Zero To One - Peter Thiel-6

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The importance of moving away from the idea of healthy

competition is that competition means there will be no capital left


for you. The rest of the capital ‘pie’ will be eaten by your
competitors. Therefore, Peter emphasizes the importance of
building a monopoly.

Building a Monopoly
Creative monopolists give customers more choices by adding
entirely new categories of products. Microsoft had a giant monopoly
in operating systems. Simultaneously, Apple’s iOS & Google’s
Android emerged and overtook operating system dominance
through a new approach. Monopolies develop our society, while
competition just leaves us fighting over the same ideas and
products.

Peter describes four characteristics that define durable


monopolists:

1. Proprietary technology
2. Network effects (aka virality)
3. Simple scalability
4. Branding

Peter suggests that you attempt to incorporate each of these


features into your startup. On top of this, Peter has two tips for
achieving substantial growth by using a monopolization system:

1. Start small and monopolize – It’s always a red flag when


entrepreneurs talk about getting 1% of a $100 billion market.
Huge markets like this will be near-impossible to infiltrate.
Therefore, that 1% is far harder to reach than people expect.
Additionally, even if you do succeed in gaining a small foothold,
you’ll have to be satisfied with the stress of cutthroat
competition and the likelihood of low-profit margins. With
competition, your prices will be driven down. In comparison,
once you create and dominate a niche market, you are in a
stronger position. You can then gradually expand into related
and slightly broader markets.
2. Don’t disrupt – Directly challenging large competitors will
reduce your profits. Peter provides the example of Napster vs.
U.S. recording industry. Peter also provides personal insight

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