Ielts Reading 2

4 Paragraph E
5 Paragraph F
6 Paragraph G
Questions 7-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In
boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet, write
if the statement is True

TRUE
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT
GIVEN If the information is not given in the passage
7 Wiggins is the first man to use DNA microarrays for the research on genes.
8 There is almost no possibility for the effort to decrease the patterns of interaction
between DNA, RNA, and proteins.
9 Wiggins holds a very positive attitude on the future of genetic research.
Questions 10-13
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than
three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on
your answer sheet.
Wiggins states that the astoundingly rapid development of techniques concerning the
components of genes aroused the researchers to look at 10 from a totally new way. 11 is the
heart and soul of these techniques and no matter what the 12 were, at the same time they
can offer a whole picture of the genes’ activities as well as 13 in all types of cells. With these
techniques, scientists could locate the exact gene which was on or off to manipulate the
production of the proteins.
Đáp án:
1. ix
8. TRUE
2. vi 9. NOT GIVEN
3. x 10. BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA
4. vii 11. DNA MICROARRAYS
5. v 12. (MYRIAD) CONDITIONS
6. i 13. THEIR EXPRESSION LEVELS
7. NOT GIVEN
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/kJj4
Mã đề 19502: Exploring british village 2

{A} The Neolithic longhouse was a long, narrow timber dwelling built by the first farmers in
Europe beginning at least as early as the period 5000 to 6000 BC. The origin of the name
blackhouse is of some debate. It could be less than 150 years old and may have been
synonymous with inferior. On Lewis, in particular, it seems to have been used to distinguish the
older blackhouses from some of the newer white-houses (Scottish Gaelic: taigh-geal, Irish: tí
geal, tí bán), with their mortared stone walls. There may also be some confusion arising from the
phonetic similarity between the ‘dubh’ , meaning black and taghadh meaning thatch. The houses
in Scotland were built high rather than wide; however, some were built small and wide.
{B} The buildings were generally built with double-wall dry-stone walls packed with earth and
wooden rafters covered with a thatch of turf with cereal straw or reed. The floor was generally
flagstones or packed earth and there was a central hearth for the fire. There was no chimney for
the smoke to escape through. Instead, the smoke made its way through the roof. The blackhouse
was used to accommodate livestock as well as people. People lived at one end and the animals
lived at the other with a partition between them.
{C} It is estimated that there are over ten thousand villages in Britain, yet defining the term
‘village’ isn’t as simple as it may at first sound. When does a hamlet become a village? And when
does a village become a town?
{D} Strictly speaking the term ‘village’ comes from the Latin ‘villaticus’, which roughly translates
as ‘a group of houses outside a villa farmstead’. Today a village is understood as a collection of
buildings (usually at least 20) that is larger than a hamlet, yet smaller than a town, and which
contains at least one communal or public building. This is most commonly the parish church,
though it can be a chapel, school, public house, shop, post office, smithy or mill. Villagers will
share communal resources such as access roads, a water supply, and usually a place of worship
{E} A hamlet is a smaller grouping of buildings that don’t necessarily have any public or service
buildings to support it. A significant difference is that it won’t have a parish church like a village
does, and most hamlets contain only between three and twenty buildings.
{F} The point at which a village becomes a town is difficult to determine and is probably best
defined by those who live there. However, since the Middle Ages, the term ‘town’ has been a
legal term that refers to the fact that the community has a borough charter. The situation is
confused by the fact that there are many town-like suburban communities calling themselves
villages (for example, Oxton Village in Birkenhead), as well as designed suburban ‘villages’ such
as those built under the Garden Village Movement.
{G} The 2001 census shows us that approx 80% of people in England live in an urban
environment, with under 7% living in rural villages (the remainder live in rural towns or outside
concentrated settlements). This is the exact opposite of the situation two centuries ago, when
under 20% of the population lived in the town, and the majority lived in rural villages. As late as
1851 agriculture remained the largest single source of employment in Britain, yet today under 3%
of us work on the land.
{H} It is essential to remember that villages were created and have evolved because of particular
combinations of geographical, commercial, economic and social factors. They expand, decline,
move and fluctuate with the times. This article introduces some of the common forms of the
village to be found in Britain.
The Medieval Village
{I} When we think of a British village we probably imagine a settlement of traditional cottages
around a village green with a church and ancient manor house as a backdrop. This common
form of the village has its roots in the medieval period when many villages started out as a
cluster of agricultural dwellings
{J} Today farmsteads tend to be scattered about the landscape, but back in the medieval period
those working on the land tended to live in small nucleated settlements (villages) and worked
‘open-field’ agriculture where land wasn’t enclosed. In fact, over much of Britain in the period up
to 1800, it would have been unusual to have seen a farm or cottage outside of a settlement
boundary.
{K} By the time that the Domesday Book was written in 1086 most of the good agricultural land
in Britain was already under cultivation, and England was a densely populated country. Two
centuries later nucleated settlements were to be found over much of Britain, typically consisting
of well-organised village settlements sitting within open fields.
{L} Over lowland Britain on good soil you would typically find a settlement every couple of miles,
and the communities would use the open agricultural land around where they lived. The average
village would have its church, manor house, and cottage tenements all clustered together, and
the open land around would usually be divided into thin strips. In some villages, you can still see
the remnants of medieval strip field systems around the periphery of the settlement. There would
often be meadows, pasture and woodland held ‘in common, and only the lord of the manor would
have his own, private land or ‘demesne’. In the medieval village, virtually everyone would have
earned their living on the territory, hence the community had to be relatively self-sufficient.
{M} ‘Green Villages’ were a common village form, where houses clustered around a central
green of common land. They are often the remnants of planned settlements introduced after the
Norman Conquest in the 19th century. It is suggested that this arrangement allowed for easier
defence, especially compared to the village form most common before the Normans, which was
simple clusters of farms. However there is also evidence of ‘village’ greens in Anglo-Saxon
settlements, and even at Romano-British sites.
{N} The village green was soon adopted as the main social space within a village, as well as its
focal point alongside the church or chapel. Village greens often take a triangular form, usually
reflecting the fact that the village was at the meeting of three roads. The continuing importance of
the village green to modern-day communities is reflected in the fact that this is usually where the
war memorial is seen, as well as village notice boards, where local cricket matches are played,
and where public benches are placed. The Open Spaces Society states that in 2005 there were
about 3,650 registered greens in England and about 220 in Wales.
Questions 1-7
Reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of heading
(i). Questions arise to be answered.
(ii). Contrast data between present and past.
(iii). Initial response of association on the village.
(iv). Origin of a certain ancient building.
(v). Inner structure of the building.
(vi). Layout of the village to persist in micro-environment.
(vii). Terms of the village explained.
(viii). Definition of village type.
(ix). Difference between village and town.
(X). Elements need to be considered in terms of the

village.
1 paragraph A
2 paragraph B
3 paragraph C
4 paragraph D
5 paragraph E
6 paragraph F
7 paragraph G
Questions 9-13
one word from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your
answer sheet.
Village Green layout and Extending
Impression of British Village usually takes forms of old-styled 8 with church and manor
house. However, records in 9 indicated that England was already a cultivated and populated
country in the 11th century. During medieval times, farmers literally could support
themselves and the community, therefore, needed to be 10 in general.
Green village was usually 11 of dwellings after the invasion from Norman, and it was
gathered mainly for the purpose of 12 Village Green’s 13 shape had a connection with its
location among the roads, and nowadays it still can be seen in some public venues such as
memorial and sports sites.
Đáp án:
1. iv
8. cottages
2. v 9. 1086
3. i 10. self-sufficient
4. vii 11. remnants

5. viii 12. defence
6. ix 13. triangular
7. ii
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/qRqt
Mã đề 19602: New ways of teaching history

{A} In technology and the media-driven world, it’s becoming increasingly difficult to get our
students’ attention and keep them absorbed in classroom discussions. This generation, in
particular, has brought a unique set of challenges to the educational table. Whereas youth are
easily enraptured by high-definition television, computers, Pods, video games, and cell phones,
they are less than enthralled by what to them are obsolete textbooks and boring classroom
lectures. The question of how to teach history in a digital age is often contentious. On the one
side, the old guard thinks the professional standards history is in mortal danger from
flash-in-the-pan challenges by the digital that is all show and no substance. On the other side,
the self-styled “disruptors” offer overblown rhetoric about how digital technology has changed
everything while the moribund profession obstructs all progress in the name of outdated ideals.
At least, that’s a parody (maybe not much of one) of how the debate proceeds. Both supporters
and opponents of the digital share more disciplinary common ground than either admits.
{B} When provided with merely a textbook as a supplemental learning tool, test results have
revealed that most students fail to pinpoint the significance of historical events and individuals.
Fewer still are able to cite and substantiate primary historical sources. What does this say about
the way our educators are presenting information? The quotation comes from a report of a 1917
test of 668 Texas students. Less than 10 per cent of school-age children attended high school in
1917; today, enrollments are nearly universal. The whole world has turned on its head during the
last century but one thing has stayed the same: Young people remain woefully ignorant about
history reflected from their history tests. Guess what? Historians are ignorant too, especially
when we equate historical knowledge with the “Jeopardy” Daily Double. In a test, those
specializing in American history did just fine. But those with specialities in medieval, European
and African history failed miserably when confronted by items about Fort Ticonderoga, the Olive
Branch Petition, or the Quebec Act–all taken from a typical textbook. According to the testers, the
results from the recent National Assessment in History, like scores from earlier tests, show that
young people are “abysmally ignorant” of their own history. Invoking the tragedy of last
September, historian Diane Ravitch hitched her worries about our future to the idea that our
nation’s strength is endangered by youth who do poorly on such tests. But if she were correct,
we would have gone down the tubes in 1917!
{C} There is a huge difference between saying “Kids don’t know the history we want them to
know” and saying “Kids don’t know history at all.” Historical knowledge burrows itself into our
cultural pores even if young people can’t marshal it when faced with a multiple-choice test. If we
weren’t such hypocrites (or maybe if we were better historians) we’d have to admit that today’s
students follow in our own footsteps. For too long we’ve fantasized that by rewriting textbooks we
could change how history is learned. The problem, however, is not the content of textbooks but
the very idea of them. No human mind could retain the information crammed into these books in
1917, and it can do no better now. If we have learned anything from history that can be applied to
every time period, it is that the only constant changes. The teaching of history, or any subject for
that matter, is no exception. The question is no longer whether to bring new technologies into
everyday education; now, the question is which technologies are most suitable for the range of
topics covered in junior high and high school history classrooms. Fortunately, technology has
provided us with opportunities to present our Civil War lesson plans or our American Revolution
lesson plans in a variety of new ways.
{D} Teachers can easily target and engage the learners of this generation by effectively
combining the study of history with innovative multimedia. PowerPoint and presentations, in
particular, can expand the scope of traditional classroom discussion by helping teachers to
explain abstract concepts while accommodating students’ unique learning styles. PowerPoint
study units that have been pre-made for history classrooms include all manner of photos, prints,
maps, audio clips, video clips and primary sources which help to make learning interactive and
stimulating. Presenting lessons in these enticing formats helps technology-driven students retain
the historical information they’ll need to know for standard exams.
{E} Whether you’re covering Revolutionary War lesson plans or World War II lesson plans,
PowerPoint study units are available in formats to suit the needs of your classroom. Multimedia
teaching instruments like PowerPoint software are getting positive results the world over, framing
conventional lectures with captivating written, auditory and visual content that helps students
recall names, dates and causal relationships within a historical context.
{F} History continues to show us that new times bring new realities. Education is no exception to
the rule. The question is not whether to bring technology into the educational environment.
Rather, the question is which technologies are suitable for U.S. and world history subjects, from
Civil War lesson plans to World War II lesson plans. Whether you’re covering your American
Revolution lesson plans or your Cold War lesson plans, PowerPoint presentations are available
in pre-packaged formats to suit your classroom’s needs.
{G} Meanwhile, some academic historians hold a different view on the use of technology in
teaching history. One reason they hold is that not all facts can be recorded by film or videos and
literature is relatively feasible in this case. Another challenge they have to be faced with is the
painful process of learning a new technology like the making of PowerPoint and the editing of
audio and video clips which is also reasonable especially to some elderly historians.
Questions 1-7
Reading this passage has eight paragraphs, A-G
Choosing the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of heading below
Write the appropriate number, i -x, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
(i) unavoidable changing facts to be considered when picking up technology means
(ii). A debatable place where the new technologies stand in for history teaching
(iii) Hard to attract students in traditional ways of teaching history
(iv) Display of the use of emerging multimedia as teaching tools
(V) Both students and professionals as candidates did not produce decent results
(vi) A good concrete example illustrated to show how multimedia animates the history class
(vii) The comparisons of the new technologies applied in history class
(viii) Enormous breakthroughs in new technologies
(ix) Resistance of using new technologies from certain historian
(X) Decisions needed on which technique to be used for history teaching instead of
improvement in the textbooks
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph G
Questions 8-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In
if the statement agrees with the writer

YES
NO if the statement does not agree with the writer
NOT
GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
8 Modern people are better at memorizing historical information compared with their ancestors.
9 New technologies applied in history teaching are more vivid for students to memorize
the details of historical events.
10 Conventional ways like literature are gradually out of fashion as time goes by.
Questions 11-13
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than
your answer sheet.
Contemporary students can be aimed at without many difficulties by integrating studying

history with novels 11 . Conventional classroom discussion is specially extended by two ways
to assist the teachers to interpret 12 and at the same time retain students’ distinct learning
modes. PowerPoint study units prepared beforehand comprising a wide variety of elements
make 13 learning feasible. Combined classes like this can also be helpful in taking required
tests.
Đáp án:
1. ii 8. NO
2. v 9. YES
3. x 10. NOT GIVEN

4. iv 11. MULTIMEDIA
5. vi 12. ABSTRACT CONCEPTS
6. i 13. INTERACTIVE AND STIMULATING
7. ix
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/yvJk
Mã đề 20104: Light pollution

{A} If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go into
darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal
species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s
light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal
beings any more than we think of ourselves as primates or mammals, or Earthlings. Yet it’s the
only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it
with light.
{B} This kind of engineering is no different than damming a river. Its benefits come with
consequences—called light pollution—whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study.
Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine
outward and upward into the sky, where it’s not wanted, instead of focusing it downward, where it
is. Ill-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and radically alters the light levels and
light rhythms—to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted.
{C} Now most of humanity lives under intersecting domes of reflected, refracted light, of
scattering rays from overlit cities and suburbs, from light-flooded highways and factories. Nearly
all of nighttime Europe is a nebula of light, as is most of the United States and all of Japan. In the
south Atlantic the glow from a single fishing fleet squid fishermen during their prey with
metal halide lamps—can be seen from space, burning brighter, in fact, than Buenos Aires or
Rio de Janeiro.
{D} We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country when nothing could be further from
the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a
powerful biological force, and in many species, it acts as a magnet, a process being studied by
researchers such as Travis Longcore and Catherine Rich, co-founders of the Los Angeles-based
Urban Wildlands Group. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds
being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms,
circling and circling in the thousands until they drop. Migrating at night, birds are apt to collide
with brightly lit tall buildings; immature birds on their first journey suffer disproportionately.
{E} Insects, of course, cluster around streetlights, and feeding at those insect clusters is now
ingrained in the lives of many bat species. In some Swiss valleys, the European lesser
horseshoe bat began to vanish after streetlights were installed, perhaps because those valleys
were suddenly filled with light-feeding pipistrelle bats. Other nocturnal mammals—including
desert rodents, fruit bats, opossums, and badgers-forage more cautiously under the permanent
full moon of light pollution because they’ve become easier targets for predators.
{F} Some birds—blackbirds and nightingales, among others—sing at unnatural hours in the
presence of artificial light. Scientists have determined that long artificial days— and artificially
short nights induce early breeding in a wide range of birds. And because a longer day allows for
longer feeding, it can also affect migration schedules. One population of Bewick’s swans
wintering in England put on fat more rapidly than usual, priming them to begin their Siberian
migration early. The problem, of course, is that migration, like most other aspects of bird
behaviour, is a precisely timed biological behaviour. Leaving early may mean arriving too soon
for nesting conditions to be right
{G} Nesting sea turtles, which show a natural predisposition for dark beaches, find fewer and
fewer of them to nest on. Their hatchlings, which gravitate toward the brighter, more reflective
sea horizon, find themselves confused by artificial lighting behind the beach. In Florida alone,
hatchling losses number in the hundreds of thousands every year. Frogs and toads living near
brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than
normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behaviour out of joint, including their nighttime
breeding choruses.
{H} Of all the pollution we face, light pollution is perhaps the most easily remedied. Simple
changes in lighting design and installation yield immediate changes in the amount of light spilt
into the atmosphere and, often, immediate energy savings.
{I} It was once thought that light pollution only affected astronomers, who need to see the night
sky in all its glorious clarity. And, in fact, some of the earliest civic efforts to control light pollution
—in Flagstaff, Arizona, half a century ago—were made to protect the view from Lowell
Observatory, which sits high above that city. Flagstaff has tightened its regulations since then,
and in 2001 it was declared the first International Dark Sky City. By now the effort to control light
pollution has spread around the globe. More and more cities and even entire countries, such as
the Czech Republic, have committed themselves to reducing unwanted glare.
{J} Unlike astronomers, most of us may not need an undiminished view of the night sky for our
work, but like most other creatures we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our
biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself. The regular oscillation of waking and
sleep in our lives, one of our circadian rhythms—is nothing less than a biological expression of
the regular oscillation of light on Earth. So fundamental are these rhythms to our being that
altering them is like altering gravity.
Questions 1-6
The reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-J.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-J, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
1 A reason that contributes to light pollution.
2 A city has lessened light pollution successfully.
3 The importance of darkness.
4 The popularity of light pollution in the world.
5 Methods to reduce light pollution.
6 The reason why we have changed the night.
Questions 7-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
Write your answers in boxes 7-8 on your answer sheet.
Question 7: How does light pollution influence creatures?
A by bad lighting design
B by changing the cities and suburbs creatures are used to
C by changing the directions of light
D by changing the light creatures are used to
Question 8: Some aspects of animals’ lives are affected by unwanted light, EXCEPT:
A Migration
B Reproduction
C Natural life span
D Feeding
Questions 9-13
Light pollution has affected many forms of life. Use the information in the passage to match
the animals with the relevant information below. Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 9-
13 on your answer sheet.
9 Songbirds
10 Horseshoe bat
11 Nightingales
12 Bewick’s swans
13 Sea turtles
(A) eat too much and migrate in advance.
(B) would not like to sing songs at night.
(C) is attracted by the light and then a crash happens.
(D) suffers from food shortages because of competitors.
(E) have become easier targets for predators.
(F) be active at unusual times.
(G) have trouble inbreeding.
Đáp án:
1. B
8. C
2. I 9. C
3. J 10. D
4. C 11. F
5. H 12. A
6. A 13. G
7. D
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/D8og

Mã đề 20106: Lighting up the lies
A Last year Sean A. Spence, a professor at the school of medicine at the University of Sheffield
in England, performed brain scans that showed that a woman convicted of poisoning a child in
her care appeared to be telling the truth when she denied committing the crime. This deception
study, along with two others performed by the Sheffield group, was funded by Quickfire Media, a
television production company working for the U.K.’s Channel 4, which broadcast videos of the
researchers at work as part of a three-part series called “Lie Lab.” The brain study of the woman
later appeared in the journal European Psychiatry.
B Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) purports to detect mendacity by seeing inside
the brain instead of tracking peripheral measures of anxiety—such as changes in pulse, blood
pressure or respiration —measured by a polygraph. Besides drawing hundreds of thousands of
viewers, fMRI has pulled in entrepreneurs. Two companies—Cephos in Pepperell, Mass., and No
Lie MRI in Tarzana, Calif.—claim to predict with 90 percent or greater certitude whether you are
telling the truth. No Lie MRI, whose name evokes the casual familiarity of a walk-in dental clinic
in a strip mall, suggests that the technique may even be used for “risk reduction in dating” .
C Many neuroscientists and legal scholars doubt such claims—and some even question whether
brain scans for lie detection will ever be ready for anything but more research on the nature of
deception and the brain. An fMRI machine tracks blood flow to activated brain areas. The
assumption in lie detection is that the
brain must exert extra effort when telling a lie and that the regions that do more work get
more blood. Such areas light up in scans; during the lie studies, the illuminated regions are
primarily involved in decision making.
D To assess how fMRI and other neurocience findings affect the law, the Mac- Arthur Foundation
put up $10 million last year to pilot for three years the Law and Neuroscience Project. Part of the
funding will attempt to set criteria for accurate and reliable lie detection using fMRI and other
brain-scanning technology. “I think it’s not possible, given the current technology, to trust the
results,” says Marcus Raichle, a neuroscientist at the Washington University School of Medicine
in St. Louis who heads the project’s study group on lie detection. “But it’s not impossible to set up
a research program to determine whether that’s possible.” A major review article last year in the
American Journal of Law and Medicine by Henry T. Greely of Stanford University and Judy Illes,
now at the University of British Columbia, explores the deficiencies of existing research and what
may be needed to move the technology forward. The two scholars found that lie detection
studies conducted so far (still less than 20 in all) failed to prove that fMRI is “effective as a lie
detector in the real world at any accuracy level.”
Most studies examined groups, not individuals.Subjects in these studies were healthy young
adults—making it unclear how the results would apply to someone who takes a drug that affects
blood pressure or has a blockage in an artery. And the two researchers questioned the specificity
of the lit-up areas; they noted that the regions also correlate with a wide range of cognitive
behaviors, including memory, self- monitoring and conscious self-awareness.
The biggest challenge for which the Law and Neuroscience Project is already funding new
research—is how to diminish the artificiality of the test protocol. Lying about whether a playing
card is the seven of spades may not activate the same areas of the cortex as answering a
question about whether you robbed the comer store. In fact, the most realistic studies to date
may have come from the Lie Lab television programs. The two companies marketing the
technology are not waiting for more data. Cephos is offering scans without charge to people who
claim they were falsely accused if they meet certain criteria in an effort to get scans accepted by
the courts. Allowing scans as legal evidence could open a potentially huge and lucrative market.
“We may have to take many shots on goal before we actually see a courtroom,” says Cephos
chief executive Steven
Laken. He asserts that the technology has achieved 97 percent accuracy and that the more than
100 people scanned using the Cephos protocol have provided data that have resolved many of
the issues that Greely and Illes cited.
G But until formal clinical trials prove that the machines meet safety and effectiveness criteria,
Greely and Illes have called for a ban on non-research uses. Trials envisaged for regulatory
approval hint at the technical challenges. Actors, professional poker players and sociopaths
would be compared against average Joes. The devout would go in the scanner after
nonbelievers. Testing would take into account social setting. White lies—“no, dinner really was
fantastic”—would have to be compared against untruths about sexual peccadilloes to ensure that
the brain reacts identically.
H There potential for abuse prompts caution. “The danger is that people’s lives can be changed
in bad ways because of mistakes in the technology,” Greely says.
“The danger for the science is that it gets a black eye because of this very high profile use of
neuroimaging that goes wrong.” Considering the long and controversial history of the polygraph,
gradualism may be the wisest course to follow for a new diagnostic that probes an essential
quality governing social interaction.
Questions 1-7
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds
below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once
A Henry T. Greely &Judy Illes
B Steven Laken
c Henry T. Greely
D Marcus Raichle
1 The possibility hidden in a mission impossible
2 The uncertain effectiveness of functional magnetic resonance imaging for detecting lies
3 The hazard lying behind the technology as a lie detector
4 The limited fields for the use of lie detection technology
5 Several successful cases of applying the results from the lie detection technology
6 Cons of the current research related to lie-detector tests
7 There should be some requested work to improve the techniques regarding lie detection
Questions 8-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
In boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
8 The lie detection for a convicted woman was first conducted by researchers in Europe.
9 The legitimization of using scans in the court might mean a promising and profitable business.
10 There is always something wrong with neuroimaging.

Questions 11-13
Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on
your answer sheet.
It is claimed that functional magnetic resonance imaging can check lies by observing the internal
part of the brain rather than following up 11 to evaluate the anxiety as 12 does. Audiences as
well as 13 are fascinated by this amazing lie-detection technology.
Đáp án:
1. D
8. TRUE
2. A 9. TRUE
3. C 10. NOT GIVEN
4. A 11. PERIPHERAL MEASURES
5. B 12. A POLYGRAPH
6. A 13. ENTREPRENEURS
7. A
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/tj5B

Mã đề 20108: Reclaiming the future of aral sea
A The Aral Sea gets almost all its water from the Amu and Syr rivers. Over millennium the
Amu’s course has drifted away from the sea, causing it to shrink. But the lake always rebounded
as the Amu shifted back again. Today heavy irrigation for crops such as cotton and rice siphons
off
much of the two rivers, severely cutting flow into their deltas and thus into the sea. Evaporation
vastly outpaces any rainfall, snowmelt or groundwater supply, reducing water volume and raising
salinity. The Soviet Union hid the sea’s demise for decades until 1985, when leader Mikhail
Gorbachev revealed the great environmental and human tragedy. By the late 1980s the sea’s
level had dropped so much that the water had separated into two distinct bodies: the Small Aral
(north) and the Large Aral (south). By 2007 the south had split into a deep western basin, a
shallow eastern basin and a small, isolated gulf. The Large Aral’s volume had dropped from 708
to only 75 cubic kilometers (km3), and salinity had risen from 14 to more than 100 grams per liter
(g/1). The 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union divided the lake between newly formed
Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, ending a grand Soviet plan to channel in water from distant Siberian
rivers and establishing competition for the dwindling resource.
B Desiccation of the Aral Sea has wrought severe consequences. Greatly reduced river flows
ended the spring floods that sustained wetlands with freshwater and enriched sediment. Fish
species in the lakes dropped from 32 to 6 because of rising salinity and loss of spawning and
feeding grounds (most survived in the river deltas). Commercial fisheries, which caught 40,000
metric tons of fish in 1960, were gone by the mid-1980s; more than 60,000 related jobs were lost.
The most common
remaining lake occupant was the Black Sea flounder, a saltwater fish introduced in the 1970s,
but by 2003 it had disappeared from the southern lakes because salinity was more than 70 g/1,
double that of a typical ocean. Shipping on the Aral also ceased because the water receded
many kilometers from the major ports of Aralsk to the north and Moynak in the south;
keeping increasingly long channels open to the cities became too costly. Groundwater levels
dropped with falling lake levels, intensifying desertification.
C The receding sea has exposed and dried 54,000 square kilometers of seabed, which is choked
with salt and in some places laced with pesticides and other agricultural chemicals deposited by
runoff from area farming. Strong windstorms blow salt, dust and contaminants as far as 500 km.
Winds from the north and northeast drive the most severe storms, seriously impacting the Amu
delta to the south—the most densely settled and most economically and ecologically important
area in the region. Afrbome sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate kill or retard
the growth of natural vegetation and crops—a cruel irony given that irrigating those crops starves
the sea. Health experts say the local population suffers from high levels of respiratory illnesses,
throat and esophageal cancer, and digestive disorders caused by breathing and ingesting
salt-laden air and water. Liver and kidney ailments, as well as eye problems, are common. The
loss of fish has also greatly reduced dietary variety, worsening malnutrition and anemia,
particularly in pregnant women.
D Returning the entire Aral Sea to its 1960s state is unrealistic. The annual inflow from the Syr
and Amu rivers would have to be quadrupled from the recent average of 13 km3. The only
means would be to curtail irrigation, which accounts for 92 percent of water withdrawals. Yet four
of the five former Soviet republics in the Aral Sea basin (Kazakhstan is the exception) intend to
expand irrigation, mainly to feed growing populations. Switching to less water- intensive crops,
such as replacing cotton with winter wheat, could help, but the two primary irrigating nations,
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, intend to keep cotton to earn foreign currency. The extensive
irrigation canals could be greatly improved; many are simply cuts through sand, and they allow
enormous quantities of water to seep away. Modernizing the entire system could save 12 km3 a
year but would cost at least $16 billion. The basin states do not have the money or the political
will. Kazakhstan has nonetheless tried to partially restore the northern Aral.
E We expect salinities in the Small Aral to settle at three to 14 g/1, depending on location. At
these levels many more indigenous species should return, although the saltwater kambala would
disappear from most places. Further restoration is possible. For example, if irrigation
improvements raised the average annual inflow from the Syr to 4.5 km3, which is entirely
feasible, the lake’s level could stabilize at about 47 meters. This change would bring the
shoreline to within eight kilometers of Aralsk, the former major port city, close enough to allow
recovery of an earlier channel that connected the city to the receding waters. The channel would
give large commercial fishing vessels access to the sea, and shipping could restart. Marshlands
and fish populations would improve even more because of a further reduction in salinity. Outflow
to the southern lakes could also increase, helping then restoration. Such a plan would require a
much longer and higher dike, as well as reconstruction of the gate facility, and it is not clear that
Kazakhstan has the means or desire to pursue it. The country is, however, now discussing more
modest proposals to bring water closer to Aralsk.
F The Large Aral faces a difficult future; it continues to shrink rapidly. Only a long, narrow
channel connects the shallow eastern basin and the deeper western basin, and this could close
altogether. If countries along the Amu make no changes, we estimate that at current rates of
groundwater in and evaporation out, an isolated eastern basin would stabilize at an area of 4,300
square kilometers (km2). But it would average only 2.5 meters deep. Salinity would exceed 100
g/1, possibly reaching 200 g/1; the only creatures that could live in it would be brine shrimp and
bacteria. The western basin’s fate depends on groundwater inflow, estimates for which are
uncertain. Someone has noted numerous freshwater springs on the western cliffs. The most
reliable calculations indicate that the basin would settle at about 2,100 km2. The lake would still
be relatively deep, reaching 37 meters in spots, but salinity would rise well above 100 g/1.
Questions 1-6
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-F, in boxes 1-6 on
your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 A mission impossible
2 An extremely worrying trend for one main part of Aral Sea
3 An uncompleted project because of political reasons
4 A promising recovery in the future
5 A strongly affected populated district
6 The disclosure of a big secret
Questions 7-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? In boxes
7-9 on your answer sheet, write
7 In response to the increasingly growing number in the population, not all nations near the
Aral Sea consider plans which will enhance the severity of the problems the Aral Sea is faced
with.
8 The willingness for Kazakhstan to take the restoration action to save the Small Aral Sea
is somehow not certain.
9 The western basin seems to have a destined future regardless of the influx of
the groundwater.
Questions 10-13
Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on
your answer sheet.
The 10 produced by the floodwaters, which were ceased because of the decrease in 11 of the
Aral Sea, are main sources to keep the survival of the wetlands. The types of fishes living in it
experienced a devastating tragedy out of the increase in 12 and decrease in spots for 13 with a
good example of the extinction of a specific fish. What is more, fisheries and shipping suffered
greatly from these vast changes.
1. D 8. TRUE
2. F 9. FALSE
3. A 10. freshwater and sediment
4. E 11. river flows
5. C 12. salinity
6. A 13. spawning and feeding
7. TRUE
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/Ye3e
Mã đề 20109: Digital diet

{A} Telecommuting, Internet shopping and online meetings may save energy as compared with
in-person alternatives, but as the digital age moves on, its green reputation is turning a lot
browner. E-mailing, number crunching and Web searches in the U.S. consumed as much as 61
billion kilowatt-hours last year, or 1.5 per cent of the nation’s electricity-half of which comes from
coal. In 2005 the computers of the world ate up 123 billion kilowatt-hours of energy, a number
that will double by 2010 if present trends continue, according to Jonathan Koomey, a staff
scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. As a result, the power bill to run a computer
over its lifetime will surpass the cost of buying the machine in the first place giving Internet and
computer companies a business reason to cut energy costs, as well as an environmental one.
{B} One of the biggest energy sinks comes not from the computers themselves but from the
air-conditioning needed to keep them from overheating. For every kilowatt-hour of energy
used
for computing in a data centre, another kilowatt-hour is required to cool the furnace-like racks of
servers.
{C} For Internet giant Google, this reality has driven efforts such as the installation of a solar
array that can provide 30 per cent of the peak power needs of its Mountain View, Calif.,
headquarters as well as increased purchases of renewable energy. But to deliver Web pages
within seconds, the firm must maintain hundreds of thousands of computer servers in cavernous
buildings. “It’s a good thing to worry about server energy efficiency,” remarks Google’s green
energy czar Bill Weihl. “We are actively working to maximize the efficiency of our data centres,
which account for most of the energy Google consumes worldwide.” Google will funnel some of
its profits into a new effort, dubbed RE<C (for renewable energy cheaper than coal, as Google
translates it) to make sources such as solar-thermal, high-altitude wind and geothermal cheaper
than coal “within years, not decades, according to Weihl. .
{D} In the meantime, the industry as a whole has employed a few tricks to save watts. Efforts
include cutting down on the number of transformations the electricity itself must undergo before
achieving the correct operating voltage; rearranging the stacks of servers and the mechanics of
their cooling; and using software to create multiple “virtual” computers, rather than having to
deploy several real ones. Such virtualization has allowed computer maker Hewlett-Packard to
consolidate 86 data centers spread throughout the world to just three, with three backups, says
Pat Tiernan, the firm’s vice president of social and environmental responsibility.
{E} The industry is also tackling the energy issue at the computer-chip level. With every doubling
of processing power in recent years has come a doubling in power consumption. But to save
energy, chipmakers such as Intel and AMD have shifted to so-called multicore technology, which
packs multiple processors into one circuit rather than separating them. “When we moved to
multicore-away from a linear focus on megahertz and gigahertz—and throttled down
microprocessors, the energy savings were pretty substantial,” says Allyson Klein, Intel’s
marketing manager for its Ecotech Initiative. Chipmakers continue to shrink circuits on the
nanoscale as well, which means a chip needs less electricity” to deliver the same performance,
she adds.
{F} With such chips, more personal computers will meet various efficiency standards, such as
Energy Star compliance (which mandates that a desktop consume no more than 65 watts). The
federal government, led by agencies such as NASA and the Department of Defense may soon
require all their purchases to meet the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool
standard. And Google, Intel and others have formed the Climate Savers Computing Initiative, an
effort to cut power consumption from all computers by 50 per cent by 2010.
{G} Sleep modes and other power management tools built into most operating systems can offer
savings today. Yet about 90 per cent of computers do not have such settings enabled, according
to Klein. Properly activated, they would prevent a computer from leading to the emission of
thousands of kilograms of carbon dioxide from power plants every year. But if powering down or
unplugging the computer (the only way it uses zero power) is not an option, then perhaps the
most environmentally friendly use of all those wasted computing cycles is in helping to model
climate change. The University of Oxford’s ClimatePrediction.net offers an opportunity to at least
predict the consequences of all that coal burning.
{H} CO2 Stats is a free tool that can be embedded into any Website to calculate the carbon
dioxide emissions associated with using it. That estimate is based on an assumption of 300 watts
of power consumed by the personal computer, network and server involved- or 16.5 milligrams of
CO2 emitted every second of use. “The typical carbon footprint is roughly equivalent to 1.5
people breathing,” says physicist Alexander Wissner-Gross of Harvard University, who
co-created the Web tool.
Questions 1-6
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-E) with opinions or deeds
below. Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once

(A) Jonathan Koomey
(B) Allyson Klein
(C) Pat Tiernan
(D) Bill Weihl
(E) Alexander Wissner-Gross
1 Figuring ways to optimize the utilization of energy in certain significant departments in

the company
2 A revolutionary improvement in a tiny but quite imperative component of the computers
3 Targeting at developing alternative sources within the near future
4 An astounding estimate on the energy to be consumed by computers in a short period based

on an unchangeable trend
5 A powerful technique developed for integration of resources
6 A failure for the vast majority of computers to activate the use of some internal tools already
available in them
Questions 7-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 7-10
on your answer sheet, write
if the statement is true

True
False if the statement is false
NOT
7 To chill the server does not take up the considerable amount of energy needed for
the computer.
8 It seems that the number of servers has a severe impact on the speed of the internet
connection.
9 Several companies from other fields have a joint effort with the internet industry to work
on ways to save energy.
10 Actions taken at a governmental level are to be expected to help with savings in energy
in the near future.
Questions 11-14
your answer sheet.
The 11 has also been reached to save up energy in every possible way and the philosophy
behind it lies in the fact that there is a positive correlation between the ability to process and the
need for energy. In this context, some firms have switched to 12 which means several
processors are integrated into one single circuit to make significant energy savings. What is
more, they go on to 13 on an even more delicate level for the chips to save more energy while
staying at the constant level in terms of the 14 .
Đáp án:
1. D
8. TRUE
2. B 9. NOT GIVEN
3. D 10. TRUE
4. A 11. COMPUTER-CHIP LEVEL
5. C 12. SO-CALLED MULTICORE TECHNOLOGY
6. B 13. SHRINK CIRCUITS
7. FALSE 14. PERFORMANCE
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/r2he
Mã đề 20110: Economic Evolution

{A} Living along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomami people,
hunter-gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of $90 per
person per year. Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey
are the Manhattan people, consumer traders whose average annual income has been estimated
at
$36,000 per person per year. That dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in
comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping Units (SKUs, a measure of the number of types
of retail products available), which has been estimated at 300 for the Yanomami and 10 billion
for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million times.
{B} How did this happen? According to economist Eric D. Beinhocker, who published these
calculations in his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 2006),
the explanation is to be found in complexity theory. Evolution and economics are not just
analogous to each other, but they are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex
adaptive systems, in which individual elements, parts or agents interact, then process information
and adapt their behavior to changing conditions. Immune systems, ecosystems, language, the
law and the Internet are all examples of complex adaptive systems.
{C} In biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic
mutations and the mixing of parental genes. Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges
complexity and diversity. In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the
production and selection of numerous permutations of countless products. Those 10 billion
products in the Manhattan village represent only those variations that made it to market, after
which there is a cumulative selection by consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most
useful: VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs over vinyl records, flip phones over brick
phones, computers over typewriters, Google over Altavista, SUVs over station wagons, paper
books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news (soon). Those that are
purchased “survive” and “reproduce” into the future through repetitive use and remanufacturing.
{D} As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designed—so just as Humans
naturally deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also
(understandably) infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of
the economy. But just as living organisms are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection,
the economy is
molded from the bottom up by the invisible hand. The correspondence between evolution and
economics is not perfect, because some top-down institutional rules and laws are needed to
provide a structure within which free and fair trade can occur. But too much top-down
interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor fair. When such attempts have
been made in the past, they have failed—because markets are far too complex, interactive and
autocatalytic to be designed from the top down. In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von Mises
spelt out the reasons why most notably the problem of “economic calculation” in a planned
socialist economy. In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from
below by individuals freely exchanging in the marketplace. Money is a means of exchange, and
prices are the information people use to guide their choices. Von Mises demonstrated that
socialist economies depend on capitalist economies to determine what prices should be
assigned to goods and services. And they do so cumbersomely and inefficiently. Relatively free
markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers
are willing to accept.
{E} Economics helps to explain how Yanomami-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattan-
like consumer traders. In the Nineteenth century French economist Frédéric Bastiat well
captured the principle: “Where goods do not cross frontiers, armies will.” In addition to being
fierce warriors, the Yanomami are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less
they fight. The
reason is that trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political alliances. One village
cannot go to another village and announce that they are worried about being conquered by a
third, more powerful village—that would reveal weakness. Instead, they mask the real motives for
alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting. And, as a result, not only gain military protection
but also initiate a system of trade that—in the long run—leads to an increase in both wealth and
SKUs.
{F} Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide
mutual benefit. The necessary rules weren’t generated by wise men in a sacred temple or
lawmakers in congress, but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and
practised before the law was ever written. Laws that fail this test are ignored. If enforcement
becomes too onerous, there is rebellion. Yet the concept that human interaction must, and can
be controlled by a higher force is universal. Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on
who the “higher force” is. Religious people ascribe good behaviour to God’s law. They cannot
conceive of an orderly society of atheists. Secular people credit the government. They consider
anarchy to be synonymous with barbarity. Everyone seems to agree on the concept that an
orderly society requires an omnipotent force. Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is not
so. An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the
former is developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved
morals while the latter is chaos. The classical liberal tradition of von Mises and Hayek never
makes the claim that the complete absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social order. It
simply says we should be skeptical about our ability to manage them in the name of social
justice, equality, or progress.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? In
if the statement is true

TRUE
NOT
1 SKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a community.
2 No concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement
concerning economic evolution.
3 Evolution and economics show a defective homolog.
4 Martial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not work.
5 Profit is the invisible hand to guide the market.
Questions 6
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Question 6: What ought to play a vital role in each field of the economy?
A a strict rule
B a smart strategy
C a tightly managed authority
D a powerful legislation
Question 7-8: Which two of the following tools are used to pretend to ask for union according
to one explanation from the perspective of economics
A an official announcement
B a diplomatic event
C the exchange of goods
D certainly written correspondence
E some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situation
Questions 9-13
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more
than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
In response to the search for reasons for the phenomenon shown by the huge difference in
the income between two groups of people both dwelling near the rivers, several researchers
made their effort and gave certain explanations. One attributes 9 to the interesting change
claiming
that it is not as simple as it seems to be in appearance that the relationship between 10 which is
a good example of 11 , which involved in the interaction of separate factors for the processing of
information as well as the behavioral adaptation to unstable conditions. As far as the biological
transformation is concerned, both 12 and the blend of genres from the last generation brings
about the difference. The economic counterpart shows how generating and choosing the 13 of
innumerable goods moves forward the material-oriented economy.
Đáp án:
1. NOT GIVEN
8. E
2. FALSE 9. COMPLEXITY
3. TRUE 10. EVOLUTION AND ECONOMICS
4. TRUE 11. COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS
5. NOT GIVEN 12. RANDOM GENETIC MUTATIONS
6. C 13. PERMUTATIONS
7. C
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/FZSj
Mã đề 20113: Conflicting climatic phenomena

co-existing on the Mars
A On Mars, signs of wetness keep pouring in: deeply carved river valleys, vast deltas and
widespread remnants of evaporating seas have convinced many experts that liquid water may
have covered large parts of the Red Planet for a billion years or more. But most efforts to explain
how Martian climate ever permitted such clement conditions come up dry. Bitterly cold and
parched today, Mars needed a potent greenhouse atmosphere to sustain its watery past. A thick
layer of heat-trapping carbon dioxide from volcanoes probably shrouded the young planet, but
climate models indicate time and again that C02 alone could not have kept the surface above
freezing.
B Now, inspired by the surprising discovery that sulfur minerals are pervasive in the Martian soil,
scientists are beginning to suspect that C02 had a warm-up partner: sulfur dioxide (S02). Like
C02, S02 is a common gas emitted when volcanoes erupt, a frequent occurrence on Mars when
it was still young. A hundredth or even a thousandth of a percent S02 in Mars's early atmosphere
could have provided the extra boost of greenhouse warming that the Red Planet needed to stay
wet, explains geochemist Daniel p. Schrag of Harvard University.
C That may not sound like much, but for many gases, even minuscule concentrations are hard
to maintain. On our home planet, S02 provides no significant long-term warmth because it
combines almost instantly with oxygen in the atmosphere to form sulfate, a type of salt. Early
Mars would have been virtually free of atmospheric oxygen, though, so S02 would have stuck
around much longer.
D "When you take away oxygen, it's a profound change, and the atmosphere works really
differently," Schrag remarks. According to Schrag and his colleagues, that difference also implies
that S02 would have played a starring role in the Martian water cycle—thus resolving another
climate conundrum, namely, a lack of certain rocks.
E Schrag's team contends that on early Mars, much of the S02 would have combined with
airborne water droplets and fallen as sulfurous acid rain, rather than transforming into a salt as
on Earth. The resulting acidity would have inhibited the formation of thick layers of limestone and
other carbonate rocks. Researchers assumed Mars would be chock-full of carbonate rocks
because their formation is such a fundamental consequence of the humid, C02-rich atmosphere.
Over millions of years, this rock-forming process has sequestered enough of the carbon dioxide
spewed from earthly volcanoes to limit the buildup of the gas in the atmosphere. stifling this
C02-sequestration step on early Mars would have forced more of the gas to accumulate in the
atmosphere—another way S02 could have boosted greenhouse warming, Schrag suggests.
F Some scientists doubt that S02 was really up to these climatic tasks . Even in an oxygen-free
atmosphere, S02 is still extremely fragile; the sun's ultraviolet radiation splits apart S02
molecules quite readily, points out James F. Kasting, an atmospheric chemist at Pennsylvania
state University. In Easting's computer models of Earth's early climate, which is often compared
with that of early Mars, this photochemical destruction capped S02 concentrations at one
thousandth as much as Schrag and his colleagues describe. "There may be ways to make this
idea work," Kasting says. "But it would take some detailed modeling to convince skeptics,
including me, that it is actually feasible."
G Schrag admits that the details are uncertain, but he cites estimates by other researchers who
suggest that early Martian volcanoes could have spewed enough S02 to keep pace with the S02
destroyed photochemically. Previous findings also indicate that a thick C02 atmosphere would
have effectively scattered the most destructive wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation—yet another
example of an apparently mutually beneficial partnership between C02 and S02 on early Mars.
H Kasting maintains that an S02 climate feedback could not have made early Mars as warm as
Earth, but he does allow for the possibility that S02 concentrations may have remained high
enough to keep the planet partly defrosted, with perhaps enough rainfall to form river valleys.
Over that point, Schrag does not quibble. "Our hypothesis doesn't depend at all on whether there
was a big ocean, a few lakes or just a few little puddles," he says. " Warm doesn't mean warm
like the Amazon. It could mean warm like Iceland— just warm enough to create those river
valleys . " with S02, it only takes a little. If sulfur dioxide warmed early Mars, as a new hypothesis
suggests, minerals called sulfites would have formed in standing water at the surface. No sulfites
have yet turned up, possibly because no one was looking for them. The next-generation rover,
the Mars Science Laboratory, is well equipped for the search. Scheduled to launch in 2009, the
rover (shown here in an artist's conception) will be the first to carry an x-ray diffractometer, which
can scan and identify the crystal structure of any mineral it encounters.
Questions 1-6
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 1-6 on
your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 A problem indirectly solved by SO2
2 A device with an astounding ability for detection

3 A potential contributor to the warmth of the Mars interacting with CO2
4 The destructive effect brought by the sunlight proposed by the opponents
5 A specific condition on early Mars to guarantee the SO2 to maintain in the atmosphere for
a long time
6 Conflicting climatic phenomena co-existing on the Mars
Questions 7-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? In
7 Schrag has provided concrete proofs to fight against the skeptics for his view.
8 More and more evidences show up to be in favor of the leading role SO2 has for the warming
up the Mars.
9 The sulfites have not been detected probably because of no concern for them.
Questions 10-13
Summary
Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13
on your answer sheet.
An opinion held by Schrag’s team indicates that 10 formed from the integration of SO2 with 11
would have stopped the built up of thick layers of limestone as well as certain carbonate
rocks. Wetness and abundance in CO2 could directly result in the good production rocky layer
of 12 . As time went by, sufficient CO2 was emitted from the volcanoes and restricted the
formation of the gas in the afr. To stop this process made SO2 possible to accelerate 13
Đáp án:
1. D
8. NOT GIVEN
2. H 9. TRUE
3. B 10. sulfurous acid rain
4. F 11. airbome water droplets
5. C 12. limestone and carbonate
6. A 13. greenhouse warming
7. FALSE
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/UxxH
Mã đề 20316: The hidden lives of solitary bees

There are 275 different species of bee in Great Britain and Ireland. Apart
from the familiar honeybee and 25 species of bumblebee, the rest are
known as solitary bees
Solitary bees are unlike 'social' honeybees and bumblebees, which live in large
colonies consisting of a queen whose function is to lay the eggs, while the workers
gather pollen and nectar to feed the tiny grubs With solitary bees, there are typically
just males and females. They mate, the mate dies and the female makes a nest.
Ian Beavis is a naturalist and blogger with a mission to raise the profile of the many
solitary bees, whose pollinating services are so important, yet so little recognised,
Solitary bees inhabit gardens, parks, woodlands, fields and cliffs. In fact they
represent 95% of the world's bee species. Leading wildlife illustrator Richard
Lewington. best known for his beautiful paintings of butterflies, says, 'Solitary bees
are so useful to gardeners and commercially valuable. Yet until recently they barely
registered in the public consciousness. I wanted to help publicise their vital role in
our lives' The problem with solitary bees has long been one of identification - with
more than 240 species to choose from, and no accessible guidebook, where do
people start? So Richard Lewington has spent any spare time over the past few
years working on a new guide to the bees of Great Britain and Ireland. This,
amazingly, is the first book of its kind to be published for over a century.
How do solitary bees live? A female solitary bee constructs a nest and then lays her
eggs in individual cells, lining or sealing them with various materials depending on
the species of bee - red mason bees use mud leafcutter bees use sections of leaf
The female leaves what naturalists call a 'parcel' of pollen and nectar for each other
little grubs to feed on When the female has laid all her eggs, she dies The emerging
grubs eat. grow and develop into adults the following year.
While some bees are plentiful and widespread, others have been designated as rare.
Or are very local in distribution. In 2013. Ian Beavis came across what has long been
known as one of Britain's rarest species, the banded mining bee. An impressive
species with white hairs on its face, the banded mining bee nests in the ground,
typically on steep banks. Ian Beavis explains that it always chooses bare earth
because it doesn't like having to eat through plant roots to make its nest Females
feed on a variety of plants, but seem particularly fond of yellow dandelions that
bloom from spring to autumn.
Another bee that has attracted naturalists' attention is the ivy bee. It was only
identified as a distinct species in 1993. It is one of a number of bees that have been
able to establish themselves in Britain due to the recent warmer winters. About the
same size as a with distinctive orange-yellow banding on its abdomen, it was initially
thought to feed on y on ivy, but has since been seen visiting other plants.
The discoveries about ivy bees show how rewarding the study of solitary bees can
be but it's not the only species whose habits are changing. Ian Beavis believes we
can see in solitary bees the beginning of social behaviour. He explains that many
species make their nests close to each other in huge groups, and there are some,
like Andrena scotica, where several bees use the same entrance without becoming
aggressive. It's not difficult to see how this behaviour, which could be seen as the
foundation of social behaviour, might evolve in future into worker bees sharing care
of the grubs. Indeed some of Britain's solitary bees, Lasioglossum malachurum for
example, are already demonstrating this type of social behaviour. So will all solitary
bees evolve into social insects? Not necessarily. According to Ian Beavis, there are
advantages to social behaviour but there are also advantages to nesting alone. Bees
that nest socially are a target for predators, diseases and parasites.
Pesticides can also pose a threat to solitary bees. At the University of Sussex in
England. Beth Nicholls is conducting research into the effects of certain pesticides
on the red mason bee. She explains. 'We know that pesticides harm social bees,
but very little research has been done into solitary bees.’ Honeybees fly throughout
the summer, so they may be exposed to different levels of pesticides. But if the
shorter flight period of solitary bees - the red mason bee only flies from March to
May - coincides with peak pesticide levels, that might be disastrous. If the red
mason bee declines dramatically, it could affect the fruit growing industry. According
to Beth
Nicholls, it is much more efficient at pollinating orchard trees. Social bees carry
pollen in ‘baskets' on their back legs, but a female red mason bee carries it on the
underside of her abdomen. This is a messier way of transporting it, and so more
pollen is transferred to other flowers. The social bees' method is much 'tidier’, so
once they have collected the pollen and tucked it away behind their legs, it won't be
dropped.
Solitary bees are all around us. We need to start paying attention to them before it’s
too late.
Questions 28-31
Choose the correct tetter. ABC or D
Write the correct letter in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet.
28 Ian Beavis and Richard Lewlngton both believe that solitary bees
A are as interesting as many butterfly species.

B have an extremely varied range of
habitats, C should be appreciated much
more widely. D are valued by many
gardeners.
29 What does the writer think is surprising about the new book on bees?
A There is such a wide range of species in it.
B Some of the species in it are hard to differentiate.
C Richard Lewington chose to give up his main work to write It.
D It was so long since a guide like this had been produced.
30 Beth Nicholls explains that red mason bees
A have had more studies into their behaviour than others.
B may suffer more from pesticides than social bees,
C have an advantage because of when they fly.
D have certain similarities with honey bees.
31 Why does Beth Nicholls consider red mason bees to be valuable pollinators?
A They regularly lose some of the pollen they are carrying.
B They transport pollen with great care.
C Their pollination season is longer than that of social bees.
D The females do most of the pollen collection.
Questions 32 - 35
Look at the following statements (Questions 32-35) and the list of solitary bees
below.
Match each statement with the correct bee, A-E
Write the correct letter. A-E, in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet
NB: You may use any letter more than once.
32 Some members of this species have started to contribute more to the care of
the young
33 This species avoids areas covered with vegetation when selecting nest sites.
34 This species has a favourite flower that it feeds on,
35 This species has only been found in Britain in the past few years.
List of Solitary Bees
A The banded mining bee
B The ivy bee
C Andrena scotica
D Lasrogfossum malachurum
E The red mason bee
Questions 36 - 40
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the text for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer
sheet. The life of the solitary bee
Female solitary bees make their nests with separate 36....................where single
eggs are deposited. Females try to ensure the survival of all their 37................They
do this by providing suitable food in what is referred to as a 38.................Solitary
bees use a range of substances to make their nests comfortable and secure, such
as plant material or 39
Although some solitary bees are common, certain species are thought to
be 40
The different solitary bees vary widely in their distribution, some being found all over
Britain while others are much more restricted geographically.
1. C 8. B
2. D 9. cells
3. B 10. grubs
4. A 11. parcel
5. D 12. mud
6. A 13. rare
7. A
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/XH87
Mã đề 21107: How war debris could cause cancer

A Could the mystery over how depleted uranium might cause genetic damage be closer to being
solved? It may be, if a controversial claim by two researchers is right. They say that minute
quantities of the material lodged in the body may kick out energetic electrons that mimic the
effect of beta radiation. This, they argue, could explain how residues of depleted uranium
scattered across former war zones could be increasing the risk of cancers and other problems
among soldiers and local people.
B Depleted uranium is highly valued by the military, who use it in the tips of armour piercing
weapons. The material’s high density and self-sharpening properties help it to penetrate the
armour of enemy tanks and bunkers. Its use in conflicts has risen sharply in recent years. The
UN Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates that shells containing 1700 tonnes of the
material were fired during the 2003 Iraq war. Some researchers and campaigners are convinced
that depleted uranium left in the people exposed to it. Governments and the military disagree,
and point out that there is no conclusive epidemiological evidence for this. And while they
acknowledge that the material is weakly radioactive, they say this effect is too small to explain
the genetic damage at the levels seen in war veterans and civilians.
C Organisations such as the UK’s Royal Society, the US Department of Veterans Affairs and
UNEP have called for more comprehensive epidemiological studies to clarify the link between
depleted uranium and any ill effects. Meanwhile, various testtube and animal studies have
suggested that depleted uranium may increase the risk of cancer, according to a review of the
scientific literature published in May 2008 by the US National Research Council. The authors of
the NRC report argue that more long-term and quantitative research is needed on the effects of
uranium’s chemical toxicity. They say the science seems to support the theory that genetic
damage might be occurring because uranium’s chemical toxicity and weak radioactivity could
somehow reinforce each other, though no one knows what the mechanism for this might be.
D Now two researchers, Chris Busby and Ewald Schnug, have a new theory that they say
explains how depleted uranium could cause genetic damage. Their theory invokes a well-known
process called the photoelectric effect. This is the main mechanism by which gamma photons
with energies of about 100 kiloelectronvolts (keV) or less are blocked by matter: the photon
transfers its energy to an electron in the atom’s electron cloud, which is ejected into the
surroundings.
An atom’s ability to stop photons by this mechanism depends on the fourth power of its atomic
number - the number of protons in its nucleus - so heavy elements are far better at intercepting
gamma radiation and X-rays than light elements. This means that uranium could be especially
effective at capturing photons and kicking out damaging photoelectrons: with an atomic number
of 92, uranium blocks low-energy gamma photons over 450 times as effectively as the lighter
element calcium, for instance.
E Busby and Schnug say that previous risk models have ignored this well-established physical
effect. They claim that depleted uranium could be kicking out photoelectrons in the body’s most
vulnerable spots. Various studies have shown that dissolved uranium - ingested in food or water,
for example - is liable to attach to DNA strands within cells, because uranium binds strongly to
DNA phosphate. “Photoelectrons from uranium are therefore likely to be emitted precisely where
they will cause most damage to genetic material,” says Busby.
Busby and Schnug base their claim on calculations of the photoelectrons that would be produced
by the interation between normal background levels of gamma radiation and uranium in the body.
“Our detailed calculations indicate that the phantom photoelectrons are the predominant effect by
far for uranium genome toxicity, and that uranium could be 1500 times as powerful as an emitter
of photoelectrons than as an alpha emitter.” Their computer modelling results are described in a
peer-reviewed paper to be published in this month by the IPNSS in a book called Loads and Fate
of Fertiliser Derived Uranium.
G Hans-Georg Menzel, who chairs the International Commission on Radiological Protection’s

committee on radiation doses, acknowledges that the theory should be considered, but he
doubts that it will prove significant. He suspects that under normal background radiation the
effect is too weak to inflict many of the “double hits” of energy that are known to be most
damaging to cells. “It is very unlikely that individual cells would be subject to two or more closely
spaced photoelectron impacts under normal background gamma irradiation,” he says. Despite
his doubts, Menzel raised the issue last week with his committee in St Petersburg, Russia, and
says that several colleagues “intended to collect relevant data and perform calculations to check
whether there was any possibility of a real effect in living tissues”. Organisations in the UK,
including the Ministry of Defence and the Health Protection Agency, say they have no plans to
investigate Busby’s hypothesis.
H Radiation biophysicist Mark Hill of the University of Oxford would like to see a fuller
investigation, though he suggests this might show that the photoelectric effect is not as powerful
as Busby claims. “We really need more detailed calculations and dose estimates for realistic
situations with and without uranium present,” he says. Hill’s doubts centre on an effect called
Compton scattering, which he believes needs to be factored into any calculations. With Compton
scattering, uranium is only 4.5 times as effective as calcium at stopping gamma photons, so Hill
says that taking it into account would reduce the relative importance of uranium as an emitter of
secondary electrons. If he is right, this would dilute the mechanism proposed by Busby and
Schnug.
I The arguments over depleted uranium are likely to continue, whatever the outcome of these
experiments. Whether Busby’s theory holds up or not remains to be seen, but investigating it can
only help to clear up some of the doubts about this mysterious substance.
Questions 1-5
The reading Passage has nine paragraphs A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-I, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. NB you may use any letter more
than once
1 a famous process is given relating to the new theory.
2 a person who acknowledges but suspects the theory.
3 the explanation of damage to DNA.
4 a debatable and short explanation of the way creating the problems of soldiers.
5 Busby’s hypothesis is not in the investigation plans of organizations.
Questions 6-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write
6 All people believe that depleted uranium is harmful to people’s health.
7 Heavier elements can perform better at preventing X-rays and gamma radiation.
8 By particular calculations, it is known that the main effect of uranium genome toxicity
is phantom photoelectrons.
9 Most scientists support Mark Hill’s opinion.
Questions 10-13
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage using no more than two
words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your
answer sheet.
10 attaches importance to depleted uranium due to its 11 and 12 features, which are helpful in
the war. However, it has ill effects in people, and then causes organisations’ appeal to do more
relative studies. According to some scientists, we should do research about the impact of
uranium’s 13 which may be enhanced with weak radioactivity.
Đáp án:
1. D
8. TRUE
2. G 9. NOT GIVEN
3. E 10. the military
4. A 11. high density
5. G 12. self-sharpening
6. FALSE 13. chemical toxicity
7. TRUE
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/2u5B

Mã đề 38650: Termite Mounds
Could the vast towers of mud constructed by insects in sub-Saharan Africa hold the key to our
energy-efficient building of the future?
A. To most of us, termites are destructive insects which can cause damage on a devastating
scale. But according to Dr Rupert Soar of Loughborough University’s School of Mechanical
and Manufacturing Engineering, these pests may serve a useful purpose for us after all. His
multi-disciplinary team of British and American engineers and biologists have set out to
investigate the giant mounds built by termites in Namibia, in sub-Saharan Africa, as part of the
most extensive study of these structures ever taken.
B. Termite mounds are impressive for their size alone; typically they are three metres high, and
some as tall as eight metres by found. They also reach far into the earth, where the insects
‘mine’ their building materials, carefully selecting each grain of sand they use. The termite's nest
is contained in the central cavity of the mound, safely protected from the harsh environment
outside. The mound itself is formed of an intricate lattice of tunnels, which spilt into smaller and
smaller tunnels, much like a person’s blood vessels.
C. This complex system of tunnels draws in air from the outside, capturing wind energy to drive
it through the mound. It also serves to expel spent respiratory gases from the nest to prevent the
termites from suffocating, so ensuring them a continuous provision of fresh, breathable air. So
detailed is the design that the nest stays within three degrees of a constant temperature, despite
variations on the outside of up to 50o C, from blistering heat in the daytime to below freezing on
the coldest nights. The mound also automatically regulates moisture in the air, by means of best
its underground ‘cellar’, and evaporation from the top of the mound. Some colonies even had
‘chimneys’ at a height of 20m to control moisture less in the hottest regions of sub-Saharan
Africa.
D. Furthermore, the termites have evolved in such a way as to outsource some of their
biological functions. Part of their digestive process in camera out by a fungus, which they ‘farm’
inside the mound. This fungus, which is found nowhere else on earth, thrives in the constant and
optimum environment of the mound. The termites feed the fungus with slightly chewed wood
pulp, which the fungus then breaks down into a digestible sugary food to provide the insects with
energy, and cellulose which they use for building. And, although the termites must generate
waste, none ever leaves the structure, indicating that there is also some kind of internal waste-
recycling system.
E. Scientists are so excited by the mounds that they have labelled them a ‘super organism’
because, in Soar’s word. “They dance on the edge of what we would perceive to cool down, or if
you’re too cold you need to thrive: that’s called homeostasis. What the termites have done is to
move homeostatic function away from their body, into the structure in which they live. ‘As more
information comes to light about the unique features of termite mounds, we may ultimately need
to redefine our understanding of what constitutes a ‘living’ organism.
F. To reveal the structure of the mounds, Soar’s team begins by filling and covering their plaster
of Paris, a chalky white paste based on the mineral gypsum, which becomes rock-solid when
dry. The researcher's hen carves the plaster of Paris into half-millimatre-thick slices, and
photograph them sequentially. Once the pictures are digitally scanned, computer technology is
able to
recreate complex three-dimensional images of the mounds. These models have enabled the
team to map termite architecture at a level of detail never before attained.
G. Soar hopes that the models will explain how termite mounds create a self-regulating living
environment which manages to respond to changing internal and external conditions without
drawing on any outside source of power. If they do, the findings could be invaluable in informing
future architectural design, and could inspire buildings that are self-sufficient, environmentally,
and cheap to run. ‘As we approach a world of climate change, we need temperatures to rise, he
explains, there will not be enough fuel to drive air conditioners around the world. It is hoped, says
Soar, ‘ that the findings will provide clues that aid the ultimate development of new kinds of
human habitats, suitable for a variety of arid, hostile environments not only on the earth but
maybe one day on the moon and beyond.’
QUESTIONS 1-7
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of heading
i methods used to investigate termite mound
formation ii challenging our assumptions about the nature
of life
iii reconsidering the termite’s reputation
iv principal functions of the termite mound
v distribution of termite mounds in sub-Saharan Africa
vi some potential benefits of understanding termite architecture
vii the astonishing physical dimensions of the termite mound
viii termite mounds under threat from global climate change
ix a mutually beneficial relationship
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph G
QUESTIONS 8-11
Label the diagram below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.
● network of 8 helps to give the termites a constant

● 9 supply and to maintain a limited temperature range
● cellar to aid control of 10 levels in mound
● top of the mound permits 11
QUESTIONS 12-14
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 12-14 on your sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts with the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
12 The termite mound appears to process its refuse material internally.
13 Dr Soar’s reconstruction involves scanning a single photograph of a complete mound into

a computer.
14 New information about termite architecture could help people deal with future energy crises.
Đáp án:
1. iii 8. TUNNELS
2. vii 9. AIR
3. iv 10. MOISTURE
4. ix 11. EVAPORATION
5. ii 12. YES
6. i 13. NO
7. vi 14. NOT GIVEN
Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/rj83
Mã đề 27106: Maori Fish Hooks

A. Maori fish hooks, made from wood, bone, stone and flax, are intended to have the best
possible design and function. The hooks are designed to target specific species with precision.
In the industry of commercial long-line fishing, there are some Maori hook designs which are
making a splash.
B. When Polynesians first came New Zealand sometime within the years 1100-1300 AD, they
didn’t have the technology necessary to heat and manipulate metal out of rocks. Meanwhile, fish
was the settlers’ main food source at the time, so fishermen made their hooks and fishing gear
out of wood, bone, stone and shells. Other plants native to the island of New Zealand, like as flax
(harakeke), cabbage tree (ti) and astelia (kiekie) gave the necessary fibrous material to make
fishing lines and nets of greater or equal strength to the jute, which was being used by the
Europeans at the time. However, as a material, metal is more malleable, and can be changed
into any shape, while natural materials are limited in the shapes they can take on. The Maori fish
hooks needed to be more innovative in the ways that they dealt with these limitations.
C. Early accounts of Europeans who settled and explored New Zealand claimed that Maori
hooks, known as matau, were “odd”, “of doubtful efficacy”, “very clumsy affairs” or
“impossible
looking.” Archaeologists from more recent times have also mentioned the round hook appearing
as odd, with comments such as, “shaped in a manner which makes it very difficult to imagine
could ever be effective in catching a fish.” William Anderson, who was aboard the Resolution
during Cook’s third voyage in 1777 as the ship’s surgeon, commented that the Maori “live chiefly

Ielts Reading 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ielts Reading 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ielts Reading 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4 Paragraph E

if the statement is True

FALSE if the statement is false

9 Wiggins holds a very positive attitude on the future of genetic research.

3. x 10. BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA

4. vii 11. DNA MICROARRAYS

5. v 12. (MYRIAD) CONDITIONS

6. i 13. THEIR EXPRESSION LEVELS

Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/kJj4

Mã đề 19502: Exploring british village 2

(i). Questions arise to be answered.

(ii). Contrast data between present and past.

(iii). Initial response of association on the village.

(iv). Origin of a certain ancient building.

(v). Inner structure of the building.

(vi). Layout of the village to persist in micro-environment.

(vii). Terms of the village explained.

(viii). Definition of village type.

(ix). Difference between village and town.

(X). Elements need to be considered in terms of the

Village Green layout and Extending

4. vii 11. remnants

Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/qRqt

Mã đề 19602: New ways of teaching history

(i) unavoidable changing facts to be considered when picking up technology means

(iii) Hard to attract students in traditional ways of teaching history

(iv) Display of the use of emerging multimedia as teaching tools

(vii) The comparisons of the new technologies applied in history class

(viii) Enormous breakthroughs in new technologies

(ix) Resistance of using new technologies from certain historian

if the statement agrees with the writer

NO if the statement does not agree with the writer

Contemporary students can be aimed at without many difficulties by integrating studying

3. x 10. NOT GIVEN

5. vi 12. ABSTRACT CONCEPTS

6. i 13. INTERACTIVE AND STIMULATING

Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/yvJk

Mã đề 20104: Light pollution

Which paragraph contains the following information?

1 A reason that contributes to light pollution.

2 A city has lessened light pollution successfully.

3 The importance of darkness.

4 The popularity of light pollution in the world.

5 Methods to reduce light pollution.

6 The reason why we have changed the night.

Write your answers in boxes 7-8 on your answer sheet.

Question 7: How does light pollution influence creatures?

A by bad lighting design

B by changing the cities and suburbs creatures are used to

C by changing the directions of light

D by changing the light creatures are used to

C Natural life span

(C) is attracted by the light and then a crash happens.

(D) suffers from food shortages because of competitors.

(E) have become easier targets for predators.

(F) be active at unusual times.

(G) have trouble inbreeding.

Bài dịch: https://ieltssongngu.page.link/D8og

NB you may use any letter more than once