Calculus

(BMAT101L)

Question Bank

Dr. T. Phaneendra
M. Sc., Ph. D.
Professor of Mathematics
(Higher Academic Grade)
phaneendra.t@vit.ac.in
September 22, 2022
 Syllabus and Organization of Contents

Module 1 Single Variable Calculus (Chapters 1 and 2 of the Question Bank)

Differentiation - Extrema on an Interval - Rolle’s Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem - Increas-
ing and Decreasing functions - First derivative test - Second derivative test - Maxima and Minima
- Concavity. Integration - Average function value - Area between curves - Volumes of solids of
revolution

Module 2 Multi-variable Calculus (Chapter 3 of the Question Bank)

Functions of two variables - Limit and continuity - Partial derivatives - Total differential - Jacobian
and its properties

Module 3 Application of Multi-variable Calculus (Chapters 4 and 5 of the Question Bank)

Taylor’s expansion for two variables - maxima and minima – Constrained maxima and minima -
Lagrange’s multiplier method

Module 4 Multiple integrals (Chapters 6, 7, and 8 of the Question Bank)

Evaluation of double integrals - Change of order of integration - Change of variables between Carte-
sian and polar coordinates - Evaluation of triple integrals - change of variables between Cartesian
and cylindrical and spherical coordinates

Module 5 Special Functions (Chapter 9 of the Question Bank)

Beta and Gamma functions–Interrelation between beta and gamma functions-Evaluation of multi-
ple integrals using gamma and beta functions - Dirichlet’s integral -Error function - Complemen-
tary error functions.

Module 6 Vector Differential Calculus (Chapters 10 and 14 of the Question Bank)

Scalar and vector valued functions – Gradient, tangent plane - directional derivative - Divergence
and curl - Scalar and vector potentials - Statements of vector identities - Simple problems

Module 7 Vector Integral Calculus (Chapter2 11, 12 and 13 of the Question Bank)

Line, surface and volume integrals - Statements of Green’s, Stoke’s and Gauss divergence theorems
- Verification and evaluation of vector integrals using them
Contents

1 Differentiation and its Applications 1

1.1 Continuity and Differentiability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Absolute Extrema on a Finite Closed Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3 Mean Value Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.4 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative Test for Local Extrema . . . . . . . . 7

1.5 Second Derivative Test and Concavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 Areas and Volumes of solids of Revolution by a Definite Integral 15

2.1 Area of the Region bounded by two Plane Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.2 Average Value of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.3 Volumes of Solids of Revolution - Disk Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.4 Volumes of Solids of Revolution - Washer Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.5 Other Axes of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3 Continuity and Differentiability of Multi-variable Functions 21

3.1 Geometry of Functions of Two Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2 Limit and Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.3 Partial Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.4 Jacobians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4 Maxima and Minima for Two-variable Functions 40

4.1 Taylor’s theorem for Functions of Two Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

4.2 Approximations using Taylor’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.3 Unconstrained Local Extrema for Functions of Two variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5 Constrained Maxima and Minima 49

5.1 Absolute Maxima and Minima on Closed and Bounded Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

5.2 Lagrange Multiplier Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

6 Double Integral In Cartesian Form 61

6.1 Double Integral over a Rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

iii
 6.2 Volumes of Regions bounded below by Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

6.3 Double Integral Over General Regions with Non-constant Inner Limits . . . . . . . . 64

6.4 Double Integral Over General Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

6.5 Finding Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

6.6 Reversing the Order of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

7 Change of Variables in a Double Integral 75

7.1 Double Integral in Polar Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

7.2 Change of Variable - Cartesian into Polar: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

7.3 Double Integral over Unbounded Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

7.4 Applications of Double Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

8 Triple Integral and Its Applications 83

8.1 Limits of Integration Specified - Limits all constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

8.2 Limits of Integration Specified: Non-contant Inner Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

8.3 Triple Integrals over General Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

8.4 Triple Integral using Spherical Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

8.5 Triple Integral using Cylindrical Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

8.6 Applications of Triple Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

9 Gamma and Beta Functions 85

9.1 Gamma Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

9.2 Beta Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

9.3 Evaluation of Integrals Using the Gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

9.4 Double Integral by Beta and Gamma Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

9.5 Triple Integral by Beta and Gamma Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

9.6 The Error Function and the Complementary Error Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

10 Vector Differential Calculus 95

10.1 Scalar and Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

10.2 Gradient of a Scalar Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

10.3 Directional Derivative of a Scalar Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

iv
 10.4 Divergence of Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

10.5 Curl of Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

10.6 Vector Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

11 Line Integral and Green’s Theorem 102

11.1 Line Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

11.2 Green’s Theorem in the Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

12 Surface Integral and Stoke’s Theorem 109

12.1 Parametric Form of Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

12.2 Surface Integral of Scalar Point Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

12.3 Surface Integral of Vector Point Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

12.4 Stoke’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

13 Volume Integral and Gauss’ Divergence Theorem 119

13.1 Gauss’ Divergence Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

14 Conservative Fields 121

14.1 Curl and Irrotational Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

14.2 An Equivalence for Conservative Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

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40

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

48

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

60

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

Chapter 6

Double Integral In Cartesian Form

Objectives

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to

(a) compute the volume of the region bounded below by a rectangle using a double integral

(b) find a double integral over a general region, by horizontal and vertical cross-sections

(c) compute the volumes of the regions bounded below by general regions through double in-
tegrals

(d) evaluate a double integral by interchanging the order of integration.

6.1 Double Integral over a Rectangle

Theorem 6.1.1 (Fubini’s Theorem over Rectangles). Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) be continuous on ℛ = 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤



𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. The double integral of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) over ℛ is determined through the
iterated integrals:
∫ 𝑏 ∫ 𝑑 ∫ 𝑏 ∫ 𝑑 
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥, (6.1.1)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑐
∫ 𝑑 ∫ 𝑏 ∫ 𝑑 ∫ 𝑏 
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦. (6.1.2)
𝑐 𝑎 𝑦=𝑐 𝑥=𝑎

The limits of integration are all constants in (6.1.1) and (6.1.2)

Remark 6.1.1. If 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑦), then the iterated integral (6.1.1) can be written as
∫ 𝑏  ∫ 𝑑 
𝐼= 𝑔(𝑥) d𝑥 ℎ(𝑦) d𝑦 ·
𝑎 𝑐
∫ 2∫ 1
Example 6.1.1. Compute 𝐼 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 −1
Solution. The double integral is written as the product of two individual integrals, as
∫ 1  ∫ 2  ∫ 1 
2
2 2 2 𝑦3 1 8 16
𝐼= 𝑥 d𝑥 𝑦 d𝑦 = 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 0 =2· 3 · 3 = 9·
−1 0 0
∫ 1∫ 1
d𝑥 d𝑦
Example 6.1.2. Find 𝐼 = √
0 0 (1− 𝑥 2 ) (1−𝑦 2 )

Solution. We write the double integral as the product of two individual integrals:
∫ 1  ∫ 1 
d𝑦 1 1 π2
√ d𝑥 √ = sin−1 𝑥 sin−1 𝑦
𝐼=
1− 𝑥 2 1−𝑦 2 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
= 4 ·
0 0
∫ 1∫ 3
𝑥 𝑦2
Example 6.1.3. Evaluate 𝐼 = 𝑥 2 +1
d𝑦 d𝑥
0 −3

61
62 Chapter 6. Double Integral In Cartesian Form

Solution. We write
∫ 1  ∫ 3 
3
2 1 2𝑦 3
d𝑥 𝑦 d𝑦 = 1
log 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥


𝐼= 𝑥 2 +1 2 0
× 3 0
0 −3
1 27
2 (log 2 − log 1) × 2 = 9 log 2


= 3

∫ π/2 ∫ π/2
Example 6.1.4. Evaluate 𝐼 = sin (𝑥 + 2𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦
0 0
Solution. We use the partial integration:
∫ π/2 ∫ π/2  ∫ π/2
π/2
𝐼= sin (𝑥 + 2𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦 = − cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑥=0
d𝑦
0 0 0
∫ π/2
1 π/2
= − cos 2𝑦 − sin 2𝑦
(sin 2𝑦 − cos 2𝑦) d𝑦 = 2 𝑦=0
0
= − 12 (cos π + sin π) − (cos 0 + sin 0) = 1
 

Exercise 6.1.1. Evaluate the following double integrals:

∫ log 4 ∫ log 3
(a) 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 0
∫ 2 ∫ π/2
(b) 𝑦 sin 𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑦
−1 0
∫ 3∫ 0
(c) (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥
0 −2
∫ π∫ 1
(d) 𝑥𝑦 2 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 −1

Answers. (a) 6 (b) 3/2 (c) 0 (d) π2 /12

Exercise 6.1.2. Evaluate the double integrals of the following functions over the given rectangles:
√
(a) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥/𝑦 2 , ℛ : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2
2 +𝑦 2
(b) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥 , ℛ : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1

Answers. (a) 8/3 (b) (𝑒 − 1) 2

Exercise 6.1.3. Evaluate the double integral of the following functions over the given rectangles:

(a) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 , ℛ : 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
(b) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 − 2 , ℛ : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
(c) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥
𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 , ℛ : 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2
(d) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦/(1 + 𝑥𝑦), ℛ : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
(e) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑥 2 𝑦 , ℛ : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1

(f) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑦, ℛ : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ π/2, −3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3

(g) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 − 𝑥 𝑦 , ℛ : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3
15 1 5
Answers. (a) 1/6 (b) 2/3 (c) 16 + 15 log 2 (d) log 2 (e) 1/2 (f) 8 (g) 2𝑒6
+ 2

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

6.2. Volumes of Regions bounded below by Rectangles 63

6.2 Volumes of Regions bounded below by Rectangles

The iterated integral (6.1.1) or (6.1.2) gives the volume of the region, under the surface 𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦),
bounded below by the rectangle ℛ.
Example 6.2.1. Find the volume of the region beneath the plane 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1, which is bounded
below by the rectangle ℛ = − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 0 .


Solution. Using (6.1.2), the required volume is

∫ 0∫ 1 ∫ 0 ∫ 1  ∫ 0 ∫ 1 
𝑉= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) d𝑥 d𝑦 = 𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑦 + (𝑦 + 1) d𝑥 d𝑦
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1
 odd   
0 1 ∫ 0 ∫ 1
∫    
∫
 z}|{   
𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑦 + (𝑦 + 1) (1) d𝑥 d𝑦
 
  

=
−1 
 𝑥=−1 
 −1  𝑥=−1 |{z} 

 
even
  
   
∫ 0  ∫ 1  ∫ 0
0
=0+ (𝑦 + 1) 2 d𝑥 d𝑦 = 2(𝑦 + 1) d𝑦 = (𝑦 + 1) 2 𝑦=−1
−1 0 −1
2 2
= (0 + 1) − (−1 + 1) = 1.

Example 6.2.2. Find the volume of the region beneath the plane 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦, which is bounded
below by the rectangle ℛ = 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5, 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3 .


Solution. Using (6.1.2), the required volume is

∫ 3∫ 5 ∫ 3 5
( 𝑥+2𝑦) 2
𝑉= (𝑥 + 2𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦 = 2 d𝑦
2 1 2 𝑥=1
∫ 3
1
(5 + 2𝑦) 2 − (1 + 2𝑦) 2 d𝑦

= 2
2
∫ 3 ∫ 3
= 12 (16𝑦 + 24) d𝑦 = (8𝑦 + 12) d𝑦
2 2
3
= 4𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 𝑦=2
= (36 + 36) − (16 + 24) = 32.

Example 6.2.3. Find the volume of the region under the surface 𝑧 = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥, which is bounded
below by the rectangle ℛ = 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 .


Solution. Using (6.1.1), the required volume is

∫ 4∫ 2 ∫ 4 ∫ 4
2 2 2 2
6𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 3𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 d𝑥 12𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 d𝑥



𝑉= 𝑦=0
=
1 0 1 1
3 2 4
= 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑦 𝑦=1
= (256 − 32) − (4 − 2) = 222.

Example 6.2.4. Find the volume of the region, which is bounded above by the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ,
and below by the rectangle ℛ = 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 .


Solution. Using (6.1.1), the required volume is

∫ 3∫ 2 ∫ 3 2
∫ 3
2
𝑦3 8 1
𝑥 − 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 3 𝑦=1 d𝑥 2𝑥 − d𝑥



𝑉= 𝑥𝑦 − = 3 − 𝑥− 3
2 1 2 2
∫ 3 3
7 𝑥2 7𝑥 9 21 4 14
d𝑥 = = 1/6.




= 𝑥− 3 2 − 3 𝑥=2 = 2 − 3 − 2 − 3
2

Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. T. Phaneendra

64 Chapter 6. Double Integral In Cartesian Form

Example 6.2.5. Find the volume enclosed by the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , over the rectangle ℛ =
− 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 .


Solution. Using (6.1.2), the required volume is

 even
∫ 1

∫
 1z}| {  
 ∫ 1 ∫ 1 
2 2
2 2

𝑥 + 𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦
 

𝑉=
−1 

 −1 

 −1 0
 
∫ 1 1
∫ 1
3 2 1 2

=2 3 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥=0 d𝑥 = 2
𝑥
3 + 𝑦 d𝑦
−1 −1 | {z }
even
∫ 1 1
𝑦3
=4 1
+ 𝑦 2 d𝑦 = 4 8

𝑦
3 3 + 3 𝑦=0 = 3
0

Exercise 6.2.1. Find the volume of the region, bounded under the surface 𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦), and
bounded below by the rectangle ℛ in each of the cases:

(a) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦, ℛ = 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ π/4



(b) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 1/𝑥𝑦, ℛ : 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2



(c) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦, ℛ : 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3



(d) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + 𝑦), ℛ : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ π/6, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ π/3



(e) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 16 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , ℛ : 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2


√ √
Answers. (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 63/2 (d) π/12 (e) 160/3

6.3 Double Integral Over General Regions with Non-constant Inner Limits

Example 6.3.1. Sketch the region 𝒟 of integration and compute the following double integrals:
∫ ∫ √ 2 2 𝑎 𝑏 1− 𝑥 /𝑎
(a) 𝐼 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0
Solution. The region 𝒟, as described by the inequalities

0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏 1 − 𝑥 2 /𝑎 2 ,
√︁

𝑥2 𝑦2
is enclosed by the ellipse 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
= 1 in the first quadrant. Now,
√ √
𝑏 1− 𝑥 2 /𝑎2 𝑏 1− 𝑥 2 /𝑎2 
∫ (∫ ) ∫ 
𝑎 𝑎  
𝑥 3 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 3
𝑦2 d𝑥

 

𝐼= 𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 
 𝑦=0 

∫ ∫  
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥2 𝑥5
   
2 3 2
=𝑏 𝑥 1− d𝑥 = 𝑏
𝑎2
𝑥3 − 𝑎2
d𝑥
0 0
𝑎
𝑥4 𝑥6 2 𝑎4 𝑎6
 
= 𝑏2 4 − 6𝑎2 0
= 𝑏 4 − 6𝑎2
𝑎4 𝑏2
= 12 ·

The double integral gives the volume under the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 𝑦, bounded below by the ellipse
2
𝑥2
𝑎2
+ 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1 in the first quadrant.

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

6.3. Double Integral Over General Regions with Non-constant Inner Limits 65

∫ 1 ∫ 𝑥2
(b) 𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 d𝑦 d𝑥


0 0
Solution. The region 𝒟, defined by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 is enclosed by the parabola
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , the 𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥 = 1. Then
∫ 1 (∫ 𝑥 2 ∫ 1 𝑥2
)
3 2
3 𝑥 𝑦3
𝐼= 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦+ 3 d𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
∫ 1 1
7 𝑥6 𝑥8
 
= 𝑥5 − 𝑥
3 d𝑥 = 6 − 24 0 = 1
6 − 1
24 = 18 ·
0

The double integral gives the volume under the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 , bounded below the
plane region 𝒟.
∫ π∫ 𝑥
(c) 𝐼 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0
Solution. The region 𝒟, described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ π, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 is bounded by
the triangle with sides 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = π, and
∫ π ∫ 𝑥  ∫ π 𝑥
𝐼= 𝑥 sin 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 d𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
∫ π π
𝑥2
 
= 𝑥 (1 − cos 𝑥) d𝑥 = (𝑥) (𝑥 − sin 𝑥) − (1) + cos 𝑥 2
n0
𝑥=0
2 π2
o
= (π) (π − sin π) − π2 − cos π − {0 − (0 + cos 0)} = 2 + 2 ·

The double integral gives the volume under the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦, bounded below the plane
region 𝒟.
√
∫ 4∫ 𝑥 √
3 𝑦/ 𝑥
(d) 𝐼 = 2 𝑒 d𝑦 d𝑥
1 0
√
Solution. The region 𝒟 is defined by 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 is enclosed by the parabola
𝑦 2 = 𝑥, the 𝑥-axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 4. And
∫ 4 (∫ √ 𝑥 ) ∫ 4 √
3
√
3
√ 𝑦/√ 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼=2 𝑒 𝑦/ 𝑥
d𝑦 d𝑥 = 2 𝑥𝑒 d𝑥
𝑥=1 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
∫ 4√ 4
3 3(𝑒−1) 2 3/2
= 2 𝑥 (𝑒 − 1) d𝑥 = 2 3𝑥 = 8(𝑒 − 1)
0 𝑥=0

∫ 2 ∫ 2𝑥
(e) 𝐼 = 𝑥
𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
1 𝑥
Solution. The region 𝒟, defined by 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥, is bounded by the quadrilateral
whose sides are 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥, and
∫ 2 ∫ 2𝑥    ∫ 2 2𝑥
𝐼= 𝑥
𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑦 d𝑥
𝑥=1 𝑦=𝑥 𝑥=1 𝑦=𝑥
∫ 2 2
𝑥2 3 log 2
𝑥 log 2 d𝑥 = (log 2)


= 2 𝑥=1 = 2
1

Exercise 6.3.1. Sketch the region 𝒟 of integration and find each of the following double integrals:

Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. T. Phaneendra

66 Chapter 6. Double Integral In Cartesian Form

∫ π ∫ sin 𝑥
(a) 𝐼 = 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0
Ans. The region 𝒟 is described by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ π, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ sin 𝑥, which is enclosed by the sine
curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = π; 𝐼 = π/4
∫ 2 ∫ 𝑦2
(b) 𝐼 = d𝑥 d𝑦
1 𝑦
Ans. The region 𝒟, described by 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 2 , is enclosed by the lines 𝑦 = 2 and
𝑦 = 𝑥 and the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑥; 𝐼 = 5/6
∫ 1 ∫ 𝑦2
(c) 𝐼 = 3𝑦 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 0

Ans. The region 𝒟, described by 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 2 , is enclosed by the 𝑦-axis, the line

𝑦 = 1 and the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑥; 𝐼 = 𝑒 − 2
∫ 4 ∫ √4− 𝑥 2
(d) 𝐼 = 𝑥𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0
√
Ans. The region 𝒟, described by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4 − 𝑥 2 is enclosed by the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 and the coordinate axes in the first quadrant; 𝐼 = −16
∫ 1 ∫ √1− 𝑥 2
(e) 8𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0
√
Ans. The region 𝒟, defined by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 2 , is enclosed by the unit circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and the coordinate axes in the first quadrant; 𝐼 = 8/3

Exercise 6.3.2. Sketch the region 𝒟 of integration and find each of the following double integrals:
∫ π/2 ∫ cos 𝑦
(a) 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 0
Ans. 𝑒 − 2
∫ 2∫ 𝑦
(b) d𝑥 d𝑦
1 0
Ans. 5/4
∫ 1∫ 𝑥3
(c) 𝐼 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 d𝑦 d𝑥


0 𝑥2
Ans. −1/21
∫ 1 ∫ 𝑦 2 √︁
(d) 𝐼 = 𝑦/𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 𝑦4
Ans. −8/35
∫ π/3 ∫ sec 𝑥
(e) 3 cos 𝑥 d𝑦 d𝑥
−π/3 0

Ans. 2π

6.4 Double Integral Over General Regions

Theorem 6.4.1 (Fubini’s Theorem). Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) be continuous on a region 𝒟.

(a) If 𝒟 is described by the inequalities: 𝑔1 (𝑥) ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑔2 (𝑥), 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, where 𝑔1 and 𝑔2 are

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

6.4. Double Integral Over General Regions 67

continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏]. Then

∬ ∫ 𝑏 ∫ 𝑔2 ( 𝑥 ) 
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥 (6.4.1)
𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑔1 ( 𝑥 )
𝒟

(b) If 𝒟 is described by the inequalities: ℎ1 (𝑦) ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ℎ2 (𝑦), 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑, where ℎ1 and ℎ2 are

continuous on [𝑐, 𝑑]. Then
∬ ∫ 𝑑 ∫ ℎ2 ( 𝑦) 
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦 (6.4.2)
𝒟 𝑦=𝑐 𝑥=ℎ1 ( 𝑦)

Finding the Limits of Integration by Vertical Cross-sections:

∬
Suppose we wish to evaluate 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴 by reducing to the form (6.4.1), where the integration
𝒟
is first with respect to 𝑦 and then with respect to 𝑥. We employ the following steps:

(a) Sketch the region 𝒟 and label the bounding curves

(b) Find 𝑦-limits (inner): Imagine a very thin vertical strip 𝐿 with negligible width in the di-
rection of increasing 𝑦 passing through 𝒟. Locate the points 𝐴 and 𝐵, where 𝐿 enters and
leaves 𝒟 respectively. Express 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥 at these points, say 𝑦 = 𝑔1 (𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑔2 (𝑥)
(c) Find 𝑥-limits (Outer): Choose the (constant) 𝑥-limits that include all such vertical strips
through 𝒟, say 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏
∬ ∫ 𝑏 ∫ 𝑔2 ( 𝑥 ) 
Thus 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥.
𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑔1 ( 𝑥 )
𝒟

Finding the Limits of Integration by Horizontal Cross-sections:

∬
Suppose we wish to evaluate 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴 by reducing to the form (6.4.1), where the integration
𝒟
is first with respect to 𝑥 and then with respect to 𝑦. We employ the following steps:

(a) Sketch the region 𝒟 and label the bounding curves

(b) Find 𝑥-limits (inner): Imagine a very thin horizontal strip 𝐿 with negligible width in the
direction of increasing 𝑥 passing through 𝒟. Locate the points 𝑃 and 𝑄, where 𝐿 enters and
leaves 𝒟 respectively. Express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦 at these points, say 𝑥 = ℎ1 (𝑦) to 𝑥 = ℎ2 (𝑦)
(c) Find 𝑦-limits (Outer): Choose the (constant) 𝑦-limits that include all such horizontal strips
through 𝒟, say 𝑦 = 𝑐 to 𝑦 = 𝑑
∬ ∫ 𝑑 ∫ ℎ2 ( 𝑦) 
Thus 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦.
𝑦=𝑐 𝑥=ℎ1 ( 𝑦)
𝒟
∬
Example 6.4.1. Evaluate 𝐼 = 𝑥 𝑑𝐴, where ℛ is the region bounded by the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the
ℛ
parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .

Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. T. Phaneendra

68 Chapter 6. Double Integral In Cartesian Form

Solution. The line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 intersect at (0,0) and (1,1). For 0 < 𝑥 < 1, we see
that 𝑦 = 𝑥 is above 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . Therefore
∫ 0 ∫ 𝑥  ∫ 1 ∫ 1
𝑥 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 1/12
𝑥

𝐼= 𝑥𝑦 𝑦=𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥=1 𝑦=𝑥 2 𝑥=0 0
∬
Example 6.4.2. Evaluate 𝐼 = √ 𝑥2𝑦 d𝐴, where ℛ is the region enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 =
ℛ 𝑎 −𝑦 2
𝑎2.
Solution. By horizontal cross-sections, inner limits are 𝑥 = − 𝑎 2 − 𝑦 2 to 𝑎 2 − 𝑦 2 and outer limits
√︁ √︁

are 𝑦 = −𝑎 to 𝑎. Since the integrand of the inner integral is an odd function of 𝑥, 𝐼 = 0

√
Example 6.4.3. Let ℛ be the region enclosed∬by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥. Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) =
sin 𝑦
𝑦 , if 𝑦 ≠ 0, and 𝑓 (𝑥, 0) = 1. Then find 𝐼 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴.
ℛ
Solution. Since 𝑓 is not integrable directly w. r. t. y, we adopt the horizontal cross-sections to
√
compute 𝐼. The line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 intersect at (0,0) and (1,1).√︁For 0 < 𝑥 < 1, we
√
see that 𝑦 = 𝑥 is to the left side of 𝑦 = 𝑥. Therefore the inner limits are 𝑥 = − 𝑦 2 to 𝑦, and outer
limits are 𝑦 = 0 to 1. Hence
∫ 1 ∫ 𝑦  ∫ 1
sin 𝑦 sin 𝑦
d𝑥 d𝑦 = d𝑦
𝑦
𝐼= 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥=𝑦 2
𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑦 2 𝑦=0
∫ 1 1
= (1 − 𝑦) sin 𝑦 d𝑦 = (1 − 𝑦) (− cos 𝑦) − (−1) (− sin 𝑦)
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
1
= − (1 − 𝑦) (cos 𝑦) + sin 𝑦 = 1 − sin 1
𝑦=0

Example 6.4.4. Let ℛ be the region bounded

∬ by the curve 𝑥 2 = 4 − 2𝑦 in the first quadrant. Using
1
the horizontal cross-sections, find 𝐼 = √ d𝐴.
ℛ 2𝑦−𝑦 2

Solution. The curve 𝑥 2 = 4−2𝑦 is a parabola, oriented down, whose vertex is (0, 2). This intersects
the 𝑥-axis at (2, 0). Since ℛ lies in the first quadrant, we see that 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0. From the geometry
√
of ℛ, we can find that the inner limits are 𝑥 = 0 to 4 − 2𝑦, and outer limits are 𝑦 = 0 to 2. Hence
∫ (∫ √ √
2 4−2𝑦 2 4−2𝑦
) ∫
1 1
𝐼= √ d𝑥 d𝑦 = √ 𝑥 d𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=0 2𝑦−𝑦 2 𝑦=0 2𝑦−𝑦 2 𝑥=0
2 √ √ 2 √ √ 2
∫   ∫
4−2𝑦
= √ d𝑦 = 2 𝑦 −1/2 d𝑦 = 2 2 𝑦 =4
0 2𝑦−𝑦 2 0 𝑦=0

Exercise 6.4.1. Find iterated integrals for 𝒟 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴 by vertical and horizontal cross-sections.
∬

√
(a) bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 9
∫ 9 (∫ √ 𝑥 ) ∫ 3 ∫ 9 
Ans. 𝐼 𝑣 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥, 𝐼 ℎ = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑦 2

(b) bounded by 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 1

∫ π/4 ∫ 1  ∫ 1
(∫
tan −1 𝑦
)
Ans. 𝐼 𝑣 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥, 𝐼 ℎ = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=tan 𝑥 𝑦=0 𝑥=0

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

6.4. Double Integral Over General Regions 69

(c) bounded by 𝑦 = 3 − 2𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 = 0

∫ 1 ∫ 3−2𝑥 
Ans. 𝐼 𝑣 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥,
∫ 1 ∫𝑥=0𝑦 𝑦=𝑥  ∫ 3 ∫ (3−𝑦)/2 
𝐼ℎ = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦 + 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=1 𝑥=0

(d) bounded by 𝑦 = 3𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

∫ 3 ∫ 3𝑥 √
9
 ∫ (∫ )
𝑦
Ans. 𝐼 𝑣 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥, 𝐼 ℎ = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑥 2 𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑦/3

(e) bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 1

∫ 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥  ∫ 𝑒2 ∫ 2 
Ans. 𝐼 𝑣 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥, 𝐼 ℎ = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=1 𝑦=0 𝑥=log 𝑦

Exercise 6.4.2. Determine the limits, and evaluate the double integral of each of the following
functions 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) over the given region ℛ :

(𝑎) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦; ℛ is enclosed by 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦, the 𝑥-axis, and the line 𝑥 = 2𝑎
Ans.
√
(Horizontal cross-sections) Inner limits: 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑦 to 2𝑎, Outer limits: 𝑦 = 0 to 2𝑎
(Vertical cross-sections) Inner limits: 𝑦 =0 to 𝑥 2 /4𝑎, Outer limits: 𝑥 = 0 to 2𝑎
𝐼 = 𝑎 4 /3
(𝑏) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦; ℛ is enclosed by the parabolas 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 and 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
Ans.
√
(Horizontal cross-sections) Inner limits: 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 /4𝑎 to 2 𝑎𝑦, Outer limits: 𝑦 = 0 to 2𝑎
√
(Vertical cross-sections) Inner limits: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 /4𝑎 to 2 𝑎𝑥, Outer limits: 𝑥 = 0 to 2𝑎
𝐼 = −𝑎 3 (𝑎 4 − 20)/5
(𝑐) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦) 2 ; ℛ is enclosed by the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (𝑎, 0) and (0, 𝑎)
Ans.
(Horizontal cross-sections) Inner limits: 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑎 − 𝑦, Outer limits: 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑎
(Vertical cross-sections) Inner limits: 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑎 − 𝑥, Outer limits: 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑎
𝐼 = 𝑎 4 /4
(𝑑) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦); ℛ is enclosed by the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
Ans.
√
(Horizontal cross-sections) 𝑥 = 𝑦 to 𝑦, Outer limits: 𝑦 = 0 to 1
(Vertical cross-sections) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to 𝑥, Outer limits: 𝑥 = 0 to 1
𝐼 = 3/56
(𝑒) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑦; ℛ is the region in the first quadrant, enclosed by the parabolas 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 and
𝑦2 = 4 − 𝑥
Ans. The parabola 𝑦 2 = 4 − 𝑥 is negatively oriented and its vertex is at (4, 0). Both the
√
parabolas intersect at (1, 3). It is convenient to use horizontal cross-sections. Hence√ the
√ 24 3
limits of integration are: inner 𝑥 = 𝑦 /3 to 4 − 𝑦 , Outer 𝑦 = 0 to 3. Therefore, 𝐼 = 5 − 29
2 2

Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. T. Phaneendra

70 Chapter 6. Double Integral In Cartesian Form

6.5 Finding Volumes

Exercise 6.5.1. Compute the volume of the solid bounded

(𝑎) above by the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and below by the triangle enclosed with edges 𝑦 = 𝑥,
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane
∫ 1 ∫ 2− 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 4/3


Ans. 𝑉 =
0 𝑥
(𝑏) in the first octant by the coordinate planes, the plane 𝑥 = 3, and the parabolic cylinder
𝑧 = 4 − 𝑦2.
∫ 2∫ 3
4 − 𝑦 2 d𝑥 d𝑦 = 16


Ans. 𝑉 =
0 0
(𝑐) in the first octant bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 4 and the cylinder 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 .
∫ 2∫ 4
Ans. 𝑉 = 𝑦 2 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 128/3
0 0
(𝑑) enclosed by the planes: 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 4
∫ 3∫ 2
Ans. Given 𝑥 and 𝑦, we observe that 𝑧 varies fron 𝑥 to 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥. Therefore 𝑉 = (4 −
∫ 3∫ 2 0 0

𝑥 − 𝑥) d𝑥 d𝑦 = (4 − 2𝑥) d𝑥 d𝑦 = 12
0 0
(𝑒) enclosed by the tetrahedron with faces: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
∫ 1 ∫ 1− 𝑥
Ans. 𝑉 = (1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥 = 1/6
0 0
( 𝑓 ) cut from the square colunm |𝑥| + |𝑦| ≤ 1 by the planes 𝑧 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 𝑧 = 3
∫ 0 ∫ 𝑥+1 ∫ 1 ∫ 1− 𝑥
Ans. 𝑉 = (3 − 3𝑥) d𝑦 d𝑥 + (3 − 3𝑥) d𝑦 d𝑥 = 6
−1 − 𝑥−1 0 𝑥−1
(𝑔) bounded above by the cylinder 𝑧 = 𝑥2
and below by the region enclosed by the parabola
𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane
∫ 1 ∫ 2− 𝑥 2
Ans. 𝑉 = 𝑥 2 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 63/20
−2 𝑥
(ℎ) enclosed by the tetrahedron with faces: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and the plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6
∫ 3 ∫ 2−2𝑥/3
Ans. 𝑉 = (6 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦) d𝑦 d𝑥 = 6
0 0
(𝑖) bounded above by the plane 𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6, below by the 𝑥𝑦-plane, and on the sides by 𝑦 = 0
and 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2
∫ 2 ∫ 4− 𝑥 2
Ans. 𝑉 = 𝑥 2 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 1216/15
−2 0
( 𝑗) bounded by the front and back by the planes 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 1, on the sides by the cylinders
𝑦 = ±1/𝑥, and above and below by the planes 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑧 = 0
Ans. 𝑉 = 2(1 + log 2)

6.6 Reversing the Order of Integration

Example 6.6.1. Reverse the order of integration in the following integrals and evaluate them:

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

6.6. Reversing the Order of Integration 71

∫ π∫ π
sin 𝑦
(𝑎) 𝐼 = 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 𝑥
Solution. The region 𝑅 is described by the inequalities 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ π, 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ π, which is
enclosed by the triangle with sides 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = π and 𝑥 = 0. After reversing the order of
integration,
∫ ∫ the new limits are (inner) 𝑥-limits: 0 to 𝑦, (outer) 𝑦-limits: 0 to π. Therefore,
π 𝑦
sin 𝑦
𝐼= 𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦 = 2
0 0

∫ 1∫ 1
(𝑏) 𝐼 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 𝑦
Solution. The region 𝑅 is described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, which is
enclosed by the triangle with sides 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 0. After reversing the order of
integration, the new limits are (inner) 𝑦-limits: 0 to 𝑥, (outer) 𝑥-limits: 0 to 1. Therefore,
∫ 1∫ 𝑥
𝐼= 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 𝑒−2
2
0 0

∫ 3∫ 1
3
(𝑐) 𝐼 = √ 𝑒 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 𝑥/3

Solution. The region 𝑅 is described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥/3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, which

√︁

is enclosed by the parabola 𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 , 𝑦 = 1 and the 𝑦-axis. After reversing the order of
integration, the new limits are (inner) 𝑥-limits: 0 to 3𝑦 2 , (outer) 𝑦-limits: 0 to 1. Therefore,
∫ 1 ∫ 3𝑦 2
3
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦 = 𝑒 − 1
0 0

∫ 8∫ 2
1
(𝑑) 𝐼 = √ 𝑦 4 +1
d𝑦 d𝑥
0 3 𝑥
√
Solution. The region 𝑅 is described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 8, 3 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2, which
is enclosed by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 , 𝑦 = 2 and the 𝑦-axis. After reversing the order of in-
tegration, the new limits are (inner) 𝑥-limits: 0 to 𝑦 3 , (outer) 𝑦-limits: 0 to 2. Therefore,
∫ 2 ∫ 𝑦3
1 log 17
𝐼= 𝑦 4 +1
d𝑥 d𝑦 = 4
0 0

∫ 𝑎 ∫ 𝑎
𝑦2
(𝑒) 𝐼 = √
√ d𝑦 d𝑥
0 𝑎𝑥 𝑦 4 −𝑎2 𝑥 2
√
Solution. The region 𝑅 is described by the inequalities 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑎, which is
enclosed by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥, the line 𝑦 = 𝑎 and the 𝑦-axis. After reversing the order of
integration, the new limits are (inner) 𝑥-limits: 0 to 𝑦 2 /𝑎, (outer) 𝑦-limits: 0 to 𝑎. Therefore,
∫ 𝑎 ∫ 𝑦 2 /𝑎
2
𝐼= √ 4𝑦 2 2 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 0 𝑦 −𝑎 𝑥

√
∫ 1∫ 1− 𝑥 2
(𝑓) 𝐼 = 𝑦 2 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0
√
Solution. The region 𝑅 is described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 2 , which
is enclosed by the unit circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 in the first quadrant. Now reversing the order of
2
integration,√the new limits are (inner) 𝑥-limits: 0 to 1 − 𝑦 , (outer) 𝑦-limits: 0 to 1, and
√︁
∫ 1 ∫ 1−𝑦 2
𝐼= 𝑦 2 d𝑥 d𝑦 = π/6
0 0

Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. T. Phaneendra

72 Chapter 6. Double Integral In Cartesian Form

∫ 𝑎 ∫ 2√ 𝑥/𝑎
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 d𝑦 d𝑥


(𝑔) 𝐼 =
0 𝑥/𝑎

Solution. The region 𝑅 is described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 𝑥/𝑎, which

√︁

is enclosed by the parabola 𝑎𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and the straight line 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑥. Now reversing the order
of integration, the√new limits are (inner) 𝑥-limits: 𝑎𝑦 2 /4 to 𝑎𝑦, (outer) 𝑦-limits: 0 to 1.
∫ 1 ∫ 𝑎𝑦
3
Therefore, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 d𝑥 d𝑦 = 37𝑎

𝑎
448 + 5
0 𝑎𝑦 2 /4
√
∫ 𝑎 ∫ 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 d𝑦 d𝑥
√︁
(ℎ)
0 0
√
Solution. The region 𝑅 is described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 ,
which is enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 in the first
√︁ quadrant. Now reversing the order of
integration, the new limits are (inner) 𝑥-limits: 0 to 𝑎 2 − 𝑦 2 , (outer) 𝑦-limits: 0 to 𝑎.
∫ 𝑎 ∫ √𝑎 − 𝑦 2 √︁
Therefore, 𝐼 = 𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 d𝑥 d𝑦 = π𝑎 3 /6
0 0
∫ 𝑎 ∫ 𝑦
√
(𝑖) 𝐼 = 𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 𝑦 2 /𝑎

Solution. The region 𝑅 is described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑎, 𝑦 2 /𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦, which

is enclosed by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥. After reversing the order of inte-
√
gration, the√ new limits are (inner) 𝑦-limits: 𝑥 to 𝑎𝑥, (outer) 𝑥-limits: 0 to 𝑎. Therefore,
∫ 𝑎 ∫ 𝑎𝑥
√
𝐼= 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 4𝑎 5/2 /35
0 𝑥
∫ 1/16 ∫ 1/2
cos 16π𝑥 5 d𝑥 d𝑦


( 𝑗)
0 𝑦 1/4

Solution. The region 𝑅 is described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1/16, 𝑦 1/4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1/2,

which is enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 , the 𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥 = 1/2. After reversing the
order of integration the new limits are (inner) 𝑦-limits: 0 to 𝑥 4 , (outer) 𝑥-limits: 0 to 1/2.
∫ 1/2 ∫ 𝑥 4
Therefore, 𝐼 = cos 16π𝑥 5 d𝑦 d𝑥 = 1/80π


0 0

Summary

In this chapter, you have learned

(a) computing the volume of the region bounded below by a rectangle using a double integral
(b) finding a double integral over a general region, by horizontal and vertical cross-sections
(c) computing the volumes of the regions bounded below by general regions through double
integrals
(d) evaluating a double integral by interchanging the order of integration.

Text and Reference Books

1. Anton, Bivens & Davis, Calculus - Early Transcendentals, 10th Edition (2013) John Wiley & Sons,
Sec. 14.5-14.7

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

6.6. Reversing the Order of Integration 73

2. Briggs et al., Calculus for Scientists and Engineers - Early Transcendentals, Copyright © (2013)
Pearson Education, Inc., Sec. 14.1-14.2
3. James Stewart, Multivariable Calculus, 8th Edition, Sec. 15.1-15.2
4. Smith and Minton, Calculus - Early Transcendental Functions, McGraw-Hill (2011), 4th Edition,
Sec. 13.1
5. Thomus, J. B., Calculus, 12th Edition, Copyright © 2010 Pearson Edu., Sec. 15.1-15.2

Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. T. Phaneendra

74 Chapter 6. Double Integral In Cartesian Form

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

Chapter 7

Change of Variables in a Double Integral

Objectives

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to find

(a) a double integral through its polar conversion

(b) a double integral through general transformation
(c) double integrals over unbounded regions
(d) the area, mass, average and other physical quantities by a double integral.

7.1 Double Integral in Polar Form

∫ β ∫ 𝑟2 ∫ β ∫ 𝑓2 (θ)
Limits Specified: 𝐼 = 𝑓 (𝑟, θ) d𝑟 dθ or 𝑓 (𝑟, θ) d𝑟 dθ
θ=α 𝑟=𝑟1 θ=α 𝑟= 𝑓1 (θ)
Exercise 7.1.1. Evaluate the following integrals:
∫ π/4 ∫ 𝑎 sin θ
(a) √ 𝑟
2 2
d𝑟 dθ
0 0 𝑎 −𝑟
∫ π/2 ∫ 𝑎
(b) 𝑟 4 d𝑟 dθ
0 𝑎 cos θ
∫ π∫ 1
(c) 𝑟 sin θ d𝑟 dθ
0 0
∫ π∫ 𝑎
(d) 𝑟 3 sin θ cos θ d𝑟 dθ
0 0

∬
Limits Not Specified: To evaluate 𝐼 = 𝑓 (𝑟, θ) d𝑟 dθ:
ℛ

(a) Sketch the region ℛ and label the bounding curves

(b) Imagine a radius vector 𝐿 from the pole in the direction of increasing 𝑟, passing through ℛ
(c) Locate the points 𝑃 and 𝑄, where 𝐿 enters and leaves ℛ respectively. Then express 𝑟 in
terms of θ at these points, say 𝑟 = ϕ1 (θ) at 𝑃, 𝑟 = ϕ2 (𝜃) at 𝑄
(d) Choose the (constant) θ-limits that include all such radii, say θ = α to θ = β
(e) Thus the limits of integration are 𝑟 = ϕ1 (θ) to ϕ2 (θ), and θ = α to β
∫ β ∫ ϕ2 (θ) 
𝐼= 𝑓 (𝑟, θ) d𝑟 dθ
θ=α 𝑦=ϕ1 (θ)

Exercise 7.1.2. Evaluate the double integrals of following functions 𝑓 (𝑟, θ) over the given region
ℛ:

(a) 𝑟 2 over the region 𝑅 enclosed by the circles 𝑟 = 𝑎 sin θ and 𝑟 = 𝑏 sin θ where 𝑎 < 𝑏
(b) 𝑟 2 sin θ bounded by the semicircle 𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos θ above the initial line

75
76 Chapter 7. Change of Variables in a Double Integral

(c) 𝑟 sin θ bounded by the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − sin θ) above the initial line
(d) √ 𝑟 over the region 𝑅 enclosed by one loop of the lemniscate 𝑟 2 = 𝑎 2 cos 2θ
𝑟 2 +𝑎2

7.2 Change of Variable - Cartesian into Polar:

Conversion of a double integral from Cartesian form to polar form is governed by the following
equation: ∬ ∬
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑟 cos θ, 𝑟 sin θ)𝑟 d𝑟 dθ,
ℛ 𝒢

where 𝒢 is the Cartesian region ℛ, expressed in terms of polar coordinates.

Example 7.2.1. Evaluate each of the following double integrals through the polar transformation:
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos θ, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin θ:
∫ 𝑎 ∫ √ 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
2 2
(a) 𝐼 = 𝑒 − 𝑥 −𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0
√
Solution. The region ℛ, described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 , is
enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 in the first quadrant. The polar limits are 𝑟 = 0 to 𝑎; θ = 0
−𝑎2
∫ π/2 ∫ 𝑎 
π 1−𝑒
−𝑟 2
to π/2; 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑟 d𝑟 dθ = 4
0 0

∫ 𝑎 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑦 2
(b) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) d𝑥 d𝑦
0 0

Solution. The region ℛ, described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 2 − 𝑦 2 , is

√︁

enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 in the first quadrant. The polar limits are 𝑟 = 0 to 𝑎; θ = 0
∫ π/2 ∫ 𝑎
to π/2; 𝐼 = 𝑟 2 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃 = π𝑎 4 /8
0 0

√
∫ 1∫ 1− 𝑥 2
𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 d𝑦 d𝑥
√︁
(c)
0 0
√
Solution. The region ℛ, described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 2 , is
enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 in the first quadrant. The polar limits are 𝑟 = 0 to 1; θ = 0
∫ π/2 ∫ 1 ∫ π/2  ∫ 1 
3
to π/2. Therefore, 𝐼 = (𝑟 sin θ) · 𝑟 𝑟 d𝑟 dθ = sin θ dθ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 1/4
0 0 0 0

√
∫ 1∫ 1− 𝑥 2
(d) 𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
d𝑦 d𝑥
0 𝑥
√
Solution. The region ℛ, described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 2 , is the
sector enclosed by arc of the unit circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the 𝑦-axis in the first
∫ π/2 ∫ 1
𝑟 2 cos2 θ
quadrant. The polar limits are 𝑟 = 0 to 1; θ = π/4 to π/2; 𝐼 = 𝑟2
· 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃 =
π/4 0
∫ π/2  ∫ 1 
2
cos θ dθ 𝑟 d𝑟 = 1/4
π/4 0

∫ 𝑎 ∫ 𝑎
2
(e) √ 𝑥2 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 2

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

7.2. Change of Variable - Cartesian into Polar: 77

Solution. The region ℛ is described by the inequalities 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑎, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, which is

enclosed by the triangle with edges 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 0. The polar limits are 𝑟 = 0 to
𝑎 sec θ; θ = 0 to π/4. Therefore,
∫ π/4 ∫ 𝑎 sec θ ∫ π/4 𝑎 sec θ  √ 
2 2 𝑟3 2 𝑎3
𝐼= 𝑟 cos θ d𝜃 = 3 cos θ d𝜃 = 3 log 1+ 2
0 0 0 𝑟=0

√
∫ 1∫ 1− 𝑥 2
(f) d𝑦 d𝑥
−1 0
√
Solution. The region ℛ is described by the inequalities −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 2 ,
which is enclosed by the upper semicircular arc 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and the 𝑥-axis. The polar limits
∫ π∫ 1
are 𝑟 = 0 to 1; θ = 0 to π; 𝐼 = 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃 = π/2
0 0

√
∫ 𝑎 ∫ 1− 𝑥 2
(g) √ d𝑦 d𝑥
−𝑎 − 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
Solution. The region ℛ is described by the inequalities
√ √
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, − 1 − 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 2 ,

which
∫ is enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 . The polar limits are 𝑟 = 0 to 𝑎; θ = 0 to 2π;
2π ∫ 𝑎
𝐼= 𝑟 d𝑟 dθ = π𝑎 2
0 0

∫ 2∫ 𝑦
(h) √ √ d𝑥 d𝑦
2 4−𝑦 2
√
Solution. The region ℛ, due to the inequalities 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2, 4 − 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦, is enclosed
√︁

by arc of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2. Polar limits are 𝑟 = 2 to 2 csc θ;
θ = π/4 to π/2. Therefore,
∫ π/2 ∫ 2 csc θ ∫ π/2
𝐼= 𝑟 d𝑟 dθ = 2 (csc2 θ − 1) dθ = 2
π/4 2 π/4

∫ 1∫ 0
2
(i) √ (1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 2
d𝑦 d𝑥
−1 − 1− 𝑥 2
√
Solution. The region ℛ from the inequalities −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, − 1 − 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 0, is enclosed by
the lower semicircular 2 2
∫ arc ∫𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 and the 𝑥-axis. The polar limits are 𝑟 = 0 to 1; θ = π
2π 1
2𝑟
to 2π. Therefore, 𝐼 = 1+𝑟 2
d𝑟 dθ = π log 2
π 0

√
∫ 2∫ 2𝑥− 𝑥 2
(j) d𝑦 d𝑥
1 0
√
Solution. The region ℛ, described by the inequalities 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 2 is
enclosed by the arc of the circle (𝑥 − 1) 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, the 𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥 = 1. Polar limits
∫ π/4 ∫ 2 cos θ
are 𝑟 = sec θ to 2 cos θ; θ = 0 to π/4. Therefore, 𝐼 = 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃 = π/4
0 sec 𝜃

Change of Variable - Cartesian into Elliptical Polar: Conversion of Cartesian double integral into

Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. T. Phaneendra

78 Chapter 7. Change of Variables in a Double Integral

elliptical polar form is governed by the following equation:

∬ ∬
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑎𝑟 cos θ, 𝑏𝑟 sin θ) 𝑎𝑏𝑟 d𝑟 dθ,
ℛ 𝒢

where 𝒢 is the Cartesian region ℛ expressed in elliptical polar coordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟 cos θ, 𝑦 =

𝑏𝑟 sin θ.

Other Forms

Exercise 7.2.1 (Self-check). Use the elliptical polar transformation 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑟 sin 𝜃 to
evaluate
∬
(a) (𝑥 + 𝑦) 2 d𝑥 d𝑦
∬
(b) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) d𝑥 d𝑦

𝑥2 𝑦2
over the region enclosed by the ellipse 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
= 1.

Exercise 7.2.2 (Self-check). Evaluate the double integral of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦) over the positive
2 2
quadrant of the ellipse 𝑥4 + 𝑦9 = 1.

Exercise 7.2.3 (Self-check). Evaluate

∫ 4 ∫ 1+𝑦/2
2𝑥−𝑦 2𝑥−𝑦
(a) 2 d𝑥 d𝑦 using 𝑢 = 2 ,𝑣 = 𝑦
2
0 𝑦/2
∫ 2∫ 2
(b) 𝑦
𝑥 d𝑦 d𝑥 using the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑢, 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑦.
1 1

Exercise 7.2.4 (Self-check). Evaluate the double integral of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦) 2 over the region
enclosed by the parallelogram with vertices (1, 0), (3, 1), (2, 2) and (0, 1) using the transformation
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦.
∬  
Exercise 7.2.5 (Self-check). Evaluate exp 𝑥−𝑦𝑥+𝑦 d𝐴 over the region ℛ = {(𝑥, 𝑦) : 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥
0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 1} using the transformation 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦.

7.3 Double Integral over Unbounded Regions

Example 7.3.1. Compute the double integrals given below:

∫ ∞∫ ∞
𝑒 −𝑦
(a) 𝐼 = 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 𝑥
Solution. The region ℛ is described by the inequalities 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥, which is the un-
bounded region enclosed between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the 𝑦-axis. After reversing the order of
integration, the new limits are 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑦 and 𝑦 = 0 to ∞. Therefore,
∫ ∞∫ 𝑦 ∫ ∞
𝑒 −𝑦
𝐼= 𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑦 d𝑦 = 1.
0 0 0

∫ ∞∫ ∞
2 /𝑦
(b) 𝐼 = 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 𝑦

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

7.3. Double Integral over Unbounded Regions 79

Solution. The region ℛ is described by the inequalities 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑥 ≥ 𝑦, which is the un-

bounded region enclosed between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the 𝑥-axis. Therefore,
∫ ∞ 2 /𝑦 ∞ ∫ ∞
−𝑥
1
𝐼= − 𝑦𝑒 2 d𝑦 = 2 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 d𝑦 = 1
0 𝑥=𝑦 0

∫ ∞ ∫ 1/𝑥 2
(c) 𝐼 = 2𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
1 0
Solution. The region ℛ, described by the inequalities 𝑥 ≥ 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1/𝑥 2 , is the
unbounded region∫enclosed by the curve 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 1 and the 𝑥-axis, lying to the right side of
∫ ∞ ∞
1/𝑥 2
the line 𝑥 = 1; 𝐼 = 𝑦2 𝑦=0
d𝑥 = 1
𝑥2
d𝑥 = 1
1 1

∫ ∞∫ 1
1
(d) 𝑥3 𝑦
d𝑦 d𝑥 = 1
1 𝑒− 𝑥
∫ ∞∫ ∞ ∫ ∞  ∫ ∞ 
(e) 1
( 𝑥 2 +1) ( 𝑦 2 +1)
d𝑥 d𝑦 = 4 1
𝑥 2 +1
d𝑥 1
𝑦 2 +1
d𝑦 = π2
−∞ −∞ 0 0
∫ ∞∫ ∞ ∫ ∞  ∫ ∞ 
(f) 𝑥𝑒 − ( 𝑥+2𝑦)
d𝑥 d𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑦
d𝑦 = 1/2
0 0 0 0
∫ ∞   ∫ ∞∫ 𝑏
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑏𝑥
(g) 𝐼 = 𝑥 d𝑥 = 𝑒 − 𝑥 𝑦 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0 𝑎
Solution. The region ℛ of integration is the infinite strip from 𝑥 = 0 between the lines
𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏. After changing the order of integration, the integral becomes
∫ 𝑏 ∫ ∞ ∫ 𝑏 ∫ 𝑏
−𝑥 𝑦 ∞
 
1
𝐼= 𝑒 − 𝑥 𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑦 d𝑦 = 𝑦 d𝑦 = log 𝑏
𝑎
𝑎 0 𝑎 𝑥=0 𝑎

∫ ∞∫ ∞
2 −𝑦 2
(h) 𝐼 = 𝑒−𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 0
Solution. The region ℛ is described by the inequalities 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, which is the whole
first quadrant. Changing to polar form, we get
∫ π/2 ∫ ∞
2
𝐼= 𝑟𝑒 −𝑟 d𝑟 dθ = π/2
0 0

π
∫
2
∫ ∞
(i) 𝑟
(𝑟 2 +𝑎2 ) 2
d𝑟 dθ
0 0
Solution. The region ℛ of integration is the entire first quadrant. Therefore,
∫ ∞  ∫ π/2 
∞
𝐼= 𝑟
(𝑟 2 +𝑎2 ) 2
d𝑟 dθ = − 12 · 𝑟 2 +𝑎
1 π π
2 𝑟=0 · 2 = 8𝑎 2
0 0

π
∫
2
∫ ∞
(j) 𝑟
(𝑟 2 +𝑎2 ) 4
d𝑟 dθ
0 0
Solution. The region ℛ of integration is the entire first quadrant. Therefore,
∫ ∞  ∫ π/2 
∞
3
𝐼= 2
𝑟
2
(𝑟 +𝑎 ) 4 𝑑𝑟 dθ = − 2 2
2(𝑟 +𝑎 ) 3 · π2 = 8𝑎
3π
6.
0 0 𝑟=0

Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. T. Phaneendra

80 Chapter 7. Change of Variables in a Double Integral

7.4 Applications of Double Integral

Areas of Plane Regions

∬ ∬
(𝑎) Cartesian Form: 𝐴 = d𝑥 d𝑦 = d𝑦 d𝑥
𝑅 𝑅
∬
(𝑏) Polar Form: 𝐴 = 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃
𝑅
Example 7.4.1. Evaluate the area of the region

(𝑎) enclosed between the coordinate axes and the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2

∫ 2 ∫ 2− 𝑥
Ans. d𝑦 d𝑥 = 2
0 0
(𝑏) enclosed by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the straight line 𝑦 = 𝑥
∫ 1∫ 𝑦
Ans. 𝐴 = d𝑥 d𝑦 = 1/6
0 𝑦2

(𝑐) bounded by the the straight lines 𝑦 = 𝑥, 3𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2

∫ 2 ∫ 3𝑦
Ans. 𝐴 = d𝑥 d𝑦 = 4
0 𝑦

(𝑑) enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 in the first quadrant using the polar coordinates
∫ π/2 ∫ 𝑎
Ans. 𝐴 = 𝑟 d𝑟 𝑑𝑖 𝑓 𝑓 𝜃 = π𝑎 2 /4
0 0
(𝑒) enclosed by the arc of the unit circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, the 𝑦 axis and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 in the first
quadrant using the polar coordinates
∫ π/2 ∫ 1
Ans. 𝐴 = 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃 = π/8
π/4 0

Average value of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) over a plane region 𝑅 is given by

1
∬
𝑓ave = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴.
area of 𝑅
𝑅

Mass, Moments, Centre of Mass, Moments of Inertia, Centroid

Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) be the linear density of a thin metal sheet bounding a region 𝑅. Then
∬
Mass of the plate: 𝑀 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴
𝑅
First Moments about the coordinate axes:
∬ ∬
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴, 𝑀 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴
𝑅 𝑅

Centre of Mass (𝑥 𝑐 , 𝑦 𝑐 ), where 𝑥 𝑐 =

𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑥
𝑀 , 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑀

Moments of Inertia

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

7.4. Applications of Double Integral 81

∬
(𝑎) about the 𝑥-axis: 𝐼 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴
𝑅
∬
(𝑏) about the 𝑦-axis is 𝐼 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴
∬𝑅
(𝑐) about a line 𝐿 is 𝐼 𝐿 = 𝑟 2 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴, where 𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦) is the distance from (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑅
to 𝐿
(𝑑) about the origin (polar moment) is 𝐼0 = 𝐼 𝑥 + 𝐼 𝑦
Centrod: When the density of the metal plate is constant, 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) cancels out of the numer-
ator and denominator of the formulas of 𝑥 𝑐 and 𝑦 𝑐 . As such, the centre of mass becomes a
feature of the object’s shape and not of the material of which it is made. In this case, the
center of mass is referred to as the centroid of the shape (𝑥𝐶 , 𝑦 𝐶 ), where

𝑥 d𝐴 𝑦 d𝐴
∬ ∬
𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑥
and 𝑦 𝐶 =
𝑅 𝑅
𝑥𝐶 = = ∬ = ∬ .
𝑀 d𝐴 𝑀 d𝐴
𝑅 𝑅

Summary

In this chapter, you have learned finding

(a) a double integral through its polar conversion

(b) a double integral through general transformation
(c) double integrals over unbounded regions
(d) the area, mass, average and other physical quantities by a double integral.

Text and Reference Books

1. Anton, Bivens & Davis, Calculus - Early Transcendentals, 10th Edition (2013) John Wiley & Sons,
Sec. 14.1-14.2
2. Briggs et al., Calculus for Scientists and Engineers - Early Transcendentals, Copyright © (2013)
Pearson Education, Inc., Sec. 14.3, 14.7
3. James Stewart, Multivariable Calculus, 8th Edition, Sec. 15.3-15.4
4. Smith and Minton, Calculus - Early Transcendental Functions, McGraw-Hill (2011), 4th Edition,
Sec. 13.2-13.3
5. Thomus, J. B., Calculus, 12th Edition, Copyright © 2010 Pearson Edu., Sec. 15.3-15.4

Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. T. Phaneendra

82 Chapter 7. Change of Variables in a Double Integral

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

Chapter 8

Triple Integral and Its Applications

Objectives

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to know

(a) a triple integral with constant and non-constant limits specified

(b) a triple integral over general regions
(c) a triple integral through spherical, cylindrical polar and other transformations,
(d) geometrical and physical applications of a triple integral.

8.1 Limits of Integration Specified - Limits all constants

The general forms are

∫ 𝑓 ∫ 𝑑 ∫ 𝑏
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) d𝑥 d𝑦 d𝑧, (8.1.1)
𝑒 𝑐 𝑎
∫ 𝑏 ∫ 𝑑 ∫ 𝑓
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) d𝑧 d𝑦 d𝑥, (8.1.2)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
∫ 𝑏 ∫ 𝑓 ∫ 𝑑
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) d𝑥 d𝑧 d𝑦 (8.1.3)
𝑎 𝑒 𝑐

and so on. The limits will define a rectangular box 𝑅 = 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 .



Exercise 8.1.1 (Self-check). Evaluate

∫ 1∫ 1∫ 1
(a) 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 d𝑥 d𝑦 d𝑧
0 0 0
∫ 1∫ 2∫ 2
(b) 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 d𝑧 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0 0
π π π
2 2 2
∫ ∫ ∫
(c) cos (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) d𝑥 d𝑦𝑧
0 0 0

8.2 Limits of Integration Specified: Non-contant Inner Limits

Exercise 8.2.1 (Self-check). Evaluate

∫ 1 ∫ 1−𝑧 ∫ 1−𝑦−𝑧
(a) 𝑥𝑦𝑧 d𝑥 d𝑦 d𝑧
0 0 0
∫ 1 ∫ 1 ∫ 1− 𝑥
(b) 𝑥 d𝑧 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 𝑦2 1
∫ 1∫ 𝑧 ∫ 𝑥+𝑧
(c) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) d𝑥 d𝑦 d𝑧
−1 0 𝑥−𝑧
∫ 1 ∫ 1− 𝑥 ∫ 𝑥+𝑦
(d) 𝑒 𝑧 d𝑧 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0 0

83
84 Chapter 8. Triple Integral and Its Applications

∫ log 2 ∫ 𝑥 ∫ 𝑥+𝑦
(e) 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 d𝑧 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0 0

8.3 Triple Integrals over General Regions

Exercise 8.3.1 (Self-check). Evaluate the triple integral of each of the following functions 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
over the given volume 𝑉:

(a) 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥; 𝑉 is enclosed by the rectangular box with edges 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1; 𝑧 =

0, 𝑧 = 1
(b) 𝑥𝑦𝑧; 𝑉 is enclosed by the coordinate planes and the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
(c) 1; 𝑉 is enclosed by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥
𝑎 + 𝑦
𝑏 + 𝑧
𝑐 =1

8.4 Triple Integral using Spherical Polar Coordinates

Exercise 8.4.1 (Self-check). Evaluate the following triple integrals through the spherical polar
coordinate transformation 𝑥 = ρ sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = ρ sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃, 𝑧 = ρ cos 𝜙:
√
∫ 1∫ 1− 𝑥 2 ∫ 1
1
(a) √ √ d𝑧 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

The volume is enclosed by the right circular cone 𝑧 = 𝑎 2 − 𝑦 2 with height 𝑧 = 1 in the first
√︁

octant
∫ 1 ∫ √1− 𝑥 2 ∫ √1− 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
1. 𝑥𝑦𝑧 d𝑧 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0 0
The volume is enclosed by the positive octant of the unit sphere
(b) The triple integral of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 over the volume enclosed by the sphere 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 =
𝑎2
(c) The triple integral of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 over the volume enclosed by the upper hemi-
sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎 2 , 𝑧 ≥ 0
1
(d) The triple integral of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = √ over the volume enclosed by positive octant
1− 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2
of the unit sphere
∫ ∞∫ ∞∫ ∞
2 2 2
2. 𝑒 − ( 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 ) d𝑥 d𝑦 d𝑧
0 0 0

8.5 Triple Integral using Cylindrical Polar Coordinates

Exercise 8.5.1 (Self-check). Using the cylindrical polar coordinates 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝑧,
evaluate:
∫ 𝑎 ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
(a) √ 𝑧 2 d𝑧 d𝑦 d𝑥
−𝑎 − 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 0
∭
(b) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 over the volume bounded by the coordinate planes, tha plane 𝑧 = ℎ and
the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
∭
(c) 𝑧(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑉 over the volume bounded by the planes 𝑧 = 2, 𝑧 = 3, and the cylinder
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

8.6. Applications of Triple Integral 85

∭
(d) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑉 over the volume bounded by the planes 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 1, and the cylinder
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1

8.6 Applications of Triple Integral

Volumes of Solids
∭
▶ The volume of a closed, bounded region 𝑅 in space is 𝑉 = d𝑉
𝑅
∬
▶ Cartesian: 𝑉 = d𝑥 d𝑦 d𝑧
𝑅
∬
▶ Spherical polar: 𝑉 = ρ2 sin 𝜙 d𝜌 d𝜙 d𝜃
𝑅
∬
▶ Cylindrical polar: 𝑉 = 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃 d𝑧
𝑅
∬  
▶ General: 𝑉 = 𝐽 𝑥,𝑦,𝑧
𝑢,𝑣,𝑤 d𝑢 d𝑣 d𝑤
𝑅
Exercise 8.6.1 (Self-check). Compute the volume of

1. the tetrahedron bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎

(a) the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎 2 using the spherical polar coordinates
(b) the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 bounded by the planes 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = ℎ using the cylindrical polar
coordinates
(c) the portion of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 lying inside the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑦 using the
cylindrical polar coordinates
2 2 2
2. the ellipsoid 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑧 2 = 1
[Hint: Use 𝑥 = 𝑎ρ sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏ρ sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃, 𝑧 = 𝑐ρ cos 𝜙]

Average Value of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) over a plane region 𝑅 in space is given by

∭
𝑓ave or 𝑓 = volume1 of 𝑅 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝐴.
𝑅

Mass, Moments, Centre of Mass, Moments of Inertia, Centroid

Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be the density a solid enclosed by a region 𝑅. Then

∭
▶ Mass of the plate is 𝑀 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) d𝑉
𝑅

▶ First Moments about the coordinate planes are

∭
𝑀 𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) d𝑉,
𝑅

Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. T. Phaneendra

86 Chapter 8. Triple Integral and Its Applications

∭
𝑀𝑧 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) d𝑉,
𝑅
∭
𝑀𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑧 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) d𝑉 .
𝑅

▶ Centre of Mass is (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), where 𝑥 =

𝑀𝑦𝑧 𝑀𝑧 𝑥 𝑀𝑥 𝑦
𝑀 , 𝑦= 𝑀 ,𝑧 = 𝑀

▶ Moments of Inertia (Second Moments)

∭
▶ about the 𝑥-axis is 𝐼 𝑥 = (𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) d𝑉
𝑅
∭
▶ about the 𝑦-axis is 𝐼 𝑦 = (𝑧2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) d𝑉
𝑅
∭
▶ about the 𝑧-axis is 𝐼 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) d𝑉
𝑅
∭
▶ about a line 𝐿 is 𝐼 𝐿 = 𝑟 2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑉, where 𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is the distance from
𝑅
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) to 𝐿
▶ Centroid of the shape (𝑥𝐶 , 𝑦 𝐶 , 𝑧𝐶 ), where
∭ ∭ ∭
𝑥 d𝑉 𝑦 d𝐴 𝑧 d𝐴
𝑀𝑦𝑧 𝑅 𝑀𝑧 𝑥 𝑅 𝑀𝑥 𝑦 𝑅
𝑥𝐶 = 𝑀 = ∭ , 𝑦𝐶 = 𝑀 = ∭ , 𝑧𝐶 = 𝑀 = ∭
d𝑉 d𝑉 d𝑉
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

Summary

In this chapter, you have learned finding

(a) a triple integral with constant and non-constant limits specified

(b) a triple integral over general regions
(c) a triple integral through spherical, cylindrical polar and other transformations,
(d) geometrical and physical applications of a triple integral.

Text and Reference Books

1. Anton, Bivens & Davis, Calculus - Early Transcendentals, 10th Edition (2013) John Wiley & Sons,
Sec. 13.5-13.7
2. Briggs et al., Calculus for Scientists and Engineers - Early Transcendentals, Copyright © (2013)
Pearson Education, Inc., Sec. 14.4-14.7
3. James Stewart, Multivariable Calculus, 8th Edition, Sec. 15.6-15.9
4. Smith and Minton, Calculus - Early Transcendental Functions, McGraw-Hill (2011), 4th Edition,
Sec. 13.5-13.8

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

8.6. Applications of Triple Integral 87

5. Thomus, J. B., Calculus, 12th Edition, Copyright © 2010 Pearson Edu., Sec. 15.5, 15.7

Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. T. Phaneendra

88 Chapter 8. Triple Integral and Its Applications

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology

102 Chapter 8. Triple Integral and Its Applications

Dr. T. Phaneendra Department of Mathematics, Vellore Institute of Technology