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INDUSTRIAL POWER

SUBMITTED BY/AYA FAHD

SUBMITTED TO/ENG:HUDA AHMED

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ABSTRACT
In the past, humans used the resources provided by the Earth to survive
and produce energy. The resources used to produce energy are classified
into two main categories: renewable and non-renewable resources.
Renewable energy is defined as energy sources that exist in nature and
are available to humans at no cost. They are clean energy sources . Non-
renewable energy is energy sources that also exist in nature and are
available to humans. However, the difference between them is that the
quantity of these resources is limited and can be depleted by
overexploitation. These resources take millions of years to be renewed or
reconstituted in nature, which is why there are calls for their sustainable
use.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
-introduction………………………………….………………………………………………………1
-Determine the different types of conventional and renewable energy
sources in particularly the current sources then explore the sources
costs………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….2
-Determine The Drawback impacts of conventional energy on the
environment…………………………………………………………………………………..……11
-Explain the benefits of renewable energy…………………………………………..14
-According to the energy sources effectiveness and drawbacks evaluates
these points for short and long terms………………………………………….………22
-Determine The use of energy sources to assess their global impact on
energy demand…………………………………………………………………………………..24
-Explain the energy efficiency measures,then critically evaluates their
performance such as (wind) and the technologies used for energy
efficiency improvement…………………..…………………………………………………..35
-Reference……………………………………………………………………………………………40
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INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy is energy that comes from natural sources that
are replenished at a rate greater than what is consumed. Sunlight and
wind, for example, are sources that are constantly replenished.
Renewable energy sources are abundant and are found all around us.
In contrast, fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) are non-renewable resources
that take hundreds of millions of years to form. When fossil fuels are
burned to produce energy, they release harmful greenhouse gases, such
as carbon dioxide.
Emissions from renewable energy generation are much lower than those
from burning fossil fuels, which is why switching from fossil fuels, which
currently account for the lion’s share of emissions, to renewable energy
is essential to addressing the climate crisis.
Renewable energy is currently cheaper in most countries, and creates
three times more jobs than fossil fuels
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1)Determine the different types of conventional
and renewable energy sources in particularly the
current sources then explore the sources costs
A)renewable energy
Renewable energy is energy that comes from natural sources that are
replenished at a rate greater than what is consumed. Sunlight and wind,
for example, are sources that are constantly replenished. Renewable
energy sources are abundant and are found all around us.

Emissions from renewable energy generation are much lower than those
from burning fossil fuels, which is why switching from fossil fuels, which
currently account for the lion’s share of emissions, to renewable energy
is essential to addressing the climate crisis.

Renewable energy is currently cheaper in most countries, and creates

three times more jobs than fossil fuels.

1)Wind power
Harnessing power from the wind is one of the cleanest and most
sustainable ways to generate electricity as it produces no toxic pollution
or global warming emissions. Wind is also abundant, inexhaustible, and
affordable, which makes it a viable and large-scale alternative to fossil
fuels.
Despite its vast potential, there are a variety of environmental impacts
associated with wind power generation that should be recognized and
mitigated. They include land use issues and challenges to wildlife and
habitat.

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2)Solar power
Like wind power, the sun provides a tremendous resource for generating
clean and sustainable electricity.
The environmental impacts associated with solar power can include land
use and habitat loss, water use, and the use of hazardous materials in
manufacturing, though the types of impacts vary greatly depending on
the scale of the system and the technology used—photovoltaic (PV) solar
cells or concentrating solar thermal plants (CSP).

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3)Geothermal energy
The most widely developed type of geothermal power plant (known as
hydrothermal plants) are located near geologic “hot spots” where hot
molten rock is close to the earth’s crust and produces hot water.

In other regions enhanced geothermal systems (or hot dry rock

geothermal), which involve drilling into the earth’s surface to reach
deeper geothermal resources, can allow broader access to geothermal
energy.

Geothermal plants also differ in terms of the technology they use to

convert the resource to electricity (direct steam, flash, or binary) and the
type of cooling technology they use (water-cooled and air-cooled).
Environmental impacts differ depending on the conversion and cooling
technology used.

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4)Biomass for electricity

Biomass power plants share some similarities with fossil fuel power
plants: both involve the combustion of a feedstock to generate
electricity. Thus, biomass plants raise similar, but not identical, concerns
about air emissions and water use as fossil fuel plants. However, the
feedstock of biomass plants can be sustainable produced, while fossil
fuels are non-renewable.
Sources of biomass resources for producing electricity are diverse,
ranging from energy crops (like switchgrass), to agricultural waste,
manure, forest products and waste, and urban waste. Both the type of
feedstock and the manner in which it is developed and harvested
significantly affect land use and life-cycle global warming emissions
impacts of producing power from biomass.

5)Hydroelectric power
Hydroelectric power includes both massive hydroelectric dams and small
run-of-the-river plants. Large-scale hydroelectric dams continue to be
built in many parts of the world (including China and Brazil), but it is
unlikely that new facilities will be added to the existing US fleet in the
future.
Instead, the future of hydroelectric power in the United States will likely
involve increased capacity at current dams and new run-of-the-river
projects. There are environmental impacts at both types of plants.

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6(Hydrokinetic energy
Hydrokinetic energy, which includes wave and tidal power, encompasses
an array of energy technologies, many of which still in the experimental
stages or in the early stages of deployment. While actual impacts of
large-scale operations have not been observed, a range of potential
impacts can be projected.
Despite these environmental impacts, renewable energy technologies
compare extremely favorably to fossil fuels, and remain a core part of
the solution to climate change.

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B)Non-renewable energy
is energy derived from natural resources that run out when used. It is of
limited source, was formed on Earth millions of years ago, has a specific
stock that will end when consumed, and cannot be renewed in a short
period of time.

Fossil fuels consist of three main types:

.Coal.
.Crude oil .
.Natural gas .
This type of fuel was formed in ancient geological ages, especially in the
Carboniferous period, more than 200 million years ago. It is believed that
it was formed from the remains of plant and animal organisms , large
and microscopic, that were buried under the layers of the Earth's crust
and fossilized. Pressure and heat factors over millions of years helped
transform it into coal, oil and natural gas , and it is stored in reservoir
rocks.

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1)Coal
Coal is considered one of the most important sources of fossil energy in
terms of the size of its reserves. Coal is formed inside the earth over
millions of years due to the decomposition of plant sources due to
biological processes in places with high pressure and heat and isolated
from the air.

2)Oil
Oil is one of the most important and widely used energy sources. It is a
thick, black, highly flammable liquid that is a mixture of organic
compounds that consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen, known as
hydrocarbons, and their percentage in some types of oil ranges between
50% - 98%. Today, oil contributes about 38% of global energy
consumption. The Middle East region contains the highest oil reserves in
the world, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is considered the largest
country in the world in terms of reserves, as its reserves are estimated at
(263) billion barrels in 2003, while the world's reserves of crude oil are
estimated at (1148) billion barrels. The reason for the spread of oil as an
energy source is due to several reasons, including the ease of
transporting it and converting it into petroleum derivatives that vary in
properties and use, as well as its abundance in countries that consume
only a small amount of it due to their limited industrial development,
which facilitates its export to industrial countries that need large
quantities of it.

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Despite the tremendous development in research that seeks to reduce

dependence on oil and find other alternatives, oil will remain a primary
source of energy in many uses, especially in the transportation sector, in
petrochemical industries, and as a raw material in the manufacture of
plastics, synthetic fibers, and others.

3)Natural gas
Natural gas is one of the cleanest fossil energy sources; it contains high
thermal units, and is found underground alone or mixed with oil, and
consists of a mixture of compounds, the most important of which are
methane, ethane , propane , and butane . The treatments required to
prepare it as a clean fuel are much less than those required for coal or
oil, and all it needs is to remove impurities such as hydrogen and carbon
dioxide . Natural gas is used as a fuel in energy-intensive industries such
as cement manufacturing , electricity generation , steel manufacturing,
and others. Due to the economic efficiency of using natural gas in power
plants and the factors related to preserving the environment from
pollution, it is considered the fastest growing fossil fuel in terms of
consumption growth source at the global level, and its contribution to
global consumption reached about 23%.
As for the global reserve, it reached about (175770) billion cubic meters
in 2003. (9)
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At the Arab level, natural gas reserves in Arab countries have witnessed
a continuous increase in recent years, as proven reserves rose from
about 8.9 billion cubic meters in 1970 to about (52255) billion cubic
meters in 2003, which constitutes (30%) of global reserves. Natural gas is
mainly found in Qatar , Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria
and Egypt .

4)Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is a non-renewable energy resource. Every active nuclear
reactor uses uranium as a raw material. Uranium is a rare element in
nature, being the rarest and most expensive element in the world, and
its presence is limited to a few areas around the world .

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2)Determine The Drawback impacts of

conventional energy on the environment
The following are the most important effects caused by non-renewable
energy sources, which negatively affect individuals and the environment:
Greenhouse gas emissions
The concept of greenhouse gases includes the emission of carbon
dioxide and methane gases, which are the most influential and harmful
source of the environment and climate fluctuations. Perhaps the most
important and most polluting sources are the gases emitted from the
combustion of fuel and coal. In contrast, natural gas is the least source of
carbon dioxide emissions when compared to other forms of fossil fuels.

Air pollution
Air pollution is caused by the combustion of fossil fuels, in addition to
the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, along with some
small particles. Coal-fired power plants are also among the most
important sources of air pollution due to the mercury emissions they
produce.

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Acid rain and water pollution

Various air pollutants affect the water cycle in nature and its purity. The entry of
many pollutants into the atmosphere, such as sulfur, chemicals emitted from
factories, gases and suspended materials, causes pure rain to turn into acid rain.
This acid rain corrodes machinery and disrupts local ecosystems. It also changes the
acidity of lakes and streams, which can be very harmful to fish and other aquatic
organisms. It also harms trees and thus weakens forest ecosystems .

Mining and land pollution by waste

Surface mining operations cause soil pollution and the death of plants and living
organisms that inhabit it, as the goal of mining operations is to extract non-
renewable energy sources. After the extraction operations are completed, large
quantities of rocks and soil resulting from surface mining are dumped in other
locations such as nearby valleys. This negatively affects ecosystems in addition to
the leakage of chemicals that pollute the land and groundwater.

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Petroleum spills
The world has recently witnessed many oil spills and tanker spills that
have caused severe damage to marine life and the surrounding
ecosystems, including beaches, coral families and fish.

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3)Explain the benefits of renewable energy

Renewable energy comes from unlimited, naturally replenished
resources, such as the sun, tides, and wind. Renewable energy can be
used for electricity generation, space and water heating and cooling, and
transportation.

1)A Fuel Supply That Never Runs Out

As the name suggests, renewable energy is created from sources that
naturally replenish themselves – such as sunlight, wind, water, biomass,
and even geothermal (underground) heat.
Unlike the mining of coal, oil, and natural gas – which requires extensive
networks of heavy machinery, processing stations, pipelines, and
transportation – renewables convert natural resources directly into
electricity. And while many fossil fuels are becoming harder and more
expensive to source – resulting in the destruction of natural habitats and
significant financial losses – renewable energy never runs out.
It's Never Too Late to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint. Learn More

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2(Zero Carbon Emissions

Perhaps the most significant benefit of renewable energy is that there
are no greenhouse gasses or other pollutants created during the process.
Whereas coal power plants create around 2.2 pounds of CO2 for every
kilowatt-hour of electricity – solar panels and wind turbines create none
at all.
As we race to decarbonize our world and embrace energy sources that
don’t contribute to global warming, renewables are helping to provide us
with emission-free energy, heat, cars, and even air travel.

3)Cleaner Air and Water

Burning fossil fuels to generate electricity does far more than warm the
climate; it also contaminates the air we breathe and the water we drink.
Coal power stations, for example, release high volumes of carbon dioxide
(CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) directly into the atmosphere – two of the
most potent greenhouse gasses. But in addition, they also emit mercury,
lead, sulfur dioxide, particulates, and dangerous metals – which can
cause a host of health problems ranging from breathing difficulties to
premature death. Fossil fuel electricity can also contaminate waterways,
both from air pollution that falls to the ground during rain, and waste
materials created during the production process.
On the other hand, renewable energy creates no pollution, waste, or
contamination risks to air and water. And while the COVID-19 lockdowns
gave us a glimpse of clear skies in major cities all over the world,
renewable energy has the potential to make clean air the new normal.

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4)A Cheaper Form of Electricity

With the rapid growth of renewable energy over the last ten years, solar
and wind power are now the cheapest sources of electricity in many
parts of the world. In the United Arab Emirates – an area well-known for
its abundant land and sunny weather – a new sun farm recently secured
the world’s lowest price of solar energy at just 1.35c per kilowatt-hour.
The dramatic decline in solar and wind costs has even led to many fossil
fuel multinationals – including the six major oil companies – to focus on
renewable energy investment instead. And whereas green energy was
once a “clean-but-expensive” alternative – it’s now helping to reduce
energy bills for people all over the world.

5)Renewable Energy Creates New Jobs

New Jobs: The renewable energy sector creates jobs in manufacturing,
installation, maintenance, and research, boosting local economies. In
India, the renewable energy sector is expected to create millions of jobs
as it expands. In 2024, renewable energy projects are expected to attract
investments worth approximately $16.5 billion

India alone has the potential to create nearly 3.4 million jobs by installing
238 GW of solar power systems and 101 GW of new wind capacity by
2030.

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Investment Opportunities: Growing demand for renewable energy technologies

attracts investments, leading to further economic development. Investments in
India’s renewable energy sector more than doubled in sequential quarters from
$1,279 million in Q1 2024 to $2,614 million in Q2 2024

6)Energy independence
Renewable energy provides for stronger energy security by opening up new
opportunities for domestic energy production, thereby reducing reliance on
foreign-sourced energy supply. For example, since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine,
European countries have sought to reduce their imports of Russian oil and gas. In
2023, domestic renewable energy production in Europe rose to account for a
record 44% of the EU’s electricity mix while imports from Russia declined, helping
build a more stable, resilient power grid.

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7)Less maintenance
For certain types of renewable energy sources, the maintenance and
maintenance costs of their infrastructure are minimal. Solar photovoltaic
systems, for example, generally don’t have moving parts and can last 25
years or more with little maintenance. Hydroelectric power plants
typically have low operating costs (link resides outside ibm.com) and
require little maintenance as well, with long-lasting equipment that can
remain in operation for decades.

8)Affordable energy
When it comes to costs, renewable energy sources once compared
unfavorably to fossil fuels. But as fossil fuel prices rise renewable energy
has emerged as an affordable alternative energy option. An estimated
96% of new utility-scale solar and wind power projects had lower
generation costs than new coal and natural gas plants. As more
renewable energy resources are integrated into power grids, businesses
are also implementing energy management programs to optimize energy
usage and reduce overall energy costs.

9(Environmental Protection
Reduced Carbon Footprint: Renewable energy significantly cuts down on
carbon emissions, helping to mitigate climate change. In 2023, India’s
renewable energy initiatives helped avoid approximately 2 billion tons of
CO2 emissions, contributing to the goal of net-zero emissions.
Biodiversity Conservation: By reducing pollution and the need for
resource extraction, renewable energy helps protect ecosystems and
wildlife habitats.

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10(Health Benefits
Fewer Respiratory Issues: Reduced air pollution from renewable energy
means fewer cases of asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory diseases.
Around 99 percent of people worldwide breathe air that is polluted and
poses a health risk, according to the World Health Organization (WHO),
and more than 13 million people die from preventable environmental
causes, such as air pollution, each year. Transitioning to renewable
energy can mitigate these health risks.
Overall Well-being: Cleaner environments lead to healthier communities,
with lower healthcare costs and better quality of life.

11)Technological Innovation
Technological innovation is one of the key advantages of renewable
energy technologies.
Advancement in Technology: The push for renewable energy drives
innovation and technological advancements, leading to more efficient
and effective green energy solutions.
Spillover Benefits: Innovations in renewable energy can benefit other
sectors, such as battery technology improvements aiding electric
vehicles.

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12(Flexibility and Scalability

Small to Large Scale: Renewable energy systems can be scaled to fit
different needs, from small home installations to large power plants.
Versatile Applications: Renewable energy can be used for electricity,
heating, cooling, and even transportation, offering versatile energy
solutions.

13(Community Empowerment
Local Projects: Communities can develop their own renewable energy
projects, creating local ownership and benefits. For instance, in 2024,
several Indian states like Gujarat and Rajasthan led the way in renewable
energy capacity expansion

The International Energy Agency (IEA) reports that by 2030, renewable

energy will account for 43% of the world’s electricity, up from 28.7% in
2021. Most of this growth will come from wind and solar power.
Additionally, global electricity demand is expected to rise by 70% by
2040, driven mainly by countries like India, China, and those in Africa
and Southeast Asia.

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Renewable Energy in the United States

Renewable energy generates over 20% of all U.S. electricity, and that
percentage continues to grow. The following graphic breaks down the
shares of total electricity production in 2023 among the types of
renewable power:

In 2022, annual U.S. renewable energy generation surpassed coal for the
first time in history. By 2025, domestic solar energy generation is
expected to increase by 75%, and wind by 11%.

The United States is a resource-rich country with enough renewable

energy resources to generate more than 100 times the amount of
electricity Americans use each year. Learn more about renewable
energy potential in the United States.

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4)According to the energy sources effectiveness

and drawbacks evaluates these points for short
and long terms
Renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, etc.) have been
recognized as vital alternatives to fossil fuels. Evaluation is necessary to
understand the drawbacks and effectiveness in both the short and long
term.

Short-Term Effectiveness of Renewable Energy

-Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Immediate reduction in
carbon emissions when replacing fossil fuel energy.

-Energy Security: Decreases dependency on imported fuels, enhancing

national security.

-Job Creation: Rapid development of renewable energy sectors creates

jobs in manufacturing, installation, and maintenance.

-Energy Cost Volatility: Less exposure to the price volatility of fossil fuels
like oil and gas.
-Deployment Time: Faster implementation of small-scale renewable
projects compared to large-scale fossil fuel plants.

Short-Term Drawbacks of Renewable Energy

-Intermittency: Solar and wind energy are weather-dependent and not
available consistently, creating challenges in energy reliability.

-High Initial Costs: Although prices are falling, the initial investment
for renewable infrastructure (solar panels, wind turbines) is still relatively
high.

-Grid Integration: Difficulty in integrating variable renewable sources

into existing electrical grids designed for consistent conventional energy.

-Resource Availability: Availability of some renewable resources (like

sunlight or wind) is location-dependent.

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Long-Term Effectiveness of Renewable Energy

-Environmental Sustainability: Significant reduction of
environmental pollution and long- term sustainability compared to fossil
fuels.

-Cost Efficiency: Over time, the maintenance costs of renewable

energy systems tend to be lower than those of conventional power
plants.

-Technological Advancements: Continued innovations lead to better

efficiency, lower costs, and better energy storage solutions.

-Energy Independence: Countries that invest in renewables can

achieve long-term energy independence.

-Energy Storage Improvements: Growth in energy storage

technologies (like batteries) will help resolve intermittency issues in the
long run.

Long-Term Drawbacks of Renewable Energy

-Land Use and Ecosystem Disruption: Large-scale renewable
energy projects (solar farms, wind farms) can require significant land,
potentially disrupting local ecosystems.

-Rare Earth Materials: Many renewable energy technologies require

rare earth materials, leading to concerns about long-term supply and
environmental degradation from mining.

-Decommissioning Challenges: Disposal and decommissioning of

wind turbines and solar panels after their lifespan can be a concern due
to materials that are hard to recycle.

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5)Determine The use of energy sources to assess

their global impact on energy demand
1)Crises Curtail the Growth of Global Demand for
Primary Energy
Primary energy consumption can be separated into two historical phases
based on overall trends: a slow average annual growth of 2.1% between
1850 and 1950 and a rapid average annual growth of 2.9% between 1950
and the present. In the first phase, annual growth rates were negative 22
times, of which the years 1945 (−12.4%), 1921 (−10.4%), 1938 (−8.5%),
1919 (−8.4%), 1931 (−8.1%), 1914 (−7.4%), and 1932 (−7.2%) had the
largest negative rates. These declines were mainly related to World War I
(1914–1918), World War II (1939–1945), and the Great Depression
(1929–1930).

Change in world primary energy consumption trends. The periods

before and after 1950 are shown with different colors. The linear
regression lines are shown as dotted lines. Data from BP (2020)

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After World War II, the world entered into a period of widespread
economic development, known as the Golden Age of Capitalism (Marglin
and Schor 1992). The years immediately following the war were marked
by an exceptional speed of recovery (UN 2017), and countries such as
the United States, Soviet Union, and those in Western Europe and some
in East Asia experienced high economic growth (Marglin and Schor
1992). This period was also marked with exponential growth in both
world’s population and energy consumption (Rutledge 2019). Population
almost doubled, and per-capita energy consumption (PEC) increased
roughly eight times in the 100 years from 1850 to 1950, whereas
population roughly tripled and PEC increased seven times in the 70 years
from 1950 to 2020.

In the second phase, although there were eight events – of which five
were international conflicts, two were domestic political events, and one
was a combination of the two – between 1951 and 2007 (EIA 2008), the
rate became negative only five times and with small rates: in 1965
(−2.8%) caused by the two sterling crises of 1964, which created
problems for many postwar nation-states (Newton 2009); in 1980
(−0.5%), 1981 (−0.4), and 1982 (−0.3%) caused by the oil crises of 1970s;
and in 2009 (−1.4%) caused by the 2008 global financial crisis. If these
global crises did not occur – based on the average rate of increase of the
period between 1965 and 1973 – PEC would have been 728.6 exajoules
(EJ) in 2019, 24.8% higher than the present value .The Golden Age ended
with the 1973–1975 recession (Marglin and Schor 1992), and the
economic and social unrests that occurred during the oil crises
considerably curbed global energy use (also see Fischer-Kowalski et al.
2019).

Historical development of global PEC, 1965–2019. The linear regression

line between 1965–1973 is shown as a red line. Data from BP (2020)

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Recently, energy demand, in particular oil, dropped again by more than a

fifth because of the Covid-19 pandemic, which was first identified in
December 2019 and then spread worldwide. Nobody was projecting a
demand increase during the pre-Covid-19 period, and in the future, we
expect the production of oil, coal, and later, gas to dwindle because of
shrinking demand, not lack of supply (The Economist 2020).

2)A Trend Reversal Occurs in Energy Substitution

In human history, coal first replaced wood and reached a peak in 1913,
then oil replaced coal and reached a peak in 1973 (Ediger 2011a, b,
2019a, b). Since 1973, oil’s share in the global energy mix has
continuously declined, whereas the shares of natural gas have increased
and coal remained mostly stable. Assuming that past trends continue
today, natural gas is expected to increase its share and become the
second-most used energy source after oil and then cut the oil curve to
become the dominant energy source sometime in the 2020s (Ediger and
Berk 2018; Ediger 2019a, b; Ediger et al. 2021).

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However, a trend reversal occurred after the oil crises, and, although the
gas and coal curves converged twice, first around 1977 and then again in
2006, gas has yet to surpass coal
Trend reversal in world energy mix, 1965–2018. Data from BP (2020)

The main reason for this trend reversal was the rise in oil prices, which
forced countries to increase local energy production to decrease their
imports, as well as rising geopolitical tensions between the world powers
concerning energy resources. China’s and India’s energy-security policies,
in particular their increased domestic production of coal caused this
trend reversal (Ediger and Berk 2018; Ediger et al. 2021). According to
Ediger (2019a, b), China is expected to continue to rely on coal but
substitute the negative effects of coal with its renewable energy
revolution during the multi energy transition period in which different
countries choose different energy regimes in a multipolar energy system
(Ediger 2019a, b; Ediger et al. 2021).

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3(Energy Demand Increases in the Developing

World
Energy consumption in non-OECD countries has always risen, while in
OECD countries, it began declining after the 2008 global financial crisis.
In 2019, a total of 37 OECD countries accounted for 40% of global energy
use, whereas non-OECD countries accounted for 60%, although the
OECD share in world GDP Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) was around
50% and OECD countries and key partners represented about 80% of
world trade and investment (OECD n.d.-a, b). However, in 1965, the
OECD’s share of global PEC was 70.5% and the non-OECD’s was 29.5%,
and non-OECD consumption exceeded OECD consumption in 2006. This
situation is expected to continue in the future.
Primary energy consumption in the OECD and the non-OECD. Data from
BP (2020)

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4)China Becomes the World’s Biggest Energy

Consumer
There have been significant changes in country-level energy use over the
last two decades. Among the six largest consumers, PEC is increasing
rapidly in China, India, and to a lesser extent Russia, whereas the United
States, the EU, and Japan have entered into a decreasing trend for
roughly two decades. China, which began increasing its energy
consumption exponentially after 2000, surpassed the EU in 2005 and the
United States in 2008 to become the world’s largest energy consumer.
This was a significant event taking into consideration that the United
States has been the world’s largest energy consumer since 1901 (Ediger
and Bowlus 2019). At present, according to Ediger’s (2003) classification,
China (24.3%), the United States (16.2%), and possibly the EU (11.8%)
are super consumers; India (5.8%), Russia (5.1%), and Japan (3.2%) are
major consumers; Canada (2.4%), Germany (2.3%), Brazil (2.1%), S. Korea
(2.1%), and Iran (2.1%) are big consumers; and others are medium to
small consumers.
PEC trends of super and big consumers, 1965–2019. Data from BP (2020)

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However, the situation in energy consumption per capita is different

Countries such as Qatar, Iceland, Singapore, Trinidad & Tobago, the UAE,
and Kuwait have per-capita PEC of 714.3 gigajoules (GJ), 647.8 GJ, 611.6
GJ, 511.6 GJ, 494.4 GJ, and 389.2 GJ, respectively. These countries are
either small energy consumers or oil and gas-exporting countries. On the
other hand, among the super and big consumers, the United States has
the largest per-capita energy consumption with a value of 287.6 GJ,
followed by Russia (204.3 GJ), Japan (147.3 GJ), the EU (134.3 GJ), China
(98.8 GJ), and India (24.9 GJ). This situation shows that although non-
OECD countries such as China and India are big energy consumers, their
consumption per capita is still low and will continue to increase in the
future.
PEC and per capita PEC in the super and big consumers, 1965–2019. Data
from BP (2020)

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5)Energy transition pathways

Climate change and local air pollution are among the key drivers for
energy transition worldwide. Local air pollution is a main driver in
countries such as China and India. But also in Europe, there is increasing
attention for the harmful health effects of air pollution, largely related to
energy supply and use.
Whereas local air pollution can in certain cases be tackled with end-of-
pipe technologies, this is not the case with the bulk of CO2 emissions
from energy use. Around two-thirds of global GHG emissions is
attributed to fossil fuel energy supply and use . The agreed Paris Climate
target of well below 2° implies zero energy CO2 emissions in the coming
fifty years. A more ambitious target of only 1.5° implies even faster
reductions.
The energy transition must reduce emissions substantially, while
ensuring that sufficient energy is available for economic growth. The
analysis shows that the CO2 emissions intensity of global economic
activity needs to be reduced by 85% between 2015 and 2050, and CO2
emissions need to decline by more than 70% compared to the Reference
Case in 2050. The result is an annual decline of energy related CO2
emissions by 2.6% on average, or 0.6 Giga tones (Gt) on absolute terms,
resulting in 9.7 Gt of energy CO2 emissions per year in 2050. This is
represented by the RE map Case. This scenario is compared to the
Reference Case that represents the developments in energy use and its
mix if the world follows policies that are currently in place and under
consideration. According to the baseline, or the so-called Reference Case
of IRENA, energy CO2 emissions increases by 6% from 33 Gt in 2015 to
35 Gt in 2050
Fig. 1. CO2 emission reduction potential by technology in the Reference
Case and RE map, 2010–2050

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Higher energy efficiency and much a higher share of renewable energy

are the two pillars of energy transition in the RE map Case. Fig. 1 shows
that renewable energy and energy efficiency measures can potentially
achieve 94% of the required emissions reductions by 2050 compared to
the Reference Case. The remaining 6% would be achieved by the other
options for reduction of energy related CO2 emissions, i.e. fossil fuel
switching, continued use of nuclear energy and carbon capture and
storage (CCS) (Fig. 1). Between 41% and 54% of the total reduction can
be directly attributed to renewables. The range indicates the
contribution of electrification based on increased use of renewable
electricity, which simultaneously raises energy efficiency and renewable
energy shares. Potential for CCS is only considered for the industry sector
where some emissions from energy-intensive sectors are very
challenging to mitigate, such as iron and steel or cement production. CCS
is not considered as an option for the power sector.
The power sector would contribute more than 10 Gt to the 25 Gt
emissions reduction in 2050. The remainder would be accounted for by
reduction of direct emission sin buildings, industry and transport and to
a lesser extent district heating (Fig. 1). The G20 countries would account
for 85% of renewables deployment including China 26%, United States
15%, India 12%, European Union 9%. This limited number of actors plays
a critical role for the energy transition.

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The share of renewable energy in total primary energy supply would rise
from 14% in 2015 to 63% in 2050. This is equivalent to an average annual
growth rate of 1.4%, a six-fold increase from recent years. At the same
time the fossil fuel share would drop from 86% to 37%. Energy use would
be nearly constant between 2015 and 2050 while economic activity
nearly triples
Fig. 2. Global total primary energy supply in the Reference Case and RE
map between 2015 and 2050.

The prospects for renewable energy at country level would vary widely.
This is a result of energy resource endowment, the energy demand
projection, the current renewables share and other factors. However, for
all economies the share of renewables must grow substantially.
Flattening of primary energy supply is possible by accelerating the
improvements in energy intensity from its current level of 1.8% to as
high as 2.8% per year until 2030. This is consistent with the energy
efficiency target of the SDG 7. This effort needs to continue further until
2050. Improvements in energy intensity will come from introducing
energy efficiency measures (including electrification) as well as the
energy savings from more efficient renewable energy technologies.
Several recent independent studies come to the same conclusions, with
minor differences.

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Fig. 3 provides a breakdown of renewables deployment. In total 222 EJ

(EJ) renewable energy is deployed in final energy terms.
The power sector accounts for 58%. This includes growth of renewable
power consumption related to electrification (notably electric vehicles
and heat pumps). This type of renewables deployment could also be
attributed to the end use sectors. In terms of total renewables
deployment, the key role of bioenergy (32% incl. district heating) and
wind (24%) deserves special attention.
fig. 3. Breakdown of renewables use in total final energy consumption
terms, RE map 2050.

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6)Explain the energy efficiency measures,then

critically evaluates their performance such as
(wind) and the technologies used for energy
efficiency improvement
Evaluating the performance of a renewable energy system and energy
efficiency technologies involves assessing various technical, economic,
and environmental factors. Here’s a breakdown of critical considerations
for each area:

1)Technical Performance of Renewable Energy

Systems
A. Efficiency and Capacity Factor
Efficiency is key in assessing a renewable energy system’s ability to
convert natural resources (e.g., solar, wind) into usable energy.
Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels, for example, have efficiencies ranging
between 15% and 22%, while wind turbines typically reach higher
efficiencies around 30-40% depending on location and wind conditions.
The capacity factor measures actual output versus maximum potential
output. Systems with higher capacity factors, like hydroelectric (up to 60-
90%), often outperform solar or wind, which have lower average
capacity factors due to variable sunlight and wind speeds.

B. Reliability and Intermittency

Renewables like solar and wind are inherently intermittent, as their
availability fluctuates based on weather and time. This intermittency
limits their reliability as base load power sources unless integrated with
energy storage (e.g., batteries) or supported by hybrid systems. On the
other hand, geothermal and biomass offer greater reliability as they are
less affected by environmental changes.

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C. Technological Advances in Energy Storage

Energy storage systems (ESS) like lithium-ion batteries, pumped hydro,
and emerging hydrogen storage solutions are crucial in balancing supply
and demand and ensuring system resilience. Battery storage has made
notable progress, improving the stability and dispatch ability of
renewables by storing excess energy and releasing it during peak
demand. Yet, energy density, cost, and lifecycle limitations remain
challenges.

2)Economic Performance and Cost-Effectiveness

A. Capital and Operating Costs
Renewable energy systems often involve high initial capital costs,
although costs are declining. For instance, the price of solar PV has
dropped by over 80% in the past decade, making it more competitive
with fossil fuels. However, operational and maintenance costs,
particularly for offshore wind and solar farms in harsh climates, can add
significantly to total costs over time.

B. Payback Period and Return on Investment (ROI)

The payback period (the time taken to recoup initial investment) and ROI
are vital in economic evaluation. Solar PV systems, for example, generally
offer shorter payback periods in sunny regions and with government
incentives. Technologies like concentrated solar power (CSP) and large-
scale offshore wind, while promising high efficiency, often have extended
payback periods due to high setup and maintenance costs.

C. Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)

The LCOE helps compare the cost per unit of energy generated by
renewables versus other sources. In many cases, renewables like
onshore wind and solar PV are now comparable or cheaper than fossil
fuels in LCOE, which reflects their growing economic viability. However,
this can vary widely based on regional incentives, installation scale, and
system type.

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3)Environmental and Social Performance

A. Carbon Emission Reduction and Sustainability
A key benefit of renewables is their low operational emissions,
contributing to a smaller carbon footprint than fossil fuels. However, the
lifecycle emissions (e.g., during manufacturing, installation, and
decommissioning) of some systems like PV panels or wind turbines
should also be considered. End-of-life waste management (e.g., disposal
of used PV panels or wind blades) is an area still under research to
minimize environmental impact.

B. Land and Resource Use

Renewable systems require significant land, especially solar farms and
onshore wind farms, potentially impacting ecosystems and communities.
For instance, large-scale wind installations may lead to habitat disruption
for birds and bats, while hydropower projects can displace communities
and alter water ecosystems. On the other hand, technologies like rooftop
solar minimize land impact and encourage decentralized energy
production.

C. Social Acceptance and Job Creation

Renewable energy development is often welcomed for its potential in
job creation in manufacturing, installation, and maintenance. However,
social acceptance can vary. Offshore wind projects might face opposition
due to aesthetic impacts, while land use conflicts can arise with large
solar or biomass plants. Engaging communities early in the planning
process is critical to increasing acceptance.

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4)Performance of Technologies for Energy

Efficiency Improvement
A. Building Technologies (e.g., Smart Thermostats, Insulation,
LED Lighting)
Energy-efficient building technologies help reduce the demand for
energy by improving how it’s consumed. Insulation and advanced
windows reduce heating and cooling needs, while smart thermostats
optimize energy use based on occupancy. LED lighting, which is 80%
more efficient than traditional bulbs, offers significant energy savings.

B. Industrial and Process Improvements (e.g., Variable Speed

Drives, Combined Heat and Power)
In industry, variable speed drives adjust motor power based on load
requirements, significantly reducing energy consumption. Combined
heat and power (CHP) systems capture excess heat from electricity
generation and reuse it, typically achieving efficiencies over 75%.
However, the effectiveness of these improvements depends on the
specific industrial application and energy management practices.

C. Smart Grids and Demand Response Technologies

Smart grids, which integrate renewable energy sources with advanced
monitoring and control systems, enhance energy efficiency by reducing
losses and balancing demand with supply. Demand response programs
allow consumers to shift or reduce power use during peak times,
increasing overall grid efficiency. Challenges include infrastructure
investment, cybersecurity, and public awareness.

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5)Overall Critical Evaluation

The performance of renewable energy systems and energy efficiency
technologies has improved substantially in recent years. Renewables like
wind and solar have become more cost-competitive, while energy
efficiency technologies offer potential for demand reduction across
sectors. However, the intermittent nature of renewables, high capital
costs, environmental trade-offs, and social acceptance remain key
challenges. Additionally, integration with existing infrastructure and
development of scalable storage solutions are essential to realizing the
full potential of renewables and energy-efficient technologies. To
enhance performance, a holistic approach that combines technological
advancements, supportive policies, and public engagement is crucial.

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References
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