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    Stat 104 Section 3.1docx

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    Stat 104 Section 3.

    1 Measures of the center

    Mean, median, and mode

    The most well known and widely used measure of center or measure of central tendency is the
    mean. The word "average" is often used to denote the mean.

    Mean

    To find the mean of the values in a data set add up all the numbers and divide by how many
    numbers you have.

    The population size which refers to how many observations you have in the population is always
    denoted by N.

    The sample size which refers to how many observations you have in your sample data set is
    always denoted by n.

    Add up all the data values giving us summation x, or sigma (Σ) x.

    Σx = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + ...... + xn

    The sample mean is called " x bar." x

    Σx
    x= n

    The population mean is referred to as "mu." µ

    Σx
    µ=
    N

    The place where the data set balances perfectly is the location of the mean. It is important to use
    estimation and common sense when checking the results of your calculated mean.

    The mean is sensitive to extreme values. It is always important to recognize whether or not your
    data set has extreme values. This is especially important when working with datasets having few
    elements.

    Median

    The median of a data set is the middle data value when the data are put into ascending order
    (data listed from least to greatest.)
    If the sample size is odd than the median is the middle value in the ordered list.

    2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 100 The median is 8

    If the sample size is even then the median is the mean of the two middle data values in the
    ordered list.

    2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 100, 150 The median is 9

    Unlike the mean the median is not sensitive to extreme values.

    Mode

    A third measure of center (measure of central tendency) is called the mode.

    The mode of a data set is the data value that occurs with the greatest frequency.

    If a data set has no value that occurs more than once the data has no mode. If a data set has two
    or more values that occur with the greatest frequency then all those data points are considered the
    mode. This would be an instance where there are two or more modes. Data sets with one mode
    are unimodal; data sets with more than one mode are multimodal.

    Unlike the mean or median, the mode can be used with qualitative or categorical data.

    Skewness and measures of center.

    The skewness of a distribution can often tell us something about the relative values of the mean,
    median, and mode. Refer to page 115.

    For a right skewed distribution, the mean is larger than the median

    For a left skewed distribution the median is larger than the mean.

    For a symmetric unimodal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are fairly close to one
    another.

    Homework: pgs. 118 - 124; # 3, 5 - 12, 13 - 39 odd, 41 -44, 57 - 60, 69 - 73, 82 - 85.

    Read 3.2

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