ENGLISH WITH SANJEEV SIR

NOUN
Definition: Noun is a naming word. Name given to anything is called noun.
Noun based on Suffix:-

1. Tion : Motion, Emotion, Function, Location, Option, Caption, Nation, Preposition, Conjunction,
Globalisation, Privatization, Animation, Suffocation, Inception, Reception, Injection, Action etc.
2. Tor: Tractor, Mentor, Spectator, Inspector, Conductor, Actor, Sector, Doctor, Orator, Detector,
Director, etc.
3. Ship : Relationship, Friendship, Partnership, Membership, Worship, Ownership, Internship,
Dictatorship, Leadership, Citizenship etc
4. Ment: Movement, Management, Amendment, Development, Engagement, Treatment,
Government, Agreement, Parliament, Retirement etc
5. Ness: Carelessness, Cuteness, Darkness, Sharpness, Thickness, Weakness, Illness, Sickness,
Politeness, Kindness, Business etc
6. Ism : Naxalism, Nepotism, Prism, Mechanism, Tourism, Terrorism, Journalism, Optimism,
Socialism, Communism, Nationalism, Imperialism etc
7. Ance: Importance, Romance, Performance, Insurance, Tolerance, Alliance, Allowance, Finance,
Fragrance, Accordance, Chance, Dance, Balance, Resonance etc
8. Ence : Absence, Presence, Difference, Sentence, Existence, Influence, Negligence, Intelligence,
Violence, Experience, Defence, Diligence etc
9. Ter: Sister, Master, Minister, Character, butter, Letter, Lighter, Hunter, Gangster, Fighter,
Waiter, Semester, Wood Cutter, Sinister, etc
10. Cy : Mercy, Policy, Currency, Vacancy, Supremacy, Democracy, Literacy, Intimacy, Secrecy,
Pharmacy etc
11. Ty: Pity, City, Duty, Beauty, Naughty, Scooty, Responsibility, Formality, Polity, Probability,
Mobility, Activity, Facility, Society etc
12. Hood: Brotherhood, Neighbourhood, Childhood, Motherhood, Fatherhood, Sisterhood,
Livelihood etc
13. Age: Dotage, homage, baggage, luggage, vintage, suffrage, espionage, wreckage
14. Ee: payee, employee, referee, tree, bee
15. Ery: Bakery, machinery, scenery, bravery, confectionery, stationery
16. Ist: dentist, gist, fist, list, economist, chemist, dramatist,
17. Sion: provision, division, evasion, revision, emission, permission, profession,

NOUN AND THE GROUP

ENGLISH WITH SANJEEV SIR

1. A class of Students 35.A jury of judges
2. A circle of Friends
3. A chair of Singers 36.A catalogue of books
4. A bend of Musicians 37.A bunch of grapes, keys
5. A troupe of Singers
6. A Troop of Soldiers, Ants 38.A sea of troubles
7. A pride of Lions 39.A ray of light
8. A train of Donkeys
9. A bouquet of Flowers 40.A valley of bullets, missiles, stones, questions
10.A syndicate of Merchants 41.A council of ministers

42.A sheaf of grains

11.A bevy of beautiful women, girl
12.A pack of Card 43. A dump of mud
13.A basket of Fruits 44.A muster of peacock
14.A shoal of fish 45. A mob of angry people
46.A throng of people
15.A haul of fish (caught tag)
16.A team of players 47.A tuft of hair, grass
17.A panel of experts 48.A squadron of planes
18.A tribes of natives 49.A bale of cotton
19. A gang of robbers, thieves 50.A cloud of dust
20.A staff of employees
51.A collection of coins
21.A chest of drawers
52.A bowl of rice
22.A flock of sheep, birds
53.A bundle of sticks
23.A flight of birds (moving tag)
54.A block of flats
24.A swarm of bees, flying insects
25.A pack of hounds, wolves 55.A battery of guns
26.A wad of notes
56.A murder of crows
27. A string of pearls
57.A nest of mice
28.A range of mountains
58.A school of whales
29.A herd of elephant, cattle
59.A brood of chickens
30.A litter of puppies, kittens
60.A board of directors
31.A group of Islands
61.A company of actors
32.A galaxy of stars
62.A host of sparrows
33.A fleet of ships
63.A hive of bees
34.A pack of lies

ENGLISH WITH SANJEEV SIR

64.A gaggle of cheese

65.A gang of prisoners

66.A team of oxen

67.A pair of shoes

68.A reel of film

69.A ream of papers

70.A cluster of coconuts

71.A wad of notes

72.An agenda of tasks

73.A quiver of arrows

74.A stack of wood

75.A heap of rubbish

76.A zoo of wild animals

77.A kennel of dogs

78. An album of stamps/

autographs/
photographs
79. An audience of listeners
80.A gang of labourers

81.A flock of tourists

82.A house of senators

83.A bunch of crooks

84.A crew of sailors

ENGLISH WITH SANJEEV SIR

 The Nouns that end in S/Ss/Ch/Sh/Z/X are made plural by adding ‘es’.

Bus Buses
Church Churches
Class Classes
Dish Dishes
Watch Watches
Fox Foxes
Box Boxes
Coach Coaches
Quiz Quizzes
KINDS OF NOUN

1. Proper Noun
2. Common Noun
3. Collective Noun
4. Material Noun
5. Abstract Noun
1. Proper Noun: It refers to an individual person, place or thing. It doesn‟t refer to a person, placer
or thing in general
Eg: India, Dehradun, Mount Everest, The Taj Mahal, The Bramputra, Parker, Amitabh
Bachan, M.S. Dhoni, P.V. Sindhu
2. Common Noun: It refers to the class of a person, place, or things
Eg : Country, State, Mountains, Monument, River, Pet, Actor, Player
3. Collective Noun: It refers to a group or collective of persons, animals or things
Eg : Committee, Jury, Flock, Army, Team, Class etc
4. Material Noun: A noun of material denotes matter or substance of which things are made of
Eg : Iron, Milk, Cement, Brick, Stone, Sugar, Coffee, Tea, Water, Gold etc

Material Noun is uncountable noun, therefore indefinite article (A/an) are not used
before material noun. We do not add S/es with material nouns to make them plural.
Eg :

1. This house is made of/ from brick & stones.

2. I would like to take some sugars/sugar.
3. The table is made of wood/woods.
5. Abstract Noun: The nouns that denotes quality, state, action, feelings are called abstract
noun. Abstract nouns do not have physical property.
Eg. Honesty, Beauty, Childhood, Socialism, Motherhood, Truth, Love, Greatness, Poverty, Pleasure,
Pain, Soul etc
Abstract nouns are uncountable noun, we do not indefinite articles before such nouns.
We do not add S/es with such nouns to make them plural.
Behaviour of Nouns:

Group First: This group comprised noun which are generally used in the plural. We do not remove
S/es from such nouns to make them singular.
1. Riches (wealth)
2. Premises (area)
3. Spectacles
4. Valuables (Valuables things)
5. Moveables
6. Eatables
7. Alms (charity)
8. Wages (labour – Pl /Result – SN)

Eg: A. Wages of hard work is/are always sweet

B. Wages is/are paid in cash
9. Shorts
10. Socks
11. Goods
12. Trousers
13. Annals
14. Thanks
15. Sicoors
16. Surroundings
17. Arms
18. Pants
19. Nuptials
20. Binoculars
21. Pliers
22. Galllows
23. Belongings
Eg:
1. The teacher said that riches has/have/had wings
2. My spectacles has/have been broken
3. Alms was/were given to the baggers
4. A pair of trousers were/was bought by him
5. We should keep our surrounding/surroundings clean

Group Second: This group is a family of those nouns which are generally used in the singular

Eg. Scenery, Poetry, Furniture, Advice, Information, hair, Stationery, Crockery, Luggage, Baggage,
Knowledge, Wastage, Jewellery, Equipment, Percentage, Dirt, Dust, Traffic, Confectionery, Pottery,
Bakery, fuel
1. I do not like the Poetries/Poems/ Poetry of Keats
2. The old furniture/ furniture was/were disposed of
3. The Scenery of Kashmir enchant /enchants us
4. I passed the exam, but the percentage of marks was/were not good.
5. Your hair is/are black
 6. He gave an information/ a piece of information
7. She wants to buy some jewelleries /jewellery
He learnt the alphabets/alphabet of English at the age of six
8. There is much filths/filth all around the place.
9. He was punished for his mischief/ mischiefs
10. No porter being available, he carried all his luggages/luggage himself.

Group 3rd : In this group the given nouns look like plural but are used as singular. We can‟t remove
S/es from such nouns

Eg. Mathematics, Physics, Civics, Politics, Statistics, Ethics, Linguistics, Acoustics, Genetics, The
united States, The Arabian nights, The hard times, the tale of two cities, two states, three idiots,
measles diabetics, Shingles, Mumps, Billiards, News, Summons, Innings
Eg.
1. This news were broadcasted from all India Radio only
yesterday This news was broadcasted from all India Radio
only yesterday
2. Rohit Sharma will surely make the record of 300 runs in an inning/innings
3. Measles is/are a disease that cause fever and red rash.
4. Linguistics/Linguistic is the study of language
5. Two summons/Summonses has/have been received
6. Ethics demand/demands honesty
Group 4: Certain nouns look like singular but used as plural, like cattle, children, gentry (genetic
people) police, peasantry, poultry, vermin, clergy, folk
1. The cattle/cattles was/were grazing in the field
2. The poultry/has have been found infected from/with the virus of bird flew.
3. The police has/have been investigating into this case since/from Christmas
4. The gentry has/have asked to ban loud speaker.

NOTE: Words like Jury, Committee, are used as both singular & plural
In case of same opinion, these are singular but in case of divided opinion, these are
plural. Eg. 1. The Jury is/are unanimous on the issue of NRC

2. The Committee was/were divided on the issue of Ayodhya.

Group 5 : Part (A)
No + Numeral + Noun + Noun

Eg.

1. tc eS College tk jgh Fkh rks eq>s losZ pkSd ij ,d 500 :i;s dk uksV feyk
While I was going to college, I found a 500 rupees note
2. He travels by air and stays in five stars hotels
3. He is owner of a four stars hotel
4. I‟ll definitely put four star/stars on my shoulders this year
5. He participated in A ten miles race
6. She gave me two ten rupees coins.
Part B:
 Numeral + of + Noun
Part C:

Number + Numeral + Noun

Eg.

1. Fifty millions animals have been burnt in the forests of Australia. May all rest in peace
2. Millions of animals/ millions of animals have been saved by the forces and rain too.
3. Ten thousands students were protesting in JNU and AMU
4. Thousands of students were beaten black &blue by the police
5. She bought a dozen pencils
6. Dozen of banana/dozens of bananas were bought for the marriage.
7. Three hundreds rupees/ 3 hundred rupees have been spent so far
8. Hundreds of rupees were spent on fast food.
Uses of Possession:
Double possession with the help of apostrophe (s) is not
allowed. Eg.

1. jfo dh ifRu ds ekrk&firk vk x;s gS D;ksafd og ngst dh ekax dj jgk gS] ykyp rks mlds vanj dwV&dwV dj
Hkjk gS] ,d fnu mls i{krkuk iMsxk] D;ksafd fdlh us lgh dgk gS] tSlk cksvksxs oSlk dkVksxsA
Ravi‟s wife‟s parents (wrong)
The parents of Ravi‟s wife have arrived as/therefore he is asking for dowry. Avarice seems to
be ingrained in him. On day he will have to feel remorse for it. Someone has rightly said “As
you sow, so‟ll you reap”.

2. xhrk ds ifr dk thou vufxur eqlfcrksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA D;ksafd og dke pksj gS vkSj tokuh ds fnuksa esa vo;k”k Hkh
FkkA mlds eqlhcr dsfnu “kq: gks x;s gS] ysfdu vc i{krkus ls D;k gksxk tc fpfM;k pqx xbZ [ksrA
Geeta‟s husband‟s life (wrong)
The life of Geeta‟s husbnad is beset with umpteen problems. He is a shirker and he was
profigate/reprobate/ rakish/ dissolute/ debauchee too in his salad days. His rainy days
have begun. It is no use crying over spilt milk.
Joint and Separate Possessions:

Joint Possession:

Separate
Possession: Eg.

1. I went to John and Merry‟s house to meet them but found the couple absent.
2. I have read Dinkar‟s and Nirala‟s poems
3. Ramesh and Rajeev‟s company has turnover of more than 90 lakhs annually
4. I have bought Mayank‟s and Ravi‟s watches.
5. Ravindra Nath Tagor‟s and Javed Akhtar‟s poetry is very famous in India.
6. Manish and Manoj‟s sister is teaching in Delhi Public School.
Use of Apostrophe with Possessive Pronoun & Possessive Adjective
We do not use Apostrophe(s) with possessive pronoun or Possessive Adjective
Eg.
1. This is my watch and that is your‟s/yours‟/ yours
2. The state govt. is not playing it‟s role in U.K.
 3. Your‟s truly (wrong) Your truly (right)
4. Your‟s sincerely (wrong) Your sincerely (right)
Your’s = You +
Noun Possessive
Pronoun

Noun and its Possession

1. Possession of Non-living
We use „of‟ to show possession over non-
living Examples:
a. Fan‟s Blades = Wrong
The Blades of the fan = Right
b. Table‟s legs = Wrong
The legs of the table = Right
2. Possession of living being

Noun

Singular noun plural noun

Possession possession

‟s ‟

Examples: Examples:
a. Boy‟s pen a. Boys‟ hostel
b. Girl‟s pen b. Girl‟s room
Note: We use only Apostrophe (‟) with these nouns that give hissing sound or end with the last word
„s‟
Example
s:

Hissing sound word End with the last word ‘s’

Nitish‟ car Pythagoras‟ theorem
Ashish‟ pen Archimedes‟ discovery

3. Possession of Compound Noun

We use ‟s or we show possession with the last word in a compound noun
Examples:
a. His step-son‟s car got damaged in an accident
b. My Mother‟s-in-law/Mother-in-law‟s conduct is very good

Note: The + Adjective = Common plural Noun

4. Possession of Common plural noun
We use possession „of‟ instead of „ ‟s‟ in case of common plural noun
Examples:
a. The poor‟s plight is never heard by the Central Government (Wrong)
The plight of the poor is never heard by the Central Government (Right)
b. The Blind‟s Reservation is the sign of their inability (Wrong)
The Reservation of the blind is the sign of their inability
(Right)
5. Possession of Gerund (Noun)
Noun/ Pronoun +
Gerun
d V–I
+ ing
Possession Possession

Noun‟s Possession Adjective

Case Examples:
a. My Mother does not like me coming at late night
b. Does your parents like Mohan drinking?
6. Possession of Indefinite Pronoun
Somebody, Nobody, Anybody, Everybody, Someone, Anyone, None
Apostrophe „s‟ (‟s) is used to show possession with indefinite
pronoun Examples:
a. The teacher will check everybody/ everybody‟s notebook
b. Rohan touched someone/ someone‟s phone last night

NOUN AND THE GENDER:

Masculine Feminine
Brother Sister
Boy Girl
Boar Sow
Lad Lass
Bullock Heifer
Drake Duck
Father Mother
Gentleman Lady
Husband Wife
Man Woman
Nephew Niece
Son Daughter
Wizard Witch
Boy Girl
Bull Cow
Cock Hen
Dog Bitch
Drone Bee
Gander Goose
Horse Mare
 King Queen
Monk Nun
Sir Madam
Tutor Governess
Stallion Mare
Brother-in-law Sister-in-law
Son-in-law Daughter-in-law
Maternal Maternal
Uncle Aunt
Step-son Step-daughter
Widower Widow
King Queen
Fox Vixen
Land Lord Land Lady
Tailor Seamstress
Ox Cow
Bachelor Spinster
Actor Actress
Conductor Conductress
Hunter Huntress
Negro Negress
Prince Princess
Traitor Traitress
Founder Foundress
Emperor Empress
Tiger Tigress
Waiter Waitress
Murderer Murderess
Master Mistress
God Goddess
Ambassador Ambassador
Hero Heroine
Viceroy Vicerine
Sultan Sultana
Administrator Administratrix
Grandfather Grand Mother
Manservant Maid Servant
Cock- sparrow Hen-sparrow
Peacock Peahen
Salesman Saleswoman
Poet poetess
Priest Priestess
Host Hostess
Ram Ewe
Bridegroom Bride
Buck Doe
NOUNS: NUMBER

On the basis of their countability, nouns have two categories – Singular and Plural
A noun which denotes one person or things is said to be in the Singular Number, whereas a noun
which denotes more than one person or things is said to be in the Plural Number.
For example, when we say one boy or one book, the noun boy or book is in the singular number,
but when we say, two boys/books or more than two boys/books, the noun boys and books are
in the plural number.
There are certain rules for changing a singular noun into its plural form. They have been illustrated
below:
1. By adding s to a singular noun:
Singular Plural
Pen Pens
Cow Cows
Dog Dogs
Son Sons
Book Books
Door Doors
Pencil Pencils
Girl Girls

2. By adding es to a singular noun if it ends with s, sh, x, ch, z:

Singular Plural
Touch Touches
Gas Gases
Box Boxes
Match Matches
Church Churches
Brush Brushes
Topaz Topazes

3. (a) by adding s to a singular noun if it ends with y and they y is preceded by a vowel:
Singular Plural
Holiday Holidays
Journey Journeys
Guy Guys
key Keys
Boy Boys
Ray Rays

(b) if the noun ends in y and the y is preceded by a consonant, the plural is
formed by changing y to ies:

Singular Plural
Army Armies
Baby Babies
Duty Duties
Fly Flies
 Lady Ladies
City Cities
Story Stories

4. Those singular nouns that end in f or fe form their plural by changing the f or fe
into ves:
Singular Plural
Half Halves
Knife Knives
leaf Leaves
Life Lives
Thief Thieves
Wife Wives
Shelf Shelves
Self Selves

However, there are certain nouns ending with f or fe which form their plural by
simply adding s:

Singular Plural
Safe Safes
Strife Strifes
Fife Fifes
Chief Chiefs
Proof Proofs
Grief Griefs
Roof Roofs
Puff Puffs
Reef Reefs
Stuff Stuffs
Serf Serfs

There are some nouns ending with f which form their plurals by following both
the above methods:

Singular Plural
Hoof Hoofs or Hooves
Staff Staffs or Staves
Scarf Scarfs or Scarves
Turf Turfs or Turves
Wharf Wharfs Wharves

5. Those singular nouns, which end with o and the o is preceded by a consonant,
form their plurals generally by adding es to the singulars:
Singular Plural
Mango Mangoes
Mosquito Mosquitoes
Buffalo Buffaloes
Negro Negroes
Potato Potatoes
Echo Echoes
 Volcano Volcanoes
Hero Heroes

However, there are some singular nouns of the above description that do not follow
the above rule. Instead, they get their plurals by suffixing an s:

Singular Plural
Piano Pianos
Dynamo Dynamos
Quarto Quartos
Canto Cantos

Note: Some of such singular nouns (ending with o and the vowel o preceded by a
consonant) form their plurals by following both the above-mentioned methods

Singular Plural
Proviso Provisos
(or provisoes)
Memento Mementos
(or menentoes)
Halo Halos (or haloes)
Manifesto Manifestos
(or manifestoes)
Cargo Cargos (cargoes)
Motto Mottos (mottoes)

6. The singular nouns, which end with o and have a vowel before that o, form their
plurals by adding s:
Singular Plural
Studio Studios
Folio Folios
Cameo Cameos
Radio Radios
Cuckoo Cuckoos
Embryo Embryos

7. Some nouns form their plurals by changing the spelling and the vowel sound of
their singulars:
Singular Plural
Mouse Mice
Louse Lice
Dormouse Dormice
Man Men
Woman Women
Foot Feet
Goose Geese
Tooth Teeth
Child Children
Ox Oxen
There are some compound nouns which are a combination of two or more words.
Such nouns get their plurals by adding s to the main or the base words:

(a) In some cases, it is the first word that forms the plural:

Singular Plural
Daughter-in-law Daughters-in-law
Hanger-on Hangers-on
Commander-in-chief Commanders-in chief
Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law
Passer-by Passers-by
Looker-on Lookers-on
Governor-general Governors-general
Code of conduct Codes of conduct
Member of parliament Members of parliament
Court martial Courts-martial
Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law
Officer-in-charge Officers-in-charge
Engineer-in-chief Engineers-in-chief
Bed room Bed rooms
Shoop keeper Shop keepers
Major general Major generals
Pea hen Pea hens
Book shop Book shops

(b) In some cases, the second word forms the plural

Book-case Book-cases
Class-fellow Class-fellows
Race-horse Race-horses
Step-son Step-sons
Cast-away Cast-aways
Grandfather Grandfathers
Horse-race Horse-races
Maidservant Maidservants

(c) In some other cases, both words make their plurals:

Singular Plural
Man-servant Men-servants
Woman-servant Women-servants
Lord-Justice Lords-Justices

Singular Plural
Spoonful Spoonfuls
Cupful Cupfuls
Mouthful Mouthfuls
Phenomenon Phenomena
 Datum Data
Bacterium Bacteria
Erratum Errata
Radius Radii
Index Indices
Alumnus Alumni
Pick-pocket Pick-pockets
Go-between Go-betweens
Corrigendum Corrigenda
Cactus Cacati
Focus Focii
Fungus Fungi

Nucleus Nuclei
Syllabus syllabi
Deer Deer
Sheep Sheep
Fish Fish
Aircraft Aircraft

If a noun ends in ‘is’, we make plural of that noun by adding ‘es’

Axis axes
Crisis Crises
Synopsis Synopses
Basis Bases
Oasis Oases
Hypothesis Hypotheses