Fluids

Chapter 9 Step-1
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
SOLUTIONS
SECTION-A
1. Answer (3)
Specific gravity is the ratio of density of any substance to the density of a standard fluid, in general
water.
2. Answer (1)
P = P0 + ρgh
where h is depth inside liquid and P0 is pressure at top surface
3. Answer (2)
According to pascal’s law any increment in pressure at any point in a confined fluid is transmitted
undiminished in all directions.
4. Answer (3)
The block will experience buoyant force equal to weight of the liquid displaced and the block will sink
completely inside the liquid due to its higher density
5. Answer (4)
FB = 4mg
FW = mg
FW + T = FB
⇒ T = 3mg
6. Answer (4)
2
F # dF # gh (2) $ (dh)

0
g [h 2] 02 39.2 kN
7. Answer (2)
From equation of continuity
A1v1 = A2v2
= A1 v1 16 # 1
v2 =A2 4 m/s = 4 m/s
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66 Mechanical Properties of Fluids Solutions of Assignment Step-1
8. Answer (1)
vefflux = 2gh
h = 10 cm = 0.1 m
vefflux = 2 # 10 # 0.1 = 2 m s–1 = 1.414 m s–1
9. Answer (1)
Bernoulli’s equation is conservation of energy.
10. Answer (1)
Area decreases, energy is released.

11. Answer (4)
Pressure at height y3 in right arm is atmospheric pressure but at same height in left arm, pressure is
more than atmospheric pressure.
12. Answer (1)
F1 = F2
AA AB
F
& AB = F2 # AA
1
= 6500 # 0.7
230
= 19.78 m2 ≈ 20 m2
13. Answer (4)
(0.5 # v) (w) g (0.4 # v) g # g
0.5
& g 0.4 w
= 1250 kg/m3
14. Answer (2)
As the ice cube is held at the bottom of the container it displaces water more than its own height so
as it melts it leaves a vacent space to be occupied by the surrounding water.
15. Answer (2)

3
PB – PA = ρhgeff = 2 gh
16. Answer (4)
3 # 3 # 3 ^lh l
l 2l
5
l 3
17. Answer (2)
a k 1 dv 2
mg

A hdg 2
p0
v= 2 d
Solutions of Assignment Step-1 Mechanical Properties of Fluids 67
18. Answer (4)
At terminal speed
Fd = mg – Fbuoyant
4
& krv 3 r 3 ( ) g & v ? r 2
19. Answer (3)
v = 2gh does not depend on quantity of liquid, but it depends on height of the liquid column above
the orifice.
20. Answer (3)

If adhesion is greater than cohesion (as for tap water and glass) meniscus is concave, and in this
case liquid wets the surface.
SECTION-B
21. Since liquid is filled up to the same height

∴ P1 = P2 = P3
Respective forces exerted at the bottoms are
F1 = P1A1
F2 = P2A2
F3 = P3A3
Since A2 > A1 > A3
⇒ F2 > F1 > F3
Thus liquid exerts maximum force at the bottom of the flask 2.
22. At A, pressure = PA
At B, PB = PA + ρgH
At C, PC = PA + ag 2 k
H
Now PA + PB = PA + PA + ρgH = 2 aPA g 2 k

H
= PA + PB = 2(PC)
PA + PB
⇒ PC = 2
23. The upward buoyant force balances the weight of the cube. Let the volume of cube inside the water
be V, then
mg = Vρg
(600 g)(10 ms–2) = V(density of water)(10 ms–2)
⇒ 0.6 kg = V × (103 kg m–3)
0.6
⇒V=
10 3
= 6 × 10–4 m3 = 600 cm3
SECTION-C
5 125
24. Given vlower = 150 km/h = 150 # 18 3 m s 1
5 205
vupper = 246 km/h = 246 # 18 3 m s 1
Total area of the two wings = 2 × 30 m2 = 60 m2; ρ = 1 kg m–3

Applying Bernoulli’s equation,
1 2 1 2
Plower 2 vlower Pupper 2 vupper
Plower Pupper 2 ^vupper h = 1 # 1 ^205 2 − 125 2h

1 2
vlower
2
2 9
= 18 ^42025 − 15625h = 1466.6 N m–2

1

Upward force on the plane = (P1 – P2) × A
= 1466.6 × 60
= 88 × 103 N
This force balances the weight of the plane.
Therefore mg = 88 × 103
88 # 10 3
m=
9.8
Hence, the mass of the plane = 8979.5 kg
25. Given that radius of one small drop, r = 0.5 cm
= 0.005 m
8 such drops combine to form one big drop of radius R.
Then,
4 #4 3
3 R 8 3 r
3
⇒ R = 2r
= 2 × 0.005 m

R = 0.01 m
Now the energy released E, on combination of drops is given by
E = S × (decrease in area)
Where S is the surface tension of water, S = 0.07 N m–1
⇒ E = 0.07[(4πr2)8 – 4πR2]
= 0.07 × 4π[8r2 – R2]
= 0.07 # 4 # 7 68 (0.005) 2 − (0.01) 2@
22
= 0.88 × (0.02 – 0.01) × 10–2

= 8.8 × 10–5 J
This energy gets converted to kinetic energy,
1
⇒ 8.8 # 10 5 2 mv 2
Where m = mass of the drop, v = velocity of the bigger drop
1
⇒ 8.8 # 10 5 2 # V # v 2
8.8 # 10 5 2 (10) 3 a 3 # 10 6 k # v 2

1 4
⇒
⇒ 4.2 × 10–2 = v2
⇒ v = 0.205 m/s
26. (i) The level of mercury is same in both the arms.
That means pressure at point A is the
same as that at point B
⇒ hwρwg = hsρsg

⇒ hwρw = hsρs
s hw
⇒
w hs
s 20 cm

w 25 cm

⇒ Specific gravity of spirit = 0.8.
(ii) When 10 cm of water and spirit each is poured in the respective arms, mercury level on the side
of water goes down as water is denser than spirit.
Let the difference in the levels of mercury be h, now
equating the pressure at points C and D, we get
hwρwg = hsρsg + hmρmg

⇒ hwρw = hsρs + hmρm
⇒ 30 × 1 = 35 × 0.8 + h × 13.6
⇒ h = 0.147 cm
h = 1.47 mm
27. Since the plug is stationary, static friction acts between the plug and the pipe wall.
⇒ Static friction, fs = Force of push by the water
= Gauge pressure × Area of cross-section of the plug = (ρgh) × (πr2)
Here ρ = 103 kg m–3, g = 10 ms–2, h = 15 m, r = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
⇒ fs = (103 × 10 × 15) × 3.14 × (0.025)2
= 0.0294 × 104 = 294 N
SECTION-D
28. (i) The angle of contact θ for mercury-glass interface is obtuse. The molecules of mercury are
strongly attracted to themselves than that to glass molecules.
Hence mercury does not wet glass.
Applying the condition of equilibrium at the point of contact,
we have

Ssa + Slacos(π – θ) = Ssl

⇒ Ssl = Ssa – Slacosθ
Since θ is obtuse, Ssl > Ssa
(ii) When brush is taken out of water, thin water film is formed at the tips of the hair. It contracts
due to surface tension and so the hair cling together.
(iii) In absence of any external force, a liquid surface acquires a spherical shape due to surface
tension. It is because for a given volume, a sphere has the minimum surface area.
Therefore, small liquid drops are spherical in shape, large drops get flattened due to the action
of gravity.
29. (i) and (ii)
Magnus Effect
When a ball spins as it moves through air, it drags along a layer of air with itself. The streamlines
around it are in the form of concentric circles as shown below.
When the ball moves forward, the air ahead of the ball rushes backward to fill the space left
vacant by the ball. Thus streamlines of air around this ball are as shown below.
The velocity of air above the ball (in the given case) is opposite to the direction of spin. It is in
the direction of spin below it.

Thus, the relative velocity of air with respect to ball is greater at the upper part than that in the
region below the ball. The streamlines thus get crowded above and rarified below.
This causes the pressure below the ball to be greater and that above it to be smaller. This
pressure difference causes an upward force on the ball. Hence, the ball is deviated from its
path. This effect arising due to spinning of the ball is called “Magnus Effect”.
(iii) Equation of continuity
Consider a fluid in steady flow. The map of its flow for a particular section can be shown by the
bundle of streamlines as shown below. Here area of cross-section is greater at Q than that at
P. Hence, streamlines are closely spaced at P than that at Q. Let the area of cross-section and
fluid velocity at P be AP and vP respectively. Let the corresponding quantities at Q be AQ and vQ.
Therefore, the volume of fluid moving in at P, in a small time interval ∆t
= APvP∆t
Similarly, the volume flowing out at Q, during the same interval ∆t,
= AQvQ∆t
By conservation of mass, for ∆t
mass flowing in at P = mass flowing out at Q.
⇒ (APvP∆t)ρP = (AQvQ∆t)ρQ [ρP = fluid density at P, ρQ = fluid density at Q]
For flow of incompressible fluids
ρP = ρQ
⇒ Ap vP = AQ vQ
This expression is known as equation of continuity. It is a statement of conservation of mass

in flow for incompressible fluids.
The equation of continuity can be stated as : For the streamline flow of an incompressible fluid
through a pipe of varying cross-section, Av remains constant throughout the flow.
∴ A v = constant
30. (i) Streamline Flow
1. In a streamline flow each following (oncoming) particle follows exactly the same path as
that of its predecessor.
2. Flow is steady and different layers of liquid move parallel to each other.
3. Reynolds number is usually less than <1000 for a streamline flow.
4. Fluid velocity remains constant at any point of a streamline, but it may be different at
different points of the same streamline.
5. It occurs at low speeds.
6. A streamline motion can be represented with help of a bundle of streamlines.
Turbulent Flow:
1. The haphazard and zig-zag flow of fluid particles is called turbulent flow.
2. It is accompanied by random irregular local circular currents called eddies.
3. It occurs at high flow speeds.
4. Mostly Reynolds number > 2000 for the flow to be turbulent.
5. It leads to dissipation of kinetic energy as heat.
6. Turbulent motion increases the rate of transfer of mass, momentum and energy.
1 1
According to Bernoulli’s principle, P1 2 v12 gh1 P2 2 v 22 gh2 . If the fluid is at rest,
(ii)
⇒ v1 = v2 = 0
Then, P1 + ρgh1 = P2 + ρgh2 ⇒ P1 P2 g (h2 h1)
Which is a mathematical form of Pascal’s law, i.e., at h1 = h2, P1 – P2 = 0
31. Speed of Efflux

The word ‘efflux’ means the outflow of the fluid. The expression for the velocity of efflux for a fluid,
from a small hole of its container, can be found as follows.
The figure below shows a closed vessel filled with a liquid up to height l. Let the vessel contain
a small hole (orifice) in its side at a level h below the top surface of liquid. Taking the liquid to be
incompressible and its flow through the hole as streamline, we can apply the equation of continuity
at points 1 and 2.
A2v2 = A1v1
Av
⇒ v2 = A1 1 ...(i)
2
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at the two points, we have

1 1
P2 2 v 22 gl P1 2 v12 g (l h) [Point 1 is above the ground by a level l – h]
If the cross-sectional area of the vessel
A2 is much larger than that of hole i.e., A1
v2 . 0
1
P2 gl P1 2 v12 g (l h)
⇒
1 2
⇒ 2 v1 (P2 P1) gh
v1 6^P2 P1h gh@
2
Since the hole is open to the atmosphere, the pressure P1 is same as the atmospheric pressure Pa.
2
∴ v1
(P2 P1) 2gh
This expression gives the velocity of efflux.
Torricelli’s Law : In case the vessel containing the fluid is open i.e., not covered, the pressure P2
at the top of the liquid surface is same as the atmospheric pressure Pa.
Thus, the velocity of efflux becomes
veff = 2gh ...(ii)

This is the same as the velocity acquired by a body after falling freely through a height h.
The expression (ii) is known as Torricelli’s law.
SECTION-E
32. Answer (4)

Force exerted by A on cylindrical surface is radially inward and symmetrical. So net force is zero.
33. Answer (3)

FB = mg for equilibrium.
  
Chapter 9 Step-2
SOLUTIONS
1. Answer (3)
Pressure at bottom = P0 + ρhg + 2ρhg = P0 3hg

2. Answer (3)
ρgh = ρ′gh′
h 13.6 # 70
h' ' 3.4 = 280 cm
3. Answer (2)
Let radius of narrow arm = r1
Then radius of broader arm = r2 = 3r1
The mass to be lifted at broader arm = 50 kg, then from Pascal’s law
F1 F2
r12 r 22
F1 = ` r1 j (50g) = 9 # 490 = 54.4 N

r 2 1
2
4. Answer (3)
Since the fluid is incompressible,
Volume of fluid pushed in = volume of fluid moved out.
⇒ Ah = 4A $ h'
h
⇒ hl = 4
5. Answer (1)
The net force acting on the ball is independent of the pressure, since force experience by the ball is
only buoyancy force and gravity force
6. Answer (1)
x
Extra depth submerged on placing the block on the wooden cube = 100 cm
⇒ 10–3 xg = .l 2 a 100 k g

x # 10 2
Where x = Mass of block (in g)

ρ = Density of water
l = Side of cube
1
⇒ l = 10 m = 10 cm
7. Answer (3)
From work energy theorem,
mg(h + 20) = ρl × V × g × h
l # V # g # h
h 20 B # Vg = 2h
⇒ h = 20 m
8. Answer (1)
θ = tan −1 a g k
a
9. Answer (4)
h
tan L
a
tan g
aL
h= g
10. Answer (2)

A 1
Given that AA = 4
B
According to the equation of continuity,

AAvA = ABvB
AA vA =
⇒ AB vB constant
vA A
= = 4
⇒ B
vB AA 1
v
⇒ vB = 4
11. Answer (3)
From equation of continuity,
A1v1 = A2v2
πr12v1 = πr22v2
v2 `=
⇒ = r1 j2 1
v1 r2 4
v2 = 2 cm/s
12. Answer (1)
Magnus effect is due to greater fluid relative velocity.
13. Answer (2)
According to Bernoulli’s principle, for points at same horizontal level
1 1
PA 2 v A2 PB 2 vB2
1 1
2 vB2 (PA PB) 2 v A2 ...(i)
But, PA – PB = ρgh
1 1
⇒ 2 vB2 gh 2 v A2
⇒ vB2 = 2gh + vA2
g = 10 m s–2
vA = 4 cm s–1
= 0.04 m s–1
h = 2.5 mm = 2.5 × 10–3 m
⇒ vB2 = 2 × 10 × 2.5 × 10–3 + (0.04)2
= 51.6 × 10–3
= 516 × 10–4 m2/s2
⇒ vB = 22.72 × 10–2 m/s
= 22.72 cm/s
14. Answer (1)
Velocity of efflux v = 2gh
Here h = 15 cm = 0.15 m
⇒ v = 2 # 10 # 0.15
v= 3 ms–1
15. Answer (4)
=v0 =
2gh 2ga
a
v1 = 2g #
2
v1 = 4v0
2
Since x will be half the diagonal of one of the force.
a
⇒ x=
2
16. Answer (1)
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 and 2

h 1
P0 hg 2 # 2 # g 0 P0 2 (2) v 2
2hρg = ρv2
⇒ v = 2gh
17. Answer (1)

F = S × l = 70 × 10–3 × 5 = 350 × 10–3 N
18. Answer (4)
T′ is the tension in the string. Net force on a small part AB towards the centre O is
d
2T′ sin 2 T'd [ a dθ is small]
T′dθ = 2TR dθ
T′ = 2TR
19. Answer (4)
W = Surface energy
Work done = Surface tension × Increase in surface area
= S × 2 × 4r 2 (Bubble has two free surfaces)
= 4 × 10–2 × 2 × 4π × (0.02)2
= 128π × 10–6 J
= 4.02 × 10–4 J
20. Answer (4)

When a drop of liquid splits into a number of drops
R
then r= 1
n3
Final area = n # 4r 2
4R 2
= n# 2
n3
1
= n 3 # 4R 2
1
= n 3 (Initial area)
i.e., Area increases and in this process work is done so energy is absorbed.
1
w 4R 2 S (n 3 1)
So option (4) is correct.
21. Answer (3)
1
P ? r , so air flows from smaller bubble to the bigger one.
22. Answer (4)
The excess pressure inside a bubble formed inside a liquid is given by
2S
∆P = Pi – Po = R
2S
⇒ Pi Po R
In given case, Po = Pa + ρgh
= 1.01 × 105 N m–2 + (103 × 10 × 0.2)
= (1.01 × 105 + 0.02 × 105) N m–2
= 1.03 × 105
2 # 70 # 10 −3
⇒ Pi = 1.03 × 105 + 0.02
= 1.03 × 105 + 0.00007 × 105
≈ 1.03 × 105 N m–2
23. Answer (4)

Rise of liquid in a capillary tube is given as
2S cos
h r g
For a given liquid and the capillary tube of a given material, S, ρ and θ, remain the same.
2S cos
⇒ hr = g = constant
⇒ For the two tubes given
hr = h′r′
hr = h′(2r) [r′ = 2r is given]

h
⇒ hl = 2
24. Answer (4)
25. Answer (1)

Viscous drag F = 6av
Since v is same for both the balls.
& |F| ∝ a (radius of the ball)
F1 R 1
` = =
F2 2R 2
26. Answer (3)
27. Answer (2)
2 R2
Terminal velocity vT 9 ( l) g
For the given material and liquid
vT ? R 2 (R = Radius of the raindrop)
When the eight raindrops combine together, let radius of new drop be R1
4 4
Then, 3 R13 8 # 3 R 3
& R1 = 2R
Thus vT = a R k = a 2R k
v R 2 R 2
T 1 1
V 1
VT = 4
T 1
⇒ VT = 4VT1
=4×6
= 24 cm s–1 (Given VT = 6 cm s–1)
28. Answer (4)
mg B 6rv
a m
⇒ a = p – qv
V t
dv
⇒ # p qv
# dt
0 0
⇒ ln a
p qv k
qt
p
p
⇒ v q (1 e qt) ⇒ Graph (i) is correct.
mg B 1 m
Now, p m ? r% , q 6r ? r 2 (as m = ρV ⇒ m ∝ r3)
p
⇒ q ? r2
⇒ Final velocity ∝ r2 . Thus graph (iii) is correct.

Now, a = p – qv = p[1 – 1 + e–qt]
= pe–qt
⇒ Graph (ii) is correct.
dv
Also a = p – qv = v dx
dv p
⇒ dx v q = slope of v-x graph
Graph (iv) is correct.
29. Answer (1)

30. Answer (1)
Given,
P r4
Q 8 l (Volume flow rate through a capillary tube of length l and radius r)
Now,
P ` 3 j
r 4
r
Q' 8 # 2l (Volume flow rate through a capillary tube of length 2l and radius 3 )
P r 4
Ql 8l # 162
Q
Ql = 162
31. Answer (6)

2 # 20 =
t1 = 10 2s
v1 = 2 × 10 = 20 m/s
2mg − mg
∴ a2 = m = g upward
∴ t2 = 2 s

t3 = 2 s
∴ Total time = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 s
32. Answer (30)
W0 = 50 g
W1 = 50 g – B = 46 g
⇒ B = 4 g ...(i)
m1 + m2 = 50 ...(ii)
` m1 m2 j 1 # g 4 g
20 10
⇒ m1 + 2m2 = 80 ...(iii)
∴ m2 = 30
33. Answer (20)
(PB – PA) = ρ(g + ay)H
= (ρ) (2g)H
34. Answer (2)

Av = av1
(A) c dt m av1
dy
For v1
1 2^
2 v1 () (g) 2h 2ghh
find v1 and solve differential equation.
35. Answer (3)

1
Y = 2 at 2
F = 2TY
P = F.V
1
P = 2 T × 2 at 2 .at
P ∝ t3
36. Answer (3)
∆P = P2 – P1 = ρg∆H
3.03 × 106 = 103 × 10 × ∆H
⇒ ∆H - 300 m
37. Answer (1)
(P1 P2)
F1 2 A
(P2 P3)
F2 2 A
F1 5g 5 1
∴ F2 20g 20 4
38. Answer (2)

|Change in energy| = Ui – Uf
= (dsx1) g 21 + (dsx2) g 22 2 # 'ds a 1 2 k1 g a 1 4 2 k

x x x x x x

4
1
= 4 gds (x2 − x1) 2
39. Answer (3)
P1 = P0 + ρgh1
2P
h1 g0
P2 = P0 + 4P0 = 5P0
P P 200
% increase 2 P 1 # 100 3 %
1
40. Answer (2)

2s cos
Height of capillary rise gR
2sA cos
When in A 5 cm A gR
2sB cos
When in B h B gR
sB = 2sA and ρB = 2ρA
2 # 2sA # cos
h 2 A gR
5 cm
41. Answer (4)
Pascal’s law is applicable for an enclosed liquid.
⇒ A is correct
R is correct and explains A.
42. Answer (3)
Given ^50h3 # 100 # ^1 h # g = Mcube g

30
…(i)
Let m mass should be placed
Hence ^50h3 # ^1 h # g ^Mcube mh g …(ii)
equation (ii) – equation (i)
⇒ mg = (50)3 × g(1 – 0.3) = 125 × 0.7 × 103 g
⇒ m = 87.5 kg
43. Answer (4)
4
Vg 5 vw g …(1)
v v
Vg 2 w g 2 0 g
⇒ a 2 2 k 5 w
oil 4
w a 4 1 k 3 w
oil
⇒ 2 5 2 10
3
⇒ oil 5 w 0.6w
44. Answer (4)
4 3
3 r w g mg ma
4 3
3 r w g
& m
ga
= 4.15 gm
45. Answer (4)
ω = 4π rad/s
dy 2 x
tan dx g
h x
2 x
& # dy # g $ dx
0 0
5 # 10 2
2 x 2
∴ y 2g
0
162 # 25 # 10 4
∴ y 2 # 10 1 . 9 cm . 2 . 0 cm
46. Answer (1)
For minimum density of liquid, solid sphere has to float (completely immersed) in the liquid.
∴ mg = FB (Also Vimmersed = Vtotal)
or # dV 34 R 3
,
# 4c1 Rr m $ r 2 dr
4
2
⇒ 0 2
3 R ,
3
4 0 ; 3 E
r3 r5 R 4
⇒ R 3 ,
5R 2 0 3
4 0 R 3 2 4
⇒ # R 3 ,
3 5 3
2 0
∴ , 5
47. Answer (4)
2 x 2
y 2g
x=R
252
⇒ y 2g
48. Answer (2)
A1v1 = A2v2 (Equation of continuity)
vmin= v=
1 A2 (=
=
4.8) 2 9
vmax v2 A1 (6.4) 2 16
49. Answer (2)
Using Bernoullie’s equation v2 v12 2gh
Equation of continuity
A1V1 = A2V2
(1 cm 2) (1 m/s) (A2) c (1) 2 2 # 10 # 100 m

15
A2 ^ln cm 2h = 2
⇒ 1
⇒ A2 = 5 × 10–5 m2
50. Answer (2)

Flow rate of water (Q) = 100 lit/min
100 # 10 5 # 10 3 m 3
3
60 3
Q 5 # 10 3
∴ Velocity of flow (v) = A
3 # # (5 # 10 2) 2
10 2 m/s
15 3
= 0.2 m/s
Dv
∴ Reynold number (Re)
2
(10 # 10 2) # 3 # 1000
- 2 × 104
1
Order of Re = 104
51. Answer (1)

VD
R
4Q
R D
4 # 10 3 # 0.18 # 10 3 4 # 10 5 # 0.18
R1 60
60 # # 10 2 # 10 3
= 0.0038 × 105 = 380
= 0.48 #
R2 0=.18 380 1018
52. Answer (1)
1 P 1
P 2 2 2 2 V 2
P 2
⇒ V
53. Answer (3)
1
(PA PB) 2 (VB2 V A2)
& P 2 aVB2 4B k

1 V2
3
& P 8 VB2
(P) 8 (P) 4 700 # 4

VB 3

1500

1500 m/s
(20) c
= 28 m # cm 3
Q A=
B VB
15 100 s
Q . 2720 cm 3 /s
54. Answer (1)

Let area be A.
A A
F 4 # v 2 4 # 2v 2
3Av 2 3 2
Pressure =
4A 4 v
55. Answer (3)
0.74 3
Volume flow Rate = 60 m /s
0.74 # 10 4
Speed of efflux = 60 # # 4 m/s 2gh
⇒ 9.82 = 2 # 10 # h
⇒ h = 4.8 m
56. Answer (3)

By Bernoulli’s theorem,
5 # 10 5 ^ h
g 10 1.01 # 10 5 2 ^v h2
1
^1 h2
10 6
& v 2 200 1000 202
⇒ v - 17.8 m/s
57. Answer (3)
Velocity of aircraft = 1080 km/h

= 300 m/s
Now, weight of aircraft = ∆PA
5
5.4 # 10 # g
P 500 = 10800 Pa
From Bernoulli’s principle
P 2 8Vupper VlowerB

1 2 2
Vupper 2
10800 2 # 1.2 # Vlower =d V n 1G
1 2
lower
Vupper 2
d n 1 10800 # 22 1.2
Vlower 1.2 # ^300h
Vupper
=
Vlower 1.096
⇒ Fractional increases = 9.6%.
58. Answer (3)
1 2 1 2
PA 2 V A PB 2 VB …(1)
Also, 1.5 × cm2 × VA = 25 mm2 × VB

6
25×10
VA 4 ×0.6 m/s
1.5×10
= 50 × 1 ×0.6 m/s
3 100
= 1 m /s
10
⇒ PA PB 1 1000 # 0.7 # 0.5

2 2

2 [0.6 0.1 ] 2
= 175 Pa
59. Answer (3)

4S
P P0 R
4S
∴ P R P0
∴ P 4S : 3v D P0
4 1/3
P 4S : 3kt D P0
4 1/3
4
Also v 3 R 3
⇒ : 4D R
3v 1/3
Given v = kt
Correct form: P m a k c
1
t1/3
60. Answer (2)
R3 = 27r3
⇒ R = 3r
V1 a=
= R k2
V2 r 9
61. Answer (2)

Angle of contact = 30°

2T cos
h r g
2 # 0.05 # c 2 m
3
= 0.087 m
0.15 # 10 3 # 667 # 10
62. Answer (4)

Ratio of surface tension
SHg
= 7.5
SWater
Hg cos Hg cos 135c
1
W 13 . 6 & cos W cos 0c 2
c Hg ma kc m
RHg S W cos Hg
RWater SW Hg cos W
= 1 1 2
7=
.5 # 13.6 # 0.4 = 5
2
63. Answer (1)
vT ∝ r2
2gh ? r 2
⇒ h ∝ r4
64. Answer (1)
4T
P1 P0 a
4T
P2 P0 b
4T
∴ P1 P2 r
c
1 1 1
⇒ a b rc
ab
⇒ rc
(b a)
65. Answer (4)
FV = Mg
6RVT a 3 R 3 k w # g
4
2R 2 w g 2 # (2 # 10 4) 2 # 1000 # 10
VT 9 #
9 # 1.8 # 10 5
- 4.94m/s
66. Answer (3)
nr3 = R3
H = T[4πnr2 – 4π R2]
Rise in Heat energy/volume (Q)

4T 6 2 2@
Q= 4 nr R
Jn. 3 r 3
Solving we get
Q J ar Rk
3T 1 1
67. Answer (1)

2 4
T.2πr + 3 r 3 g 3 r 3 dg
r2
T = 3 (2d ) g
3T
r=
(2d ) g
68. Answer (1)
ρg∆H = ∆P
P
⇒ H g
P 2T a R R k
1 1

1 2
⇒ H g a R2 R 1 k
2 T R R
1 2
2 # 7.3 # 10 a 4 2.5 k
2
100 # 10 4 # 2.5 # 10 3
= 2.19 mm
69. Answer (3)

4
6vt r 3 r 3 ( ) g
⇒ vt = Cr2 where C is a constant
or vt ∝ r2
70. Answer (2)

Viscous force acting on the ball will be equal and opposite to net of weight and buoyant force
4 4
⇒ F0 3 r 3 d1 g 3 r 3 d2 g
3 r 3 d1 g a1 d2 k
4 d
1
mg a1 d2 k
d
1
⇒ Option (2) is correct

71. Answer (4)
6rv mg
4
6rv 3 r 3 g
2 r g 2 10 # (10 ) # 10
2 3 6 2
or v 9 9 #
1.8 # 10 5
= 123.4 × 10–6 m/s
72. Answer (1)

Due to obtuse angle of contact the water doesn’t wet the oiled surface properly and cannot wash it
also.
⇒ Assertion is correct and Reason given is a correct explanation.
73. Answer (25600)
100g mg
Initially =
A1 A2 (A2 1 A1)
Mg mg
Later 16A =
1 A2 /16
⇒ M = 25600
74. Answer (3)

mg
1 2
A gH 2
240 1
& 0.4 1000 # 10 # 0.4 2 # 1000 # 2
⇒ ν = 3 m/s
75. Answer (6)
For maximum range
h=H–h
H
h= 2
12
= 2 m=6m
76. Answer (101)
2T cos
h gr
gr # h 900 # 10 # 15 # 15
⇒ T 2 cos 100 # 1000 # 100 # 2
⇒ T = 0.10125 Nm–1
⇒ T = 101.25 . 101 milliNewton m–1
77. Answer (2)

Pinside smaller bubble
Patm 4T 4T
Rout Rin
Pinside equivalent bubble
Patm 4T
Req
1 1 1
⇒ R R R
eq out in
⇒ Req = 2 cm
78. Answer (100)

du
F A dx
10
& 10 3 10 2 # h
10 1
&h m 100 m
10 3
⇒ (100)
79. Answer (363)

Applying Bernoulli’s theorem:
P1 gh 2 v 2 = P2 0 2 ^2v h2
1 1
Putting the values,
4100 800 & 2 v 2 10 0

3
363
&v= 6 m/s
80. Answer (300)

By Bernoulli’s theorem:
250 1 2
0.5 gh 2 v
⇒ v = 3 m/s
v = 300 cm/s
81. Answer (24)
Using Bernoulli’s equation

1 1
P1 2 v 2 P2 2 4v 2
3 2
2 v P1 P2
2 ^P1 P2h
⇒ v 3
= 2 # 4500
=
3 # 750 2 m/sec
So Q = A1v = 24 × 10–3 m3/sec
82. Answer (20)

2gh = terminal speed
2 r g ( ')
2
⇒ 2gh 9
2 10 −8 # 10 # 9000
= 9 #
10 −5
⇒ h = 400
2g
⇒ h = 20 m
83. Answer (2)

4T 4T 4T
R1 R2 r
⇒ 1r 13 16 & r 2 cm
84. Answer (11)
F = 6πηrv
4 3
3 r l g 6rv
2r 2 l g
v
2 # ^2 # 10 3h2 # 1750 # 10

9 # 3.5 # 10 3 # 4

= 11 poise
85. Answer (4)
m2 l
Applying Fc 2
m2 l
2 F
2F
1 #1 16 F 4 F
2 4
86. Answer (01)
uf Area of final drop
=
ui Area of Initial drop
2 2
uf 1000 # 4rf 1000 (rf )

ui 4ri
2 2
(ri )
4 3 4 3
1000 # 3 rf 3 ri
ri = 10rf
2
uf 1000rf
= = 10
ui 100rf
2
10
= =
x 10 &x 1
87. Answer (02)

AV = av
# a dh k (500 # 10 ) (30 # 10 )
4 6 2
750 # 10 dt
5
dh 15 # 10
dt 75 # 10
3
1 # 10
2
5
= 2 × 10–3 m/s
x=2
  
Chapter 9 Step-3
SOLUTIONS
SECTION-A
Objective Type Questions (One option is correct)
1. Answer (2)
L
AB # ^gx # Ldx h # x
0
= gL # a 3 k
L3
gL4
= 3
10 3 # 10 # 3 4
= 3
= 27 × 104 Nm
2. Answer (3)
T = Fb – mg
R 2 Hg
1 1
T 3 R 2 H (n) g 3 R 2 Hg = ^n 1 h
3
3. Answer (1)
v = 5geff l
mg
Fb = 2
⇒ Weff = (m) a 2 k
g
v = ^5ha 2 k l
g
4. Answer (1)
Uloss = mgR
Ugain a2 8 k mgR 8 mgR

3 13
Wext a 8 1 k mgR 8 mgR

13 5
∴
10
= 16 mgR
5. Answer (1)
^PBl PAh 0 ^g 6h 6 ...(i)
^PBl PBh 0 ^8h 8 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
^PB Pah 320
6. Answer (4)
0.2
Rmax = 2 # g # 2 # g # 0.1
= 0.2828 m
 28 cm
7. Answer (2)
F = ρAV2
= (ρA)(2gH)
a k
F 2A gH g
a= M
^50AH h 25
8. Answer (3)
L
r = 2
(8T)r = 2 F
F
T = 2L
9. Answer (4)
FT = # Tdl
= (T) 2πR
There will be only single surface.
10. Answer (1)

gelf = 3g
2T cos
h=
^rh^3g h
SECTION - B
Objective Type Questions (One or more than one option(s) is/are correct)
1. Answer (2, 3)
Force at bottom can be calculated by F = PA
2. Answer (1, 3)
ρw × a2xg = ρIa3g
I
x w # a ⇒ x = 9 cm
3. Answer (3, 4)
ρwa2xg × 10–2 + ρl × a2 (10 – x) × 10–2 = mg
On simplification,
x = 8.4 cm
and 10 – x = 1.6 cm
4. Answer (2, 4)
2 x 2
∴ y 2g
∴ It is paraboloid
And, PB > PA
5. Answer (2, 3)
As Av = constant, A1 < A2 < A3
⇒ v1 > v2 > v3
By Bernoulli’s theorem for points at same horizontal level
1 1
P1 2 v12 P2 2 v 22
⇒ P2 > P1
6. Answer (2, 3)
2gh
v is velocity of
1 a A0 k
A 2
(efflux) ⇒ v ? h , v ? 0
7. Answer (1, 4)
= A 2H 2#5
T0 a= g 1000 10 = 1000 s
A 2H 1
= T1/2 a g c1 2
m 293 s
8. Answer (1, 3, 4)
4T
Excess pressure inside liquid (spherical) bubble = R
2T
Whereas excess pressure for spherical meniscus R
4T
Excess pressure = R does not hold for cylindrical bubble.
9. Answer (1, 2, 4)
2T
h gr
∴ W T # 2r # c gr m g
2T 4 T 2
r 2 g
U mg 2 ^r 2 # hh # g # 2 = # 4
h h T2 2 T 2
2 2 2 =
2 g r g
10. Answer (1, 3)
Terminal velocity is final constant velocity which does not depend on h.
SECTION - C
Linked Comprehension Type Questions
Comprehension-I
1. Answer (3)
A1 = 4πr2 A1 = Area of the top surface
A2 = πr2
A3 = 4πr2 – πr2 = 3πr2
By equating forces, we get

(P0 + ρgh1)A1 + 3 ghA1 P0 A2 {P0 g (h1 h)} A3
On simplification, we get
5h
h1 = 3
2. Answer (2)
Again equating forces, we get

P0A1 + 3 ghA1
P0 A2 {P0 gh2} A3
On simplification,
4h
h2 = 9
3. Answer (1)
For equilibrium,

Fexternal + P0A1 + 3 ghA1 = (P0 + ρgh)A3 + P0A2
⇒ Fexternal 4gh
4P0 3 (P0 gh) 3 P0 # 1
r 2
⇒ Fexternal 5gh r 2 5 mg
3 4
Comprehension-II
1. Answer (2)
4 4
n # 3 r 3 3 R 3
1
⇒ R = r # n3
2T 2T
∴ p R 1
n3 r
2. Answer (3)
Uloss n # 4r 2 # T 4 ^n1/3 r h2 T
= 4r 2 T 6n n 2/3@
a 3 r 3 # n k # S ^T h 4r 2 Tn :1 1/3 D

4 1
∴
n
⇒ 3 s T T a1 1/ k
r 1
n
T rs a1 1/3 k

3T 1
∴
n
SECTION - D
Matrix-Match Type Questions
1. Answer A(q), B(p), C(r), D(r)
A1 : A2 = 2 : 1
As A1V1 = A2V2 ⇒ V1 : V2 = A2 : A1 = 1 : 2
r1 : r2 = 2 : 1 ⇒ V1 : V2 = r2 2 : r12 = 1 : 4
= AV
A1: A2 4=
: 1 & A1 V1 1
2 2
If A1 : A2 = 1 : 1 ⇒ V1 : V2 = 1 : 1
2. Answer (4)
Based on theory
3. Answer A(s), B(q), C(p), D(r)
1
Velocity ? r 2 , velocity ?
dv
velocity = v0 (1 – e–bt), where b is a constant. Also velocity increases as x increases but dx
dx
decreases or dv increases.
So, graph A, B, C and D respectively match with (s), (q), (p) and (r).
SECTION - E
Assertion-Reason Type Questions
1. Answer (1)
B = Buoyant force on a body = ρVg
Where ρ is density of fluid and V is volume of solid submerged.
Thus B is independent of mass and shape.
2. Answer (4)
Although buoyant force and gravitational force both depend on value of acceleration due to gravity,
but fraction of body submerged does not depend on acceleration due to gravity. At equilibrium
mg = B
⇒ σVg = ρV′g
⇒ σV = ρV′
Where V = volume of body
V′ = volume of submerged portion of body
3. Answer (1)
As volume flow rate is constant, A × v = constant.
When jet moves up, v decreases and A increases.
When jet goes down, v increase and A decreases.
4. Answer (2)
In a capillary tube
(Tcosθ)×2πr = (πr2h) ρg
2T cos
h r
From above it is clear that statement (i) and (ii) both are correct.
5. Answer (2)
Drag force on the particle is proportional to V. In this case velocity is of the form V0 (1 – e–bt) and
acceleration is of the form a0e–bt. (here b is a constant). Therefore both statements are independently
correct.
SECTION - F
Integer Answer Type Questions
1. Answer (3)
Mass of water = Mass of ice melted
^4a 2 x 2h h â 3 x 3h # 0.9 …(1)
Weight of ice cube = Buoyant force
x 3 # 0.9 # g = x 2 # h # 1 # g
h = 0.9 x ...(2)
From (1) and (2),
^4a 2 x 2h 0.9x â 3 x 3h # 0.9
4a 2 x x 3 a 3 x 3
a
x 4
Now a = 12 π ∴ x = 3 cm.
2. Answer (3)

W ′ = m(g + a) = 1 × 12 = 12 N
1
B′ = , # v # (g a) 1000 # 800 # (12) 15 N

∴ T = B′ – W′ = 15 – 12 = 3 N
3. Answer (3)
From Bernoulli’s theorem,
1
p p0 2 v 2 p0
1
gh 2 v12
& v = 2gh
R = vt
when extra pressure applied,
1
p gh p0 2 v 22 R 0
v 22 2 a gh k
p
R1 = v2t
R1 = 2R
v1 = 2v1
2 a gh k = 2 2gh
p
⇒ 2 a p gh k 4 # 2gh

p
⇒ + gh = 4gh
p

3gh
p 3gh = 3 # 10 3 # 10 # 10 = 3 # 10 5 = 3
4. Answer (6)
Let hole is made at x depth.
2 # (3 H x )
Then, v 2gx , t g
3 ( H x)
∴ R 2 2gx # g
dR 2 =
⇒ dx 0
3H
⇒ x= 2
but x ≤ H
⇒ xmax = H
∴ h required = 2H
5. Answer (8)
Surface tension will balance liquid weight
2T
h dg
SECTION - G
Previous Years Questions
1. Answer (B)
Fdue to pressure
#
h
(P0 gx) 2Rdx
0
= 2P0Rh + Rρgh2
Fsurface tension = 2RT
Fnet = Fpressure – Fsurface tension
= |2P0Rh + Rρgh2 – 2RT |

2. Answer (A)
Let V0 be the volume of walls of cylinder and V be the volume of water in it. Further let V1 be the
volume of empty space in the cylinder.
For equilibrium,
ρcV0g + Vg = a 1 2 0 k g
V +V

V 21 20 ^1 2c h
V V

V
if ρc = 0.5, V = 21
V
ρc > 0.5, V < 21
V
ρc < 0.5, V > 21
3. Answer (D)
S2b cos ` 2 j b 2 # h

2S cos( 2 )
h
bg
4. Answer (B)
Let water level falls by x m due to oil
We have
(800)(g)(0.1) = (1000)(g)(2x)
= =8 1 =
⇒ x 200 25 0.04 m
⇒ h2 = 0.04 + 0.29 = 0.33 m
h1 = 0.29 – 0.04 + 0.1
= 0.35
h 35
⇒ h1 = 33
2
5. Answer (A, B, D)
For string to be taut,
vdF g 2 vdA g
vdB g 2 vdF g
Also, vdF g vdF g vdA g vdB g
6. Answer (A, D)
As string is taut,
1 2 1 and 2 2 2
⇒ 2 2 2 2 1 2 1
Also, 2 2 2 2 1
⇒ When P is left in L2 it moves up
⇒ When Q is left in L1 it moves down
VvP $ VvQ 1 0
Also, V1 g V 2 g V1 g V 2 g
V 2 g V1 g V 2 g V1 g
(1) VQ ( 2) VP
VP 1
VQ 2
7. Answer (A, C, D)
Fv A a dz k
dv
Since height h of the liquid in tank is very small & dz z ` h0 j

dv v u
Fv () A ` h0 j
u
Fv ? a h k, Fv ? u0, Fv ? A, Fv ?
1
8. Answer (A, C)
P1 = P2 – ρacos45°d + ρ(g – asin45°)d
P1 P2 2 a
gd 1 g
g
0 for a
2
21 g
for a 2
2
9. Answer (C)
2h
R = 2gh g
d = vx # t
2H (g a) # 2h

ga
d → Independent of acceleration of lift.

10. Answer (6)
P0A (500 – H) = (P0 – ρgh)A.300
(10 5 10 4 # 0.2) # 300
⇒ 500 H
10 5
⇒ H = 206 mm
Fall in height = 6 mm
11. Answer (9)
Taking the velocity w.r.t. train
4Stvt = 3Stv
∴ v = a 3 vt k
4
Also ambient air will be moving with speed vt w.r.t. train

1 1 16
` p0 2 vt2 P 2 9 vt2
1 7
& p0 p 2 9 vt2
∴ N=9
12. Answer (3.74)

Water surface will break, when
T
P0 + hρg ≥ P0 + h
2
2T
h 2 $ g
2T
h≥ g
13. Answer (25)

Let Pf be the air pressure
P0 v0 = Pf vf
P0 v0 = Pf a 101 k v0
100
Pf = 101 × 103 Pa ( a P0 = 105 Nm–2)

Now, consider the 4 points shown in diagram

2T
Pd Pc R â Pd = P0h
2T
` Pc P0 R
Now,
Pa = Pb (also, Pa = Pf)
Pf = rgh + Pc
101 # 10 3 (10 3 # 10 # h) a10 5

2 # 0.075 k
0.1 # 10 3
= 1
h 4=m 25 cm
  

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Chapter 9 Step-1

Mechanical Properties of Fluids

F # dF # gh (2) $ (dh)

Bernoulli’s equation is conservation of energy.

10. Answer (1)

Area decreases, energy is released.

15. Answer (2)

16. Answer (4)

17. Answer (2)

20. Answer (3)

21. Since liquid is filled up to the same height

Now PA + PB = PA + PA + ρgH = 2 aPA  g 2 k

Total area of the two wings = 2 × 30 m2 = 60 m2; ρ = 1 kg m–3

Plower  Pupper  2 ^vupper h = 1 # 1 ^205 2 − 125 2h

= 18 ^42025 − 15625h = 1466.6 N m–2

= 0.88 × (0.02 – 0.01) × 10–2

8.8 # 10 5  2 (10) 3 a 3 # 10 6 k # v 2

(iii) Equation of continuity

By conservation of mass, for ∆t

mass flowing in at P = mass flowing out at Q.

⇒ (APvP∆t)ρP = (AQvQ∆t)ρQ [ρP = fluid density at P, ρQ = fluid density at Q]

For flow of incompressible fluids

This expression is known as equation of continuity. It is a statement of conservation of mass

31. Speed of Efflux

Applying Bernoulli’s equation at the two points, we have

veff = 2gh ...(ii)

32. Answer (4)

33. Answer (3)

Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Pressure at bottom = P0 + ρhg + 2ρhg = P0  3hg

Let radius of narrow arm = r1

Then radius of broader arm = r2 = 3r1

F1 = ` r1 j (50g) = 9 # 490 = 54.4 N

Since the fluid is incompressible,

Volume of fluid pushed in = volume of fluid moved out.

⇒ 10–3 xg = .l 2 a 100 k g

Where x = Mass of block (in g)

10. Answer (2)

According to the equation of continuity,

From equation of continuity,

⇒ vB2 = 2gh + vA2

h = 2.5 mm = 2.5 × 10–3 m

⇒ vB2 = 2 × 10 × 2.5 × 10–3 + (0.04)2

= 516 × 10–4 m2/s2

⇒ vB = 22.72 × 10–2 m/s

Velocity of efflux v = 2gh

15. Answer (4)

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 and 2

17. Answer (1)

20. Answer (4)

≈ 1.03 × 105 N m–2

23. Answer (4)

⇒ For the two tubes given

hr = h′(2r) [r′ = 2r is given]

25. Answer (1)

⇒ Final velocity ∝ r2 . Thus graph (iii) is correct.

Graph (iv) is correct.

29. Answer (1)

31. Answer (6)

32. Answer (30)

F # dF # gh (2) $ (dh)

Now PA + PB = PA + PA + ρgH = 2 aPA g 2 k

Plower Pupper 2 ^vupper h = 1 # 1 ^205 2 − 125 2h

8.8 # 10 5 2 (10) 3 a 3 # 10 6 k # v 2

Pressure at bottom = P0 + ρhg + 2ρhg = P0 3hg

⇒ 10–3 xg = .l 2 a 100 k g

= (dsx1) g 21 + (dsx2) g 22 2 # 'ds a 1 2 k1 g a 1 4 2 k

(1 cm 2) (1 m/s) (A2) c (1) 2 2 # 10 # 100 m

& P 2 aVB2 4B k

(P) 8 (P) 4 700 # 4

P 2 8Vupper VlowerB

⇒ PA PB 1 1000 # 0.7 # 0.5

4100 800 & 2 v 2 10 0

Ugain a2 8 k mgR 8 mgR

Wext a 8 1 k mgR 8 mgR

^PBl PAh 0 ^g 6h 6 ...(i)

^PBl PBh 0 ^8h 8 ...(ii)

^PB Pah 320

a 3 r 3 # n k # S ^T h 4r 2 Tn :1 1/3 D