monitoring
and variability reduction.

• SPC is an on-line quality control tool.

2-21
Statistical Methods for Quality Control and
Improvement

Design of Experiments
• Experimental design is an approach to
systematically varying the controllable input
factors in the process and determine the effect
these factors have on the output responses.

• Experimental designs are off-line quality tools.

• Crucial for variability reduction.

2-22
Statistical Methods for Quality Control and
Improvement

Acceptance Sampling
• Acceptance sampling is the inspection and
classification of a sample of the product selected
at random from a larger batch or lot and the
ultimate decision about disposition of the lot.

• Two types:
1. Outgoing inspection - follows production
2. Incoming inspection - before use in
production
2-23
Quality Costs

Quality Costs are those categories of costs


that are associated with producing,
identifying, avoiding, or repairing products
that do not meet requirements. These costs
are:
• Prevention Costs
• Appraisal Costs
• Internal Failure Costs
• External Failure Costs

2-24
Cost of Quality

2-25

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