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REFERENCES
1. Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS)
2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Facilitate a culture of best practice work health and safety standards

• Reduce the incidence of injuries, accidents and near misses caused
by workplace falls
• Promote the importance of a safe work environment for all
OSHA FATALITY
Ladder
Scaffoldi
6.0%
ng

19.0%

Roof
Floor
26.0%
s

10.0%

Othe
r
39.0
%
FACTS

Working at Heights accidents are

usually serious and often result in
disabling injuries and even death.

Many of us assume that working at

heights injuries and fatalities
occur as a result of falls from high
buildings and structures, but they
often occur from falls of only two
to four meters.
 WHAT IS WORKING AT HEIGHTS?
• Working at height is work in which there is a risk of an employee or person from falling from any
height from, through, into, or onto a place or structure

• A place is “at height” if a person could be injured falling from it, even if it is at or below ground
level.
HOW DO YOU DEFINE WORK AT HEIGHTS?
Working at Heights or Elevated Works is considered when any work area
1.8 meters (6ft.) and higher or you are dealing with one or more of the
following:
1. Steel Erections
2. Roof Tops
3. Catwalks
4. Stairs
5. Scaffolds
6. Ladders
7. Floor Openings
8. Excavations
9. Man lifts
10. Man baskets
WHAT COULD CAUSE A FALL?
 moving from one surface to another at heights;
 uncovered holes and openings;
 open edges not barricaded;
 uneven surfaces;
 moving surfaces;
 poor lighting;
 unsuitable foot wear;
 slippery surfaces;
 wind, rain and ice;
 being struck by falling objects;
 incorrectly using a ladder; and
 incorrectly using fall arresting equipment.
COMMON CAUSES OF FALL
Common causes of falls
You can help prevent this type of fall if you:
include those where:
Keep your body centred within the ladder
The user over-reaches
Always keep three points of contact with the ladder
Keep the rungs clean and in good condition
Wear non-slip footwear, if necessary clean the
soles before using the ladder
The user slips from the ladder
Are fit to work at height
Are trained to use a ladder
Keep three points of contact with the ladder
Make sure the rungs are horizontal
Position the ladder correctly on a firm, level surface
The ladder wobbles, slips and Check the feet of the ladder daily
falls Fasten the ladder at top and bottom
Rest the ladder on a firm surface at the top
Position the ladder properly, use the 1 in 4 rule
for leaning ladders
The ladder breaks
Do not exceed the maximum weight limit on
the ladder
Only carry light materials or tools (up to 10kg)
EQUIPMENT’S USED IN WORKING AT HEIGHT
EQUIPMENT’S USED IN WORKING AT HEIGHT
PORTABLE LADDERS

The most commonly used and abused

equipment for working at heights is the
Portable ladder.

The main types of Portable Ladders commonly

used are the:

1. Single ladder;

2. Extension Ladder; &

3. Step Ladder.
POSITIONING PORTABLE LADDERS

Ladders should be positioned on a

• firm and stable ground,
• level surface at an angle of 75 degrees.

You should never position a ladder:

• in front of outward opening doors;
• against a windowpane;
• on top of boxes, loose bricks or concrete
blocks to gain extra height.
PORTABLE LADDERS

1 meter

• The end of the ladder extends at least 1 meter (3

Ft.) past the landing platform or step off point.
• The ladder must have secure footing on level
ground / surface.
• Secure the ladder at the top to prevent slipping &
falling.
PORTABLE LADDERS
DOs and DON’Ts when using ladder:

When using a ladder, you should:

• always face the ladder when climbing up or down it;
• keep your body centered within the ladder stiles;
• climb down from the ladder if you need to reposition it;
• only one person at a time on the ladder;
• use all the rungs, don`t double step or “race up”;
• use both hands when climbing the ladder;
• always maintain a minimum “three-point contact” with the
ladder;
• use a hand-rope to haul tools up to your work platform.

Three-point contact
PORTABLE LADDERS
You should never:
 use a ladder in high winds (wind speed of 20
miles per hour or more);
 stand any higher than 900 mm from the top of
the ladder;
 ”rock or walk” the ladder to reposition it.
 Ladders are not designed to be used as a work
platform but as a means of access from one
height to another.
CHECKING TIMBER LADDERS

Burns or charring
Splits along the
timber grain
Unlocked Safety
latch Loose Nuts & Bolts

Cracks across
Termite the timber
damage grain

Never
paint
Moisture wooden ladders!!!
damage
Paint conceals
cracks and
other defects!!!
CHECKING METAL LADDERS

Sharp edges and burrs

Twisted or
deformed
ladder parts

Metal fatigue
and cracks
Loose or
missing screws
and rivets

Corrosion due to
contact with acids
or caustic soda
CHECKING SINGLE TYPE LADDERS

Loose or Loose rungs

bent tie
rod

Even spacing
between
stiles
300mm spacing

Stile twisted
or bowed

Loose or
missing Worn or missing
tie rod ends slip resistant feet
CHECKING EXTENSION LADDERS

Twisted
stile
Bowed stiles
Frayed or
cut haul
ropes Loose steel wire
or plastic fibre
reinforcing
Cracked or
loose rungs

Clutch fails
to lock

Condition of
anti-slip
feet
CHECKING STEP LADDERS
Loose top plate

Loose
Seized batten
hinges screws
Warped or twisted
Loose tread back leg
or missing
screws Loose or split brace

Cracked or split
Split or cracked
batten
stile

Frayed or cut cords

Metal spreader arms should be locked into place when the ladder is fully spread
POSITIONING AND SECURING LADDERS

1 metre
extension past
the landing
platform

Clamped or lashed with rope

to prevent movement

Stile feet resting

on a firm and 4
level surface m

Ladder set at
a 4 to 1 ratio
1m
SCAFFOLDS
Scaffolding is a temporary work platform used for
working at heights.
To Ensure That Scaffolds Are Constructed
Properly, All ScaffoldsMust Only Be Erected,
Modified And Inspected By a Trained and
CERTIFIED SCAFFOLDER.
A scaffold must be fitted with a tag at every access
point to show:
✓ who erected the scaffolds;
✓ when the scaffold was erected and last
inspected;
✓ the load rating of the scaffold; and use of
the scaffold;
SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTION
For scaffolds 2 meters or more above the work plane, the following construction is mandatory.

Work platform must be at least 675 mm

wide Rigid guard rails 1100mm
high

Access
ladder
secured and Mid rail no less than
lashed 450mm above platform.

Toe board 100 mm

high

Scaffold planks must be securely lashed at both ends.

FALL PROTECTION STANDARD
29 CFR 1926.501

• The rule sets a uniform threshold height of 6 feet (1.8 meters), thereby providing
consistent protection.
• Employers must protect their employees from fall hazards and falling objects whenever an
affected employee is 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more above a lower level.
• Protection also must be provided for construction workers who are exposed to the hazard
of falling into dangerous equipment.
• Employer must assess the workplace to determine if the walking or working surfaces have the
strength and structural integrity to safely support workers.
• Select the proper fall protection system to protect exposed employees at 6 feet or more.
• Provide the proper training.
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
1. Guardrail Systems.
2. Personal Fall Arrest Systems.
3. Positioning Device Systems.
4. Safety Net Systems.
5. Warning Line Systems.
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
1. Guardrail Systems
• The top edge height of top rails must be 42 inches (1.1 meters) above the walking/working level.
• Screens, midrails, mesh, intermediate vertical members must be installed between the top edge of the
guardrail system and walking/working surface (at least 21 inches (53 cm) high.
• The guardrail system must be capable of withstanding a force of at least 200 pounds applied on the top
from both directions.
• Guardrail systems shall be surfaced to protect workers from punctures or lacerations and to prevent
clothing from snagging.
• Maximum Distance Between Vertical Posts not to exceed 8 Ft. (2.4 m)
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
2. Personal Fall Arrest Systems

These consist of an anchorage, connectors, and body belt or body harness. It must do the following:
1. Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 900 pounds when used with a body belt.
2. Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1800 pounds when used with a body harness.
3. Be rigged so that an employee can neither free fall more than 6 feet (1.8 meters) nor contact any lower
level.
4. Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum deceleration distance an employee travels to
3.5 feet (1.07 meters).
5. Have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of an employee free falling a
distance 6 feet or the free fall distance permitted by the system, whichever is less.
6. The use of body belts for fall arrest is prohibited (1/1/1998) and a full body harness is required.
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Fall clearance
1 Foot = 0.3048 Meters
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Personal Fall Arrest Systems
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Safety Line Anchorages

Must be independent of any platform anchorage and capable

of supporting at least 5,000 lbs. per worker
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Safety Line Anchorages
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
3. Positioning Device Systems
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Positioning Device Systems
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
4. Safety Net Systems
• Safety nets must be installed as close as practicable under the walking/working surface and never more
than 30 feet (9.1 m) below such levels.
• Installed with sufficient clearance underneath to prevent contact with the surface or structure below.
• The maximum size of each safety net mesh opening shall not exceed 36 square inches nor be longer
than 6 inches (15 cm) on any side.
• Each Safety net or section shall have a border rope for webbing with a minimum breaking strength of 5000
pounds.
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Safety Net Systems
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Safety Net Systems
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
5. Warning Line Systems
Consists of ropes, wires, or chains, and supporting stanchions and are set up as follows:
1. Flagged at not more than 6 foot intervals with high visibility materials.
2. Rigged and supported so that the lowest point including sag is no less than 34 inches
(0.9 meters) from the walking/working surface.
3. Shall be erected around all sides of roof work areas.
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Unprotected Sides & Edges Sides & Edges - Improper Guarding

Unprotected edge

Floor Holes Wall Openings

Improperly Wall opening

Covered
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Falling Objects
SHORT QUIZ

1. Give the at least 3 example equipment used in working at heights

2. True of False: Working at Heights or Elevated Works is considered when

any work area 1.8 meters (6ft.) and higher

3. Give at least 3 factors / situation that can cause fall.

4.Fill in the blank: Portable Ladders should be positioned on a Firm and stable
ground, level surface at an angle of 75 degrees or in a : ratio

5. Give at least 3 common Fall Protection systems.

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