PLC 1 612201092

NAME :AJINKYA UMBARE
MIS: 612201092
BATCH:D
EXPERIMENT 05
Study Hardware and Software used in PLC
1)Aim
To study hardware and software associated with PLC
2)Objectives
1. Learn the basics and hardware components of PLC
2. Understand configuration of PLC system
3. Study various building blocks of PLC
3)Theory
Evolution of PLC
When the first electronic machine control was designed, relays were to control the machine logic.
Relay logic has its own limitations.
1. Less reliability
2. The delay involved in switching of contacts
3. Less flexibility and difficult troubleshooting due to hard wired connection
What is PLC?
A Programmable Logic Controller , PLC, or Programmable Controller is an electronic device
used for Automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly
lines. A programmable controller is a digitally operating electronic apparatus which uses a
programmable memory for the internal storage of instructions for implementing specific functions,
such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic, to control various machines or
processes through digital or analog input/output devices. Unlike general purpose computers, the
PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges,
immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibrations and impacts.
Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non volatile
memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results are produced in
response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation results.
Basic Components of PLC
1. CPU and Memory module
2. Power supply
3. Input and output module
4. Programming device
CPU and Memory Module
This is the device where PLC program is stored and processed. The size and type of CPU
determines the programming functions available, size of the application logic available, amount
of memory supported, and processing speed.
Power Supply
The power supply provides power for the PLC system. It provides internal DC current to operate
the processor logic circuitry and input/output assemblies. This can be built into the PLC or an
external unit. Common voltage levels required by the PLC are 24Vdc, 120Vac, 220Vac.
Input and Output Module
Inputs carry signals from the field (process) to the controller. Various types of inputs can be
switches, pressure sensors, transmitters etc. The field devices to whom PLC sends the results of
logical operations are the output devices. These are the actuators that adjusts or control the
process, motors, lights, relays, pumps, etc. Many types of inputs and outputs can be connected
to a PLC and they can be categorised mainly as analog and digital. Digital inputs and outputs
operate on discrete or binary change i.e. on/off, open/close. Analog inputs and outputs change
continuously with reference to time.
Programming Device
The PLC is programmed using a special software using computer or hand Held Terminal(HHT)
that can load and change the logic inside.
Operation of a PLC system
The operation of the PLC is determined by 3 steps.
1. Reading the field status form input devices
2. Execution or solving the logic, and
3. Updating the output devices status.
PLC Program
PLC Program is a Logic that is executed by the CPU. This logic can be written in the form of
Ladder diagram, Instruction List, Sequential Function Charts, Structured text or Functional block
diagram. These are the languages used for writing logic as per IEC standard. The program is
then downloaded to the PLC. This is usually done by temporarily connecting the PC or HHT to
the PLC. Once the program is downloaded to the CPU, it is usually not necessary for the PC to
remain connected.
PLC Scan
Once the program is downloaded in the CPU, the PLC is switched to "run" mode and the PLC
executes the application program. The CPU regularly reads the status of the input devices, and
sends data to the output devices as per the logical results after execution of the program.
The process of Initialization when power is turned on, Reading inputs, Executing logic, and
modifying outputs is called as PLC Scan Cycle.
Memory
The logic or application program is stored in memory. As the PLC executes logic, it may also
read and store values to memory. The values may be referenced by the application program.
PLC Input and Output Devices
Two major types of Input/Output modules are
1. Digital - binary devices which must be in one of the two states: on or off.
2. Analog - continuos devices - sense and respond to a range of values.
Digital I/O
Common digital field input devices include pushbuttons, limit switches, photosensor etc.
Common digital output devices include relays, motor starters, and solenoid valves.
Analog I/O
Common analog input devices are transmitters used for sensing various parameters. Common
output signals include motor speed, valve position, air pressure, etc.
I/O modules connect "real world" field devices to the controller. They convert the electrical
signals used in the field devices into electronic signals that can be used by the control system,
and translate real world values to IO table values.
I/O Wiring
Example of Input Module Wiring Diagram
Example of Output Wiring Diagram
Sinking and Sourcing Operation

 If the device provides current to during itâ€™s on state, the device is said to be souring
current.
 If the device receives current in the ON or true state, then it is sinking current.
4)PROCEDURE
1. Once you open the simulator, at the left side you will see the library of
nomenclature and symbols.
2. You have to classify the symbols in the various categories as Al, AO,DI and
DO.
3. Left click on the nomenclature and symbols one by one and drag it to the
right side (Workspace) to build the architecture of the PLC.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion drawn from the experiment on the hardware and software
used in PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) indicates that both the
hardware and software components play critical roles in the functionality
and effectiveness of PLC systems. The experiment likely demonstrates the
significance of selecting appropriate hardware components such as
input/output modules, processors, and communication interfaces, along
with utilizing suitable programming software for developing efficient PLC
applications.

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NAME :AJINKYA UMBARE

Sinking and Sourcing Operation

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