PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER WITH ANSWERS OF MSC ENV 011

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc.)

(ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE) (MSCENV)
…………
MEV-011 : FUNDAMENTALS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE AND ECOLOGY
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

SHAHID.861
5/15/2023

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc.)(ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE) (MSCENV)Examination 2021

MEV-011 : FUNDAMENTALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOLOGY

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 1.Define ‘Environment’. Describe the various
components of environment.

Environment refers to all the living and non-living things

that surround and affect an organism or a group of
organisms. It includes both natural and human-made
components.
The various components of the environment can be
broadly categorized as follows:
Abiotic Components: These are the non-living
components of the environment, including physical and
chemical factors such as temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, light, soil, water, and air.
Biotic Components: These are the living components
of the environment, including all organisms such as
plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms.
Physical Components: These are the physical
elements of the environment, including landforms, water
bodies, and other natural features.
Chemical Components: These are the chemical
elements and compounds present in the environment,
including various gases, minerals, and other
substances.

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 Social Components: These are the human-made
components of the environment, including buildings,
roads, bridges, and other infrastructure.
Cultural Components: These are the aspects of the
environment that are influenced by human culture, such
as traditions, customs, beliefs, and practices.
All these components of the environment interact with
each other to create a complex and dynamic system that
sustains life on earth. Understanding and managing the
environment is essential for the survival and well-being
of all living beings on the planet.

2. Describe the impacts of increasing population

on environment.

Increasing population has significant impacts on the

environment, including:
Deforestation: As the population grows, there is a higher
demand for land to accommodate settlements,
agriculture, and industrial activities. This often leads to
deforestation, which not only destroys natural habitats
but also contributes to climate change by reducing the
ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide.
Loss of Biodiversity: Increasing population leads to
habitat destruction, which directly affects the biodiversity

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 of the environment. As a result, many species are
threatened with extinction, and the loss of biodiversity
can have cascading effects on ecosystems.
Pollution: As more people live and work in an area, the
demand for energy, transportation, and industrial
activities increases, leading to higher levels of pollution.
Pollution can contaminate water sources, harm wildlife,
and contribute to climate change.
Resource Depletion: As the population grows, so does
the demand for resources such as water, food, and
energy. Overconsumption of these resources can lead
to their depletion, putting a strain on the environment
and future generations.
Climate Change: Increasing population and its
associated activities, such as industrialization and
transportation, are major contributors to climate change.
Climate change can have severe impacts on the
environment, including rising sea levels, extreme
weather events, and altered ecosystems.
Increased Waste: As the population grows, so does the
amount of waste produced. Improper disposal of waste
can lead to pollution, contamination of water sources,
and harm to wildlife.
It is important to note that population growth alone is not
the sole cause of environmental problems. Human
activities and consumption patterns also play a
significant role in these impacts. Therefore, it is essential
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 to address population growth alongside sustainable
development and responsible resource management to
ensure a healthy environment for future generations.

3.What is pollution ? Describe the impacts

of air, water and soil pollution on the
environment.

Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances

or contaminants into the environment that cause
damage or harm to living organisms, natural resources,
or the ecosystem. Pollution can occur in various forms,
including air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution.
The impacts of air, water, and soil pollution on the
environment are as follows:
Air Pollution: Air pollution refers to the presence of
harmful substances in the air that we breathe. This can
include chemicals, particulate matter, and gases such as
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide.
The impacts of air pollution include respiratory problems,
cardiovascular diseases, and other health issues for
humans and animals. Air pollution also contributes to
climate change by trapping heat in the atmosphere and
altering the Earth's temperature.

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 Water Pollution: Water pollution refers to the
contamination of water bodies such as rivers, lakes,
oceans, and groundwater sources. This can occur due
to the discharge of chemicals, sewage, and other
pollutants from industries, agriculture, and human
activities. The impacts of water pollution include health
problems for humans and animals, destruction of
aquatic habitats and ecosystems, and the loss of
biodiversity.
Soil Pollution: Soil pollution refers to the contamination
of soil with harmful chemicals and pollutants, such as
heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial waste. This can
occur due to improper disposal of hazardous waste,
agricultural practices, and human activities. The impacts
of soil pollution include reduced soil fertility, crop
damage, and health problems for humans and animals.
In summary, pollution in any form has significant impacts
on the environment and can cause severe harm to living
organisms and natural resources. It is essential to take
measures to reduce pollution levels and ensure the
sustainable management of natural resources to
preserve the environment for future generations.

4.What is ecology ? Explain the topographic,

climatic, edaphic and biotic factors.

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 Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions
between living organisms and their environment. It
encompasses the study of all the factors that influence
the distribution, abundance, and diversity of organisms
in different habitats.
The topographic, climatic, edaphic, and biotic factors are
the main components of the environment that affect the
ecology of an area. Here's a brief explanation of each
factor:
Topographic Factors: These are the physical features
of the environment, such as the elevation, slope, aspect,
and shape of the land. These factors influence the
temperature, precipitation, and other climatic factors of
an area, which in turn affect the distribution and diversity
of organisms.
Climatic Factors: These are the weather conditions of
an area, including temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind,
and other atmospheric conditions. These factors play a
significant role in shaping the ecology of an area by
determining the types of plants and animals that can
survive and thrive in that environment.
Edaphic Factors: These are the soil characteristics of
an area, including soil type, texture, structure, nutrient
content, and pH. These factors determine the type of
vegetation that can grow in the area, which in turn
affects the distribution and diversity of animals that
depend on that vegetation.

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 Biotic Factors: These are the living components of the
environment, including all organisms such as plants,
animals, fungi, and microorganisms. These factors play
a significant role in shaping the ecology of an area by
influencing the interactions between species, including
competition, predation, and symbiosis.
Understanding the interplay between these factors is
essential to understanding the ecology of an area. The
study of ecology helps us to understand how different
organisms interact with each other and their
environment, which is crucial for managing natural
resources and preserving biodiversity.

5.Define population. Explain density, natality,

mortality and age distribution.

Population refers to the total number of individuals of a

species living in a particular geographic area or habitat.
It is a fundamental concept in ecology and is critical for
understanding the distribution and abundance of
organisms in different environments.
Here are brief explanations of some important terms
related to population:
Density: Population density refers to the number of
individuals of a species per unit area or volume of

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 habitat. It is an important factor that influences
population dynamics and ecosystem processes.
Natality: Natality refers to the rate at which new
individuals are added to a population through birth or
reproduction. The birth rate is influenced by various
factors such as the age structure of the population,
access to resources, and environmental conditions.
Mortality: Mortality refers to the rate at which individuals
in a population die. The death rate is influenced by
factors such as age structure, access to resources,
disease, predation, and environmental conditions.
Age Distribution: Age distribution refers to the
proportion of individuals in a population belonging to
different age groups. Understanding age distribution is
important for predicting population growth and decline,
and for designing effective conservation strategies.
Population ecology also considers other factors such as
immigration, emigration, and social behavior, which can
influence the dynamics and distribution of populations.
By studying these factors, population ecologists can
better understand the complex relationships between
organisms and their environment and develop effective
strategies for managing populations and conserving
biodiversity.

6.Describe the major biomes of the world.

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 Biomes are large geographic regions with similar
climatic conditions, vegetation, and animal life. There
are several major biomes in the world, each with unique
characteristics and ecological importance. Here are brief
descriptions of the major biomes:
Tropical Rainforest Biome: This biome is
characterized by high rainfall and temperatures, and
dense vegetation consisting of tall trees and a variety of
plant species. The tropical rainforest biome is home to a
vast array of animal life, including primates, birds,
reptiles, and insects.
Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome: This biome is
characterized by moderate temperatures and
precipitation, and deciduous trees that lose their leaves
in the winter. The temperate deciduous forest biome is
home to a variety of animal species, including deer,
bears, wolves, and birds.
Taiga Biome: This biome is characterized by long, cold
winters and short, cool summers, and coniferous trees
such as pine, spruce, and fir. The taiga biome is home
to many animal species, including wolves, lynx, moose,
and bears.
Grassland Biome: This biome is characterized by a
lack of trees and large expanses of grasses, which are
adapted to dry conditions. The grassland biome is home

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 to a variety of animal species, including bison,
antelopes, zebras, and prairie dogs.
Desert Biome: This biome is characterized by hot
temperatures during the day and cold temperatures at
night, and very little precipitation. The desert biome is
home to a variety of animal species, including reptiles,
birds, and mammals such as camels and coyotes.
Tundra Biome: This biome is characterized by very cold
temperatures and little precipitation, and vegetation
consisting of low-growing shrubs, mosses, and lichens.
The tundra biome is home to a variety of animal species,
including reindeer, polar bears, and arctic foxes.
Aquatic Biomes: These biomes include freshwater and
marine ecosystems, including rivers, lakes, oceans, and
coral reefs. Aquatic biomes are home to a vast array of
plant and animal species, including fish, whales,
dolphins, and sea turtles.
Each of these biomes has unique characteristics that
support a variety of plant and animal life, and are
important for maintaining ecological balance and
biodiversity. Understanding the distribution and
characteristics of these biomes is critical for managing
natural resources and preserving the environment for
future generations.

7.What is succession ? Explain the different types

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 of succession with suitable examples.

Succession is a natural process of ecological change

over time that occurs in an ecosystem as a result of
disturbances or changes in environmental conditions. It
involves the gradual replacement of one community of
plants and animals by another, until a stable, self-
sustaining community is established. Succession can be
primary or secondary, depending on the type and
severity of the disturbance or change.
Primary Succession: Primary succession occurs in an
area where no soil or living organisms exist, such as on
a newly formed volcanic island or in a glacier retreat
zone. The process begins with the colonization of the
area by pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses,
which break down rocks and form soil. Over time, more
complex plant and animal communities establish
themselves, leading to a climax community. A classic
example of primary succession is the formation of a
sand dune ecosystem.
Secondary Succession: Secondary succession occurs
in an area where the existing community has been
disturbed or destroyed, but the soil and some organisms
remain. This can happen after a wildfire, hurricane, or
logging activity, for example. Secondary succession
typically involves the rapid colonization of the area by
opportunistic species, such as grasses and weeds,

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 followed by the establishment of more stable plant and
animal communities, leading to a climax community. An
example of secondary succession is the recovery of a
forest ecosystem after a wildfire.
Both primary and secondary succession are important
natural processes that contribute to the development
and maintenance of diverse ecosystems. However,
human activities such as deforestation, urbanization,
and pollution can disrupt or alter these natural
processes, leading to ecological imbalances and loss of
biodiversity. Understanding the patterns and
mechanisms of succession is critical for effective
conservation and ecosystem management.
Sustainable Development Goals

8.What is sustainable development ? Describe

sustainable development goals

Sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of

the present generation without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs. It is an
approach to development that seeks to balance
economic, social, and environmental considerations to
ensure long-term prosperity for people and the planet.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were
adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal
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 call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and
ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by
2030. There are 17 SDGs, each with specific targets
and indicators to measure progress towards achieving
them.
The 17 SDGs are as follows:
No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.
Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy lives and
promote well-being for all at all ages.
Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable
quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all.
Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and
empower all women and girls.
Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and
sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to
affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for
all.
Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote
sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth,
full and productive employment, and decent work for all.

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 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Build
resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.
Reduced Inequalities: Reduce inequality within and
among countries.
Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities and
human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and
sustainable.
Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure
sustainable consumption and production patterns.
Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat climate
change and its impacts.
Life Below Water: Conserve and sustainably use the
oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable
development.
Life on Land: Protect, restore, and promote sustainable
use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse
land degradation and biodiversity loss.
Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: Promote
peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all, and build
effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all
levels.

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 Partnerships for the Goals: Strengthen the means of
implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development.
Achieving these goals requires collaboration and
commitment from all stakeholders, including
governments, the private sector, civil society, and
individuals. By working together, we can create a
sustainable future for all.

9.What is ecosystem ? Explain the structure and

function of ecosystem.

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms

(plants, animals, and microorganisms) interacting with
each other and with their non-living environment (such
as air, water, and soil) in a particular place. Ecosystems
can be as small as a pond or as large as a forest, and
they are all interconnected through the exchange of
energy and matter.
The structure of an ecosystem refers to the physical and
biological components that make it up. The physical
components include the abiotic (non-living) factors such
as sunlight, water, temperature, and soil, while the
biological components include the biotic (living) factors
such as producers, consumers, and decomposers.

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 The function of an ecosystem refers to the processes
that occur within it, such as energy flow and nutrient
cycling. Energy flows through an ecosystem in a one-
way path, starting with the sun and passing through
producers (plants), consumers (animals), and
decomposers (bacteria and fungi) in a series of food
chains. Nutrient cycling involves the movement of
nutrients such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
through the ecosystem, as they are taken up by plants,
consumed by animals, and eventually returned to the
soil through decomposition.
In addition to energy flow and nutrient cycling,
ecosystems also provide a range of ecosystem services
that benefit humans. These include regulating services
such as water purification, climate regulation, and
disease control; provisioning services such as food,
timber, and medicine; cultural services such as
recreation and spiritual value; and supporting services
such as soil formation and nutrient cycling.
Overall, ecosystems are complex and dynamic systems
that play a crucial role in supporting life on earth.
Understanding their structure and function is essential
for managing them sustainably and ensuring their
continued provision of ecosystem services.

10.What is biogeochemical cycle ? Explain the

nitrogen cycle with the help of a suitable
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 diagram

Biogeochemical cycles refer to the natural processes

through which chemical elements and compounds are
transferred between living organisms, the environment,
and the Earth's systems. These cycles involve a
complex series of physical, chemical, and biological
processes that contribute to the cycling of elements
such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur,
among others.
The nitrogen cycle is one of the most important
biogeochemical cycles and is essential for the growth
and survival of all living organisms. Nitrogen gas (N2)
makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere, but it is
not usable by most organisms in this form. The nitrogen
cycle describes the series of processes that convert
atmospheric nitrogen into forms that can be used by
plants and other organisms.
The nitrogen cycle can be broken down into several
steps, as shown in the diagram below:
Nitrogen fixation: The first step in the nitrogen cycle
involves the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas
(N2) into ammonia (NH3) or ammonium ions (NH4+) by
nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil or in the roots of
certain plants such as legumes.

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 Nitrification: Ammonia (NH3) or ammonium ions
(NH4+) are converted into nitrite ions (NO2-) and then
into nitrate ions (NO3-) by nitrifying bacteria in the soil.
These nitrate ions are the primary form of nitrogen used
by plants.
Assimilation: Plants take up the nitrate ions (NO3-)
through their roots and use them to build proteins and
other nitrogen-containing compounds.
Ammonification: When plants and animals die,
decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down
their organic matter and release ammonium ions (NH4+)
back into the soil.
Denitrification: Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate ions
(NO3-) back into nitrogen gas (N2), which is released
into the atmosphere.
This process continues in a cycle, with nitrogen moving
between the atmosphere, soil, and living organisms.
Overall, the nitrogen cycle plays a critical role in
maintaining the balance of nitrogen in the environment
and supporting the growth and survival of plants and
other organisms.
Here is a diagram of the nitrogen cycle:

Nitrogen Cycle Diagram

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11.What is ecological restoration ?
Explain the various approaches of ecological
Restoration

Ecological restoration is the process of repairing and

restoring ecosystems that have been degraded,
damaged or destroyed due to human activities or natural

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 disasters. The goal of ecological restoration is to bring
back the natural functioning and biodiversity of an
ecosystem and to provide ecological services for human
and wildlife communities.
There are various approaches to ecological restoration,
depending on the type and severity of degradation, the
goals of restoration, and the resources available. Some
of the common approaches are:
Passive restoration: This approach involves leaving
the ecosystem alone and allowing it to recover on its
own without human intervention. This approach is
appropriate when the ecosystem has a high potential for
natural recovery, or when human intervention may
cause more harm than good.
Active restoration: This approach involves human
intervention to accelerate the recovery process. Active
restoration can include techniques such as planting
native species, controlling invasive species, and
reintroducing native wildlife.
Rehabilitation: This approach is used when an
ecosystem has been severely degraded and requires
extensive human intervention to recover. Rehabilitation
involves a combination of active restoration techniques,
such as soil remediation, replanting, and reintroduction
of native wildlife.
Reclamation: This approach is used to restore
degraded land that has been disturbed by human
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 activities such as mining or industrial activities.
Reclamation involves a combination of techniques such
as soil stabilization, soil remediation, and replanting with
native vegetation.
Reintroduction: This approach involves reintroducing
species that have been lost or eliminated from an
ecosystem, such as apex predators or keystone
species. Reintroduction can help to restore ecological
processes and biodiversity.
Overall, ecological restoration is a complex and
challenging process that requires careful planning and
implementation. The choice of approach depends on the
specific ecological, social, and economic context of the
restoration project. Successful ecological restoration can
provide a range of benefits, including the recovery of
biodiversity, the provision of ecological services, and the
enhancement of human well-being.

12.What is environmental education ? Explain

education for sustainable development.

Environmental education is a process that aims to

educate people about the environment and to promote
understanding, awareness, and action to address
environmental issues. It is a multidisciplinary field that

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 draws from various disciplines such as biology, ecology,
environmental science, social sciences, and education.
Education for sustainable development (ESD) is a
specific form of environmental education that focuses on
integrating the principles of sustainable development
into education. It aims to develop knowledge, skills,
attitudes, and values that enable individuals to
contribute to sustainable development and to create a
more sustainable future.
ESD recognizes the interconnectedness of social,
economic, and environmental systems and aims to
address environmental issues in a broader context of
sustainable development. It emphasizes the need for
collaboration, participation, and action at the local,
national, and global levels.
Some key themes of ESD include:
Environmental and social justice: ESD recognizes that
environmental problems are often linked to social and
economic inequalities and seeks to promote social and
environmental justice.
Systems thinking: ESD promotes systems thinking,
which involves understanding the interconnections
between social, economic, and environmental systems
and the impact of human activities on these systems.

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 Interdisciplinary approach: ESD recognizes the need
for interdisciplinary collaboration to address complex
environmental and social issues.
Action and participation: ESD emphasizes the
importance of taking action and engaging in participatory
processes to create a more sustainable future.
Overall, education for sustainable development is an
important tool for promoting sustainable development
and creating a more sustainable future. It provides
individuals with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes
necessary to understand and address environmental
issues in a broader context of sustainable development.

13.Write short notes on any two of the following :

5 each
(a) Environmental management standard
(b) Life cycle assessment
(c) Human ecology

(a) Environmental management standard:

Environmental management standards (EMS) are
frameworks that provide guidelines for organizations to
manage their environmental impacts effectively. These
standards provide a structured approach to identify,

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 monitor, and manage an organization's environmental
impact. The most widely recognized EMS is the ISO
14001 standard, which sets out a framework for an
organization to establish an environmental management
system. The ISO 14001 standard includes a plan-do-
check-act cycle, which involves identifying
environmental impacts, setting objectives and targets,
implementing a management system, monitoring and
measuring performance, and continually improving the
system. Environmental management standards help
organizations to reduce their environmental impact,
comply with environmental regulations, and enhance
their reputation.

(b) Life cycle assessment:

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a technique used to
evaluate the environmental impact of a product or
process throughout its entire life cycle, from extraction of
raw materials to disposal. LCA is a comprehensive and
systematic approach that considers the environmental
impact of a product or process across all stages of its
life cycle, including material extraction, manufacturing,
transportation, use, and disposal. The goal of LCA is to
identify and quantify the environmental impact of a
product or process and to identify opportunities for
improvement. LCA can be used to compare different
products or processes and to identify the most
environmentally sustainable option. LCA is an important
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 tool for companies and policymakers to make informed
decisions about product design, resource use, and
waste management.

(c) Human ecology:

Human ecology is a branch of ecology that studies the
relationship between humans and their environment.
Human ecology recognizes that humans are an integral
part of the environment and that human activities have a
significant impact on the natural world. Human ecology
examines the ways in which human societies are
influenced by their environment and how human
activities impact the environment. Human ecology is an
interdisciplinary field that draws from various disciplines
such as anthropology, sociology, geography, and
environmental science. It is an important field for
understanding the complex relationships between
humans and the environment and for developing
sustainable solutions to environmental problems.
Human ecology emphasizes the need for a holistic
approach to environmental management that considers
the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of
sustainability.

14.Describe any five sustainable technologies for

solving environmental problems

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 Here are five sustainable technologies for solving
environmental problems:
Renewable energy: Renewable energy technologies
such as solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and
biomass offer sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.
These technologies help reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, improve air quality, and conserve natural
resources.
Green building: Green building technologies aim to
reduce the environmental impact of buildings by using
sustainable materials, designing for energy efficiency,
and incorporating renewable energy sources. Green
buildings are designed to minimize the use of natural
resources, reduce waste, and provide a healthy indoor
environment.
Sustainable agriculture: Sustainable agriculture
technologies promote environmentally friendly farming
practices that reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and
pesticides, conserve water, and protect soil health.
These technologies include practices such as crop
rotation, integrated pest management, and conservation
tillage.
Waste reduction and recycling: Technologies such as
composting, recycling, and waste-to-energy conversion
help reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills and
incinerators. These technologies help conserve natural
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 resources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
associated with waste disposal.
Water conservation and management: Water
conservation and management technologies aim to
reduce water waste, improve water quality, and
conserve freshwater resources. These technologies
include rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse, and
water-efficient irrigation systems.
Overall, sustainable technologies offer promising
solutions to environmental problems by promoting
sustainable use of natural resources, reducing waste,
and minimizing the impact of human activities on
the environment.

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