OSI Model

OSI MODEL
OSI Model

Communication Architecture
Strategy for connecting host computers and other
communicating equipment.
Defines necessary elements for data communication
between devices.
A communication architecture, therefore, defines a
standard for the communicating hosts.
A programmer formats data in a manner defined by the
communication architecture and passes it on to the
communication software.
Separating communication functions adds flexibility, for
example, we do not need to modify the entire host software
to include more communication devices.
OSI Model

Layer Architecture
Layer architecture simplifies the network design.
It is easy to debug network applications in a layered
architecture network.
The network management is easier due to the layered
architecture.
Network layers follow a set of rules, called protocol.
The protocol defines the format of the data being
exchanged, and the control and timing for the handshake
between layers.
OSI Model

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model

International standard organization (ISO) established a

committee in 1977 to develop an architecture for computer
communication.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is the
result of this effort.
In 1984, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference
model was approved as an international standard for
communications architecture.
Term “open” denotes the ability to connect any two
systems which conform to the reference model and
associated standards.
OSI Model

OSI Reference Model

The OSI model is now considered the primary Architectural
model for inter-computer communications.
The OSI model describes how information or data makes its
way from application programmes (such as spreadsheets)
through a network medium (such as wire) to another
application programme located on another network.
The OSI reference model divides the problem of moving
information between computers over a network medium
into SEVEN smaller and more manageable problems .
This separation into smaller more manageable functions is
known as layering.
OSI Model

OSI Reference Model: 7 Layers

OSI Model

OSI: A Layered Network Model

The process of breaking up the functions or tasks of networking
into layers reduces complexity.
Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol
specification.
Each layer communicates with the same layer’s software or
hardware on other computers.
The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link and physical —
Layers 4, 3, 2, and 1) are concerned with the flow of data from end
to end through the network.
The upper four layers of the OSI model (application, presentation
and session—Layers 7, 6 and 5) are orientated more toward
services to the applications.
Data is Encapsulated with the necessary protocol information as it
moves down the layers before network transit.
The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.8
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.9
OSI Model

Physical Layer
Provides physical interface for transmission of information.
Defines rules by which bits are passed from one system to
another on a physical communication medium.
Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural
- aspects for physical communication.
Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage
changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission
distances, physical connectors, and other similar attributes
are defined by physical layer specifications.
Figure 2.5 Physical layer

2.11
Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.12
OSI Model

Data Link Layer

Data link layer attempts to provide reliable communication
over the physical layer interface.

Breaks the outgoing data into frames and reassemble the

received frames.
Create and detect frame boundaries.
Handle errors by implementing an acknowledgement and
retransmission scheme.(error control)
Implement flow control.
Supports points-to-point as well as broadcast
communication.
Supports simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex communication.
Figure 2.6 Data link layer

2.14
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.15
Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.16
OSI Model

Network Layer
Implements routing of frames (packets) through the
network.

Defines the most optimum path the packet should take from
the source to the destination
Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be
identified.
Handles congestion in the network.
Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous
networks (Internetworking).
The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet
into smaller packets to accommodate different media.
Figure 2.8 Network layer

2.18
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.19
OSI Model

Transport Layer
Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable mechanism for
the exchange of data between two processes in different
computers.

Ensures that the data units are delivered error free.

Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence.
Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data units.
Provides connectionless or connection oriented service.
Provides for the connection management.
Multiplex multiple connection over a single channel.
Figure 2.10 Transport layer

2.21
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.22
OSI Model

Session Layer
Session layer provides mechanism for controlling the dialogue
between the two end systems. It defines how to start, control and
end conversations (called sessions) between applications.

This layer requests for a logical connection to be established on

an end-user’s request.
Any necessary log-on or password validation is also handled by
this layer.
Session layer is also responsible for terminating the connection.
This layer provides services like dialogue discipline which can be
full duplex or half duplex.
Session layer can also provide check-pointing mechanism such
that if a failure of some sort occurs between checkpoints, all data
can be retransmitted from the last checkpoint.
Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.24
OSI Model

Presentation Layer
Presentation layer defines the format in which the data is to
be exchanged between the two communicating entities.
Also handles data compression and data encryption
(cryptography).
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.26
OSI Model

Application Layer
Application layer interacts with application programs and is
the highest level of OSI model.
Application layer contains management functions to
support distributed applications.
Examples of application layer are applications such as file
transfer, electronic mail, remote login etc.
Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.28
OSI Model

OSI in Action
A message begins at the top application
layer and moves down the OSI layers to
the bottom physical layer.
As the message descends, each
successive OSI model layer adds a
header to it.
A header is layer-specific information
that basically explains what functions
the layer carried out.
Conversely, at the receiving end,
headers are striped from the message
as it travels up the corresponding
layers.
TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP Model

OSI & TCP/IP Models

TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Model
Application Layer
Application programs using the network
Transport Layer (TCP/UDP)
Management of end-to-end message transmission,
error detection and error correction
Network Layer (IP)
Handling of datagrams : routing and congestion
Data Link Layer
Management of cost effective and reliable data delivery,
access to physical networks
Physical Layer
Physical Media
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUIT
• TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol, is a suite of communication protocols used to
interconnect network devices on the internet.
• TCP/IP can also be used as a communications protocol in a
private network (an intranet or an extranet)
• TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by
providing end-to-end communications that identify how it
should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted,
routed and received at the destination.
• TCP/IP requires little central management, and it is designed
to make networks reliable, with the ability to recover
automatically from the failure of any device on the network.
TCP IP
• TCP defines how • IP defines how to
applications can create address and route each
channels of
communication across a packet to make sure it
network. reaches the right
• It also manages how a destination.
message is assembled into • Each gateway computer
smaller packets before on the network checks
they are then transmitted
over the internet and this IP address to
reassembled in the right determine where to
order at the destination forward the message.
address.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Types of addressing: