CHINESE NAME: 林静姝

STUDENT ID: 20230209065

SUBJECT: CHINESE OVERVIEW

TOPIC: CHINESE CULTURE AND PAKISTANI CULTURE

National culture is the norms, behaviors, beliefs, customs, and values shared
by the population of a sovereign nation for example: a Chinese or Pakistani
culture. It refers to specific characteristics such as language, religion, and
racial identity, cultural history and traditions.

The physical and non-material aspects of china and Pakistani cultures, the
comparison between these cultures has been made. Both cultures have deep
and historic roots, marking a time when civilization spans thousands of
years. Within close proximity, both countries have distinct ideologies,
architecture, food, arts and crafts, festivals, cultural traditions, customs,
customs, traditions, political structures, educational systems, and religious
ideals; all of these elements are linked to their idiosyncratic minds. Although
they have differing ideologies, religious convictions, and way of life, they all
share a common border of love, harmony, and admiration, encompassing
humanistic ethical and moralistic dimensions, and each strives to contribute
to peace, unity, and integration by contributing to a global index. Culture is a
way of life. Culture is made up of the food you eat, the clothes you wear, the
language you speak in, and the god you worship. In simple terms, we can
say that culture is the embodiment of our thinking and doing. It is also the
things we have inherited as members of society. All human beings’
achievements as members of social groups can be referred to as culture. Art,
music, literature, architecture, sculpture, philosophy, religion, and science
can be considered as aspects of culture. However, culture also includes
customs, traditions, festivals, ways of life, and one’s outlook on various
aspects of life. Culture is the expression of our individual nature in our ways
of living and thinking. It can be seen in our literature, in religious traditions,
in recreation and pleasure. Culture has two distinct components, namely,
material and non-material. Material culture refers to things that are related
to the physical aspect of our lives, such as our clothing, food, and household
items. It refers to ideas, ideals, ideas, feelings, and beliefs that are unique to
a region, country, or region. Culture has a direct connection to the three
eternal and universal values, truth, beauty, and goodness.

Culture of Pakistan
Culture is sign of nation. Every country contains different culture. And those
cultures are very important for their country.

Culture regulates his conduct and prepares him for a group life. And I think
culture is a need of nation. In every aspect of life culture plays an important
role in the life of man. Culture is also very important for a country, because it
is also important for increasing the economy. And it is also important for
living in a community. And in this quotation it tells us about the culture that
is “people can only live fully by helping other to live. When you give life to
friends you truly live. Culture can only realize their further richness by
honoring other tradition. And only by respecting natural life can humanity
continue to exist.”(daisaku ikeda) culture is the Identity of individuals. If it
ended, the man would be half-dead. A man is distinguished from the animal
by culture. It is the way a man is made from an animal. Culture is crucial to
the continuity of old tradition. It is the basic need of people. In the whole
region, there isn’t a single culture. The different cultures inhabit different
areas. They are also known for their cuisine. There are different provinces in
pakistan, which have a different way of life, different dialects, different
dresses, and many other things. Punjab, sindh, baluchistan, khyber
pakhtunkhwa, and gilgit baltistan are five provinces in pakistan. And each
province has its own culture.

Punjab is pakistan’s capital city. And its history is also one of the world’s
oldest. And its history is well-known. Punjabism was a dialectical group.
Bhangra is one of punjab’s most distinctive arts and traditions. It is also
listened to in the west. Punjabi classical music is also very popular in
pakistan and the rest of the world. Punjab has a huge variety of dishes to
choose from. The punjabi dishes include “sarso ka saag,” “maki ki roti,” and
“lassi.” In the punjab, various dialects are spoken, including punjabi, maji,
potohari, and saraiki.

Sindh has also adopted a different way of life. And it should also include a
different culture. In sindh, the sindhi language is almost universally spoken.
In sindh, many traditional sports are being played. Wanjh wati, kodi, thipai
rand, notinn, and biloor are some of the famous sports that are part of
culture.

Pakistan’s largest province, baluchistan, is named after the emperor. Balochi

is one of the main languages spoken in baluchistan, which is spoken in the
west, east, south, and south-east, while pashto is spoken in the north and
north-west, and brahui in the center of the province. Saraiki is mainly spoken
in areas bordering central western punjab. In the capital quetta, there are
also people who speak hazaragi persian, urdu, and punjabi. Farsi persian is
also spoken. Pakistan is a part of the khyber pakhtunkhwa province. In this
province, the most common pashto language is spoken. Hindko Is spoken in
the eastern parts of khyber pakhtunkhwa, the hazara division, and
particularly in abbottabad, mansehra, and haripur, as well as in the city of
peshawar, but at a small rate. This province has a tradition of hindko and
pashto folk music. In the khyber pakhtunkhwa, mainly pashto songs are
popular. Azad kashmir is also part of pakistan. It is a very beautiful part of
the world. The kashmir region is home to many different cultures. People
come here to see the culture, which in turn improves the country’s economy,
particularly in kashmir. Their tradition includes different songs and dresses.
Pakistan is a province in gilgit baltistan. It is the most beautiful place in the
world. There are various dances to be performed. One of the oldest dances is
the old man dance, which is performed by more than one man in old style
dresses, with a local hat and dancing. The second is the sword dance, a
unique dance performed by men who hold one sword in right and the shield
in left hand. In a pair, one to six people can perform dance. The third is the
cowboy dance, a unique dance performed by a man in a traditional period
costume, long leather boots, and a stick. They are fans of music. Dadang
(drum), damal, and surnai are among the gilgit baltistan music instruments
commonly used, while other instruments such as sitar, gabi (flute), rubab,
and duff are commonly used in the region. In this region, khling-boo, chang,
and porgho-too instruments are used. Polo is a traditional gilgit baltistan
sport. Polo was first introduced to gilgit centuries ago, and britisher learned
to play polo from gilgit during their stay in the subcontinent. Gilgit has also
restored it in its original form. This is the gilgit baltistan’s culture and
tradition.

Cusine in pakistan:

culinary arts are mainly a blend of indian cuisines with a touch of middle
eastern and afghan influences. There are variations of cooking styles
throughout the region, ranging from spicy in punjab and sindh to steamed
and boiled in nwfp and balochistan. The country’s urban centers are made up
of a collection of recipes from all corners, while rural areas and villages have
cuisine based on specific local ingredients and tastes. Throughout the region,
there are many types of rice to be used with korma and desserts, most
notably biryani, pulao, or boiled rice with vegetables and meat. There are
also local forms of grilled meat or kebabs, kheer desserts, and a variety of
hot and cold beverages. V festivals and observance ramadan is the holy
month of the islamic calendar, which is fasting from dawn to sunset.
Pakistan’s muslim majority is well aware of it. During this month, muslims
will fast, attend mosques with greater frequency, and offer “namaz-traveeh”
every day with isha prayer and recite the qur’an. Special foods are prepared
in larger quantities, parties are held, and workplaces and educational
institutions provide special accommodation.

Chand Raat And EID celebrations:

Ja Chand Raat is the Moon night when crescent moon is sighted on last day
of Islamic month of Ramadan and next day is Eid ul-Fitr. In the night known
as Chand Raat, people celebrate by various means, such as girls putting
henna on their hands. People buy gifts and sweets that will be given to
friends and families who come over to celebrate the end of Ramadan

The two Eids, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, commemorate the passing of the
month of fasting, Ramadan, and the willingness of Ibrahim to sacrifice his
son Ismael for Allah. On these days, there are national holidays and many
festival events that take place to celebrate Eid.

On Eid ul-Fitr, money is given for charity and as gifts to young children. On
Eid ul-Adha, people may also distribute meat to relatives and neighbors and
donate food to charity.

Architecture:

The architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be traced to four
distinct periods: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the
beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3 rd
millenniumB.C.

An advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with
large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day.

Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era
settlements. The rise of Buddhism, Guptas, Mouryas, and the Persian and
Greek influence led to the development of the Greco-Buddhist style, starting
from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached with the
culmination of the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is
the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.

The arrival of Islam in today’s Pakistan introduced the classical Islamic

construction techniques into Pakistan’s architectural landscape.

However, a smooth transition to predominantly picture-less Islamic

architecture occurred. The town of Uch Sharif contains the tombs of Bibi
Jawindi, Baha’is-Halim, and Jalaluddin Bukhari, which are considered some of
the earliest examples of Islamic architecture in Pakistan and are on the
UNESCO Tentative World Heritage Site list since 2004.

One of the most important of the few examples of the Persian style of
architecture is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the
Mughal era, design elements of Islamic-Persian architecture were fused with,
and often produced playful forms of, local art, resulting in the establishment
of Mughal Architecture. Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers,
exhibits a multiplicity of important buildings from the empire, among them
the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate,
the colourful, still strongly Mughal-influenced Wazir Khan Mosque as well as
numerous other mosques and mausoleums. The Shahjahan Mosque of Thatta
in Sindh also originates from the epoch of the Mughals, as does the
Mohabbat Khan Mosque in Peshawar.

Philosophy:

Pakistani philosophers include: Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Irfan Muhammad

(KU), M M Sharif, Khalifa Abdul Hakeem, C A Qadir, Kazi A Kadir, Abdul Wahab
Suri (KU), Ather Rasheed, Absar Ahmad, Intasar ul Haq, Waheed Ali Farooqi, B
H Sidiquei, Sajid Ali, Abdul Khaliq, Naeem Ahmed, Abdul Hafeez, Muhammad
Maroof, Mirza Ather Beig, Shahid Hossain, Fazlur Rehman, Shehzad Qaiser,
Manzoor Ahmed, Ghazala Irfan, Javed Bhuto, Syed Zafarul Hasan, Robina
Lodhi and Waqar Aslam.

Culture of China:

Chinese culture is one of the world’s oldest cultures, originating thousands of

years ago.

The area in which the culture is dominant covers a large geographical region
in eastern Asia with customs and traditions varying greatly between
provinces, cities, and even towns as well. With China being one of the
earliest ancient civilizations, Chinese culture is extremely diverse and
varying, and it has a profound effect in the philosophy, virtue, etiquette and
traditions of Asia to date.

Chinese culture is considered the dominant culture in East Asia historically.

Chinese language, ceramics,architecture, music, dance, literature, martial
arts, cuisine, visual arts, philosophy, business etiquette,religion, politics and
history have a profound impact on the world, while its traditions and festivals
are also celebrated, instilled and practiced by people around Asia.
PHILOSOPHY:

Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn period and Warring
States period, during a period know as the “Hundred Schools of Thought”,
which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural
developments. Although much of Chinese philosophy begins in the Warring
States period, elements of Chinese philosophy have existed for several
thousand year; some can be found in the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes) an
ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672 BCE. It
was during the Warring States era that what Sima Tan termed the major
philosophical schools of China: Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism, arose,
along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism,
Mohism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians.

Confucianism, also known as Ruism, was always being the official philosophy
throughout most of Imperial China’s history, and mastery of Confucian texts
was the primary criterion for entry into the imperial bureaucracy. A number
of more authoritarian strains of thought have also been influential, such as
Legalism. There was often conflict between the philosophies, e.g. the Song
Dynasty Neo-Confucians believed Legalism departed from the original spirit
of Confucianism. Examinations and a culture of merit remain greatly valued
in China today. In recent years, a number of New Confucians (not to be
confused with Neo-Confucianism) have advocated that democratic ideals and
human rights are quite compatible with traditional Confucian “Asian values”.
Confucianism is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic
or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life.
Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of
Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479
BCE), who considered himself a retransmitted of the values of the Zhou
dynasty golden age of several centuries before.

In the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), Confucian approaches edged out the
“proto-Taoist” Huang-Lao, as the official ideology while the emperors mixed
both with the realist techniques of Legalism.

There are many Eras from which China has gone through, which are

1. Early Beliefs

2. Ancient Philosophy

3. Early Imperial Era Philosophy

4. Mid to Late Imperial Era Philosophy

5. Modern Era

And then New Confucianism.

New Confucianism is an intellectual movement of Confucianism that began in

the early 20th century in Republican China, and revived in post-Mao era
contemporary China. It is deeply influenced by, but not identical with, the
Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties.

CUSINE:

Chinese cuisine is a very important part of Chinese culture, which includes

cuisine originating from the diverse regions of China, as well as from Chinese
people in other parts of the world. Because of the chinese Diaspora and
historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has influenced many other
cuisines in Asia, with modifications made to cater to local palates. The
preference for seasoning andcooking techniques of Chinese provinces
depend on differences in historical background and ethnic groups.
Geographic features including mountains, rivers, forests and deserts also
have a strong effect on the local available ingredients, considering climate of
China varies from tropical in the south tosubarctic in the northeast. Imperial,
royal and noble preference also plays a role in the change of Chinese
cuisines. Because of imperial expansion and trading, ingredients and cooking
techniques from other cultures are integrated into Chinese cuisines over
time. The most praised “Four Major Cuisines” are Chuan, Lu, Yue and
Huaiyang, representing West, North, South and East China cuisine
correspondingly. Modern Eight Cuisines” of China are Anhui, Cantonese,
Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu,Shandong, Sichuan, and Zhejiang cuisines. Color,
smell and taste are the three traditional aspects used to describe Chinese
food, as well as the meaning, appearance and nutrition of the food. Cooking
should be appraised from ingredients used, cuttings, cooking time and
seasoning. It is considered inappropriate to use knives on the dining table.
Chopsticks are the main eating utensils for Chinese food, which can be used
to cut and pick up food.

ARCHITECTURE:

Chinese architecture is a style of architecture that has taken shape in East

Asia over many centuries. The structural principles of Chinese architecture
have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the
decorative details. Since the Tang dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a
major influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.
Chinese architecture, examples for which can be found from more than 2,000
years ago, is almost as old as Chinese civilization and has long been an
important hallmark of Chinese culture. There are certain features common to
Chinese architecture, regardless of specific regions, different provinces or
use. The most important is its emphasis on width, such as the wide halls of
the Forbidden City serve as an example. One notable exception is in the
design of gardens, which tends to be as asymmetrical as possible. Like
Chinese scroll paintings, the principle underlying the garden’s composition is
to create enduring flow, to let the patron wander and enjoy the garden
without prescription, as in nature herself. Feng shui has played a very
important part in structural development. Chinese architecture also have a
huge influence on the architecture of East Asia, and to a lesser extent,
Southeast Asia as well. The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style
which has evolved over three thousand years. It includes both the vast
gardens of the Chinese emperors and members of the imperial family, built
for pleasure and to impress, and the more intimate gardens created by
scholars, poets, former government officials, soldiers and merchants, made
for reflection and escape from the outside world. They create an idealized
miniature landscape, which is meant to express the harmony that should
exist between man and nature.