⑳O PR I NSA = =

SW=11-RACY OCTB
fi
ungisa
nlukanisa separate
Klangana join
guquia change
landelago following
aboe
ngenula phe ulu

Phi is a negate
bhala write
efancle correctly
ni a
give
Phendula answer
thatha knipha take
imisho efancle correct sentences
humusha translate

phi ? Where
ubani ? who
ni ? What

ngani ? How

anjani ? Why
o
unganin
njani ? now
i? How
nga many
nulu 100

mamatheka smile
Hleka
laugh
dabukile sad
hala
cry
gxila-focus
balelukile important
thu uthele
angry
casula annoyed
knathele tired

nembayo messy
han ekile clean
Il O
G -
-
- ) --
0 DO

Imbongi poet
Q: gubani imbongi ?

itan a -mabi and star as

Imani (amount
ilingana Azilingana equal unequal

↓ migga lines
in ani camount)
inaniamagama akha imigga (construction)
isiggi (rythym) Shesha/neusa
Q: Injani Imigga ?
Shesha nensa , , lingana alingand
,

I muumelwano Rhyme Ukuxhumana inking

imvumelwano sigalo ( uku humana
sigalo
· - ·

(
(beginning
c
33 (beginning u
us
(

imvumelwano maphakathi ( uku humanamaphakathi

· ·
-

(middle ( (middle
3
c

c (
3

imvumelwano sigcino ( uku humana sigcino

·
·

( us
Lending) 3
C
Lending) 3
C (

·
imvumelwano eyeganayo c (
·

uku humana eyeganayo

(skipping) 3 (skipping) 3
(

imvumelwand eyeyinggembr ( uku humand eyeyinggembr

· - ·

(
Cobliquel 3 c
Cobliquel 3
uku humana okuma ombe ombe
· -

(ig ag) 3
uku humana okuyisiphambano
·
-

(cross) 3
↓ mpindwa repetition/refrain
·

repetition of a line in 2 or more different stanzas

I si ura caesura

punctuation in the middle of a line

↓ enjambamenti enjambment
punctuation at the end of the line
·

-
wukho uphawu lokubhala ekugcineni komugga
I he opinion of the poet flows onto the next line
·

umbono wembongi ukapakela emggeni olandelago

Umugga ovulekile open line
o punctuation at the end of
·
the line
-
wukho uphawn lokubhala ekugcineni komugga

Umugga ovalekile closed line

Punctuation at the end of the line
ukhona uphawn lokubhala ekugcineni komugga

G - PH--1HI- 0 DO

igures of Speech 1
ifengo
Isifaniso simile
·
uses njenga kund fanana okwe kuhle kwa

I
singathekiso metaphor
uses ng y-vocative nouns

I sen asamuntu personification

non humans given human qualities or amabi omunty

I sen asasilwane animalisation

·

non-animals given animal qualities

Inhaba exageration
pretty much hyperbole
·
a

I fanamsindo sound devices

↓ fanakamisa assonance

repetition of vowel sounds

Ifanagwaqa alliteration
repetition of
·
consonant sounds
 I =R , PUR =& SC Inbunye buningi
, & Isivumelwano kamen i)

SC xamples
-

Umuntu uyaseben an
· umu um U a
people
Umfundi hyaseben a

. aba
2 abe ba -
banth
bayaseben a
bafundi
-

bayasebenza
a
. H
9 W Ubaba nyapheka names & people
ugogo nyapheka
.a
2 .
C ba Obaba
bayapheka
Ogogo bayapheka

Umuthi nyababa
a
3
. UMU u U non
living
Umfula uyababa
imi i
,
mithi
uyababa
I mifula iyababa

. ili
5 i litshe
liyawa
tafuld liyawa
6
. ama A mat she
ayawa
-

tafula
ayawa

isi sitofu
.
is Si siyashisa
I salukazi siyashisa
.i
8 i i i zitofu iyashisa
↓ aluka i
iyashisa

.in
9 im I nkomo
iyadla
mbuzi iyadla
I im im
10 .
i i inkomo
iyadla
imbu i iyadla

14 Uluthi cancel 'n'

Inyaphuka
HIL In
·

2 I .
in i im I zinti igaphuled

. Ubu
3 utsh bu Ubuvila bubi

nu U Ukudla kumnandi
Ubunye & Ubuningi Practice :
Umndeni : Uhlelo

Unyaka -
makhono

Uhulumeni utho

Uphaphe uNkululeko

-
makilasi Izikole

I ambane -
ma we

I
lungu Omakhalekhukhwini

1 ibulo Wfudn

Ugogo Impilo

I
inja uMongameli

Umfundi oNggonggoshe

Inkosi a i Uthisha

Uthumbr I simo

Isiguli Inkundla

umfand Omalume

1 imoto Uzinyobulala

Ingane
-
masiko

I si we - mavila

Ulwa i Intsha

Ukhuni ↓
bhanoyi

-
man i Umphumela

USUKU ↓ ntombazane

insukt
1) IIWWM =
W = 0 = 00 I == Misa
SC aSC

U (a) umu um (personal nouns) U akd

umu um (non person) H a WH

aba abe ba aba

o (family names , titles , people's names surnames) Da aba

ama- awd
C

isi is si asi

i i li i ai

in i
ayi

·
im i
-
xceptions that take 'Ii' :

i(li) /j
I

u((u) 14 isango, isa

UDU DU abH

utsh Leg : utshani , utshwald) DH abu

UKL KU a U

ind
ngi angi
I hind si asi

Wend U & WH

ind ni ani

lend H a ka

Bond ba aba
 ivumelwano enhloko Practice :

Ubuchwepheshe liman a

.
2
Unyaka Gambe

.
3 Uhlelo
yajabulisa

1. Umfundisi Shumayele

5
. Isitshudeni thanda ela

.
6 Umama
thenge

Isidakami wa bulala

.
8 I nuku thanda

.
9 Amantomba ane seben a

10 Odokotela . si a

11 .
-bantu igegeshela

12
. Ukugijima si a

13 Omalume
.
· vakasheld

& . Ukudla kakhulu yakhuluphalisa

15
. Inja Kasipho lume

nezimbali
16
. Ingadi kababa

1 . Ulwandle gubha
18
. Utshani Khula

19 .
Umuthi pholisa

20 . I bhodwe
.

gowele
 11 w = w = 0 I - -
= (OC)

OC

U (a) umu um (personal nouns) m mu

him her them

umu um (non person) WH it is

aba abe ba

o (family names , titles , people's names surnames) Da

Of I erb
ama- A

isi is gi

i i li i

in im yi

i(li) 1j

u((u) In

UDU Du

utsh Leg : utshani , utshwald) bu

UKL U

ind
ngi
I hind
si

Wend
↑U

ind mi

lend m H

Bond ba
 = 11 H = AX =
presentence

SC verb (a)
ong-orm : ya
Short-orm : So
ya erb(a)
bject locative adverb of manner

Ukuphika : aSC erbi

# - I = Av (future tensel

ormation : SC o verb(a)

Ukuphika : aSc H verb(a)

-
or non verbs :

-
ormation : SC O Da non verb

Ukuphika : asc u ba non very

- I =
S = NIDA KUIDU =
(recent past completed

Ba Mu
-
phelile qubekayo

=
PPIA = -

ong form : SC verblile)

Short form : SC verble) M

Ukuphika : aSc verb(a)

nga

&HUB M = O =

umu um n Id Ube stem

ala O bebe ster

ama a be stem
ibi
in im
beyi stem stem

Umu um Wend bewn stem ubu stem

all other nouns be SC stem

(BeSC) if verb has

Ukuphika : Prefix nga verb(i) wa it
stays a

Prefi non verb

uge
⑧ ID =
= It Locatives)
O D W-
-

* &
-
xceptions el noun (only) :
Prefix Stem
ikhaya , ulwandle , inkwindla , isiphundu ikliniki,
,

O
rest

u/4
= &

i
& e

ini
eni iMpumalanga
inkantolo ,
, umhlane , inlopo , inlombe , ubusuku ,

iNtshonalanga, igolo umgolo ?, Ubusika ,

imini ijele, i ingi imu inhovisi

wenig
*
um umu O ukhahlamba ,
touching f
,
lip a , ,
↑
u 0 nouns U intwasahlobo , ikhanda , intambama , igalaji,

u aba pronouns ·
exception : indly endlini i Nyakatho ibha , isitolo iNyuvesi ibhange
, ,, ,

i mina nina thing lip touching 'o u sound change ibhayisikobho, isiphongo, isibhedlela umyango, ,

wa shops someone's place sound change umtholampilo umnyango,

D ton
bu j xceptions :
mb nj ·
umngcwabo
D tsM
·
insimu
ph su
·
isimo

mp ntsh ·
inkomo
M
ny

OC-1IV-PHRAS-S

phambili : in front eceleni : across phakathi: between phesheya : very far e an i : at the bottom
ulu : above phansi far
phe : under edu e : near bugamama : not too
emuva : past phandle : outside Kude : far enhla : above

I SSABII WANA (Pronouns)

IS-B --

& &

B
SOQOB- SO UB- - SO UKHO B-

↑ yend Sclonke sctodwa #

e
T

all edu kude

SC lond only bugamama
: u + ona wond whole one La I Noun Prefix O
ya
g
-

litona alone syllable

long e ery 2 3 syllable
uP ·
yedwa

RBS
Dwell -

Kakhulu : a lot Kancane : Slowly lapha : here ngokushesha : quickly

Kabi : badly Kalula : easily kahingi : a lot often ngenjabulo happily
:
ngokuphelele : thoroughly
Kamandi : nicely
ade :
long ago Kanjalo : like that

Ol =
I = OR
Ingal
verb (a)
SCIngal
V

4 &

eg SCInge/verb(e)
:

so
Ingatba
 OB = = B
(de erbatives)
·
nouns that are derived from verbs
mabi omuntu : people

Umu Um 1 isen o i

cula umca f the last of the stem

syllable
Fundisa umfundisi starts with "
a don't the
change sy lable
funda umfundi isidakwa
xample : dakwa

si isen o(i)
khuluma isikhulumi
Khuthala isikhuthali
vakasha isi akashi

gijima isigijimi
dakwa isidakwa
namba isihambi

n lisen (i)

hleba inhlebi

(li) isen oil

knolwa ikholna

-
mabi onto : objects I

sigalo sebi o lisen old)

funda imfunds

si 1 isen old
funda isifundo 1. n m depends on 1st consonant
·
'm' for lip touching sounds including &
11: 1 verb(o) .cancel
2 'n-for 'mph- ,
nth and ukh
sonta is on to

culd isulo

Umu 1 verb(o)
culd 4 unculo

VIu I verb(o)
hamba unambo

I
in verb(o)
phumelela ·
imphumelelo ~
impumelelo
Khululela -
inknulule o
#
inkululeko
Funda ~
imfundo
I inklobo amabi o Practice :
1 en o - mabi omunth -
mabi onto
Saka a

Khuluma

si a

dald

thukuteld

en d

dwebd

phatha

eluleka

Khululeka

thuthuka

hlobisa

caninga

dia

hamba

culd

nlabelela

seben a

knuluma

vakasha

dakwa

Kholwa
-

funda

Sonta

phumelela
UKUNCII S = 11 NCIPII/SSO crimunatives)
make smaller

Suffix' and
-
words ending in 'a e i' and
~
words ending in 'o U''wana'

Sound changes : (no sound change for monosyllabic stems

ge tsh & t
n ge j & d
&
I

mb · nd
My
P ge tsh
*
ph · Sh th
&
mp ge ntsh not
*
ge
ny
↑
M

d *

if sound if sound
change change
comes from this comes from this
side , Cancel 'Wi side , Wi
keep

Ukunciphisha Practice :
I
gama Ukunciphisha I
gama Ukunciphisha I
gama Ukunciphisha
um u u Amakilasi umthur i

I sikhathi Upondo I ingane

Imali Umfand Incradi

Umlilo esimhlophe I
banga
&

Ingane Indaba

Into Umkhonto

umthun i Umkhuba

↓ sikhwama I sinlahla

↓ Khanda Umcimbi

I thuba Isikole

I themba ↓phepha
WUUUIHULIISSA II MIHW IISS0 Augmentative
makes bigger
·

'
Suffi , a it

Umuntu umuntuka i
I tafuld itafulaka i

Indlu indluka i
1 moto imotoka i

1 ikhuliso Practice
1 .
I sikebhe
2
. Idamu
3
. 1 sikole

LB Il Geminine)

changes gender
-

Suffix'ka i
Umalume umalumeka i
i
Umhlengi umhlengika

Inkomo inkoma i
~ if final letter is m -
a i

-
xceptions you pretty much just need to know :
Male : -
emale :

Inkosand Inkosa and

Insi wa 1. ntombi
↓ ndodand Indodaka i
Ubabezala Umamezala

Uyise Unina

Uyinlo unyoko
Umfowethu Udadewethu
Inkosi ↓ ndlovnkazi

Umkhwenyana Umakoti
umkhulu Ugogo
↓ sikhukhukazi
Ighude
Umukhwe Umakhwekazi
Ubabezala Umamezala
 1 = = A OQBO <Absolute Pronouns)

So I ond
↑
yena
41 ona wond

Ii I and lond

11 55 B - --SO W O B- (Demonstrative Pronoun)

Ukukhomba edu e Ukukhomba bugamama Ukukhomba kude

I his these I hat those I hat those over there

I Prefi last vowel to 'o' ad

'ya' to 1st category
a own
change
-

alad

1j
a 2 Needs to have 2 syllables Needs to have 3 syllables
a 10 o -
if it comes from monosyllabic
a 14 0 word , include 'y' or 'w

If nown prefir has

n m cancel it

write demonstrative
pronoun & vocative noun

separately

isinkwa leso sinkwa

la 1 isi
lesi sinkwa

umncintiswano lowo mucintiswano

Cancel 'm I

19 I hm

lo mucintiswano
↓ zabi wana oQobo Practice :
-
mabi o I abi wana oQobo -
mabio 1 abi wana oQobo
i
Indololwane I
zinjembe

Impandla Umlomo

Umkhaba Ulimi

Intshebe 1 ithende

I sithublea
Unyawo

Ikhald Ucikicane

Isandla I thanga

↓ n dlebe I itho

I zinwele Ingalo

I sifuba ↓sinla ala

IsiSH Igakala

Ukhalo Isiphongo

Umgolo I Siphundu

Um imba I Sikhumba

Iminwe I bald

zimbambo
+
zinyo I

Amehlo Inkaba

1 inge I inso

Umlenze

↓dolo

↓ nhliziyo

↓sibindi

-
mahlombe

Umhlane
↓saBizwana sokukhomba Practice :
-
mabi o ukukhombaedu a
Ukukhombabugamama Ukukhomba kude
Indlu

Umggomo

I sitofu

Ikhabethe

↓sinlalo

Umbhede

1 puleti

Osofa

I selula

Ucingo
-
mabhodwe

Ukhe o

Umsaka o

Indwangu

ubhavu

I sithombe

Umabonakude

Isibuko

Usinki

Umqamelo
 11 ll B =
J = 0 oopulatives)

ing
I ~
A O H

Umama ngumama
Obaba ngobaba
-
bantu ngabantu

1 . 1

"'y
Ingane yingane
'n "
IW

Usuku wusuku

Ukuphika :

-
ku I-bsolute Pronoun Noun

Ngumama akuyena umama

liphoyisa akulona
iPhoyisa

↓ zibanjalo Practice :
rkuruma Ukuphika
1. Isikole

2 .
Aman i

3
. Ubisi

1 Obhuti