i

PROPOSAL PROGRAM KREATIVITAS MAHASISWA

MERANGKUL KERAGAMAN: PENGENALAN SUKU

BANGSA DAN BUDAYA INDONESIA DARI 6 PULAU
TERBESAR

BIDANG KEGIATAN
PKM KARYA CIPTA

Diusulkan Oleh:

Muhammad Iqbal Rinaldi 245311080 2024

Argya Rafi Sophian 245311070 2024
Moch Haickal Riandi Taftazani 245311077 2024

POLITEKNIK NEGERI BANDUNG

BANDUNG
2024
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PENGESAHAN PKM-SOSIAL HUMANIORA

1. Judul Kegiatan : Embracing Diversity: Introducing the
Ethnicities and Cultures of Indonesia
2. Bidang Kegiatan : PKM-SH
3. Ketua Pelaksana Kegiatan
a. Nama Lengkap : Argya Rafi Sophian
b. NIM : 245311070
c. Jurusan : Bahasa Inggris
d. Universitas/Institusi/Politeknik : Politeknik Negeri Bandung
e. Alamat Rumah Dan No. Tel./Hp : Kp. Mengger Hilir RT 03 RW 04
…………………………………….Desa Sukapura Kecamatan
…………………………………….Dayeuhkolot Kabupaten Bandung,
…………………………………….088218519176
f. Email : @gmail.com
4. Anggota Pelaksana Kegiatan/Penulis : Dua Orang
5. Dosen Pendamping
a. Nama Lengkap dan Gelar :
b. NIDN :
c. Alamat Rumah dan No. Tel./Hp : Jl. Gegerkalong Hilir, Ds. Ciwaruga
…………………………………….Bandung/ 022 2013789
6. Biaya Kegiatan Total
a. Kemristekdikti : Rp.
b. Sumber Lain : Rp.-
7. Jangka Waktu Pelaksanaan : Bulan
Menyetujui
Ketua Jurusan Ketua Pelaksana Kegiatan,

(jiiu) (jui)
NIP. 19551120 198403 1 002 NIM. 161424011

Pembantu Direktur III Dosen Pembimbing,

Politeknik Negeri Bandung

(anannadd.) (smdwdjwdiw.)
NIP. 19810425 200501 1 002 NIDN. 0021056403
 iii

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR

PENGESAHAN PKM-SOSIAL HUMANIORA................................................................ii

DAFTAR ISI......................................................................................................................iii
BAB I...................................................................................................................................1
PENDAHULUAN...............................................................................................................1
1.1. Latar Belakang.........................................................................................................1
1.2. Formulation Problem...............................................................................................1
1.3. Goals........................................................................................................................1
1.4. Expected Output.......................................................................................................1
1.5. Function...................................................................................................................1
BAB II..................................................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................2
2.1 Indonesia's Ethnic Diversity......................................................................................2
2.2 Historical Roots of Cultural Diversity.......................................................................2
2.3 Ethnicity and Social Structure...................................................................................2
2.4 The Role of Religion in Cultural Identity..................................................................3
2.5 Bhineka Tunggal Ika: Unity in Diversity...................................................................3
2.6 Impact of Globalization on Ethnic and Cultural Identity...........................................3
BAB 3..................................................................................................................................4
RESEACRH METHOD.......................................................................................................4
3.1 Research Data......................................................................................................4
3.2 Data Collection Techniques.................................................................................4
3.2.1 Interviews.....................................................................................................4
3.2.2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)...............................................................4
3.2.3 Surveys.........................................................................................................5
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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang

Indonesia, with its sprawling archipelago of over 17,000 islands, is renowned as

one of the most culturally diverse nations in the world. It spans an area from the
Indian to the Pacific Ocean and is home to more than 300 distinct ethnic groups, each
with its own language, customs, and traditions. The nation’s geographic and cultural
landscape is as vast as it is varied, creating a vibrant mosaic of ethnicities and
cultural practices that have flourished over centuries. Indonesia’s diversity is not
simply a matter of numbers; it is woven into the fabric of everyday life,
encompassing not only language and religion but also art, cuisine, clothing, and
traditional practices.

At the heart of Indonesia's unity is the national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika,
which translates to "Unity in Diversity." This phrase encapsulates the nation’s
commitment to embracing and celebrating differences while fostering a strong,
united identity. Despite the vast range of cultures, Indonesians share a profound
sense of community and national pride, which transcends their ethnic identities. This
commitment to unity is evident in the harmonious coexistence of multiple religions,
with Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and indigenous beliefs practiced
throughout the archipelago. The diversity of beliefs contributes to the country’s
unique cultural blend, where religious festivals and ceremonies are celebrated on
both local and national levels, enhancing a shared respect for each other's traditions.

Each of Indonesia’s major islands—Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and

Papua, to name a few—hosts a rich tapestry of ethnic groups, each with its own
identity and history. For example, the Javanese, who make up the largest ethnic
group, are known for their elaborate shadow puppet theater, or wayang, and
traditional gamelan music, while the Balinese are famed for their intricate temple
dances and vibrant religious festivals. The Dayak people of Kalimantan have deep
spiritual traditions tied to the rainforest, while the Papuans of Indonesia's easternmost
regions preserve ancient customs that date back thousands of years. Each of these
cultures adds layers to Indonesia's national identity, making it a truly remarkable
fusion of the ancient and the modern.

In addition to its diverse ethnicities, Indonesia's cultural richness is also reflected

in its languages. With over 700 living languages spoken across the archipelago,
Indonesia is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. While
Bahasa Indonesia serves as the national language, facilitating communication and
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unity, local languages are still widely used in various regions, preserving a link to
each community’s heritage and history. Language serves as both a bridge and a
gateway, allowing Indonesians to connect across differences while maintaining a
sense of local identity. This linguistic diversity is a testament to Indonesia’s
resilience in preserving its cultural roots despite the pressures of globalization.

However, the challenge of maintaining and celebrating this diversity while

navigating modern development remains significant. Economic growth, urbanization,
and globalization have led to rapid societal changes, putting some traditional
practices at risk. As younger generations move to urban centers, there is a growing
concern about the loss of cultural knowledge and language. The Indonesian
government, alongside cultural advocates, has initiated various efforts to safeguard
cultural heritage through education, tourism, and cultural festivals, aiming to balance
modernization with cultural preservation.

Ultimately, exploring Indonesia’s diversity allows one to witness the harmony

that emerges from differences and the richness of a society that values both its shared
and distinct identities. Embracing diversity is not merely a statement of pride for
Indonesia; it is a way of life, a practice of mutual respect, and an acknowledgment of
the beauty that exists in every culture and tradition. Understanding the ethnic and
cultural diversity of Indonesia provides valuable insights into the resilience and unity
of a nation that continues to honor its heritage while embracing the future.
 1

1.2. Formulation Problem

1. How do Indonesia’s diverse ethnicities and cultural traditions contribute to the
country’s national identity?
2. What challenges exist in preserving the cultural heritage of different ethnic
groups within Indonesia?
3. In what ways can understanding Indonesia's ethnic diversity promote tolerance
and unity among its people?

1.3. Goals
1. To explore and highlight the unique characteristics and traditions of
various ethnic groups within Indonesia.
2. To analyze the role of ethnic and cultural diversity in shaping Indonesia’s
national identity and values.
3. To identify challenges faced by different ethnic groups in preserving their
cultural heritage in a globalized world.
4. To promote awareness of the importance of cultural diversity as a means
of fostering national unity and mutual respect.
1.4. Expected Output
This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Indonesia’s
ethnic and cultural diversity, encouraging appreciation and respect for different
traditions and practices across the archipelago. It is expected that this
exploration will also offer insights into how such diversity can be preserved and
celebrated in the face of modernization, thus contributing to a more harmonious
society.

1.5. Function
1. Educational Use: This study can serve as an educational resource for students,
researchers, and educators interested in Indonesia’s ethnic and cultural heritage.

2. Cultural Awareness: It helps promote cultural awareness among Indonesians and

the global community, fostering greater appreciation of diversity.

3. Policy Development: Findings from this study can assist policymakers in

developing strategies for cultural preservation and social integration.

4. Community Building: By highlighting the richness of Indonesia’s diverse

cultures, the study aims to strengthen social cohesion and national pride among
Indonesians.
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BAB II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Indonesia's Ethnic Diversity

Indonesia’s ethnic diversity is remarkable, with over 1,300 officially recognized ethnic
groups across more than 17,000 islands. This section details the major ethnic groups,
including the Javanese, Sundanese, Batak, Minangkabau, and Dayak, as well as smaller
indigenous groups found throughout the archipelago. Each ethnic group brings unique
linguistic, culinary, and artistic traditions that contribute to Indonesia’s complex cultural
landscape. Researchers highlight the distinctions in language and tradition between island
regions, such as Java, Sumatra, and Sulawesi. Studies also explore how migration, historical
isolation, and island geography have allowed these ethnic groups to preserve distinct
customs and social structures, contributing to Indonesia’s rich cultural mosaic.

2.2 Historical Roots of Cultural Diversity

The historical roots of Indonesia’s diversity are deeply embedded in centuries of migration,
trade, and colonial influence. This section reviews research on ancient trade routes that
connected Indonesia to India, China, the Middle East, and even parts of Europe, bringing
new religious practices, languages, and social customs. Studies on the influence of early
Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms, Islamic sultanates, and colonial powers (Portuguese, Dutch,
British) provide a background on how Indonesian culture became a fusion of foreign
influences and local adaptations. Scholars have found that Indonesia’s openness to foreign
influence did not erase local culture but rather integrated new customs in ways that enriched
its cultural heritage. The literature further notes how colonialism shaped regional identities,
often creating new class distinctions that still influence the social landscape.

2.3 Ethnicity and Social Structure

The relationship between ethnicity and social structure in Indonesia is central to

understanding the country’s cultural dynamics. This section draws on sociological studies
that explore how ethnicity shapes social hierarchies, political power, and economic roles.
Clifford Geertz’s work on the "abangan" (syncretic Muslims), "santri" (devout Muslims),
and "priyayi" (traditional aristocrats) in Javanese society illustrates how ethnicity and social
class intersect. Additional research examines social structures in other regions, such as the
matrilineal Minangkabau culture in West Sumatra, where lineage and inheritance are traced
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through women, challenging more patriarchal systems elsewhere. The studies also address
how these structures affect social mobility, access to resources, and even inter-ethnic
marriage, influencing the overall social cohesion of Indonesian society.
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2.4 The Role of Religion in Cultural Identity

Religion in Indonesia is not only a personal belief system but a significant component of
cultural identity, often intertwined with ethnic traditions. This section reviews literature on
Indonesia’s six officially recognized religions (Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism,
Buddhism, and Confucianism) and how they coexist in a predominantly Muslim nation.
Studies highlight how religious pluralism has shaped Indonesia’s policies and social
dynamics, promoting tolerance but occasionally causing friction. Anthropologists like
Hefner explore how Balinese Hinduism incorporates indigenous beliefs, while researchers on
the Torajan people of Sulawesi examine ancestral worship practices in a Christianized
society. The role of religion in public life, such as through cultural festivals and religious
ceremonies, emphasizes its importance in maintaining community cohesion, especially in
multicultural regions like Jakarta and Bali.

2.5 Bhineka Tunggal Ika: Unity in Diversity

The concept of "Bhineka Tunggal Ika," or "Unity in Diversity," is a guiding principle in

Indonesia's approach to governance and identity formation. This section discusses literature
on the origins of this motto, tracing it back to the ancient Majapahit Empire and its relevance
in modern Indonesia. Scholars note that the government has used this concept to promote
harmony among ethnic groups and to foster a shared national identity, particularly during the
New Order period under Suharto. Studies discuss the effectiveness of policies encouraging
inter-ethnic tolerance and unity, such as requiring Indonesian citizens to learn Bahasa
Indonesia as a common language. Researchers analyze the role of education, national
holidays, and media campaigns in reinforcing this concept among young Indonesians,
arguing that while it has promoted unity, there are challenges, especially in conflict-prone
areas like Papua.

2.6 Impact of Globalization on Ethnic and Cultural Identity

Globalization has increasingly affected the cultural landscape in Indonesia, influencing

everything from fashion to language. This section reviews how globalization has led to the
blending of traditional values with modern, globalized lifestyles. Studies on Indonesian pop
culture, for example, reveal how music genres like K-pop and Western pop influence
Indonesian youth, creating a hybrid cultural identity that combines traditional and global
elements. Scholars like Heryanto note that while globalization presents a risk to traditional
customs, it also offers opportunities for cultural exchange and innovation. Some research
examines how urban youth incorporate both traditional dress and modern fashion,
showcasing their ability to navigate multiple identities. The impact of social media on
language and identity is also a focal point, as young Indonesians frequently switch between
Bahasa Indonesia, local dialects, and English, reflecting their diverse influences.
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BAB 3

RESEACRH METHOD

3.1 Research Data

The research data for this study will focus on qualitative information, collected
through primary and secondary sources, that represents the diverse ethnicities and
cultural practices across Indonesia. Key data includes demographic information on
ethnic groups, historical records, cultural practices (such as rituals, language, and
social structures), and the impact of modernization on these traditions. This data will
help illustrate how each group contributes to Indonesia's overall cultural landscape,
as well as the challenges and opportunities in preserving ethnic diversity.

Data will be organized into thematic categories:

 Ethnic Demographics: Quantitative data on the distribution and population

of major and minor ethnic groups.

 Cultural Practices: Descriptions and records of traditional customs,

languages, art forms, and social norms for each ethnic group.

 Religious Influence: Information on the intersection of religion and cultural

identity within each ethnic group.

 Modern Influences: Data on how globalization, urbanization, and media

influence the cultural expressions of these groups.

3.2 Data Collection Techniques

To ensure a comprehensive understanding of Indonesia's cultural diversity, a mixed-

method approach will be employed, using both qualitative and quantitative data
collection techniques. The following methods will be used:

3.2.1.1 Interviews
Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with cultural experts,
anthropologists, and representatives from different ethnic groups. This approach
allows for in-depth insights into specific cultural practices, the significance of
ethnic identity, and individual perspectives on the effects of globalization.
Respondents will be selected to represent a range of age groups, regions, and
professional backgrounds to capture diverse perspectives.
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3.2.2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)

FGDs will be organized with participants from diverse ethnic backgrounds.
These sessions will encourage discussion on topics like cultural preservation,
inter-ethnic relations, and identity. FGDs will help capture the nuances of
cultural perceptions and collective opinions on the concept of “Unity in
Diversity” as it is practiced in local communities.

3.2.3 Surveys

A survey will be administered to a larger sample of Indonesians across different regions.

The survey will contain both multiple-choice and open-ended questions focusing on
participants' views on cultural identity, practices, and experiences with ethnic diversity in
daily life. Quantitative data from the survey will be used to support qualitative findings from
interviews and FGDs.