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INTERNATIONAL A-LEVEL
PHYSICS
Unit 4 Energy and Energy resources

Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a Data and Formulae Booklet as a loose insert Question Mark
• a ruler with millimetre measurements
1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate
• a protractor. 2
3
Instructions 4
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5
• Answer all questions. 6
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 7–21
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
• All working must be shown. TOTAL
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.

Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 80.

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Section A box
box

Answer all questions in this section.

0 1 Figure 1 shows a boiling tube containing melted wax at 85 °C. The boiling tube is in
a beaker of cold water.

Figure 1

The temperature of the wax is recorded every minute for 16 minutes.

Figure 2 shows the results.

Figure 2

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0 1 . 1 Estimate, using Figure 2, the melting point of the wax. box

[1 mark]

melting point = °C

0 1 . 2 The internal energy of the wax decreases at an average rate of 7.8 J s−1 during the
time the wax changes state.

Estimate the mass of wax in the boiling tube.

specific latent heat of the wax = 1.5 × 105 J kg−1

[3 marks]

mass = kg

0 1 . 3 Describe how the average kinetic energy and the average potential energy of the wax
particles change between 8 and 16 minutes.
[2 marks]

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0 2 . 1 The volume of a fixed mass of gas is kept constant. box

Explain why the pressure of the gas decreases when the temperature is decreased.
[3 marks]

0 2 . 2 Show that the pressure p of an ideal gas can be given as

ρRT
p= M

where ρ is the density, T is the absolute temperature and M is the molar mass of the
gas.
[2 marks]

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0 2 . 3 Figure 3 shows the variation of pressure with temperature for a gas at a constant box

volume.

Figure 3

The density of the gas is 1.6 kg m−3.

Assume that the gas is ideal.

Determine, in kg mol−1, the molar mass of the gas.

[4 marks]

molar mass = kg mol−1 9

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0 3 A flywheel energy storage system (FESS) stores kinetic energy in a rotating mass. box

0 3 . 1 The flywheel in one FESS rotates at 1.4 × 104 revolutions per minute.

Show that the angular speed of the flywheel is approximately 1.5 × 103 rad s−1.
[1 mark]

0 3 . 2 The flywheel has a moment of inertia of 92 kg m2.

Show that the rotational kinetic energy stored by the flywheel is approximately
100 MJ.
[2 marks]

0 3 . 3 The flywheel connects to a generator. The generator exerts a constant resistive

torque of 120 N m on the flywheel for 4.0 minutes.

Calculate the angular speed of the flywheel after 4.0 minutes.

[3 marks]

angular speed = rad s−1

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0 3 . 4 The flywheel in one FESS is a solid steel cylinder, as shown in Figure 4. box

Figure 4

The maximum energy that can be safely stored in a FESS is limited by the material
properties of the flywheel.
Designers consider replacing the steel flywheel with one of identical dimensions made
of carbon fibre. Data about each material are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Material Breaking stress / GPa Density / kg m−3

steel 1.5 8.0 × 103

carbon fibre 4.5 1.6 × 103

Each design is required to store the same amount of rotational kinetic energy.

Suggest why the designers need to consider these densities and breaking stresses
when choosing a material for the flywheel.
Calculations are not required.
[3 marks]

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0 4 A proton with 0.675 MeV of kinetic energy collides and fuses with a stationary nucleus box

of boron-11 (115 B) . An excited carbon-12 (126 C )

*
nucleus is produced.

p + 11 B → 12 C*
5 6

This excited carbon-12 nucleus de-excites to a stable carbon-12 (126 C) nucleus

by emitting a gamma photon.

12 C* → 12 C + ᵧ
6 6

0 4 . 1 Calculate, in MeV, the energy of this gamma photon.

Assume the carbon nucleus does not recoil when the gamma ray is emitted.

State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

mass of
11 B nucleus = 11.00666 u
5

mass of
12 C nucleus = 11.99680 u
6
[5 marks]

energy of gamma photon = MeV

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0 4 . 2 An alternative mode of decay for

12 C* is decay into a beryllium-8 8 Be nucleus and box

6 4

an alpha particle ( 42 α ) .

12 C* → 8 Be + 4 α
6 4 2

The carbon nucleus is initially stationary. The beryllium-8 nucleus and the alpha
particle move as a result of the decay.

Compare the momentum and the kinetic energy of the

8 Be nucleus to the momentum
4
and the kinetic energy of the alpha particle immediately after the decay.

Support your answer with a calculation.

[4 marks]

momentum

kinetic energy

Question 4 continues on the next page

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0 4 . 3 One alpha particle with 2.9 MeV of kinetic energy rebounds from a different stationary box

12 C nucleus.
6
Show that the closest separation between the alpha particle and the
12 C nucleus is
6
approximately 6 fm.
[3 marks]

0 4 . 4 Nuclear radii were initially estimated using the technique of the closest approach of
alpha particles.

Electron-diffraction experiments give more accurate determinations of nuclear radii.

Suggest why.
[2 marks]

14

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0 5 . 1 −2
The intensity of solar radiation at the radius of the Earth’s orbit is 1400 W m . box

Calculate the power output of the Sun.

distance of Earth from Sun = 1.5 × 108 km

[2 marks]

power output = W

Question 5 continues on the next page

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Concentrated solar power (CSP) stations store the energy from solar radiation. box

Figure 5 shows one CSP station.

Figure 5

Mirrors reflect solar radiation onto a receiver. Energy from the solar radiation is
transferred to liquid salt that flows through the receiver. The hot liquid salt is stored in
an insulated container.

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0 5 . 2 This CSP station has 10 000 mirrors. Each mirror has a reflecting area of 120 m and 2 box

a reflection efficiency of 90%.

The intensity of solar radiation at each mirror is 900 W m−2.

Calculate, in MW, the total power of the solar radiation reflected by the mirrors.
[2 marks]

total power = MW

0 5 . 3 The reflected solar radiation heats liquid salt flowing through the receiver.

Liquid salt enters the receiver at 290 °C and leaves at 570 °C.
The salt flows through the receiver at a rate of 0.75 m3 s−1.

Calculate the rate of energy transfer to the liquid salt in the receiver.

specific heat capacity of liquid salt = 1.5 kJ kg−1 K−1

density of liquid salt = 1800 kg m−3
[3 marks]

rate of energy transfer = J s−1

Question 5 continues on the next page

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0 5 . 4 The hot liquid salt is stored in an insulated container. box

Figure 6 shows one cylindrical storage container for liquid salt at 570 °C. The internal
diameter of the container is 42 m.

Figure 6

The initial rate of energy transfer through the floor of the container must be less than
100 kW. Assume that the temperature of the ground below the container remains
constant at 15 °C.

Deduce whether a concrete floor of 45 cm thickness will be suitable.

thermal conductivity of concrete = 0.24 W m−1 K−1

[3 marks]

10

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0 6 . 1 Define the binding energy of a nucleus. box

[1 mark]

0 6 . 2 Calculate the binding energy of a nucleus of thorium-232 ( 23290 Th ) .

mass of
232 Th nucleus = 3.852 × 10−25 kg
90
[4 marks]

binding energy = J

Question 6 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

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0 6 . 3 Thorium-232 nuclei absorb neutrons and become uranium-233 nuclei after a series of box

radioactive decays.

1 n + 232 Th → 233 Th
0 90 90

233 Th → R + 0 β
90 −1

R → 233 U + 0 β
92 −1

Deduce the proton number and nucleon number of R.

[1 mark]

proton number =

nucleon number =

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0 6 . 4 Uranium-233 nuclei undergo neutron-induced fission. box

One possible fission reaction is shown below.

1 n + 233 U → 136 Xe + 95 Sr + 3 1 n
0 92 54 38 0

Table 2 shows the binding energy per nucleon for each nuclide.

Table 2

Nuclide Binding energy per nucleon / MeV

233 U
92 7.60396

136 Xe
54 8.39619

95 Sr
38 8.54912

Calculate, in J, the energy released in this fission reaction.

[3 marks]

energy released = J

Question 6 continues on the next page

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0 6 . 5 When a large number of nuclei of uranium-233 undergo fission, the average energy box

released per fission will be different to your answer to Question 06.4.

Explain why.
[1 mark]

0 6 . 6 The critical mass of uranium-233 is 16 kg.

Show that the radius of a sphere of uranium-233 of critical mass is approximately

6 cm.

density of uranium-233 = 1.9 × 104 kg m−3

[2 marks]

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0 6 . 7 The ratio of surface area to volume for a three-dimensional object is σ , where box

surface area
σ =
volume

Determine σ for the sphere in Question 06.6.

[2 marks]

σ= m−1

0 6 . 8 Explain why a cylinder of uranium-233 with a mass of 16 kg is unable to sustain a

fission chain reaction.
[3 marks]

17

END OF SECTION A

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Section B box

Each of the questions in this section is followed by four responses, A, B, C and D.

For each question select the best response.

Only one answer per question is allowed.

For each question, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select
as shown.

You may do your working in the blank space around each question but this will not be marked.
Do not use additional pages for this working.

0 7 Which produces the largest change in temperature in a system?

[1 mark]

Work done on system Heating of system

A +100 J −200 J

B −100 J +300 J

C −100 J −300 J

D +100 J +150 J

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0 8 A student uses the equipment below to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal. box

Which change to the experimental procedure increases the accuracy of the measured
value of the specific heat capacity?
[1 mark]

A insulating the metal block

B repeating the measurements and calculating a mean

C using a metal block with a greater mass

D using a thermometer with a smaller resolution

Turn over for the next question

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0 9 Part of a house wall contains two materials, P and Q. The wall separates air at different box

temperatures.

The U-value of P is four times the U-value of Q.

The area of P is half the area of Q.

rate of energy transfer through P

What is ?
rate of energy transfer through Q
[1 mark]

A 8

B 2

1
C
2

1
D
8

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1 0 The graph shows the variation of volume V with temperature θ in °C for 2 mol of an ideal box

gas at constant pressure p.

What is the gradient of the line?

[1 mark]

546R
A
p

2R
B
p

546k
C
p

2k
D
p

Turn over for the next question

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1 1 A gas undergoes one cycle of changes, starting at X as shown. box

What is the net heat transfer to the gas?

[1 mark]
A −20 GJ

B −16 GJ

C +16 GJ

D +20 GJ

1 2 A ball of internal diameter 40 mm is filled with an ideal gas.

The pressure of the gas is 1.1 × 105 Pa and the temperature is 25 °C.

What is the number of gas particles in the ball?

[1 mark]
A 9.0 × 1020

B 7.2 × 1021

C 1.1 × 1022

D 8.5 × 1022

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1 3 A sample of nitrogen gas is at 80 °C. box

Nitrogen has a molar mass of 28 g mol−1.

What is the root mean square speed of the molecules in the sample?
[1 mark]

A 0.27 km s−1

B 0.56 km s−1

C 72 km s−1

D 310 km s−1

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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1 4 The graph shows the variation of intensity I of diffracted electrons with diffraction angle θ box

for a pure nuclide X.

The experiment is repeated with a larger nuclide Y. The energy of the electrons is
unchanged.

Which graph shows the variation of I with θ for nuclide Y?

[1 mark]

A B

C D

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1 5 The radius of a polonium-210 nucleus is 5.6 fm. box

What is the radius of a silicon-28 nucleus?

[1 mark]

A 0.7 fm

B 1.2 fm

C 2.0 fm

D 2.9 fm

1 6 Moderators are used in thermal nuclear reactors because

[1 mark]

A fast neutrons are less likely to escape from the reactor.

B fast neutrons are more likely to decay into a proton.

C slow neutrons are unaffected by control rods.

D slow neutrons are more likely to be absorbed by the nuclear fuel.

1 7 The first step in the hydrogen cycle for solar fusion leads to the formation of deuterium
nuclei.

A deuterium nucleus is produced by the fusion of two protons and the emission of
[1 mark]

A an alpha particle.

B a beta-minus particle.

C a beta-plus particle.

D a neutron.

Turn over ►

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1 box
1 8 The moment of inertia of a thin rod of mass M and length L rotating about its end is ML2 .
3
The rod rotates with angular speed ω.

The rod is now made to rotate about its centre with the same rotational kinetic energy.
1
The moment of inertia of the rod is now ML2 .
12

What is the new angular speed of the rod?

[1 mark]

A
4

B
2

C 2ω

D 4ω

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1 9 Which graph shows constant angular acceleration? box

[1 mark]

A B

C D

Turn over ►

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2 0 Air moving at 12 m s−1 is incident on a wind turbine. box

The wind turbine has a power output of 150 kW at 40% efficiency.

What length are the blades of the wind turbine?

density of air = 1.3 kg m−3

[1 mark]

A 6.5 m

B 8.4 m

C 10 m

D 21 m

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2 1 Which is the characteristic curve for an illuminated solar cell? box

[1 mark]

A B

C D

D 15

END OF QUESTIONS

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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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