CS Assignemnet - 01

Assignment:01
BEC-209 Communication Systems
NAME: ANSHIKA PRASAD

BATCH: ECE AI(1)
ENROLLMENT NO: 01601182023
SUBMITTED TO: MS. ARUNA TOMAR
Q1: Define the following terms:
(a)Modulation and Demodulation:
Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal (such as a radio wave) in order to
transmit data. This is done by altering properties of the carrier wave, such as its amplitude,
frequency, or phase, in accordance with the information signal. Modulation is essential for
efficiently transmitting signals over various media, as it allows the signal to travel longer
distances and helps in reducing noise and interference.
Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. It involves extracting the original
information signal from the modulated carrier wave at the receiver's end. The demodulator
interprets the changes made to the carrier signal (during modulation) to recover the original
data, making it possible to understand or use the transmitted information.
(b)Draw the block diagram of elements of Communication Systems
(c)Modulation Index in case of AM

In Amplitude Modulation (AM), the modulation index (also known as the modulation depth)
is a measure of the extent of modulation applied to the carrier signal. It is defined as the
ratio of the amplitude of the modulating signal (AmA_mAm) to the amplitude of the carrier
signal (AcA_cAc). Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
m=AmAcm = \frac{A_m}{A_c}m=AcAm
(d)Draw the time domain representation of AM
(e) Draw the Frequency Spectrum of AM
(f) Define the term QAM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a modulation scheme that combines both
amplitude modulation (AM) and phase modulation (PM) to encode data into a carrier signal.
In QAM, two carrier waves, typically sinusoidal, are modulated in both amplitude and phase.
These two waves are out of phase with each other by 90 degrees, hence the term
"quadrature."
The key aspects of QAM include:
 Amplitude Modulation: The amplitude of both carrier signals is varied to represent
data.
 Phase Modulation: The phase of one of the carriers is shifted by 90 degrees relative
to the other.
 Constellation Diagram: QAM signals can be represented on a constellation diagram,
where each point represents a unique combination of amplitude and phase, allowing
multiple bits to be transmitted per symbol.
QAM is widely used in digital communication systems, such as Wi-Fi, 4G/5G, and digital
television, due to its ability to transmit more data efficiently by using both amplitude and
phase variations to encode information.
Q2) List the four advantages SSB has over standard AM.
Single Sideband (SSB) modulation offers several advantages over standard Amplitude
Modulation (AM), including:
1. Bandwidth Efficiency: SSB requires only half the bandwidth of standard AM. In AM, both
the upper and lower sidebands carry the same information, but SSB transmits only one
sideband (either upper or lower), effectively using the spectrum more efficiently.
2. Power Efficiency: Since SSB transmits only one sideband and typically omits the carrier, it
concentrates the transmitter's power into a single sideband. This results in a more efficient
use of power, allowing for a stronger signal transmission for a given power level.
3. Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): By using the available power more efficiently and
reducing the bandwidth, SSB can improve the signal-to-noise ratio. This leads to clearer and
more reliable communication, especially in long-distance transmissions.
4. Reduced Interference: Narrower bandwidth means less susceptibility to adjacent channel
interference. SSB's reduced bandwidth minimizes the chance of overlapping with other
signals, leading to less interference in crowded frequency bands.
Q3) When transistors are used for modulation what advantages do,
they have over diodes?
When transistors are used for modulation instead of diodes, they offer several advantages:
1. Amplification Capability: Transistors can amplify signals while modulating them. This dual
capability allows transistors to not only modulate the carrier signal but also boost its
strength, reducing the need for additional amplification stages in the circuit.
2. Better Control of Modulation: Transistors provide more precise control over the
modulation process. By adjusting the transistor's biasing and input signals, it is possible to
achieve a more controlled and stable modulation, leading to a higher-quality transmitted
signal.
3. Higher Modulation Efficiency: Transistors can achieve higher modulation efficiency,
especially in applications like amplitude modulation (AM) or frequency modulation (FM).This
means more of the input power is effectively used for modulating the carrier rather than
being wasted as heat or other losses.
4.Versatility: Transistors are versatile components that can be used in various modulation
schemes, including AM, FM, and phase modulation (PM). They can operate in different
configurations (e.g., common emitter, common base) to suit different modulation
requirements, offering more flexibility than diodes.
5.Lower Distortion: When properly configured, transistors can produce a more linear
modulation, resulting in less distortion of the modulated signal. This is particularly important
in communication systems where signal clarity and fidelity are crucial.
Q4) What is Modulation? Why we need modulation?

Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal (such as a radio wave) in accordance
with an information signal (such as audio, video, or data) that is to be transmitted. This is
done by altering certain properties of the carrier wave, such as its amplitude, frequency, or
phase, to encode the information onto the carrier. The main types of modulation include
Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Modulation (PM).
Why We Need Modulation
1. Efficient Transmission: Converts low-frequency signals to high-frequency for long-
distance transmission with less signal loss.
2. Multiplexing: Allows multiple signals to share the same frequency band, improving
spectrum efficiency.
3. Noise Reduction: High-frequency modulated signals are less prone to noise, ensuring
clearer communication.
4. Smaller Antennas: Higher frequencies enable the use of smaller antennas for
practical applications.
5. Reduced Distortion: Helps maintain signal fidelity over long distances.
Modulation is essential for effective communication in systems like radio, TV, and mobile
networks.
Q5) What are the different methods of AM generation. Explain Ring

Modulator with neat diagram.
Different Methods of AM Generation:
Amplitude Modulation (AM) can be generated using various methods, mainly categorized
into two groups:
1. Low-Level Modulation: These modulate the carrier signal at a lower power level before
amplification. Common techniques include the use of analog multipliers or balanced
modulators.
2.High-Level Modulation:
Plate Modulation: This is used in high-power applications where the modulation is done at
the final amplifier stage, affecting the plate voltage of a vacuum tube.
Collector/Drain Modulation: In solid-state transmitters, modulation is applied to the
collector or drain of the transistor.
Ring Modulator
A Ring Modulator is a type of balanced modulator that generates Double Sideband
Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) signals. It is commonly used in AM generation, especially when
only the sidebands are needed. It uses diodes arranged in a ring configuration to combine
the carrier and the modulating signals.
Q7) With the help of neat diagram explain SSB method.

Single Sideband (SSB) modulation is a technique used to improve the efficiency of amplitude
modulation (AM) by transmitting only one of the sidebands along with the carrier frequency,
thus conserving bandwidth and power. Here’s a neat explanation along with a diagram to
illustrate the concept:
Concept of SSB Modulation:
In standard AM, the signal consists of a carrier and two sidebands (upper and lower) that
contain the same information. SSB modulation eliminates one of these sidebands and the
carrier, leaving only one sideband. This reduces the bandwidth used and improves power
efficiency.
Q8) Compare SSB-SC, DSB-SC and VSB.
Q9) Write a short note on following:

(a)Single Sideband (SSB)
-Definition: Transmits one sideband and suppresses the carrier.
- Bandwidth: Equal to the baseband signal.
- Power Efficiency: High.
- Applications:Voice communication, amateur radio.
(b)Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)
- Definition: A type of SSB with both the carrier and one sideband suppressed.
- Bandwidth:Equal to the baseband signal.
- Power Efficiency: Very high.
- Complexity:High; requires precise filtering.
(c)Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
- Definition: Transmits both sidebands with the carrier suppressed.
-Bandwidth:Twice the baseband signal.
- Power Efficiency: Moderate.
- Applications: Analog signal transmission.
(d)Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
-Definition: Transmits one full sideband and a partial portion of the other sideband.
-Bandwidth: Slightly more than the baseband signal.
-Applications: Television broadcasting.
(e)Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
- Definition: Combines amplitude modulation of two signals (in-phase and quadrature) to
increase data rate.
- Bandwidth: Depends on the QAM order (e.g., 16-QAM, 64-QAM).
- Applications: Digital data transmission, including internet and digital TV.
Q10) A 400-watt carrier is modulated to a depth of 75 percent.

Calculate the total pow er in the modulated
Q11) Explain with the help of circuit diagram Envelope Detection
Scheme.

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Assignment:01

BEC-209 Communication Systems

NAME: ANSHIKA PRASAD

(b)Draw the block diagram of elements of Communication Systems

(c)Modulation Index in case of AM

(e) Draw the Frequency Spectrum of AM

(f) Define the term QAM

Q4) What is Modulation? Why we need modulation?

Q5) What are the different methods of AM generation. Explain Ring

Q7) With the help of neat diagram explain SSB method.

Q9) Write a short note on following:

Q10) A 400-watt carrier is modulated to a depth of 75 percent.

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