ABU DHABI SEWERAGE SERVICES COMPANY

(ADSSC)

GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR CIVIL WORKS

DIVISION 3 CONCRETE

SECTION 03500 CONCRETE REPAIR

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 General Specification for Civil Works
Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company
(ADSSC)

DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET

Revision No. Date Revision Description / Purpose of Issue

01 April 2008 First Issue.

02 Jan. 2011 ADSSC new logo

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(ADSSC)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................... 5
1.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ......................................... 5
1.2 RELATED DOCUMENTS ..................................................................... 5
1.3 STANDARDS ....................................................................................... 5
1.4 SUBMITTALS ....................................................................................... 6
1.4.1 PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS APPROVAL ........................................ 6
1.4.2 METHOD STATEMENTS ..................................................................... 7
1.4.3 DRAWINGS ......................................................................................... 8
1.4.4 MOCK UP ............................................................................................ 8
1.4.5 PROGRESS REPORTING ................................................................... 8
1.5 QUALITY CONTROL............................................................................ 9
1.6 DELIVERY, STORAGE AND PROTECTION...................................... 10
1.7 WARRANTY ....................................................................................... 11
2 PRODUCTS ................................................................................................... 11
2.1 EPOXY FILLERS ............................................................................... 11
2.2 EPOXY REPAIR MORTAR ................................................................ 12
2.3 CEMENTITIOUS REPAIR MORTAR .................................................. 12
2.4 POLYMER MODIFIED CEMENTITIOUS REPAIR MORTAR ............. 12
2.5 SHOTCRETE ..................................................................................... 13
2.6 CONCRETE ....................................................................................... 15
2.7 MICRO-CONCRETE .......................................................................... 15
2.8 EPOXY LINING MORTAR .................................................................. 15
2.9 CONCRETE COATING SYSTEMS .................................................... 16
2.10 REINFORCEMENT ............................................................................ 16
2.11 COATING TO REINFORCEMENT ..................................................... 16
2.12 EPOXY CRACK INJECTION RESINS................................................ 16
2.13 POLYESTER CRACK INJECTION RESINS....................................... 16
3 EXECUTION .................................................................................................. 17
3.1 CONDITION SURVEY........................................................................ 17
3.2 REPAIR STRATEGY .......................................................................... 18
3.3 TRIAL AND DEMONSTRATION REPAIRS ........................................ 19
3.4 REMOVAL OF AREAS OF DEFECTIVE CONCRETE ....................... 21
3.5 REPAIR OF REINFORCEMENT ........................................................ 22
3.5.1 PROVISION FOR EXTRA REINFORCEMENT USING STRAIGHT
LAPS .................................................................................................. 23
3.5.2 PROVISION FOR EXTRA REINFORCEMENT WHICH IS ANCHORED
........................................................................................................... 23
3.5.3 PROVISION FOR EXTRA REINFORCEMENT USING CONNECTORS
........................................................................................................... 23
3.5.4 PROVISION FOR EXTRA REINFORCEMENT USING WELDING ..... 23
3.6 CONCRETE REPAIR GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .......................... 25
3.7 REPAIR USING EPOXY RESIN MORTARS ...................................... 26
3.8 REPAIR USING CEMENTITIOUS MORTARS ................................... 26
3.9 REPAIR USING SHOTCRETE ........................................................... 27
3.10 REPAIR USING INSITU CONCRETE ................................................ 28

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3.11 REPAIR USING FREE FLOWING CEMENTITIOUS MICRO-

CONCRETE ....................................................................................... 28
3.12 REPAIR OF SURFACE CRACKS ...................................................... 29
3.13 CRACK INJECTION ........................................................................... 30
3.14 APPLICATION OF EPOXY LINING MORTAR.................................... 30
3.15 FINAL PROTECTIVE COATING ........................................................ 30

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Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company
(ADSSC)

1 GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

a) This section of the specification gives the requirements for concrete

repair.

b) The repair system to be utilised for a particular area or member will be

subject to a trial demonstration as designated by the Engineer and will
generally be as follows:

c) Epoxy fillers shall be utilised to fill small cavities and pinholes on all
concrete surfaces to receive epoxy coating.

d) Epoxy and cementitious repair mortars shall be utilised for small surface
repairs.

e) Shotcrete, concrete and micro concrete shall be used for large, deep
repairs.

f) Cracks up to 0.3mm wide shall be filled with an epoxy filler or epoxy

crack injection resin.

g) Cracks or joints which are leaking shall be injected with a polyester resin.

1.2 RELATED DOCUMENTS

The following sections of the specification shall be read in conjunction with

this section.

Section 01000-07 Submittals.

Section 01000-08 Quality control.
Section 01000-09 Materials and equipment.
Section 03100 Concrete formwork
Section 03200 Concrete reinforcement.
Section 03300 Cast in place concrete.
Section 03600 Concrete protection and waterproofing systems.

1.3 STANDARDS

All activities relating to this section of the specification shall comply with the
following or approved equal standards.

ACI 506 Guide to shotcrete.

ACI 506.2 Specification for shotcrete.
ACI 506.3 Guide to certification of shotcrete nozzlemen.
ACI 506.4 Guide for the evaluation of shotcrete.
ACI 548.1 Guide for the use of polymers in concrete.
ASTM C157 Standard test method for length change of

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hardened hydraulic-cement, mortar and concrete.

ASTM C881 Standard specification for epoxy resin base
bonding systems for concrete.
ASTM C1202 Standard test method for electrical indication of
concrete’s ability to resist chloride penetration.
BS 4449 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable
reinforcing steel. Bar, coil and decoiled product.
Specification
BS 4551 Mortar. Methods of test for mortar. Chemical
analysis and physical testing.
BS 4652 Specification for zinc rich priming paint (organic
media).
BS 6319-2 Testing of resin and polymer/cement
compositions for use in construction. Method for
measurement of compressive strength.
BS 6319-3 Testing of resin and polymer/cement
compositions for use in construction. Methods for
measurement of modulus of elasticity in flexure
and flexural strength.
BS 6319-7 Testing of resin and polymer/cement
compositions for use in construction. Method for
measurement of tensile strength.
BS 6744 Stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of and
use in concrete. Requirements and test methods.
BS 7123 Specification for metal arc welding of steel for
concrete reinforcement.
BS EN 1542 Products and systems for the protection and
repair of concrete structures. Test methods.
Measurement of bond strength by pull off.
BS EN 12390-3 Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength
of test specimen
CIRIA R092M Reinforcement connector and anchorage methods.
ISO 9000 Quality management systems.

1.4 SUBMITTALS

1.4.1 PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS APPROVAL

a) In order to verify compliance with the specification the Contractor shall

submit information for all products and materials used in the Works to
the Engineer for approval sufficiently in advance of their use in
accordance with the Contract programme allowing for ordering and
approval times. Reference shall also be made to Section 01000-09 of
the specification on products and materials approval. Information to be
submitted shall comprise but not necessarily be limited to:

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(ADSSC)

i. Repair materials.

 Manufacturers name.
 Suppliers name.
 Product name (if applicable).
 Product description.
 Manufacturers technical data.
 Manufacturers guarantee
 Manufacturer’s statement that the material is suitable for the
intended purpose.
 Mix design.
 Test results or certificates.
 Storage instructions.
 Application instructions.
 Product health and safety requirements.
 Endorsements of previous long term successful usage.

b) Once materials have been approved, substitution will not be permitted

unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer.

1.4.2 METHOD STATEMENTS

a) The Contractor shall submit method statements to the Engineer for

approval 4 weeks in advance of commencing the trial and demonstration
repairs specified in Clause 3.03 in accordance with Section 01000-07 of
the specification. These shall comprise but not necessarily be limited to:

i. Procedures for surface preparation and application of repair

materials for all concrete repair methods including reinforcement
cleaning and coating.
ii. Procedures for mixing and application of shotcrete.
iii. Procedures for crack injection.
iv. Procedures for coating application.
v. Statements shall, if relevant, address at least the following points.

 Description of problem.
 Description of how the proposed materials will prevent a
recurrence of the problem.
 The projected life of the repair.
 Identification of the expertise and skills required to perform the
repair.
 Identification of the workforce with the required expertise and
skills.
 Pre works precautions and planning.
 Safety arrangements.
 Substrate preparation.
 Work schedules.
 Materials application plan with descriptions and methods.
 Equipment and tools.
 Finishing operations.

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 Removal of debris and cleaning.

 Quality control forms and schedules.
 Inspection and approval forms.
 Measurements techniques and methods.
 Records and forms list and samples.
 Acceptance by material manufacturers.
 CV’s of qualified supervision staff.
 Material, location and sample labelling system.
 Scheduling and project management report format.

b) The Contractor shall follow the approved method statements. No change

to the method statements shall be allowed unless otherwise approved by
the Engineer. Proposals for revisions to the method statements shall be
submitted for the Engineer’s approval. The Engineer may require to
alter the work sequence and method statement if he deems it necessary
or if the Contractor has made omissions, deviated from the proposed
plan or caused damage deliberately or accidentally to sound structures.
The Contractor shall bear all costs in the latter event.

1.4.3 DRAWINGS

a) The Contractor shall submit drawings to the Engineer for approval in

advance of commencing the site activity in accordance with Section
01000-07 of the specification. These shall comprise but not necessarily
be limited to:

i. Drawings of repair areas showing the location, size, depth and

proposed repair method.

1.4.4 MOCK UP

a) Provide a mock up of each type of proposed concrete repair method as

directed by the Engineer for the Engineers approval.

b) Mock up shall be of sufficient size to illustrate repair method, colour and

texture of repair surface.

1.4.5 PROGRESS REPORTING

a) The Contractor shall submit a detailed and summary work schedule

showing all activities to be carried out for the Engineers approval.

b) The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer daily progress reports. The
progress report shall include a description of activities carried out,
materials delivered and used on site, test results, safety records,
problems encountered and the approved solutions.

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c) Weekly reports shall be submitted to include but not be limited to an

updated work schedule reflecting the actual progress of the works, a
summary statement of the salient points in the daily progress reports and
dated photographs comprising a set of negatives and 150mm X 100mm
prints.

1.5 QUALITY CONTROL

a) Prior to dispatch of any product and/or material from source the

Contractor shall notify the Engineer in writing in sufficient time to allow
the Engineer the opportunity to inspect and test the product and/or
material prior to delivery in accordance with Section 01000-08 of the
specification.

b) Products and materials shall be from a manufacturer/supplier who

operates a quality system which is registered to ISO 9000 series or
approved equal.

c) To allow the Engineer to inspect the Works the Contractor shall give the
Engineer a minimum of 24 hours notice of carrying out the following
activities on site:

i. Removal of areas of defective concrete.

ii. Commencement of surface preparation.
iii. Repair of reinforcement.
iv. Application of repair method.
v. Application of final protective coating.

d) Only speciality contractors thoroughly familiar with concrete repair

techniques shall carry out the work.

e) The Contractor shall appoint a QA/QC Engineer approved by the

Engineer. The QA/QC Engineer shall be conversant with the aims of
quality control, the materials being used in the contract and the levels of
workmanship required.

f) The Contractor shall be responsible for all testing as specified and shall
supply the Engineer with the test results immediately after completion of
the tests. Cost of all testing including those for trial purposes shall be
borne by the Contractor.

g) The level of quality and workmanship required and that will be imposed
on the work is high. The Contractor shall ensure that materials, systems
and skilled personnel are sourced with the level of quality and
workmanship required of the works.

h) Cost of testing carried out which is not in accordance with the

specification or of unapproved items shall be borne by the Contractor.

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i) Samples shall be taken, and testing shall be conducted, in locations and

at intervals stipulated by the Engineer. The Engineer’s representative
shall witness all sampling and testing unless the Engineer decides
otherwise.

j) All samples shall be properly labeled and secured at site and

accompanied by the Engineers representative during transportation to
the testing laboratory.

k) All repair works shall be carried out in the presence of the Engineer or
his representative unless prior agreement otherwise is obtained from the
Engineer.

l) The Contractor shall keep a daily record of the maximum and minimum
ambient temperature and relative humidity in the application areas.

m) The number, frequency and selection of tests prescribed in the

documents and the Engineers study is a reflection of the depth of inquiry
and the quality expected of the respective works and shall be binding on
the Contractor. Depending on circumstances, the Engineer may require
additional tests to be conducted to satisfy the ADSSC queries on
material, workmanship or adequacy of the repair.

n) The ADSSC sound construction, machinery or devices associated with

the repair areas such as pipelines, pumps, chambers shall not be
damaged during the repair period. The Contractor shall take all
precautions to safeguard the ADSSC property. Any damage accidental
or deliberate shall be made good to its original condition finish and
functionality at the Contractors own cost.

o) All damage caused by insitu destructive testing shall be repaired using

the approved materials and to the Engineer’s satisfaction.

1.6 DELIVERY, STORAGE AND PROTECTION

a) Delivery, storage and handling of products and materials shall be in

accordance with the manufacturers recommendations, Section 01000-09
of the specification and the following provisions:

i. Delivery, storage and handling shall at all times be performed in a

manner to avoid product damage.
ii. Store materials on a flat level area and raised above the ground on
timber bearers.
iii. Where product manufacturer recommends storage under controlled
temperatures, the Contractor shall provide an enclosed, insulated
cool store maintained at the proper temperature at all times.
iv. If stored outside, store materials under opaque cover and out of
direct sunlight at all times. Maintain a free flow of air around the
materials at all times.
v. Bulk mixed shotcrete shall be suitably stored on polythene sheets

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and kept covered with additional sheets to provide complete

protection as directed by the Engineer and be used within 3 days
unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer.
vi. The Contractor shall visually inspect all products upon delivery to
site and report any damage to the Engineer.

 Any products damaged during delivery, storage and handling

shall be marked by the Contractor and set aside.
 Proposals for repair of any damaged products shall be
submitted in writing to the Engineer for approval.
 Any damaged products deemed unsuitable for repair by the
Engineer shall be removed from site and replaced.
 All products shall be clearly labeled with date of manufacture
and shelf life or date of expiry. Any expired products shall be
removed from site.

1.7 WARRANTY

a) The manufacturer and the Contractor shall jointly guarantee the

completed repairs to be free from defects in materials and workmanship
for a period of 10 years from the date of completion of the Works.

b) The Contractor shall furnish the ADSSC with the manufacturer’s

guarantee and warranty certificates for all materials and components
used.

c) If the concrete repairs are found to be defective during the warranty

period, the manufacturer and Contractor shall replace and/or repair the
concrete to the satisfaction of the ADSSC at no cost to the ADSSC.

2 PRODUCTS

2.1 EPOXY FILLERS

a) Epoxy fillers shall be two component solvent free epoxy resin

compounds, suitable for repair of small activities, pinholes, offsets or
imperfections.

b) All fillers shall be special purpose products manufactured in pre-

measured quantities for easy site mixing.

c) Bonding agents and ancillary products shall be as recommended by the

manufacturer, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.

d) Epoxy fillers shall meet the requirements of ASTM C881, Type 1, Grade
3, classes B and C.

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Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company
(ADSSC)

2.2 EPOXY REPAIR MORTAR

a) Epoxy repair mortar shall be a two part epoxy resin mortar suitable for
use in the climatic conditions prevailing in Abu Dhabi with regard to pot
life, useable life of freshly mixed components and curing.

b) Mortar shall be packaged in pre measured quantities for easy site mixing.

c) Bonding agents and ancillary materials shall be as recommended by the

manufacturer.

d) Mortar shall have a minimum compressive strength of 50N/mm2 at 7

days when tested in accordance with BS 6319-2.

e) Mortar shall have a minimum tensile strength of 10N/mm2 at 7 days

when tested in accordance with BS 6319-7.

f) Mortar shall have a rapid chloride penetration of 1000 coulombs

maximum when tested in accordance with ASTM C1202.

2.3 CEMENTITIOUS REPAIR MORTAR

a) Cementitious repair mortar shall be a single component general purpose

concrete reinstatement mortar exhibiting the following characteristics.

i. Low permeability to provide good protection against carbon dioxide

and chloride penetration.
ii. Excellent bond to the concrete substrate.
iii. Shrinkage compensated.
iv. Pre bagged to overcome site batched variations requiring only the
site addition of potable water.
v. Contains no chloride admixtures.
vi. Bonding agents and ancillary materials shall be as recommended
by the manufacturer.
vii. Minimum compressive strength of 28N/mm2 at 28 days when tested
in accordance with BS 6319-2.
viii. Rapid chloride penetration of 1000 coulombs maximum when
tested in accordance with ASTM C1202.

2.4 POLYMER MODIFIED CEMENTITIOUS REPAIR MORTAR

a) Polymer modified cementitious repair mortar shall be a single

component lightweight polymer modified concrete reinstatement mortar
exhibiting the following characteristics.

i. Lightweight formulation to allow high build.

ii. Low permeability to provide good protection against carbon dioxide
and chloride penetration.
iii. Excellent bond to the concrete substrate.
iv. Shrinkage compensated.

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v. Pre bagged to overcome site batched variations requiring only the

site addition of potable water.
vi. Bonding agents and ancillary materials shall be as recommended
by the manufacturer.
vii. Contains no chloride admixtures.
viii. Minimum compressive strength of 40N/mm2 at 28 days when tested
in accordance with BS 6319-2.
ix. Rapid chloride penetration of 1000 coulombs maximum when
tested in accordance with ASTM C1202.

2.5 SHOTCRETE

a) Pre-bagged shotcrete shall be a single component cementitious material

suitable for dry or wet mix applications with the properties given in Table
2.5.1 below.

i. A suitable approved fibre shall be added to the shotcrete to reduce

crack propagation.

 The use of fibre shall be strictly in accordance with the

manufacturer’s instructions and as approved by the Engineer.
 Prior to the approval of shotcrete the Contractor shall carry out
trials mixes in the presence of the Engineer.

Table 2.5.1 – Shotcrete Properties

Property Test Method Value

Max aggregate size - 12.5mm
Min compressive strength BS 4551-1 40 N/mm2 at 28 days

Min flexural strength BS 6319-3 10 N/mm2 at 28 days

Min tensile strength BS 6319-7 5 N/mm2 at 28 days

Water absorption BS 1881 < 2%

Drying shrinkage ASTM C157 < 300 microstrain at 7 days

< 500 microstrain at 28 days
Rapid chloride penetration ASTM C1202 1000 coulombs max

b) Bulk mixed shotcrete compliant with the recommendations of ACI 506.2

may be utilised in lieu of pre-bagged shotcrete, if approved by the
Engineer.

i. Aggregates shall meet the requirements in Section 03300 of the

specification except as modified hereunder.
ii. The combined grading shall be within the limits given in Table 2.5.2
below unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer.

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Table 2.5.2 – Shotcrete Aggregate Grading

Sieve Size (mm) Percent Passing

12.5 100
9.5 90-100
4.75 70-85
2.36 50-70
1.18 35-55
0.6 20-35
0.3 8-20
0.15 2-10

iii. A suitable approved fibre shall be added to the shotcrete to reduce

crack propagation.

 The use of fibre shall be strictly in accordance with the

manufacturer’s instructions and as approved by the Engineer.
 Prior to the approval of shotcrete the Contractor shall carry out
trials mixes in the presence of the Engineer.

iv. Minimum cement content shall be 415 kg/m3.

 Type of cement shall be ASTM Type I, unless otherwise

approved by the Engineer.

v. Shotcrete shall have the properties given in Table 1 above.

vi. The temperature of the mix shall not be more than 32ºC.
vii. Where applicable shotcrete shall comply with the ACI 506, ACI
506.2, ACI 506.3, ACI 506.4 and ACI 548.1.
viii. Prior to the start of the work each nozzle man will be subject to
certification by the Engineer in accordance with ACI 506.3
ix. The Contractor has to spray shotcrete in to the approved moulds for
cutting cores. Cores shall be taken as directed by the Engineer for
the specified tests.
x. The Contractor shall be allowed to start the works only after the
Engineer has approved the materials mix design, nozzlemen and
the site procedure including mixing procedure.
xi. The finished surface shall be smooth, free from voids, cracks,
honeycombing, and suitable for the application of surface coatings
or other finishes as applicable.

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2.6 CONCRETE

Requirements for C40/10 concrete shall be in accordance with Section

03300 of the specification.

2.7 MICRO-CONCRETE

a) Shall be supplied as a pre-bagged special purpose product requiring

only the addition of a pre-determined volume of water at site to produce
a mix of predictable performance.

b) Micro-concrete shall be a single component, shrinkage controlled, free

flowing concrete without segregation of the materials with the properties
given in Table 2.7.1 below.

Table 2.7.1 – Micro-Concrete Properties

Property Test Method Value

2
Min compressive strength BS 4551 60 N/mm at 28 days
Min flexural strength BS 6319-3 9 N/mm2 at 28 days
Min tensile strength BS 1619-7 5 N/mm2 at 28 days
Water absorption BS 1881 < 2%
Drying shrinkage ASTM C157 < 300 microstrain at 7 days
< 500 microstrain at 28 days
Rapid chloride penetration ASTM C1202 1000 coulombs max

c) Bonding agents and ancillary material shall be as recommended by the

repair material manufacturer, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.

2.8 EPOXY LINING MORTAR

Epoxy lining mortar shall be a heavy duty, high strength, durable, chemical
and abrasion resistant trowel-applied epoxy resin lining mortar with the
physical properties given in Table 2.8.1 below.

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Table 2.8.1 - Epoxy Lining Mortar Properties

Property Test Method Value

2
Compressive strength BS 6319-2 70N/mm
Flexural strength BS 6319-3 28N/mm2
Tensile strength BS 6319-7 12N/mm2
Density - 1750kg/m3

2.9 CONCRETE COATING SYSTEMS

Coating systems for concrete shall comply with the requirements of Section
03600 of the specification.

2.10 REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement shall comply with the requirements of Section 03200 of the

specification.

2.11 COATING TO REINFORCEMENT

Coating to reinforcement shall be a single component zinc epoxy primer

meeting the requirements of BS 4652 Type 2 with a minimum zinc content of
85% dry film.

2.12 EPOXY CRACK INJECTION RESINS

a) Epoxy crack injection resins shall be two part epoxy resins suitable for
use in the climatic conditions prevailing in Abu Dhabi with regard to pot
life and curing and shall be generally used for structural repairs

b) The resin and hardener shall be pre packaged.

c) Resins shall have a minimum compressive strength of 70N/mm2 at 7

days when tested in accordance with BS 6319-2.

2.13 POLYESTER CRACK INJECTION RESINS

a) Polyester crack injection resins shall be two part polyester resins

suitable for use in the climatic conditions prevailing in Abu Dhabi with
regard to pot life and curing and shall generally be used for stopping
water leakage.

b) The resin and catalyst shall be prepackaged.

c) The end product shall be a foam, gel or solid according to the specific
repair requirement as agreed by the Engineer.

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3 EXECUTION

3.1 CONDITION SURVEY

a) A detailed study of the condition of the structures shall be carried out by

the Contractor under the direction and supervision of the Engineer. The
detailed condition survey shall be carried out to the satisfaction of the
Engineer.

b) The condition survey shall include testing to assess the quality and
mechanical properties of the concrete and reinforcing steel in a structure.

c) Test samples shall be obtained by core sampling using diamond studded

bits and by random sampling of broken concrete.

i. The number, size and location of core samples shall be selected to

permit all necessary laboratory tests and be agreed with the
Engineer.
ii. The core diameter for strength properties shall have a minimum
diameter of three times the maximum aggregate size, or 50mm,
whichever is the greater.
iii. The core length for testing of strength property shall be a minimum
of twice the diameter. Allowance shall be made for possible break
off damage at the base of the core where the core does not
completely penetrate the structure. Reinforcement shall not be
included in a core that is to be tested for strength. A minimum of
three cores shall be removed at each location to determine strength.
The average value shall be used.
iv. Small bore core samples may be used for chemical sampling.
v. Samples of broken concrete shall not be used to determine the
strength of the concrete. Random samples of broken concrete shall
only be used to determine the chemical properties of the
deteriorated concrete.

d) The following properties of aggregates shall be determined by

petrographic evaluation of concrete samples as agreed with the
Engineer.

i. Particle shape, size distribution and composition.

ii. The extent to which particles are coated, and the nature of the
coating substance.
iii. The potential for deleterious reactions between the aggregate and
cement alkalis, sulphates and sulphides.
iv. Presence of unsound aggregate (fractured, porous and degree of
weathering).

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e) The following properties of the concrete shall be determined by

petrographic analysis as agreed with the Engineer.

i. The density of the paste and colour of the cement.

ii. Homogeneity of the concrete.
iii. Occurrence and distribution of cracking.
iv. Characteristic and distribution of voids.
v. Presence of contaminating substances.
vi. Proportion of un-hydrated cement.
vii. Presence of mineral admixtures.
viii. Volumetric proportion of aggregates, cement paste and air voids.
ix. Air content and various dimensional characteristics of the air void
system.
x. Weathering pattern from surface to bottom.
xi. Presence of deterioration due to abrasion, chemical or fire
exposure.

f) The following chemical properties of the concrete shall be determined by

chemical tests as agreed with the Engineer.

i. Chloride ion content.

ii. Sulphate content.

g) Where destructive testing of specimens of reinforcement steel is

required, the samples should be removed as follows:

i. At location of minimum stress in the reinforcement.

ii. No two samples shall be removed from the same cross section of a
structural member.
iii. Samples shall be a minimum of 400mm long.

h) Non destructive testing of concrete surface shall consist of:

i. Delamination tests to determine and map areas of delamination.

ii. Cover meter reading and recording of the results to determine the
depth of reinforcement. This shall be undertaken in 1m2 panels.

i) A condition survey report shall be prepared for submission to the

Engineer. The report shall include the results of the testing with
laboratory report, photographs, drawings and recommended repairs in
accordance with this section of the specification. Two copies of the
condition survey report are to be submitted to the Engineer.

3.2 REPAIR STRATEGY

a) Upon receipt of the condition survey report the Engineer shall study the
same and give his written instructions backed up by marked up copies of
plans showing the repairs to be carried out.

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b) Depending on the nature, location and extent of defects the Engineer will
need time to construct the appropriate instructions for the repairs. The
Engineer may need to carry out further selected investigations,
calculation, analysis, hold meetings with the ADSSC and seek approvals
through the various bodies. The Contractor shall therefore in his
programme, allow the Engineer a reasonable period of time of not less
than 14 days to carry out his study, analysis and repair strategies and
consult the ADSSC to enable the Engineer to formulate the necessary
instructions. For this reason the Contractor must notify the Engineer
immediately of any unreasonable delay or disruption that the Contractor
may envisage due to late instructions by the Engineer. Any claim citing
late instructions by the Engineer as a cause will not be considered
unless written notifications with satisfactory proofs have been forwarded
to the Engineer immediately after the cause has occurred. The
Contractor shall not claim ignorance of the event as a justification for his
delayed or late submission of claims.

c) The repair strategy shall be determined by the Engineer. This shall

include but not be limited to the following:

i. Concrete to be repaired and methods proposed based on the

approved system.
ii. Basis for concrete removal and replacement. This shall extend to
areas of concrete contaminated with aggressive agents such as
chlorides, sulphates, physical defects such as spalling, cracking
and rust staining; chemical deterioration such as alkali-silicate
reaction, carbonation, magnesium and sulphate attack; or any other
form of attack.
iii. Extent and limitations and pre-repair preparations.
iv. Repair systems and materials to be used.
v. Management and supervision.
vi. Quality control.

d) On receipt of the repair strategy from the Engineer, the Contractor shall
prepare detailed methodologies for undertaking the repair. These shall
include, if appropriate, safeguards, including structural support system,
before staged removal of the defective areas of concrete.

3.3 TRIAL AND DEMONSTRATION REPAIRS

a) In order to ensure that materials, equipment and methods of application

proposed by the Contractor are suitable for the intended purpose, trial
and demonstration repairs shall be carried for each and every
application and scenario prior to commencement of the actual work.
Tests shall be carried out regarding materials. Testing programmes
shall be dependent on the material, application and exposure. Methods
are therefore subject to modification and change depending on the trial
results.

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b) No work shall start until successful trials have been carried out and the
test reports have been studied, analysed and approved by the Engineer.

c) Sample trial repairs for approval shall be undertaken for each type of
designated repair or system not less than six weeks before the relevant
work is scheduled to begin. Trial repairs shall be carried out using the
same materials intended to be used in the works. If any of the materials,
system or formulas are changed during the course of the works new
trials shall be carried out.

d) The Contractor shall ensure that the operators he selects have the
necessary skills to complete the application in a professional manner. In
the event the Contractor is unable to recruit skilled staff, he shall
propose a professional subcontractor.

e) Trial repairs shall be assessed by the Engineer to ensure that the

required standards will be achieved with the materials, methods and
workmanship proposed and demonstrated by the Contractor. Trial repair
areas shall be used as a standard against which subsequent work shall
be compared and judged.

f) Sample repairs shall be chosen, as far as it is reasonably possible to

emulate the geometry, complexity and orientation of the structure to be
repaired.

g) The Contractor shall prepare a complete record of the trials, to include

but not be limited to the following:

i. Date, time, location of trials and ambient conditions.

ii. Method of substrate preparation and standard.
iii. Materials used together with the mix proportions.
iv. Equipment and tools used.
v. Material handling, mixing and application methods and records.
vi. Man hours expended.
vii. Location and name of laboratory and results.
viii. Expert interpretation, analysis, conclusions and informed opinion
and knowledge.
ix. Record omission, difficulties, failures and defects.

h) On submission of the trial report, the Engineer shall review the report
and add his comments and instructions accordingly.

i) Until the Contractor proves that the trials have been carried out to the
requirements of the specification and to the Engineer’s satisfaction, no
permanent repair works will be allowed to begin.

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3.4 REMOVAL OF AREAS OF DEFECTIVE CONCRETE

a) Areas to be repaired shall be surveyed, inspected and marked out by the

Contractor in accordance with the preliminary repair maps
accompanying the Engineer’s instructions.

b) Prior to commencement of concrete removal the Engineer shall inspect

the area marked, verify and issue instructions accordingly.

c) The Contractor shall map the depth of the reinforcement using an

electronic cover meter over the area to be repaired before cutting the
concrete. Each repair area shall be cut in a series of straight lines on the
surface to a depth of approximately 25mm, 10mm for repairs using
epoxy mortar, using a disc cutter or similar. The concrete shall be
chipped out to the depths required. The exposed concrete surfaces shall
be roughened and cleaned by sand blasting followed by high pressure
water wash at the same time as cleaning the reinforcement.

d) No cutting out of either reinforcement or concrete shall be carried out

without the Engineer’s approval. Before cutting out an area the Engineer
shall check that the structure is safe or made safe by propping or other
suitable means.

e) Where the cover is low, disc cutting shall be omitted or limited in order to
avoid damage to the reinforcement. Care shall be exercised when
roughening the disc-cut surfaces to prevent damage to the surrounding
sound concrete.

f) The power, size and suitability of the equipment used for concrete
removal shall be relevant to the demands of the individual repair and
shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer. Where percussive
equipment is used particular care shall be taken to ensure that damage
is not caused to adjoining sound concrete substrate and reinforcement.

g) Where there are environmental constraints it may be necessary to use

environmentally friendly methods.

h) Where concrete is to be replaced by shotcrete the slope of the cut out

shall be approximately 60o to the surface of the sound concrete.

i) Loose aggregate and concrete pieces shall be removed by light chipping

hammers, stone chisels and bolsters.

j) Concrete in repair areas shall not be removed to expose the main

reinforcement unless it is required and instructed by the Engineer.

k) The repair area shall be initially cleaned by oil free compressed air. The
area shall be inspected by the Engineer and the Engineers instructions
shall be followed.

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l) Additional concrete removal shall be carried out in any of the following

circumstances:

i. Remove concrete to assess condition deeper inside the concrete.

ii. When the reinforcement is badly corroded and requires full
exposure to allow replacement if necessary.
iii. If it is found that the carbonated depth has not been fully cleaned
out.
iv. Where reinforcement has corroded and adjacent continuous length
of 50mm of corrosion free reinforcement needs to be exposed. The
boundaries of active corrosion areas shall be assessed by the
Engineer.
v. An additional length of un-corroded bar, up to 200mm, shall be
broken out if couplers are to be used for replacement reinforcement.
vi. If concrete surrounding the exposed area is not sound or is
contaminated.
vii. When chloride initiated corrosion is evident and not completely cut
out.
viii. When insufficient cover to the reinforcement is noted and that
reinforcement is of small diameter to allow the reinforcement to be
pushed back to provide enough cover.
ix. When the reinforcement has become loose as a result of cover
removal operations and the concrete needs to be cut back to areas
of sound embedment.

m) When instructions are given to cut concrete behind the embedded

reinforcement a minimum gap of 20mm shall be created behind the
reinforcement to allow the full circumference of the reinforcement to be
sand blasted as specified. Removal shall not be more than 50mm
measured from the back of the reinforcement.

n) The extent of concrete removal shall be agreed by the Engineer before

any reinforcement preparation and repair commences.

o) All necessary precautions shall be taken to ensure that dust or falling

debris does not constitute a hazard to personnel, equipment, the
structure and the general public. Effective means of clearing dust and
debris away from the working area shall be continuously implemented.
Repair work shall not be allowed amidst debris, dust, waste and rubbish.

p) The extent and depth of concrete removal required shall be measured

and recorded on drawings by the Contractor and verified by the Engineer
as the work proceeds.

3.5 REPAIR OF REINFORCEMENT

a) The Contractor and Engineer shall assess the extent and type of
deterioration in the affected area. If the structural appraisal indicates
that the area requires to be strengthened the Engineer shall so instruct.

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b) Additional reinforcement shall generally be of the same size and type as

the reinforcement to be replaced and shall be in accordance with Section
03200 of the specification.

3.5.1 PROVISION FOR EXTRA REINFORCEMENT USING STRAIGHT LAPS

Where existing concrete remains bonded to the main bars, no breaking out
shall take place to provide lap lengths for supplementary reinforcement
unless applied loads are relieved by temporary propping. If propping is not
feasible then other methods of strengthening the member should be
considered. Lap lengths should be a minimum of 40 times the reinforcement
bar diameter and be greater if the repair material does not provide a bond
strength equivalent to that of the substrate concrete.

3.5.2 PROVISION FOR EXTRA REINFORCEMENT WHICH IS ANCHORED

Extra reinforcement may be installed with reduced lap lengths by anchoring

the ends at 90o to the concrete face. The ends shall be grouted into holes
drilled into the concrete using resin or cementitious mortars. Care must be
taken to avoid damaging adjacent areas where the existing reinforcement to
concrete bond remains intact, unless the structure or member can be
temporarily propped or as agreed by the Engineer. Bond and bearing
stresses of the anchors shall be adequate.

3.5.3 PROVISION FOR EXTRA REINFORCEMENT USING CONNECTORS

a) This method of supplementing reinforcement may require greater access

around the reinforcement in order to make the connection. The finished
connections will in some cases significantly reduce the cover to the
reinforcement.

b) The connector shall be capable of transferring all the forces in the

reinforcement and the properties of the connected reinforcement shall
correspond as closely as possible to those of the original reinforcement.

3.5.4 PROVISION FOR EXTRA REINFORCEMENT USING WELDING

a) Site welding of reinforcement shall be avoided if alternative methods of

repair are available.

b) If site welding is to be carried out the following essential features shall be

included in the programme of work:

i. The relevant standard shall be applied.

ii. A written procedure shall be agreed before work commences,
covering method, type of welding, competencies, sampling and
testing.
iii. Qualification tests to certify all welders shall be carried out both
before the beginning of the work and at intervals during the course
of work.

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iv. A quality control programme shall be instituted which shall include

visual assessment, tensile testing, radiographic inspection and
other non-destructive testing.
v. Reference shall be made to BS 7123 and CIRIA report 92.
vi. In some cases it may be necessary to dowel in additional small
diameter reinforcement to anchor back repairs to corners and
arises. If adequate cover cannot be obtained reinforcement shall be
of stainless steel to BS 6744. The method of doweling in
reinforcement shall be approved by the Engineer.
vii. All stainless steel reinforcement shall be pickled and passivated to
approved methods before installation.

c) When instructed by the Engineer, all tie rod inserts, tie wires, chairs,
steel spacers and other accessories shall have a concrete cover of
40mm.

d) Rust, scale, corrosion products and other deposits shall be removed

from exposed reinforcement in the area of repair by grit blasting to
achieve SA 2½.

e) Consideration shall be given to the protection of the general public and

the immediate environs from grit and dust nuisance, noise pollution,
undue disturbances and considerations of respect for quiet periods.

f) Grit blasting shall be carried out in such a way as to enable the shadow
faces at the backs of bars and at intersections of bars to be cleaned to
the same standard.

g) Grit blasting abrasives shall be new, clean, dry and of a grade suitable
for the preparation of steel to the standard indicated above. Abrasives
shall be of a type approved by the Engineer. Exhausted abrasive shall
be bagged up and removed from site.

h) Equipment shall be capable of delivering abrasives at a nozzle pressure

sufficient to achieve the standard of cleaning specified above and the air
supply shall be free of entrained oil and water.

i) All reinforcement shall be adequately fixed and tied in position such that
it will not be displaced during the repair process. The clear distance
between newly placed reinforcement and existing reinforcement shall be
35mm for shotcrete applications.

j) All sand blasted areas shall be washed with high pressure washing and
dried prior to coating of reinforcement.

k) Reinforcement in the repair area shall be primed using a single

component zinc rich epoxy resin which shall be an active type capable of
avoiding the generation of incipient anodes and shall be fully compatible
with the repair material. The reinforcement shall be in surface condition
SA2½ at the time of application of the primer. Any reinforcement not

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meeting this standard shall be reblasted before the protective system is

applied.

l) The number of coats, time between coats, mixing and application of the
reinforcement protective system shall all be in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.

m) Damaged epoxy coated reinforcement shall be repaired in accordance

with the epoxy coating manufacturers recommendations.

n) Concrete repair shall not proceed until 7 days have elapsed after the
application of the zinc rich primer or epoxy coating repair.

3.6 CONCRETE REPAIR GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

a) The Contractor shall ensure that the ambient conditions are suitable for
the application of the repair materials. The suitability of ambient
conditions during application are either stipulated for the generic class of
materials or is dependent on the manufacturers statements. The
Contractor shall submit the relevant information in each case. Bonding
polymers shall be used in bonding new cementitious products to old
matured concrete. Bonding polymers must be suitable for external
environments. The polymer must be un-saponifiable if embedded or laid
on concrete surfaces.

b) Where breaking out of concrete is not required the surface to be repaired

shall be roughened and any laitance removed by sand blasting.

c) All surfaces to receive repair material shall be clean and free from dust,
unsound or contaminated material, oil, paint, grease, corrosion deposits
and algae.

d) The substrate should be primed and the agreed material to be used for
the repair mixed, applied and cured all in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendations.

e) Surface finishes and tolerances for all repair areas shall comply with
Sections 03100 and 03300 of the specification, unless approved
otherwise by the Engineer.

f) Contractor shall conduct pull-off tests on all concrete repair applications

as directed by the Engineer, at no additional cost to the ADSSC in
accordance with the requirements of BS EN 1542. All failures shall
either be in the substrate or if the failure occurs at the interface between
repair material and substrate or within the repair material the minimum
pull off value shall be 1.5N/mm2. One pull off test shall be conducted for
every 50m2 of each type of repair.

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g) Frequency of sampling and test requirements for concrete repair

systems shall be as follows:

i. Cementitious mortars. 6 cubes shall be taken for every 400 bags

utilised with 3 cubes being tested for compressive strength and 3
cubes for rapid chloride penetration at 28 days.
ii. Shotcrete. Two number 800mm X 800mm X 200mm samples shall
be taken from shotcrete applications on a daily basis. 3 cores shall
be taken at 7 days and 3 cores at 28 days and tested for
compressive strength. For every 15th sample 1 core shall be taken
at 28 days and tested for rapid chloride penetration.
iii. Concrete shall be sampled and tested for compressive strength and
rapid chloride penetration in accordance with the requirements of
Section 03300 of the specification.
iv. Micro-concrete. 6 cubes shall be taken for every 100 bags utilised
with 3 cubes being tested for compressive strength and 3 cubes for
rapid chloride penetration at 28 days.

h) In the event of the test results not achieving the specified requirements
the Contractor shall remove the defective work and reinstate the
repaired area at no cost to the ADSSC to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

3.7 REPAIR USING EPOXY RESIN MORTARS

a) Primer shall be applied to the substrate ensuring that it is well brushed

into the prepared surface taking care to avoid uneven film thicknesses.
Only one coat of primer shall be allowed.

b) The epoxy resin mortar shall be applied after 24 hours has elapsed after
the application of the primer.

c) The mixed epoxy resin mortar material shall be applied to the primed
surface in layers not exceeding the manufacturer’s recommended
maximum thickness per layer.

d) Subsequent layers shall be applied within the open time of the mortar or
if the previous layer has stage cured before the next layer is applied, the
surface shall be roughened by abrading to provide a key.

e) Intermediate stages and the completed repair shall be protected from

rain until at least 24 hours after the application. The repair shall be
shaded from direct sunlight for at least 24 hours after application.

3.8 REPAIR USING CEMENTITIOUS MORTARS

a) The repair mortar shall be non shrink and shall be applied in layers not
exceeding the thickness specified by the manufacturer of the mortar.

b) Each layer shall be thoroughly worked and compacted into the repair
zone and around or between reinforcement ensuring that the substrate

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and reinforcement are thoroughly wetted. The technique employed shall

ensure that air is not entrapped within and in the boundary of the
reinforcement/mortar or mortar/substrate.

c) Successive layers shall be applied as soon as the preceding layer has

become sufficiently stiff but still open to ensure bonding to the
subsequent layer. The time between layers shall be in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations. If sagging occurs the material
shall be completely removed and reapplied at a reduced thickness.

d) If the previous layer has dried out and looses its open time before the
next layer is applied the surface shall be prepared according to the
manufacturer’s recommendations before the subsequent layer is applied.

e) The final layer within a repair shall be levelled off or profiled using
trowelling techniques to produce an acceptable and matching finish.

f) Curing to retain moisture shall be implemented immediately on

completion of each layer of application. The surface of the mortar shall
be protected from sunlight and drying winds.

g) The repair shall be cured by the method and for the period
recommended by the manufacturer of the repair system. During this
period the repair shall be shaded from direct sunlight. Curing
membranes shall not be permitted unless otherwise agreed by the
Engineer in exceptional situations where the geometry is complex.

3.9 REPAIR USING SHOTCRETE

a) Spraying equipment, nozzles, assemblies, equipment, tools and

accessories shall be regularly checked for working efficiency, freedom
from leaks and that worn parts are regularly replaced. The air supply
shall be adequate in volume and pressure and be dry and free from
pressure fluctuations.

b) The Contractor or his sub-contractor shall demonstrate his ability to

satisfactorily spray cementitious mortars and concrete. He should also
be fully conversant with the relevant codes of practice relating to the
spraying of mortars and concrete.

c) The Contractor shall employ operatives who are competent and

experienced in spraying. Nozzlemen shall have at least 3 years
experience in spraying concrete. Moreover, they will be subject to
qualifying tests as directed by the Engineer.

d) Profile guides shall be used to ensure that concrete is placed to the

required thickness, uniformity and texture with minimum surface
trimming or finishing work.

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e) Interfaces shall be dampened for at least 12 hours, with no excess free

water, prior to commencement of spraying. During spraying operations,
interfaces, joints and subsequent layers of sprayed concrete shall be
subject to continuous removal of trapped rebound, overshoot and
laitance.

f) Spraying shall commence at the bottom of vertical panels and progress

upwards. The position and type of construction joints shall be approved
by the Engineer.

g) For each particular area, the maximum thickness of each layer shall be
determined before hand to avoid slumping. The surface of each layer
shall be dampened again upon initial set before the application of the
next layer.

h) Sand pockets and laminations are not acceptable. The finished surface
shall not deviate from the required plane by more than 3mm per metre in
any direction when measured with a straight edge 1m long.

i) Uninterrupted wet curing for at least 10 days shall be ensured. Means of

curing shall vary depending on condition on site, size, shape and
position of the concrete in question. Wet hessian with polyethylene
cover as a minimum shall be used throughout the curing period.

j) Cracks appearing in the new works are not acceptable and shall be
repaired at the Contractor’s own cost and to the Engineer’s satisfaction.

3.10 REPAIR USING INSITU CONCRETE

a) When it is possible to pour insitu concrete using conventional methods

such as repair to slabs, walls etc. the requirements for cast in place
concrete as given in Section 03300 of the specification shall apply.

b) Aggregate sizes may have to be changed in view of the repair geometry.

The Contractor shall submit proposals for approval by the Engineer.

c) Cracks appearing in the new works are not acceptable and shall be
repaired at the Contractor’s own cost and to the Engineer’s satisfaction.

3.11 REPAIR USING FREE FLOWING CEMENTITIOUS MICRO-CONCRETE

a) Adequate formwork shall be provided in accordance with the relevant

codes of practice. This shall be securely fixed to withstand the hydraulic
pressures of the fluid micro-concrete repair material without distortion or
movement during placement.

b) The formwork shall be sealed and made watertight at all joints between
panels and between the formwork and the existing concrete surface so
as to prevent grout loss.

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c) The formwork shall be constructed from appropriate materials as agreed

with the Engineer to achieve the required finish as specified in Section
03100.

d) Formwork surfaces that are to be in contact with the micro-concrete shall

be treated with a suitable mould release agent. This shall be used in
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

e) The entry point of the feed pipe into the form shall be at the lowest point
of the void.

f) Sufficient hydrostatic head or pumping pressure shall be maintained to

ensure that the void is filled completely and air is not entrapped.

g) Where necessary, provision shall be made for controlled bleed points to

prevent air entrapment and enable the extent of flow of the repair
material to be assessed.

h) The micro-concrete shall be mixed and placed in accordance with the

manufacturer’s recommendations, particularly with regard to water
content, mixing equipment and placing time.

i) The placing of the micro-concrete shall be, as far as possible,

continuous. The mixing operation shall be timed so that there is minimal
interruption in the material flow. If however, placing is interrupted, the
operation shall recommence as soon as possible while the repair
material retains its flow characteristics.

j) The formwork shall not be removed until the area repaired with micro-
concrete has achieved a compressive strength of at least 10 N/mm2 or
as directed by the Engineer.

k) Immediately after the removal of the formwork the area shall be cured in
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Details of
method of curing shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval.

3.12 REPAIR OF SURFACE CRACKS

a) Surface cracks less than or equal to 0.3mm in width shall be chased out
by an approved mechanical means to the depth of the crack or where no
further cracking to the substrate is visible. The chase shall be profiled to
a ‘V’ section of equal depth to width.

b) The mixed epoxy filler shall be applied using a trowel, scraper or filling
knife ensuring that full compaction is achieved into the chased section
and providing a flush finish with the host concrete.

c) Allow to cure for up to 24 hours before applying subsequent protective

coating systems.

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3.13 CRACK INJECTION

a) Crack injection shall be performed as directed by the Engineer with

epoxy resins generally being used for structural repairs and polyester
resins used to stop water leakage.

b) All injection shall be carried out by drilling holes at approximately 45o to

the surface in order to intersect the crack at the centre of the member.

c) Crack injection shall typically start at the bottom of vertical surfaces and
shall continue upwards as resin is seen to exit the crack.

3.14 APPLICATION OF EPOXY LINING MORTAR

a) All surface laitance, traces of curing membrane and other forms of

contamination shall be entirely removed by high pressure water jetting or
light abrasive blasting followed by rinsing with water and complete
surface drying. Priming of the prepared substrate shall be carried out if
so recommended by the manufacturer.

b) The minimum application thickness shall be 3mm or as recommended

by the manufacturer.

c) All surface preparation, priming, mixing and application of the epoxy

resin lining mortar shall be carried out in strict accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.

3.15 FINAL PROTECTIVE COATING

a) At the discretion of the Engineer, where it is required to provide a

uniform texture to the overall exposed concrete surface, an epoxy filler
and protective coating shall be applied, strictly in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.

b) In preparation for the protective coating all existing surfaces shall be free
from oil, grease, loose particles, decayed matter, moss or algae growth
and general curing compounds. All surface contamination and surface
laitance must be removed through the use of high pressure water jetting
or sand blasting.

c) Blow holes and areas of substantial pitting shall then be filled with an
epoxy filler. The mixing and application of this must be in strict
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

d) Coating materials are required to provide in-depth protection against

chlorides and carbonation whilst providing excellent abrasion resistance.

e) The Contractor is required to adhere strictly to the manufacturer’s

specifications regarding the use, storage, application and safety rules in
respect of the approved materials.

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f) The exposed concrete surfaces as agreed with the Engineer shall be

coated with 2 coats of a high build solvent free epoxy resin coating in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and Section 03600 of
the specification. The finished coating shall be pinhole free and have a
total minimum dry film thickness of 400 microns.

END OF SECTION

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