DC Machines

1
 Classification of Electric Motors

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 Power Range for Various Types of
Drives

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 Basic Principles
• Fleming’s rules

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 Fleming’s Rules
Left Hand Rule
Hold out your left hand with forefinger, second finger and
thumb at right angle to one another. If the fore finger
represents the direction of the field and the second finger
that of the current, then thumb gives the direction of the
force.
Right Hand Rule
Hold out the right hand with the first finger, second finger and
thumb at right angle to each other. If forefinger represents the
direction of the line of force, the thumb points in the direction
of motion or applied force, then second finger points in the
direction of the induced current.

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 Maxwell’s Corkscrew Rule
While, current flows
through a conductor,
a magnetic field is
induced around it.
The direction of
magnetic lines of
force can be
determined by
Maxwell's corkscrew
rule.
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 Faraday’s Law
The EMF induced in a circuit is proportional to
the rate of change of the magnetic flux through
the circuit. Flux linkage changes because of the
changes of magnetic field strength or because
of the speed of the magnetic field in motion (or
both).

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 Faraday’s Law
E=Blv
EMF= flux
density x lengthx
velocity

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 Links of Videos
• Basic Operating Principle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xi7o8cMPI0
E&feature=fvsr
DC Motors in detail
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAtPHANEfQo

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 Cut Away View of DC Machine
brush assembly field winding

shaft

bearings

Armature
commutator
base
frame

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 Brush assembly

commutator

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 Back EMF
• When the rotor rotates when the power is supplied,
voltage is induced in the rotor itself because the
rotor conductors rotate in the magnetic field of
stator.
• This voltage opposes the supply voltage to the rotor
and called back EMF

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 Back EMF
According to the Faraday’s law voltage is
induced in the rotor. This voltage is opposite to
the supply voltage. Back EMF (E)can be given
by
E=Blv

B-Flux density
v- velocity of the conductor
l-length of the conductor

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 Back EMF

E=ke φ N
ke- Constant
Φ- flux
N-Speed

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 Working Principle of DC Motor
Current in the armature
I=(V-E)/R
• Armature current is limited by the rotor
resistance
• At start the motor current is
I=V/R

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 Working Principle of DC Motor
• Motor accelerates and reach no load speed
• At this time back EMF is slightly less than
supply voltage
• The current at no load time produces a small
torque

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 Power
• Power Supplied to the motor is https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=ovC
P=V I obfANjj8
=(E+IR)I Armature
P =EI+I2R resistance

Back
EMF Power
converted to Armature
mechanical current
power
power supplied = power converted to mechanical
power + heating losses
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 Torque
𝑇 = 𝑘𝑡φ𝐼
𝑘𝑡 - Constant

Φ- flux
I- Current

Torque is directly proportional to flux and armature current

motor constant 𝑘𝑡= ke

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 Relationship Between No Load Speed
and Voltage

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 Speed Regulation
Speed regulation=(no load speed-full load speed)/full
load speed

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 Types of DC Motors
• Separately Excited
• Shunt Motor
• Series Motor
• Compound Motor

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 Wiring Diagrams of DC Motors

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 Circuit Diagrams of DC Motors

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 Circuit Diagram of Separately Excited
DC motor

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 Shunt DC Motors
In series motors the field winding
is connected in parallel
with the armature. The current
through the shunt field
winding is not the same as the
armature current. Shunt field
windings are designed to produce
the necessary m.m.f (ampere
turns). by means of a relatively
large number of turns of wire
having high resistance. Therefore,
shunt field current is relatively
small compared with the
armature current.

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 Series Motors
In series motors field winding is
connected in series with
the armature.
Series field winding carries the
armature current. Since the current
passing through a series field
winding is the same as the armature
current, series field windings must
be designed with much fewer turns
than shunt field windings for the
same m.m.f(ampere turns)

Therefore, a series field winding has

a relatively small number of turns of
thick wire and, therefore, will
possess a low resistance.

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 Compounded Motor

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 Compound Motor

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 Applications of DC Motors

• Series Motors are used situations where high starting

torque is required and speed variation is possible
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eN1gxH6lE4
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 Applications of DC Motors
• Shunt
motors
are used
where
you
need
constant
speed
and
starting
torque is
not high

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 Applications of DC Motors
• Compounded
motors are used in
situations where
you need
moderate starting
torque(lesser to
series motor and
higher to a shunt
motor) and fairly a
constant speed
(not like shunt
motor but
constant
compared to
series motor)

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 Operational Characteristics of Shunt
Motors-torque current

The field current Ish is constant since the field winding is parallel
connected to the supply voltage V, which is assumed to be constant.
Hence, the flux in a shunt motor is approximately constant.
𝑇 = 𝑘𝑡𝜑𝐼
𝑇α 𝐼

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 Operational Characteristics of Shunt
Motors- speed current

N=Eb/ φK
N= (V- IaRa)/ φk
when load current is increased,
(V- IaRa ) decreases .Therefore
N decreases. However, when
armature current increases
speed decreases slightly.

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 Operational Characteristics of Shunt
Motors- speed torque
The curve is obtained by plotting
the values of speed and torque for
various armature currents. It may
be seen that speed falls somewhat
as the load torque increases.

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 Operational Characteristics of Series
Motors- torque current

Torque varies with Current in a parabolic

curve

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 Operational Characteristics of Series
Motors- speed- current

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 Operational Characteristics of Series
Motors- speed current

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 Operational Characteristics of
Compounded Motors- speed current

Torque Current Characteristics of a Compounded Motor is between the

series and shunt motors

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 Comparison of Three Types of Motors

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 Speed Relation of DC Motors

N1- Speed when

back EMF is Eb1

N2- Speed when

back EMF is Eb2

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 Power Stages of a DC Motor

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 Efficiency of DC Motors

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 Example

• A 300 V DC motor runs at 15 revs/second and

takes an armature current of 30 A. If the
armature resistance is 0.5ohms, calculate the
back EMF and the torque.

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 Graph of Armature Induced Voltage vs
Field Current

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 Regions of Continuous Operation in
Torque Speed Curve
• Maximum
Torque
• Maximum
Power
• Speed Limit

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 Base Speed
• The field flux is at its full value the speed
corresponding to full armature voltage and full
current (i.e. the rated full-load condition) is
known as base speed.

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 Contd..
Therefore two schemes of speed control
• Below base speed, the flux is maximum, and
the speed is set by the armature voltage. Full
torque is available at any speed.
• Above base speed, the armature voltage is at
(or close to) maximum and the flux is reduced
in order to raise the speed. The maximum
torque available reduces in proportion to the
flux.

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 Examples
1.

2.

induced torque of the machine

3.

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 Example-Shunt Motors

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 Speed Control of DC Motors
• Voltage control method
• Flux control method
• Armature control method (not much used)

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 How the speed increases with
decreased field current

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 Speed Control of Shunt Motor Field
Control Method
Torque – Speed Characteristics

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 Speed Control of Shunt Motor Voltage
Control Method
Torque – Speed Characteristics

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 Speed Control of Shunt Motor Armature
Current Control Method
Torque – Speed Characteristics
• Explain
the
Graph

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 Manual DC Motor Starter

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