Water Supply - Partial 1 - 2018

The University of Zambia
School of Engineering
Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CEE 4412: Environmental Engineering I
Water Supply
JMT
May 2018
Water Supply – Objectives of course
Introduce students to:
Water demand, water delivery for sizing of
treatment plants and transport and distribution
systems;
Water sources; what is a good source?
Distribution systems;
water treatment-unit operations; and
 Rural and peri-urban water supply systems
Water Supply – Historical developments
 Industrialization (Required transportation; treatment)
Water Supply - Components
A source; Treatment facilities; Storage; Transport;

Distribution
Water Demand – What is it?
Amount of water drawn from the system within
a certain period of time. It is expressed as flow
in m3/h, l/s or l/c/d.
Accurate determination imperative for designs

Fixed area?
Expanding area?
Determination of Water Demand?
Average demand computed by multiplying the

per capita consumption by the total population
Care to be taken where other water

consumption categories exist
Per capita consumption to be sourced from

standards (ZS 361 in the case of Zambia) –
composed of amounts for drinking, washing,
bathing, laundry, gardening etc.
Water Demand (Consumption) categories
Classified according to intended use as follows:
 DOMESTIC: - Water supplied to a city/community for

sanitary uses, drinking washing bathing etc.
 COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL:- Water supplied

to commercial and industrial establishments
 PUBLIC:- Water that is supplied to public places like

schools, hospitals, prisons and water for fire fighting.
 LOSS AND WASTE:- (Unaccounted For Water –UFW

or Non Revenue Water NRW)
 Real Losses (leaks) Apparent losses (illegal connections in the system).
Demand determination – Per capita consumption
approach
Where
Qa = Average water demand
d = Population density
A = Area of the distribution
C = Coverage of the area (i.e. 50%). Thus it is a factor
that converts population to number of consumers.
q = Consumption per capita
Demand determination – Supply area consumption
approach
Where
Qa = Average water demand
A = Area of the distribution
C = Coverage of the area (i.e. 50%). Thus it is a factor
that converts population to number of consumers.
qa = average consumption per unit area
Demand determination – Per capita consumption
approach – Heterogeneous situation
Where
Qa = Average consumption of the town
A = Area of the town
n = Consumption categories in the district
qi = Unit consumption per category i
pi = percentage of district territory occupied by category i
Ci = Coverage within district territory occupied by category i
di = population density within the district i
Demand determination – Supply area consumption
approach – Heterogeneous situation
Where
Qa = Average consumption of the town
A = Area of the town
qa = Average consumption per unit area
n = Consumption categories in the district
pi = percentage of district territory occupied by category i
Ci = Coverage within district territory occupied by category i
Other important considerations
 In computation of demand, it is important to take note
of other users like fire fighting and NRW
(Real/physical losses + Apparent losses) …. very
important!!!
Demand forecasting
When designing - establish the length of time the
improvement will serve the community before it is
abandoned or enlarged – project life span.
Important to get city demographical data (i.e. is it

expanding industrially? Population? And if so, at what
rate. And how?
Demand Forecasting-Assessments to be
undertaken
 Projections based on per capita consumption

and population growth trends for domestic
category
 Forecast based on assessment of growth

trends of other main consumer categories
(Industry, Commercial)
 Forecast based on developmental plans and

programs.
Demand Forecasting – Models based on
population growth – Linear Model
a
Qi  n  Qi * (1  n * )
100
Where
Qi = Water demand at year "i"
Qi+n = forecasted water demand after n
years
n = design period
a = average annual growth rate during the
design period
Demand Forecasting – Models based on
population growth – Exponential Model
a n
Qi  n  Qi * (1  )
100
Where
Qi = Water demand at year "i"
Qi+n = forecasted water demand after n
years
n = design period
a = average annual growth rate during the
design period
Selection of a and n
‘a’ is obtained from statistical data.

Factors to consider in selecting n include:
Useful life-span of component structures and
equipment
Easy or difficulty of extensions
Anticipated population growth
Economy at time of designing (interest rates)
Anticipated industrial potential of the area etc
Other Design Aspects – Water Demand pattern
The most common types of patterns are:
instantaneous
daily
weekly and
Yearly
Peak factors
Daily Water Demand pattern
Relationship between population and peak
factors
As pop increases,
PF reduces
Water delivery
Water Delivery Qd = Qa + UFW
Qd = Qa/(1-L/100)
Where Qd = Water delivery

Qa = Water demand
L = Losses and wastage (%)
Determination of design volume
 Due to varying water demand, design is based
on maximum hourly demand for maximum
daily demand for maximum weekly demand for
maximum monthly demand. (Difference in
Transport and distribution). Thus
 Qd = (Qa* pfo) /(1-L/100)
 Where pfo is the overall peak factor given as
 pfo = pf1 * pf2 * pf3 *….pfn

Factors affecting Demand (Consumption)
 Size of the city (e.g. Small = unsewered = low)
 Characteristic of the population (rich/poor)
 Presence of industries (Yes = high)
 Quality of the water (poor = low)
 Cost (high = low)
 Pressure in the system (low =low)
 Climate (hot = high)
 Cultural background of the community
 Whether supplies are metered (Not = high)

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The University of Zambia

CEE 4412: Environmental Engineering I

A source; Treatment facilities; Storage; Transport;

Accurate determination imperative for designs

Average demand computed by multiplying the

Care to be taken where other water

Per capita consumption to be sourced from

 DOMESTIC: - Water supplied to a city/community for

 COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL:- Water supplied

 PUBLIC:- Water that is supplied to public places like

 LOSS AND WASTE:- (Unaccounted For Water –UFW

Important to get city demographical data (i.e. is it

 Projections based on per capita consumption

 Forecast based on assessment of growth

 Forecast based on developmental plans and

‘a’ is obtained from statistical data.

Where Qd = Water delivery

 Qd = (Qa* pfo) /(1-L/100)

 Where pfo is the overall peak factor given as

 pfo = pf1 * pf2 * pf3 *….pfn

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