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    Linear Algebra Harvard Notes Lecture 3

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    emmanuelmichaelrassou

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    Linear Algebra Harvard Notes Lecture 3

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    emmanuelmichaelrassou
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    Linear Algebra Harvard notes Lecture 3

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    7 views3 pages

    Linear Algebra Harvard Notes Lecture 3

    Uploaded by

    emmanuelmichaelrassou

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Math 22a Lecture 3

    1 Logistics
    Office Hours : Monday 4-6 +7-9 in Sever 306
    Prof Taubes: Tues 3-4 Sc. 504 Wed 4-5 Sc.504

    2 Row reduction and row echelon forms


    0 10 1
    a11 a12 : : :: a1n b1
    B a CB C
    B 21 a22 : : : a2n CB b2 C
    B    CB  C
    @    : A@  A
    am1 am2 : : : amn bm

    Must do elementary row operations to the augmented matrix.


    Aim is to get a matrix in Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF)

    2.1 Reduced Row Echelon Form


    A  rref(A)
    rref(A) :
    0 1
    1 0 5 0 b10
    B C
    B 0 1 4 0 b2 0 C
    B C
    B 0 :::
    @ 1  C
    A
    0
    0 : : :: 0 bn

     Left most nonzero entry in each row is 1.


     If the column is a pivot column has a leading 1 then all other entries are zero
     Leading 1 in previous row is to the left
     Rows that are all zero are at the bottom

    Test for inconsistency :


    System is inconsistent if any non-zero b's are in rows with all zeros.
    i.e. the rightmost column in the augmented column is a pivot column

    ! 0 1
        1 5 1 1
    5 ¡3 2 4 5 ¡3 2 4 5 0 ¡4 1 0 ¡ 20 2
    10 ¡2 1 6
     0 4 ¡3 ¡2
     2 @ 3 1
    A
    0 4 ¡3 ¡2 0 1 ¡4 ¡2

    1 1
    x1 ¡ x3 =
    20 2
    3 1
    x2 ¡ x3 = ¡
    4 2

    1 1
    x1 = + x3 (1)
    2 20
    1 3
    x2 = ¡ + x3 (2)
    2 4

    1
    Algorithm:
     Pick a leftmost non-zero entry of A - that column will be the first pivot column.
     Repeat : find next leftmost non-zero entry of A - this will find all pivot columns that will be the
    same throughout the different matrix forms
     Rearrange the rows such that it has a step-like structure
     Then divide each row with a non-zero entry by the leading entry.

    2.2 Theorem: rref is bijective


    Given A, this algorithm produces rref(A) and there is a unique rref(A).

    Why is it unique?
    Each elementary row operation is trivially reversible
    Consider two rref matrices from the same matrix A:
    The pivot columns remain the same - what about non-pivot columns?

    3 Vectors
    Column vector - a matrix with 1 column
    Row vector - a matrix with 1 row

    c.u
    VECTOR ADDITION

    u+v

    v
    u

    0 1
    x1
    B x2 C
    B C n
    B  C2 R
    @  A
    xn

    2
    3.1 Properties of vectors
     Any two vectors can be added
    0 1 0 1 0 1
    x1 x10 x + x0
    B  C B C B 1  1 C
    @  A + B
    @  C =
    A @
    B  C
    A
    xn 0 0
    xn xn + xn

     c is any number
    0 1 0 1
    x1 c x1
    @  A = @  A
    C B C
    cB
    xn c xn

    All vectors that are obtained from fv


    ~ 1; ~v2; : : : ; ~vpg are called linear combinations of v's.
    The set of all such linear combinations is called span of fv
    ~ 1; : : : ; ~vpg
    Examples of spans:
     Span of ~v - line through ~v
     Span of ~v1 and ~v2 - assuming not parallel, they get any point in the plane

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