THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK

OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION

This third edition again brings together interdisciplinary contributions to provide a comprehensive
and multifaceted resource that reflects the breadth and depth of research on family communication
and family relationships.
Chapters continue to address theoretical and methodological issues influencing current
conceptions of family and cover communication occurring in a variety of family forms and across
social, cultural, and physical contexts.
This third edition includes key updates, such as:

• The use and influence of social media and technology in families

• Parenting and communication in culturally and structurally diverse families
• Communication and physical health of family members
• Managing personal information about difficult topics in families
• The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on family members

This handbook is ideal for students and researchers interested in interpersonal and family
communication, relationships, and family therapy within the disciplines of communication,
social psychology, clinical psychology, sociology, and family studies.

Anita L. Vangelisti holds the Jesse H. Jones Centennial Chair in Communication at the
University of Texas at Austin, USA. Her work focuses on the associations between communication
and emotion in personal relationships. She is a distinguished scholar of the National Communication
Association and a fellow of the International Communication Association and the International
Association for Relationship Research.
ROUTLEDGE COMMUNICATION SERIES
Jennings Bryant/Dolf Zillmann, Series Editors

Selected titles include:

MEDIA EFFECTS, 4TH EDITION
Advances in Theory and Research
Edited by Mary Beth Oliver, Arthur A. Raney, and Jennings Bryant

COMMUNICATION RESEARCH MEASURES III

A Sourcebook
Edited by Elizabeth E. Graham & Joseph P. Mazer

POLITICAL PUBLIC RELATIONS: CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES

AND APPLICATIONS, 2ND EDITION
Edited by Jesper Strömbäck and Spiro Kiousis

AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNICATION, 3RD EDITION

Exploring Identity and Culture
Edited by Ronald L. Jackson II, Amber L. Johnson, Michael L. Hecht and Sidney A. Ribeau

HANDBOOK OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION, 2ND EDITION

Theory, Methods, and Media
Edited by Sheree Josephson, James D. Kelly and Ken Smith

THE DYNAMICS OF PERSUASION, 7TH EDITION

Communication and Attitudes in the 21st century
Richard M. Perloff

THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION, 3RD EDITION

Edited by Teresa L. Thompson and Nancy Grant Harrington

THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION, 3RD EDITION

Edited by Anita L. Vangelisti

For a full list of titles please visit: www.routledge.com/Routledge-Communication-Series/book-

series/RCS.
 THE ROUTLEDGE
HANDBOOK OF FAMILY
COMMUNICATION
Third edition

Edited by Anita L. Vangelisti

 Cover image: © Getty Images

Third edition published 2022

by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business
© 2022 Taylor & Francis
The right of Anita L. Vangelisti to be identified as the author of the
editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been
asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Routledge 2003
Second edition published by Routledge 2012
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Vangelisti, Anita L., editor.
Title: The Routledge handbook of family communication / edited by Anita
L. Vangelisti.
Description: Third Edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2022. |
Series: Routledge communication series | Revised edition of Routledge
handbook of family communication, 2012. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021034914 (print) | LCCN 2021034915 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780367489038 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367487461 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781003043423 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Communication in families. | Interpersonal
communication.
Classification: LCC HQ519 .H36 2022 (print) | LCC HQ519 (ebook) |
DDC 302.2—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021034914
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021034915
ISBN: 978-0-367-48903-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-48746-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-04342-3 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003043423
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
 CONTENTS

Prefaceix

Introduction 1

PART I
Family Communication Theories and Methods 9

1 Ten Years of Family Communication Research: Theories, Research

Perspectives, and Trends 11
Carolyn K. Shue and Glen H. Stamp

2 Perspectives on Studying Family Communication: Methodologies,

Methods, and Trends 25
Elizabeth E. Graham and Scott A. Myers

PART II
Communication Across the Family Life Course 39

3 Mate Selection and Courtship 41

Brian G. Ogolsky and J. Kale Monk

4 Marital Communication: A Functionalist Perspective 56

Brian R.W. Baucom and Donald H. Baucom

5 Becoming Parents: Risk, Protective Factors, and Key Methodological

Considerations for Future Research 71
Erin Kramer Holmes, Adam M. Galovan, Clare R. Thomas,
and Tiffany L. Clyde

v
 Contents

6 Between Younger and Older Generations: Family Communication

at Midlife 85
Kyungmin Kim, Karen L. Fingerman, and Jon F. Nussbaum

7 Family Communication in Later Life 99

Jessica Gasiorek, Christine E. Rittenour, Mei-Chen Lin,
and Jake Harwood

PART III
Communication in Various Family Forms 113

8 Communication in Intact Families 115

Ascan F. Koerner and Mary Anne Fitzpatrick

9 Divorced and Single-Parent Families 129

Tamara D. Afifi and Allison P. Mazur

10 Stepfamilies as Developed and Enacted in Communication 143

Dawn O. Braithwaite, Paul Schrodt, and Bailey M. Oliver-Blackburn

11 Communication in Adoptive Families 158

Colleen Warner Colaner and Haley Kranstuber Horstman

12 Sexual and Gender Diversity and Family Relationships 173

Lisa M. Diamond and Adrian J. Dehlin

13 Support Communication in Culturally Diverse Families: The Role

of Stigma, Revisited 187
Stanley O. Gaines, Jr. and Kristin D. Mickelson

PART IV
The Relational Communication of Family Members 201

14 Mothers, Fathers, and Coparenting Others 203

James P. McHale and Shawn C.T. Jones

15 Infant Communication 221

Heather Bortfeld and Allison Gabouer

16 Family Interaction During Middle Childhood 233

Laura Stafford

17 Family Relationships During Adolescence 247

Susan Branje, Stefanos Mastrotheodoros, and Brett Laursen

vi
 Contents

18 Communication During Emerging Adulthood 262

Brian J. Willoughby, Rachel A. Augustus, and Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

19 Social Networks and Extended Families 277

Susan Sprecher, Luke T. Russell, Chang Su-Russell,
and Maria Schmeeckle

PART V
Family Communication Processes 295

20 Difficult Family Subjects: Disclosing, Avoiding, Assuming, and Hinting 297

John P. Caughlin and Daena J. Goldsmith

21 Conflict and Relational Quality in Families 312

Alan L. Sillars, Rudy C. Pett, Daniel J. Canary, and Anita L. Vangelisti

22 Persuasion and Families 330

Steven R. Wilson, Lisa M. Guntzviller, Patricia E. Gettings, and
Jonathan T. Baker

23 Social Support in Families 345

Graham D. Bodie and Kellie St.Cyr Brisini

24 Family Stories and Storytelling: Windows Into the Family Soul 359
Jody Koenig Kellas and April R. Trees

PART VI
Communication and Contemporary Family Issues 375

25 Work and Family Interaction 377

Patrice M. Buzzanell

26 The Media as an Ecosystem for Family Communication 391

Kristin L. Drogos and Barbara J. Wilson

27 Families Communicating Through Technology 407

Jeffrey A. Hall and Alesia Woszidlo

28 Military Families and Deployment Separations 422

Leanne K. Knobloch

29 The Reciprocal Influence of Substance Use Disorders and Family

Members’ Communication 436
Ashley P. Duggan, Elizabeth M. Glowacki, and Beth Le Poire Molineux

vii
 Contents

30 Charting Dangerous Territory: The Family as a Context of Violence and

Aggression 449
Carmen M. Lee, René M. Dailey, and Brian H. Spitzberg

31 Physiology and Physical Health 464

Kory Floyd, Colin Hesse, and Perry M. Pauley

32 Mental Health 479

Chris Segrin

PART VII
Epilogue and Commentary 495

33 Epilogue: The COVID-19 Pandemic and Family Communication

Research: Initial Results and Directions for Future Research 497
Michael E. Roloff

Contributors510
Index519

viii
 PREFACE

The family is the crucible of society. In large part, this vital social entity is defined by the way its
members interact. Over the past 30 years, enormous strides have been made in our understanding of
how communication affects, and is affected by, family members and their relationships. Research-
ers have described patterns of communication that lead to dissatisfaction in marriage (Caughlin,
2002; Overall, 2020), they have identified links between communication behaviors in families and
certain demographic variables (Ross et al., 2019; Vreeland et al., 2019), they have begun to unravel
the meanings that family members associate with particular behaviors or experiences (Baxter
et al., 2009; Lannutti, 2018), and they have demonstrated how the communication patterns of one
generation influence the behaviors of the next (Warmuth et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2017).
The third edition of The Routledge Handbook of Family Communication presents an analysis
and synthesis of cutting-edge research and theory on family interaction. This volume, like its
predecessors, integrates the varying perspectives and issues addressed by researchers, theorists,
and practitioners who study how family members communicate and relate to each other. As a
consequence, it offers a unique and timely view of family interaction and family relationships.
Although a wide range of perspectives and issues are presented in the volume, three assump-
tions about families and family relationships tie the chapters together. The first is that families are
systems (Minuchin, 1984). Family members and family relationships are interdependent (Kelley,
1983). They simultaneously influence, and are influenced by, each other. Change in one compo-
nent of the system affects all other components. Because the various parts of family systems are
interconnected, families are best conceived as “wholes” and should be studied with regard to the
interrelationship of their parts (Reis et al., 2000). Given this, it is important to examine individual
members (e.g., infants, children, adolescents) in terms of the ways they relate to other members,
to investigate the links between dyadic relationships (e.g., spouses, parents, siblings) and others
in the family, and to examine the influences of sociocultural and historical variables (e.g., family
work, media, technology) on family interaction.
The second assumption is that families are coherent (Sroufe & Fleeson, 1986). Family processes
are patterned and structured. This is not to say that families are static or that they do not change.
Rather, the supposition here is that the constant changes that occur in the context of families are, to
some degree, organized and predictable. Family relationships and processes fluctuate in response to
day-to-day pressures (e.g., economic stress), relational events (e.g., marriage), and the passage of time
(e.g., aging), but the fluctuations experienced and enacted by family members are patterned. It is this
patterning that allows researchers to study developmental trends in families, interactions that char-
acterize different types of families, and responses that family members have to various social issues.

ix
 Preface

The third assumption that ties the chapters in this volume together is that families are consti-
tuted through social interaction (Rogers, 2006). Communication is what creates families. When
family members communicate, they do more than send messages to each other – they enact their
relationships. It is through communication that family members establish roles (e.g., parent or
child), maintain rules (e.g., about privacy or conflict), perform functions (e.g., provide emo-
tional or physical support), and sustain behavioral patterns (e.g., concerning media use or health).
Understanding family communication processes, thus, is fundamental to understanding family
members and family relationships.
The purpose of The Routledge Handbook of Family Communication is to analyze, synthesize,
and advance existing literature. In order to capture the breadth and depth of research on family
communication and family relationships, the work of scholars from a number of disciplines –
including communication, social psychology, clinical psychology, sociology, and family studies –
is highlighted. The authors are internationally known scholars. They approach family interaction
from different perspectives and focus on topics ranging from the influence of structural character-
istics on family relationships to the importance of specific communication processes. The authors
were selected as contributors for this volume because they are recognized for the contributions
they have made to the study of issues associated with social interaction in family relationships.
Because the Handbook spotlights the work of top-notch scholars, many researchers and theo-
rists who study family interaction and family relationships will want to have this volume in their
library. The ideas presented in the pages of this book offer both researchers and theorists new
perspectives on extant literature as well as important theoretical and methodological recommen-
dations for future work. Graduate students in communication, social psychology, family stud-
ies, sociology, and clinical psychology also will want to read this volume. Advanced students
who study family relationships will need to know the research findings and the theories that are
articulated in this book and, in many cases, will want to apply the material to their own work.
Upper division undergraduate students comprise yet another audience. Many instructors who
teach upper division courses will see all or part of this volume as an important addition to their
current assigned reading lists. Finally, practitioners who deal with families on a regular basis will
be interested in the Handbook. Counselors and therapists will find that the theory and research
presented in the volume is extremely relevant to the work they do with individuals and families.
I am indebted to many people for their invaluable contributions to this project. This book exists
only because a group of excellent authors were willing to dedicate a great deal of time, effort, and
thought to writing chapters. Their work made this volume possible. My editor, Felisa Salvago-
Keyes, was willing to take on this this project and kept it moving forward. Her understanding of
the circumstances that authors faced in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and her unwavering
support for the Handbook were invaluable. Emma Sherriff and Grant Schatzman, Felisa’s editorial
assistants, made sure the project was on track and answered what must have seemed like an endless
list of questions. Their knowledge, kindness, and patience made my work possible. I also would
like to thank the families, couples, and individuals who participated in the studies that are reported
in this volume. Their willingness to devote their time to research gave all of us the opportunity to
uncover information about family communication and family relationships that we never would
have otherwise. Finally, I am grateful to, and for, my own family – John, Johnny, Erin, Abigail, and
Patrick. I have learned my best and most important lessons about family communication from them.

References
Baxter, L. A., Braithwaite, D. O., Kellas, J. K., LeClair-Underberg, C., Lamb Normand, E., Routsong, T., &
Thatcher, M. (2009). Empty ritual: Young-adult stepchildren’s perceptions of the remarriage ceremony.
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26(4), 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509350872

x
 Preface

Caughlin, J. P. (2002). The demand/withdraw pattern of communication as a predictor of marital satisfac-

tion over time: Unresolved issues and future directions. Human Communication Research, 28(1), 49–85.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00798.x
Kelley, H. H. (1983). Analyzing close relationships. In H. H. Kelley, E. Berscheid, A. Christensen, J. H.
Harvey, T. L. Huston, G. Levinger, E. McClintock, L. A. Peplau, & D. R. Peterson (Eds.), Close relation-
ships (pp. 20–678). Freeman.
Lannutti, P. J. (2018). GLBTQ people who decided to marry after the 2016 US election: Reasons for and
meanings of marriage. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 14(1–2), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550
428X.2017.1420846
Minuchin, S. (1984). Family kaleidoscope. Harvard University Press.
Overall, N. C. (2020). Behavioral variability reduces the harmful longitudinal effects of partners’ negative-
direct behavior on relationship problems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(5), 1057.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000231
Reis, H. T., Collins, W. A., & Berscheid, E. (2000). Attachment and the construction of relationships. In
W. W. Hartup & Z. Rubin (Eds.), Relationships and development (pp. 51–71). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Rogers, L. E. (2006). Relational communication theory: An interactional family theory. In D. O. Braithwaite
and L. A. Baxter (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives (pp. 115–
129). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204420.n8
Ross, J. M., Karney, B. R., Nguyen, T. P., & Bradbury, T. N. (2019). Communication that is maladaptive for
middle-class couples is adaptive for socioeconomically disadvantaged couples. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 116(4), 582. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000158
Sroufe, L. A., & Fleeson, J. (1986). Attachment and the construction of relationships. In W. W. Hartup &
Z. Rubin (Eds.), Relationships and development (pp. 51–71). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Vreeland, A., Gruhn, M. A., Watson, K. H., Bettis, A. H., Compas, B. E., Forehand, R., & Sullivan,
A. D. (2019). Parenting in context: Associations of parental depression and socioeconomic factors with
parenting behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(4), 1124–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10826-019-01338-3
Warmuth, K. A., Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2020). Constructive and destructive interparental con-
flict, problematic parenting practices, and children’s symptoms of psychopathology. Journal of Family
Psychology, 34(3), 301. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000599
Zhou, N., Cao, H., & Leerkes, E. M. (2017). Interparental conflict and infants’ behavior problems: The
mediating role of maternal sensitivity. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(4), 464. https://doi.org/10.1037/
fam0000288

xi
 INTRODUCTION

The word family is laden with imagery. For some, it brings to mind warm, supportive thoughts –
scenes of chatty dinners, laughter-filled holidays, and comforting embraces. For others, it elicits
painful memories – visions of being left alone, feeling unwanted, or being abused at the hands
of a loved one. For some, the term family suggests a motto or a call to action – family members
work hard, they stick together, or they prioritize the well-being of the group over the individual.
For yet others, the word family embodies a set of values – values that distinguish individuals who
are right from those who are wrong and people who are accepted from those who are rejected.
Although the images evoked by the term family vary widely, they tend to have one thing
in common: They are based on, formed, and maintained through communication. Indeed, our
families, and our images of families, are constituted through social interaction (Fitzpatrick, 1988;
Noller & Fitzpatrick, 1993). When family members communicate, they enact their relationships.
It is through communication that family members create mental models of family life and through
communication that those models endure over time and across generations.
The constitutive link between communication and families is one reason that studying family
communication is important. If families are created through social interaction, understanding
family communication is essential to understanding family members and family relationships.
This link, however, is not the only reason that scholars have focused their attention on family
communication. The burgeoning literature on family interaction suggests at least three additional
reasons that researchers and theorists have turned to this area as a focus of study.
First, family communication is the mechanism for most early socialization experiences. It
is by observing and interacting with family members that most people learn to communicate
and, perhaps more importantly, where they learn to think about communication (Bruner, 1990).
From a very early age – some even argue before birth – infants engage in social interactions
with their primary caregivers (Nagy et al., 2021). These early interactions are the basis for
what later become automated communication behaviors (Cappella, 1991). They also serve as a
model for future interactions (Bowlby, 1973). By communicating with close family members,
infants and children quickly learn what they should (and should not) anticipate from others.
They learn how relationships function and they learn how they should behave in the context of
those relationships. Indeed, communication is the means by which rules about social interac-
tion and social relationships are established and maintained (Shimanoff, 1985). Parents use
communication to teach children when they should speak, to whom they should speak, and
what they should say. These rules shape the way children, and later adults, coordinate meaning
with others (Pearce, 1976).

1 DOI: 10.4324/9781003043423-1
 Introduction

Second, communication is the vehicle through which family members establish, maintain,
and dissolve their intimate relationships. People form their families through social interaction.
Communication enables dating partners to meet and to evaluate the status of their relationships
(e.g., Berger et al., 1976). Individuals who are dating move toward marriage based in part on their
assessments of the way they interact (Ogolsky & Monk, 2019). Once families are formed, mem-
bers continue to relate to each other through communication. Spouses employ communication
strategies to maintain their marriage (Stafford, 2020). Children’s relationships with their parents
are influenced by both the amount and the type of interaction that takes place in those relation-
ships (e.g., Hesse et al., 2018; Scharp & Thomas, 2016). The associations that adolescents have
with family members mature in part because the communication patterns that characterize their
relationships change (Baudat et al., 2020; Branje, 2018). Family relationships also are terminated
using communication. Divorce is associated with particular communication patterns (e.g., Gott-
man, 1994) and, except in rare cases, only takes place after spouses discuss ending their relation-
ship (Riessman, 1990).
A third reason that scholars have turned their attention to studying family communication is
that communication reflects the interpersonal connections between family members. As such,
it offers researchers and theorists a way to predict the quality and the course of family relation-
ships. For instance, researchers have long argued that communication is an indicator of the qual-
ity of marital relationships. Spouses who are distressed generally express more negative affect,
less positive affect, and more reciprocity of negative affect than do those who are not distressed
(Margolin & Wampold, 1981; Noller, 1984; Notarius & Johnson, 1982). Further, the expres-
sion of negative affect predicts declines in marital satisfaction over time (Gottman & Krokoff,
1989; Huston & Vangelisti, 1991; Markman et al., 2010). Studies also show that the influence of
positive and negative communication on relationships is complicated by whether partners’ com-
munication is direct or indirect (Overall et al., 2009) as well as by the severity of the problems
partners face in their relationships (McNulty & Russell, 2010). In addition to reflecting the qual-
ity of particular family relationships (e.g., marriage), the communication that occurs between
members of one family subsystem (e.g., parents) can influence other family members (e.g., chil-
dren). Research has demonstrated that the quality of parents’ communication can affect children’s
problem-solving skills (Goodman et al., 1999) as well as children’s ability to relate with peers
(Davies et al., 2018). Also, parents’ tendency to engage in certain types of conflict is negatively
associated with their children’s adjustment (e.g., Harold & Sellers, 2018; Shelton & Harold,
2008). Perhaps because family communication patterns predict the quality of family relation-
ships, these patterns also offer an indication of how families adapt to structural changes such as
the birth of a child (Houts et al., 2008) or remarriage (Metts et al., 2017).
Although a case has been made here for the centrality of communication to family members
and family relationships, the study of family communication is not, nor should it be, dominated
only by communication researchers. Communication creates and maintains family systems – but
those systems evolve through developmental stages, are comprised of many parts, and are situ-
ated in particular contexts. Scholars from a number of different fields study the developmental
processes that affect family members, the components of family systems, and the contexts that
influence family interaction. The study of family communication, in short, is multidisciplinary.
Multidisciplinary research – research from fields including communication, social psychol-
ogy, clinical psychology, sociology, and family studies – is essential to understanding family
communication because families operate as systems. The systemic nature of family relation-
ships dictates that they be studied in terms of the associations among their parts as well as the
contexts in which they are situated (Bavelas & Segal, 1982). A clear understanding of families,
thus, demands an awareness of the relationships that exist among several factors: (a) the various
developmental stages of the family life course, (b) the different forms or structures of families,
(c) the individuals that comprise families, (d) communication processes that take place among

2
 Introduction

family members, and (e) contemporary issues and concerns that affect family relationships. The
current volume is organized along these important conceptual dimensions.
In the first section of the book, both theoretical and methodological issues that influence current
conceptions of the family are described. The definitional concerns raised in this section provide
a foundation for examining family interaction because they set the baseline for the instantiation
and evaluation of family members’ behavior. For example, in Chapter 1, Carolyn Shue and Glen
Stamp provide a careful analysis of the perspectives, theories, and concepts that have guided
research in recent years. These authors use their analysis to identify trends in current research
and offer guidelines for future work. Chapter 2, authored by Elizabeth Graham and Scott Myers,
focuses on the methods that researchers use to study family interaction. Graham and Myers not
only describe the way that various quantitative and qualitative techniques are employed, they also
discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with each of these methodologies. As such,
their discussion raises important issues that researchers need to consider in selecting methods to
address their research questions and hypotheses.
In the second section, research and theory centering on the family life course is covered.
Although the notion of a life course may be viewed as somewhat traditional – beginning with
romantic relationships, progressing to marriage and parenthood, and then moving to the fam-
ily relationships that characterize old age – many of the issues raised in this section challenge
long-held beliefs about the ways family members interact. Chapters include material on under-
represented families and make note of the unique hurdles that individuals in these families face
as they move through life. For instance, differences in relationship development and changes
in relationships are discussed in Chapter 3. In this chapter, Brian Ogolsky and Kale Monk
offer a comprehensive synthesis of recent literature on mate selection, courtship processes, and
relationship development. Ogolsky and Monk also provide an insightful analysis of theoreti-
cal perspectives and empirical work related to turning points, growth, and change in family
relationships. In Chapter 4, Brian Baucom and Donald Baucom examine communication in
marriage. They argue that communication can improve the quality of relationships and create
stability, or exacerbate existing problems and create turbulence. Baucom and Baucom employ
a functionalist perspective to review major findings, highlight recent empirical and theoretical
developments, and identify critical gaps in the literature that scholars need to address. Erin Hol-
mes, Adam Galovan, Clare Thomas, and Tiffany Clyde review and analyze work on the transi-
tion to parenthood in Chapter 5. In addition to highlighting empirical findings, these authors
make special note of the ways in which the methodological choices of researchers have affected
the conclusions that have been drawn concerning the influence of parenthood on marriage. In
Chapter 6, Kyungmin Kim, Karen Fingerman, and Jon Nussbaum look at the distinctive charac-
teristics of midlife. They describe the social and developmental contexts of middle adulthood,
address the content of family communication during midlife, and discuss the factors that affect
how middle-aged adults interact with family members. The communication of older adults is
covered by Jessica Gasiorek, Christine Rittenour, Mei-Chen Lin, and Jake Harwood in Chap-
ter 7. These authors discuss underlying principles that guide the work of researchers who study
communication and aging, review prominent theoretical perspectives, and describe studies on
relationships between older adults and their family members. Gasiorek and her colleagues also
examine work on caregiving and elder abuse – issues that have received increased attention in
recent years.
The third section of the volume focuses on communication that occurs in different fam-
ily forms. Some of the social interactions that people experience when they are members of
divorced families, stepfamilies, or sexually-diverse families are unique. Individuals in these,
and other types of families, face challenges that influence their communication. Chapters in
this section, thus, describe some of the factors that distinguish social interaction in various
types of families. Ascan Koerner and Mary Anne Fitzpatrick set the stage for this section by

3
 Introduction

describing the communication patterns of intact families in Chapter 8. These authors provide
an insightful discussion of issues associated with defining intact families, outline the theoreti-
cal roots of research on family communication patterns, and review studies concerning factors
that influence the communication patterns of intact families. In Chapter 9, Tamara Afifi and
Allison Mazur look at the influence of divorce and single parenthood on children using a risk
and resiliency approach. They examine the communication patterns associated with both risk
and resilience and offer a discussion of current trends in research and directions for future study.
Dawn Braithwaite, Paul Schrodt, and Bailey Oliver-Blackburn focus on the communication of
stepfamilies in Chapter 10. These authors review research on a broad range of issues, including
the developmental pathways of stepfamilies, stepfamily strengths, and how stepfamily mem-
bers use communication to navigate the various challenges they face. In synthesizing the lit-
erature on the communication processes that typify these families, Braithwaite, Schrodt, and
Oliver-Blackburn shed light on the many demands that both adults and children in stepfamilies
address when they interact. In Chapter 11, Colleen Colaner and Haley Horstman examine the
communication strategies used by adoptive families. They describe the unique experiences of
members in adoptive families and problematize the communication patterns that emerge from
various family structures including open adoption, transracial and international adoptive fami-
lies, and LGBTQ+ adoptive families. Lisa Diamond and Adrian Dehlin examine the family lives
of sexually-diverse and gender-diverse individuals in Chapter 12. Diamond and Dehlin orient
the chapter by discussing the terminology used to refer to sexual and gender diversity. They
review research on the romantic relationships and parenting practices of sexually-diverse and
gender-diverse individuals and discuss the importance of understanding how social marginali-
zation affects family relationships. Stanley Gaines and Kristin Mickelson address some of the
complex issues associated with culturally diverse families in Chapter 13. They focus on sup-
portive communication and analyze how supportive communication in families is influenced by
the stigmatization associated with minority status.
Individual family members and their relationships are the centerpiece of the fourth section.
The communication skills of family members and the relational issues members must deal with
vary. Infants face one set of developmental tasks; adolescents and emerging adults face others.
Mothers and fathers adopt particular roles in the family that affect the way they communicate
with their children. This section describes some of the special concerns that influence the rela-
tional lives of different family members. For example, in Chapter 14, James McHale and Shawn
Jones address issues central to parents in their review of research on coparenting. They offer a
history of perspectives on coparenting, describe research on the process, and expand the scope of
prior studies by examining emerging work on coparenting in Black families and by individuals
beyond the mother-father-child triad. In Chapter 15, Heather Bortfeld and Allison Gabouer focus
on infants and the communication that takes place between infants and their caregivers. These
authors argue that children enter the world primed to interact with others. Based on this argument,
Bortfeld and Gabouer describe how communication between infants and their caregivers sup-
ports the development of a range of important socio-cognitive abilities. Laura Stafford reviews
studies on children’s communication in Chapter 16. Stafford considers the social competencies of
middle childhood and looks at interactions between children, their parents, and their siblings. The
analysis that Stafford offers clearly demonstrates that childhood is a critical period for socializa-
tion concerning communication and interpersonal relationships. In Chapter 17, Susan Branje,
Stefanos Mastrotheodoros, and Brett Laursen describe the ways in which patterns of parent-child
communication change over the adolescent years. These authors contextualize their discussion
by reviewing theoretical accounts of relationships between adolescents and their parents and
then go on to offer a nuanced description of research on changes in parent-child closeness, con-
flict, and information management as well as changes in sibling relationships. Brian Willoughby,
Rachel Augustus, and Jeffrey Arnett examine emerging adults in Chapter 18. Willoughby and his

4
 Introduction

colleagues look at the communication that takes place in the family relationships of emerging
adults and describe its impact on individual and family development. They examine the role of
technology in communication during emerging adulthood and argue that social learning theory
and family life course theory offer useful lenses for future study. In Chapter 19, Susan Sprecher,
Luke Russell, Chang Su-Russell, and Maria Schmeeckle take a step back from the individuals
that comprise the typical nuclear family to examine the extended family and social networks.
These authors note how changes in technology and the diversity of family structures and norms
influence extended families and social networks. They also look at how social networks and
members of the extended family can affect couple relationships, parenting, and child outcomes.
The fifth section presents a sampling of the dynamic communication processes that take place
in virtually any family. Because the communication that occurs in the family can be so varied,
selecting the topics for this section was difficult. The processes that were ultimately included in
the section were those that have received substantial attention from researchers and theorists –
they definitely are not the only processes that have been studied, but the sustained attention they
have received allowed the authors who wrote chapters for this section to make some important
claims about the current and future state of research on family communication. In Chapter 20,
John Caughlin and Daena Goldsmith examine the processes involved in discussing and avoid-
ing difficult subjects in families. The authors review theories about disclosure, privacy, and topic
avoidance, describe complications that are not clearly explained by current research and the-
ory, and offer suggestions for how researchers might begin to address such complications. In
Chapter 21, Alan Sillars, Rudy Pett, Daniel Canary, and Anita Vangelisti focus on the com-
munication processes that occur during marital and family conflict. Research on the associa-
tion between the quality of family relationships and both the amount and type of conflict is
examined. The authors synthesize work on contextual factors that influence communication
and that moderate associations with relational quality. They also analyze the interpretive pro-
cesses that affect the meaning of conflict. Steven Wilson, Lisa Guntzviller, Patricia Gettings,
and Jonathan Baker look at research on persuasion in Chapter 22. Although many scholars who
study persuasion have neglected the family as a context for persuasive communication, those
who study families have recognized that the opportunities for research in this area abound. Wil-
son, Guntzviller, Gettings, and Baker explain how persuasive messages in family relationships
have been conceptualized and, in reviewing theory and research on issues such as parent-child
control sequences and spouses’ control attempts, offer a compelling rationale for future studies.
They consider diverse family forms as well as interconnections between family subsystems. In
Chapter 23, Graham Bodie and Kellie Brisini integrate empirical work on social support in fami-
lies. The authors describe approaches to studying social support and argue that social support has
short-term effects on family members and family relationships as well as longer-term influences
on social and emotional development. The last chapter in this section, Chapter 24, concerns the
roles of stories and storytelling in families. In this chapter, Jody Kellas and April Trees suggest
that families are constituted, in part, by stories. They describe ways that storytelling is concep-
tualized and suggest that families use narratives for creating individual and family identities,
socializing members about rules and norms, and helping members to make sense of stressors and
cope with problems.
The sixth section of the Handbook underlines the fact that family communication is embed-
ded in social, cultural, and physical contexts. Because family interaction and family relation-
ships are influenced by these contexts, a full understanding of the communication processes that
take place in the family requires researchers to attend to the environmental factors and current
issues that impinge on family life. For instance, in Chapter 25, Patrice Buzzanell examines the
intersectionalities, contradictions, and materialities that characterize the work of family mem-
bers. She argues that research on resilience offers insight into the communication strategies that
individuals can use to adapt, buffer, and even change the effects of work on family members

5
 Introduction

and family relationships. In Chapter 26, Kristin Drogos and Barbara Wilson discuss the links
between family communication and mass media. They review research on how family mem-
bers use the media, describe the influence of the media on family interaction, and explain the
ways family interaction can affect media experiences. Drogos and Wilson’s discussion offers
clear evidence concerning the central role of the media in family life. Jeffrey Hall and Alesia
Woszidlo then go on to analyze how families communicate through technology in Chapter 27.
They discuss studies on the ways family members stay connected when they are geographically
distant and they review prominent theories of technology that are relevant to family interaction.
In Chapter 28, Leanne Knobloch argues that military families offer researchers a useful context
for studying communication processes. She examines theory and research on the communica-
tive tasks that military families face before, during, and after deployment and offers readers a
number of important directions for future work. Then, in Chapter 29, Ashley Duggan, Elizabeth
Glowacki, and Beth Molineux turn to a topic that touches many families: substance use and
addiction. They review literature on the effects of substance use disorder on family members
and discuss the association between communication and members’ tendency to use substances.
These authors employ inconsistent nurturing as control theory to explain the subtle ways that
family communication can sustain or deter addiction. Another sort of abuse is covered in Chap-
ter 30. In this chapter, Carmen Lee, René Dailey, and Brian Spitzberg look at violence and
aggression in families. They discuss some of the complexities involved in defining violence and
aggression and describe evidence concerning both the prevalence and outcomes of aggression
for children and adults. Lee, Dailey, and Spitzberg also examine theories that are used to explain
aggression and review prevention and intervention programs. In Chapter 31, Kory Floyd, Colin
Hesse, and Perry Pauley discuss psychophysiology, physical health, and family communica-
tion. These authors argue that studies employing psychophysiological measures can provide
important information about the links between communication and physical well-being. Floyd
and his colleagues describe theoretical principles of psychophysiology and review research that
uses psychophysiological methods to enhance understanding of family interaction. Chris Segrin
focuses on the complex links between family communication and mental health in Chapter 32.
He describes communication patterns that serve as risk factors for the development of mental
health problems and shows how mental health problems can create or encourage pathogenic
family communication. Segrin’s careful analysis elucidates the reciprocal associations between
family interaction and mental well-being.
Finally, because the chapters that comprise the current volume were written in a particular
historical context, the seventh section offers a commentary on research illuminating that context.
More specifically, Michael Roloff provides an epilogue that describes the potential influence of
the COVID-19 pandemic on family members and family processes. Roloff reviews studies on the
effects of the pandemic and, in doing so, points to concerns that those who study, treat, and work
with families likely will need to confront in the future.
It is important to note that the chapters in this volume do not represent a complete summary of
all of the topics associated with family communication. Instead, these chapters offer a synthesis
of research on issues that are key to understanding family interaction as well as an analysis of
many of the theoretical and methodological choices that have been made by researchers who
study family communication. It is my hope that the insightful commentaries offered in each of
the chapters will advance the field – both by reframing old questions and stimulating new ones.

References
Baudat, S., Van Petegem, S., Antonietti, J. P., & Zimmermann, G. (2020). Parental solicitation and ado-
lescents’ information management: The moderating role of autonomy-supportive parenting. Journal of
Child and Family Studies, 29(2), 426–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01687-z

6
 Introduction

Bavelas, J. B., & Segal, L. (1982). Family systems theory: Background and implications. Journal of Com-
munication, 32(3), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1982.tb02503.x
Berger, C. R., Gardner, R. R., Clatterbuck, G. W., & Shulman, L. S. (1976). Perceptions of information
sequencing in relationship development. Human Communication Research, 3(1), 34–39. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00502.x
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. Basic Books.
Branje, S. (2018). Development of parent – adolescent relationships: Conflict interactions as a mechanism of
change. Child Development Perspectives, 12(3), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12278
Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press.
Cappella, J. N. (1991). The biological origins of automated patterns of human interaction. Communication
Theory, 1(1), 4–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1991.tb00002.x
Davies, P. T., Martin, M. J., & Cummings, E. M. (2018). Interparental conflict and children’s social prob-
lems: Insecurity and friendship affiliation as cascading mediators. Developmental Psychology, 54(1), 83.
https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000410
Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1988). Between husbands and wives. Sage.
Goodman, S. H., Barfoot, B., Frye, A. A., & Belli, A. M. (1999). Dimensions of marital conflict and
children’s social problem-solving skills. Journal of Family Psychology, 13(1), 33–45. https://doi.
org/10.1037/0893-3200.13.1.33
Gottman, J. M. (1994). What predicts divorce? The relationship between marital processes and marital
outcomes. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1989). Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.57.1.47
Harold, G. T., & Sellers, R. (2018). Annual research review: Interparental conflict and youth psychopa-
thology: An evidence review and practice focused update. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychia-
try, 59(4), 374–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12893
Hesse, C., Mikkelson, A. C., & Saracco, S. (2018). Parent – child affection and helicopter parenting: Explor-
ing the concept of excessive affection. Western Journal of Communication, 82(4), 457–474. https://doi.
org/10.1080/10570314.2017.1362705
Houts, R. M., Barnett-Walker, K. C., Paley, B., & Cox, M. J. (2008). Patterns of couple interac-
tion during the transition to parenthood. Personal Relationships, 15(1), 1350–4126. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00187.x
Huston, T. L., & Vangelisti,A. L. (1991). Socioemotional behavior and satisfaction in marital relationships. Jour-
nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(5), 721–733. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.5.721
Margolin, G., & Wampold, B. (1981). Sequential analysis of conflict and accord in distressed and nondis-
tressed marital partners. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(4), 554–567. https://doi.
org/10.1037/0022-006X.49.4.554
Markman, H. J., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., Ragan, E. P., & Whitton, S. W. (2010). The premarital
communication roots of marital distress and divorce: The first five years of marriage. Journal of Family
Psychology, 24(3), 289. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019481
McNulty, J. K., & Russell, V. M. (2010). When “negative” behaviors are positive: A contextual analysis of
the long-term effects of problem-solving behaviors on changes in relationship satisfaction. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 98(4), 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017479
Metts, S. M., Schrodt, P., & Braithwaite, D. O. (2017). Stepchildren’s communicative and emotional jour-
ney from divorce to remarriage: Predictors of stepfamily satisfaction. Journal of Divorce & Remar-
riage, 58(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2016.1257904
Nagy, E., Thompson, P., Mayor, L., & Doughty, H. (2021). Do foetuses communicate? Foetal responses to
interactive versus non-interactive maternal voice and touch: An exploratory analysis. Infant Behavior
and Development, 63, 101562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101562
Noller, P. (1984). Nonverbal communication an marital interaction. Pergamon.
Noller, P., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1993). Communication and family relationships. Prentice-Hall.
Notarius, C. I., & Johnson, J. S. (1982). Emotional expression in husbands and wives. Journal of Marriage
and the Family, 44(2), 483–489. https://doi.org/10.2307/351556
Ogolsky, B. G., & Monk, J. K. (2019). Dating and couple formation. In B. H. Fiese, M. Celano, K. Deater-
Deckard, E. N. Jouriles, & M. A. Whisman (Eds.), APA handbook of contemporary family psychology:
Vol. 1. Foundations, methods, and contemporary issues across the lifespan (pp. 427–443). American
Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000099-024
Overall, N. C., Fletcher, G. J., Simpson, J. A., & Sibley, C. G. (2009). Regulating partners in intimate
relationships: The costs and benefits of different communication strategies. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 96(3), 620. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012961

7
 Introduction

Pearce, W. B. (1976). The coordinated management of meaning: A rules-based theory of interpersonal com-
munication. In G. R. Miller (Ed.), Explorations in interpersonal communication (pp. 17–36). Sage.
Riessman, C. K. (1990). Divorce talk: Woman and men make sense of personal relationships. Rutgers Uni-
versity Press.
Scharp, K. M., & Thomas, L. J. (2016). Family “bonds”: Making meaning of parent – child relationships
in estrangement narratives. Journal of Family Communication, 16(1), 32–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/
15267431.2015.1111215
Shelton, K. H., & Harold, G. T. (2008). Interparental conflict, negative parenting, and children’s adjustment:
Bridging links between parents’ depression and children’s psychological distress. Journal of Family
Psychology, 22(5), 712–724. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013515
Shimanoff, S. B. (1985). Communication rules: Theory and research. Sage.
Stafford, L. (2020). Communal strength, exchange orientation, equity, and relational maintenance. Journal
of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(8–9), 2345–2365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520923741

8
Introduction
Baudat, S. , Van Petegem, S. , Antonietti, J. P. , & Zimmermann, G. (2020). Parental solicitation and
adolescents’ information management: The moderating role of autonomy-supportive parenting. Journal of Child
and Family Studies, 29(2), 426–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01687-z
Bavelas, J. B. , & Segal, L. (1982). Family systems theory: Background and implications. Journal of
Communication, 32(3), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1982.tb02503.x
Berger, C. R. , Gardner, R. R. , Clatterbuck, G. W. , & Shulman, L. S. (1976). Perceptions of information
sequencing in relationship development. Human Communication Research, 3(1), 34–39.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00502.x
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. Basic Books.
Branje, S. (2018). Development of parent – adolescent relationships: Conflict interactions as a mechanism of
change. Child Development Perspectives, 12(3), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12278
Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press.
Cappella, J. N. (1991). The biological origins of automated patterns of human interaction. Communication
Theory, 1(1), 4–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1991.tb00002.x
Davies, P. T. , Martin, M. J. , & Cummings, E. M. (2018). Interparental conflict and children’s social problems:
Insecurity and friendship affiliation as cascading mediators. Developmental Psychology, 54(1), 83.
https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000410
Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1988). Between husbands and wives. Sage.
Goodman, S. H. , Barfoot, B. , Frye, A. A. , & Belli, A. M. (1999). Dimensions of marital conflict and children’s
social problem-solving skills. Journal of Family Psychology, 13(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-
3200.13.1.33
Gottman, J. M. (1994). What predicts divorce? The relationship between marital processes and marital
outcomes. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gottman, J. M. , & Krokoff, L. J. (1989). Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.57.1.47
Harold, G. T. , & Sellers, R. (2018). Annual research review: Interparental conflict and youth psychopathology:
An evidence review and practice focused update. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(4), 374–402.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12893
Hesse, C. , Mikkelson, A. C. , & Saracco, S. (2018). Parent – child affection and helicopter parenting: Exploring
the concept of excessive affection. Western Journal of Communication, 82(4), 457–474.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2017.1362705
Houts, R. M. , Barnett-Walker, K. C. , Paley, B. , & Cox, M. J. (2008). Patterns of couple interaction during the
transition to parenthood. Personal Relationships, 15(1), 1350–4126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-
6811.2007.00187.x
Huston, T. L. , & Vangelisti, A. L. (1991). Socioemotional behavior and satisfaction in marital relationships.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(5), 721–733. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.5.721
Margolin, G. , & Wampold, B. (1981). Sequential analysis of conflict and accord in distressed and nondistressed
marital partners. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(4), 554–567. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-
006X.49.4.554
Markman, H. J. , Rhoades, G. K. , Stanley, S. M. , Ragan, E. P. , & Whitton, S. W. (2010). The premarital
communication roots of marital distress and divorce: The first five years of marriage. Journal of Family
Psychology, 24(3), 289. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019481
McNulty, J. K. , & Russell, V. M. (2010). When “negative” behaviors are positive: A contextual analysis of the
long-term effects of problem-solving behaviors on changes in relationship satisfaction. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 98(4), 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017479
Metts, S. M. , Schrodt, P. , & Braithwaite, D. O. (2017). Stepchildren’s communicative and emotional journey
from divorce to remarriage: Predictors of stepfamily satisfaction. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 58(1),
29–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2016.1257904
Nagy, E. , Thompson, P. , Mayor, L. , & Doughty, H. (2021). Do foetuses communicate? Foetal responses to
interactive versus non-interactive maternal voice and touch: An exploratory analysis. Infant Behavior and
Development, 63, 101562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101562
Noller, P. (1984). Nonverbal communication an marital interaction. Pergamon.
Noller, P. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1993). Communication and family relationships. Prentice-Hall.
Notarius, C. I. , & Johnson, J. S. (1982). Emotional expression in husbands and wives. Journal of Marriage and
the Family, 44(2), 483–489. https://doi.org/10.2307/351556
Ogolsky, B. G. , & Monk, J. K. (2019). Dating and couple formation. In B. H. Fiese , M. Celano , K. Deater-
Deckard , E. N. Jouriles , & M. A. Whisman (Eds.), APA handbook of contemporary family psychology: Vol. 1.
Foundations, methods, and contemporary issues across the lifespan (pp. 427–443). American Psychological
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000099-024
Overall, N. C. , Fletcher, G. J. , Simpson, J. A. , & Sibley, C. G. (2009). Regulating partners in intimate
relationships: The costs and benefits of different communication strategies. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 96(3), 620. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012961
Pearce, W. B. (1976). The coordinated management of meaning: A rules-based theory of interpersonal
communication. In G. R. Miller (Ed.), Explorations in interpersonal communication (pp. 17–36). Sage.
Riessman, C. K. (1990). Divorce talk: Woman and men make sense of personal relationships. Rutgers
University Press.
Scharp, K. M. , & Thomas, L. J. (2016). Family “bonds”: Making meaning of parent – child relationships in
estrangement narratives. Journal of Family Communication, 16(1), 32–50.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2015.1111215
Shelton, K. H. , & Harold, G. T. (2008). Interparental conflict, negative parenting, and children’s adjustment:
Bridging links between parents’ depression and children’s psychological distress. Journal of Family Psychology,
22(5), 712–724. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013515
Shimanoff, S. B. (1985). Communication rules: Theory and research. Sage.
Stafford, L. (2020). Communal strength, exchange orientation, equity, and relational maintenance. Journal of
Social and Personal Relationships, 37(8–9), 2345–2365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520923741

Ten Years of Family Communication Research

Afifi, T. D. , Afifi, W. A. , Merrill, A. F. , & Nimah, N. (2016). “Fractured communities”: Uncertainty, stress, and (a
lack of) communal coping in Palestinian refugee camps. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 44(4),
343–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2016.1225166
Afifi, T. D. , Hutchinson, S. , & Krouse, S. (2006). Toward a theoretical model of communal coping in
postdivorce families and other naturally occurring groups. Communication Theory, 16(3), 378–409.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00275.x
Afifi, W. A. , Morgan, S. E. , Stephenson, M. T. , Morse, C. , Harrison, T. , Reichert, T. , & Long, S. D. (2006).
Examining the decision to talk with family about organ donation: Applying the theory of motivated information
management. Communication Monographs, 73(2), 188–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750600690700
Afifi, W. A. , & Weiner, J. L. (2006). Seeking information about sexual health: Applying the theory of motivated
information management. Human Communication Research, 32(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-
2958.2006.00002.x
Allen, J. , & Moore, J. (2017). Testing the functional/dysfunctional family binary through the articulation of
functional family estrangement. Western Journal of Communication, 81(3), 87–104.
https://10.1080/10570314.2016.1250156
Baiocchi-Wagner, E. A. , & Olson, L. N. (2016). Motherhood and family health advocacy in nutrition and
exercise: “Doing the tradition.” Journal of Family Communication, 16(2), 128–142.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2016.1146283
Baxter, L. A. (2011). Voicing relationships: A dialogic perspective. Sage.
Baxter, L. A. , & Montgomery, B. M. (1996). Relating: Dialogues and dialectics. Guilford Press.
Berger, C. R. (1991). Why are there so few communication theories: Communication theories and other
curiosities. Communication Monographs, 58(1), 101–113.
Berger, C. R. , & Calebrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a theory
of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99–112.
Bochner, A. P. (1985). Perspectives on inquiry: Representation, conversation, and reflection. In M. L. Knapp &
G. R. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (pp. 27–58). Sage.
Braithwaite, D. O. , Foster, E. , & Bergen, K. M. (2018). Social construction theory: Communication co-creating
families. In D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication:
Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 267–278). Sage.
Brown, P. , & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge University
Press.
Bute, J. J. , & Brann, M. (2015). Co-ownership of private information in the miscarriage context. Journal of
Applied Communication Research, 43(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2014.982686
Carr, K. , & Wilder, S. E. (2016). Attachment style and the risks of seeking social support: Variations between
friends and siblings. Southern Communication Journal, 81(2), 79–91.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2016.1208266
Crowley, J. L. , & High, A. C. (2018). Parents’ information seeking during adolescent career development: A
test of the theory of motivated information management. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(3),
348–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2018.1468570
Dailey, R. M. (2010). Testing components of confirmation: How acceptance and challenge from mothers,
fathers, and siblings are related to adolescent self-concept. Communication Monographs, 77(4), 592–617.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2010.499366
DeGreeff, B. L. , & Burnett, A. (2017). Are you my grandmother?: Constructing and maintaining
stepgrandparent identity and roles. Communication Quarterly, 65(5), 603–623.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2017.1329218
Dobris, C. A. , White-Mills, K. , Davidson, R. D. , & Wellbrook, T. V. (2017). The Spockian mother: Images of
the “good” mother in Dr. Spock’s The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, 1946–1992.
Communication Quarterly, 65(1), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2016.1176943
Dorrance Hall, E. , & Scharp, K. M. (2018). Testing a mediational model of the effect of family communication
patterns on student perceptions of the impact of the college transition through social communication
apprehension. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(4), 429–446.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2018.1502461
Fisher, W. R. (1987). Human communication as narration: Toward a philosophy of reason, value, and action.
University of South Carolina Press.
Floyd, K. (2014). Relational and health correlates of affection deprivation. Western Journal of Communication,
78(4), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2014.927071
Floyd, K. , Hesse, C. , & Generous, M. A. (2018). Affection exchange theory: A bio-evolutionary look at
affectionate communication. In D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family
communication: Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 16–26). Sage.
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. Anchor Books.
Grebelsky-Lichtman, T. (2014). Children’s verbal and nonverbal congruent and incongruent communication
during parent-child interactions. Human Communication Research, 40(4), 415–441.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12035
Guerrero, L. (2018). Attachment theory in families: The role of communication. In D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suter
, & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 38–50).
Sage.
Harrigan, M. M. , Priore, A. , Wagner, E. , & Palka, K. (2017). Preventing face loss in donor-assisted families.
Journal of Family Communication, 17(3), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2017.1322971
High, A. C. , & Scharp, K. M. (2015). Examining family communication patterns and seeking social support
direct and indirect effects through ability and motivation. Human Communication Research, 41(4), 459–479.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12061
Knobloch, L. K. , Solomon, D. H. , Theiss, J. A. , & McLaren, R. M. (2018). Relational turbulence theory:
Understanding family communication during times of change. In D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suter , & K. Floyd
(Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 255–266). Sage.
Koenig Kellas, J. , & Horstman, K. H. (2015). Communicated narrative sense-making: Understanding family
narratives, and the construction of meaning through a communicative lens. In L. H. Turner & R. West (Eds.),
The SAGE handbook of family communication (pp. 76–90). Sage.
Koerner, A. F. , Schrodt, P. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2018). Family communication patterns theory: A grand theory
of family communication. In D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family
communication: Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 142–153). Sage.
Mansson, D. H. (2014). Trust as a mediator between affection and relational maintenance in the grandparent-
grandchild relationship. Southern Communication Journal, 79(3), 180–200.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2014.894555
Nagy, M. E. , & Theiss, J. A. (2013). Applying the relational turbulence model to the empty-nest transition:
Sources of relationship change, relational uncertainty, and interference from partners. Journal of Family
Communication, 13(4), 280–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.823430
Nelson, L. R. , & Horstman, H. K. (2017). Communicated meaning-making in foster families: Relationships
between foster parents’ entrance narratives and foster child well-being. Communication Quarterly, 65(2),
144–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2016.1215337
Norwood, K. (2013). Grieving gender: Trans-identities, transition, and ambiguous loss. Communication
Monographs, 80(1), 24–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2012.739705
Petronio, S. (2018). Communication privacy management theory: Understanding families. In D. O. Braithwaite ,
E. A. Suter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp.
87–97). Sage.
Riforgiate, S. E. , & Boren, J. P. (2015). “I just can’t clean the bathroom as well as you can!”: Communicating
domestic labor task equity-resistance and equity-restoring strategies among married individuals. Journal of
Family Communication, 15(4), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2015.1076421
Roloff, M. E. (2015). Theorizing interpersonal communication: Progress and problematic practices.
Communication Theory, 25(4), 420–425. https://doi.org/10.111/comt.12081
Scharp, K. M. , & Thomas, L. J. (2016). Family bonds: Making meaning of parent – child relationships in
estrangement narratives. Journal of Family Communication, 16(1), 32–50.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2015.1111215
Schrodt, P. (2010). Coparental communication with nonresidential parents as a predictor of couples’ relational
satisfaction and mental health in stepfamilies. Western Journal of Communication, 74(5), 484–503.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2010.512282
Soliz, J. , & Colaner, C. W. (2018). Communication accommodation theory and communication theory of
identity: Theories of communication and identity. In D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging
theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 75–86). Sage.
Sotirin, P. J. , & Ellingson, L. L. (2018). Critical feminist family communication theory: Gender, power, and
praxis. In D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication:
Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 110–121). Sage.
Speer, R. B. , Giles, H. , & Denes, A. (2013). Investigating stepparent-stepchild interactions: The role of
communication accommodation. Journal of Family Communication. 13(3), 218–241.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.768248
Sporer, K. , & Toller, P. (2017). Family identity disrupted by mental illness and violence: An application of
relational dialectics theory. Southern Communication Journal, 82(2), 85–101.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2017.1302503
Stafford, L. (2018). Social exchange theory: A cost-benefit approach to relationships. In D. O. Braithwaite , E. A.
Suter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp.
279–289). Sage.
Stamp, G. (2004). Theories of family relationships and a family relationships theoretical model. In A. L.
Vangelisti (Ed.), Handbook of family communication (pp. 1–30). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Stamp, G. , & Shue, C. K. (2013). Twenty years of family research published in communication journals: A
review of the perspectives, theories, concepts, and contexts. In A. L. Vangelisti (Ed.), The Routledge handbook
of family communication (2nd ed.) (pp. 11–28). Routledge.
Suter, E. A. , & Seurer, L. M. (2018). Relational dialectics theory: Realizing the dialogic potential of family
communication. In D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family
communication: Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 244–254). Sage.
Suter, E. A. , Seurer, L. M. , Webb, S. , Grewe, B. , & Koenig Kellas, J. (2015). Motherhood as contested
ideological terrain: Essentialist and queer discourses of motherhood at play in female-female co-mothers talk.
Communication Monographs, 82(4), 458–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2015.1024702
Waldron, V. R. , Kloeber, D. , Goman, C. , Piemonte, N. , & Danaher, J. (2014). How parents communicate right
and wrong: A study of memorable moral messages recalled by emerging adults. Journal of Family
Communication, 14(4), 374–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2014.946032
Wong, N. C. H. (2014). Predictors of information seeking about the HPV vaccine from parents and doctors
among young college women. Communication Quarterly, 62(1), 75–96.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2013.860905
Woszidlo, A. , & Kunkel, A. (2018). Social learning theory: An emphasis on modeling in parent-child
relationships. In D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication:
Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 290–299). Sage.
Yoshimura, C. G. , & Galvin, K. M. (2018). General systems theory: A compelling view of family life. In D. O.
Braithwaite , E. A. Suter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives
(2nd ed., pp. 164–174). Sage.

Perspectives on Studying Family Communication

Aarikka-Stenroos, L. (2010). The contribution and challenges of narrative data in interorganizational research.
Paper presentation 26th International IMP Conference, Budapest, Hungary.
Albudaiwi, D. (2017). Surveys, advantages and disadvantages of. In M. Allen (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of
communication research methods (Vol. 4, pp. 1735–1736). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n616
Baker, B. M. A. (2019). “We’re just family, you know?” Exploring the discourses of family in gay parents’
relational talk. Journal of Family Communication, 19(3), 213–227.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2019.1590365
Baxter, L. A. (2010). Voicing relationships: A dialogic perspective. Sage.
Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. The Free Press.
Braithwaite, D. O. , Suter, E. A. , & Floyd, K. (2018). Introduction: The landscape of meta-theory and theory in
family communication research. In D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suter , & Kory Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in
family communication: Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 1–16). Routledge.
Brummett, E. A. , & Afifi, T. D. (2019). A grounded theory of interracial romantic partners’ expectations for
support and strain with family members. Journal of Family Communication, 19(3), 191–212.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2019.1623220
Campbell, D. T. , & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Rand
McNally.
Carpenter, S. (2018). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Communication
Methods and Measures, 12(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. Sage.
Child, J. T. , & Starcher, S. C. (2020). Measurement in family communication. In E. E. Graham & J. P. Mazer
(Eds.), Communication research measures III: A sourcebook (pp. 20–35). Routledge.
Coffey, A. , & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary research strategies. Sage.
Cramer, E. (2018). Interviews for data gathering. In M. Allen (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of communication
research methods (Vol. 2, pp. 804–807). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411
Creswell, J. W. , & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3),
124–130. https://10.1027/s15430421tip3903_2
DeCoster, J. , & Lichtenstein, B. (2007). Integrating quantitative and qualitative methods in communication
research. Communication Methods and Measures, 1(4), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450701636599
Deetz, S. (2001). Conceptual foundations. In F. M. Jablin & L. L. Putnam (Eds.), The new handbook of
organizational communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods (2nd ed., pp. 3–46). Sage.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412986243.n1
Denzin, N. K. , & Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. K.
Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Strategies of qualitative inquiry (pp. 1–43). Sage.
DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage.
Droser, V. A. (2017). (Re)conceptualizing family communication: Applying Deetz’s conceptual frameworks
within the field of family communication. Journal of Family Communication, 17(2), 89–104.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2017.1282750
Ellis, C. (1986). Fisher folk: Two communities on Chesapeake Bay. University Press of Kentucky.
Ellis, C. (1995). Emotional and ethical quagmires in returning to the field. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 24, 68–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124195024001003
Ellis, C. (2007). Telling secrets, revealing lives: Relational ethics in research with intimate others. Qualitative
Inquiry, 13, 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800406294947
Ellis, C. , Adams, T. E. , & Bochner, A. P. (2011). Autoethnography: An overview. Forum: Qualitative Social
Research Sozialforschung, 12(1), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-12.1.1589
Feeney, J. A. , & Noller, P. (2013). Perspectives on studying family communication: Multiple methods and
multiple sources. In A. L. Vangelisti (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of family communication (2nd ed., pp.
29–45). Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
Glaser, B. , & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
Gold, R. K. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223.
Graham, E. E. , & Mazer, J. P. (2009). Family communication research methods. In R. B. Rubin , A. M. Rubin ,
E. E. Graham , E. M. Perse , & D. R. Seibold (Eds.), Communication research measures II: A sourcebook (pp.
3–17). Routledge.
Graham, E. E. , & Mazer, J. P. (Eds.). (2020). Communication research measures III: A sourcebook. Routledge.
Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford scholarship online.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195339888.001.0001
Harter, L. M. (2013). The work of art. Qualitative Communication Research, 2(3), 326–336.
https://doi.org/10.1525/qcr.2013.2.3.326
Hawkins, J. M. (2017). Textual analysis. In M. Allen (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research
methods (Vol. 4, pp. 1754–1756). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n623
Hesse, C. (2017). Survey: Questionnaire. In M. Allen (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of communication
research methods (Vol. 4, p. 1718). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n609
Hesse, C. , Rauscher, E. A. , Goodman, R. B. , & Couvrette, M. A. (2017). Reconceptualizing the role of
conformity behaviors in family communication patterns theory. Journal of Family Communication, 17(4),
319–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2017.1347568
Hoffman, G. , & Zhao, X. (2020). A primer for conducting experiments in human-robot interaction. ACM
Transaction on Human-Robot Interaction, 10(1), Article 6, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1145/3412374
Horstman, H. K. , Colaner, C. W. , Nelson, L. R. , Bish, A. , & Hays, A. (2018). Communicatively constructing
birth family relationships in open adoptive families: Naming, connecting, and relational functioning. Journal of
Family Communication, 18(2), 138–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1429444
Horstman, H. K. , Schrodt, P. , Warner, B. , Koerner, A. , Maliski, R. , Hays, A. , & Colaner, C. W. (2018).
Expanding the conceptual and empirical boundaries of family communication patterns: The development and
validation of an expanded conformity orientation scale. Communication Monographs, 85(2), 157–180.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2018.1428354
Jackson, R. L. , Drummond, D. K. , & Camara, S. (2007). What is qualitative research? Qualitative Research
Reports in Communication, 8(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17459430701617879
Kaplan, A. (1964). The conduct of inquiry: Methodology for behavioral science. Chandler.
Kim, A. Y. , Lee, J. S. , & Lee, W. (2015). Examining Korean-American parent-child relationships through
bilingual language use. Journal of Family Communication, 15(3), 269–287.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2015.1044089
Kline, R. B. (2020). Becoming a behavioral science researcher: A guide to producing research that matters (2nd
ed.). Guilford Press.
Knobloch, L. K. , Basinger, E. D. , Wehrman, E. C. , Ebata, A. T. , & McGlaughlin, P. (2016). Communication of
military couples during deployment and reunion: Changes, challenges, benefits, and advice. Journal of Family
Communication, 16(2), 160–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2016.1146723
Koenig Kellas, J. , & Trees, A. R. (2005). Rating interactional sense-making in the process of joint storytelling.
In V. Manusov (Ed.), The sourcebook of nonverbal measures: Going beyond words (pp. 281–294). Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Kramer, M. W. , & Adams, T. E. (2018). Ethnography. In M. Allen (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of
communication research methods (Vol. 1, pp. 458–461). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411
Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (4th ed.). Sage.
Krueger, R. A. , & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (5th ed.). Sage.
Lincoln, Y. S. , & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.
Lindlof, T. R. , & Taylor, B. C. (2019). Qualitative communication research methods (4th ed.). Sage.
Maier, M. A. (2017). Content analysis: Advantages and disadvantages. In M. Allen (Ed.), The SAGE
encyclopedia of communication research methods (Vol. 1, pp. 240–242). Sage.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n90
McCroskey, J. C. , & Young, T. J. (1979). The use and abuse of factor analysis in communication research.
Human Communication Research, 5(4), 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1979.tb00651.x
McKee, A. (2003). Textual analysis. Sage.
Metts, S. , & Lamb, E. (2006). Methodological approaches to the study of family communication. In L. H. Turner
& R. West (Eds.), The family communication sourcebook (pp. 83–105). Sage.
Miller-Day, M. , Pezalla, A. , & Chesnut, R. (2013). Children are in families too! The presence of children in
communication research. Journal of Family Communication, 13(2), 150–165.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.768251
Morgan, D. L. (1997). Focus groups as qualitative research (2nd ed.). Sage.
Morgan, D. L. (2019). Basic and advanced focus groups. Sage.
Morrison, J. T. (2009). Evaluating factor analysis decisions for scale design in communication research.
Communication Methods and Measures, 3(4), 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450903378917
Neuendorf, K. A. (2016). The content analysis guidebook (2nd ed.). Sage.
Owen, W. F. (1984). Interpretive themes in relational communication, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70(3),
274–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335638409383697
Ruble, R. A. (2017). Experiments and experimental design. In M. Allen (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of
communication research methods (Vol. 1, pp. 478–480). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n175
Scharp, K. M. (2019). “You’re not welcome here”: A grounded theory of family distancing. Communication
Research, 46(4), 427–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217715542
Shadish, W. R. , Cook, T. D. , & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for
generalized causal inference. Houghton, Mifflin.
Shapiro, A. F. , & Gottman, J. M. (2005). Effects on marriage of a psycho-communicative-educational
intervention with couples undergoing the transition to parenthood, evaluation at 1-year post intervention.
Journal of Family Communication, 5(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0501_1
Sillars, A. , Holman, A. J. , Richards, A. , Jacobs, K. A. , Koerner, A. , & Reynolds-Dyk, A. (2014). Conversation
and conformity orientations as predictors of observed conflict tactics in parent-adolescent discussions. Journal
of Family Communication, 14(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.857327
Soliz, J. , & Phillips, K. E. (2018). Toward a more expansive understanding of family communication:
Considerations for inclusion of ethnic-racial and global diversity. Journal of Family Communication, 18(1), 5–12.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2017.1399890
Speer, R. B. , Giles, H. , & Denes, A. (2013). Investigating stepparent-stepchild interactions: The role of
communication accommodation. Journal of Family Communication, 13(3), 218–241.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.768248
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage.
Suter, E. A. , & Norwood, K. M. (2017). Critical theorizing in family communication studies: (Re)reading
relational dialectics theory 2.0. Communication Theory, 27(3), 290–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12117
Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications.
American Psychological Association.
Tillmann, L. M. (2009). Body and bulimia revisited: Reflections on “a secret life”. Journal of Applied
Communication Research, 37(1), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880802592615
Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative quality: Eight “big-tent” criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative
Inquiry, 16(10), 837–851. https://10/1177/1077800410383121
Turner, L. H. , & West, R. (2003). Breaking through silence: Increasing voice for diverse families in
communication research. Journal of Family Communication, 3(4), 181–186.
https://doi.org/10.1027/s15327698jfc0304_1
Turner, L. H. , & West, R. (2018). Invited essay: Investigating family voices from the margins, Journal of Family
Communication, 18(2), 85–91. http://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.14355488
Vangelisti, A. L. (2006). Relationship dissolution: Antecedents, processes, and consequences. In P. Noller & J.
A. Feeney (Eds.), Close relationships (pp. 353–379). Psychology Press.
Weber, R. P. (1985). Basic content analysis. Sage.
Willer, E. K. , Droser, V. A. , Hoyt, K. D. , Hunniecutt, J. , Krebs, E. , Johnson, J. A. , & Castaneda, N. (2018). A
visual narrative analysis of children’s baby loss remembrance drawings. Journal of Family Communication,
18(2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1428608
Willes, K. , Jagiello, K. , Allen, M. , & Motel, L. (2019). No matter what: A qualitative analysis of how LGBTQ
families and allies define family through an interactive art project. Journal of Family Communication, 19(3),
277–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2019.1632865

Mate Selection and Courtship

Altman, I. , & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. Holt,
Rinehart & Winston.
Arriaga, X. B. (2001). The ups and downs of dating: Fluctuations in satisfaction in newly formed romantic
relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 754–765. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-
3514.80.5.754
Baxter, L. A. (1990). Dialectical contradictions in relationship development. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 7(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407590071004
Baxter, L. A. , & Bullis, C. (1986). Turning points in developing romantic relationships. Human Communication
Research, 12(4), 469–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00088.x
Beach, S. R. , Tesser, A. , Mendolia, M. , Anderson, P. , Crelia, R. , Whitaker, D. , & Fincham, F. D. (1996).
Self-evaluation maintenance in marriage: Toward a performance ecology of the marital relationship. Journal of
Family Psychology, 10(4), 379–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.10.4.379
Berger, C. R. , & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a
developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1(2), 99–112.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00258.x
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books.
Bredow, C. , Cate, R. , & Huston, T. (2008). Have we met before? A conceptual model of first romantic
encounters. In S. Sprecher , A. Wenzel , & J. Harvey (Eds.), Handbook of relationship initiation (pp. 3–28).
Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429020513
Buss, D. M. (1998). The psychology of human mate selection: Exploring the complexity of the strategic
repertoire. In C. B. Crawford & D. L. Krebs (Eds.), Handbook of evolutionary psychology: Ideas, issues, and
applications (pp. 405–429). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Chen, H. , Luo, S. , Yue, G. , Xu, D. , & Zhaoyang, R. (2009). Do birds of a feather flock together in China?
Personal Relationships, 16(2), 167–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01217.x
Collins, N. L. , Ford, M. B. , & Feeney, B. C. (2011). An attachment-theory perspective on social support in
close relationships. In L. M. Horowitz & S. Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology: Theory,
research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions (pp. 209–231). John Wiley & Sons.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118001868.ch13
Collins, N. L. , & Miller, L. C. (1994). Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin,
116(3), 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.457
Collins, N. L. , & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating
couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644–663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-
3514.58.4.644
Cunningham, M. R. , Barbee, A. P. , & Philhower, C. L. (2002). Dimensions of facial physical attractiveness:
The intersection of biology and culture. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Advances in visual cognition:
Vol. 1. Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive and social perspectives (pp. 193–238). Ablex.
Dailey, R. M. , Pfiester, A. , Jin, B. , Beck, G. , & Clark, G. (2009). On-again/off-again dating relationships: How
are they different from other dating relationships? Personal Relationships, 16(1), 23–47.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01208.x
Dindia, K. , & Canary, D. J. (1993). Definitions and theoretical perspectives on maintaining relationships.
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10(2), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/026540759301000201
Eastwick, P. W. , & Finkel, E. J. (2008). Sex differences in mate preferences revisited: Do people know what
they initially desire in a romantic partner? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 245–264.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.245
Eastwick, P. W. , Finkel, E. J. , Mochon, D. , & Ariely, D. (2007). Selective versus unselective romantic desire:
Not all reciprocity is created equal. Psychological Science, 18(4), 317–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
9280.2007.01897.x
Eastwick, P. W. , Finkel, E. J. , & Simpson, J. A. (2019). Relationship trajectories: A meta-theoretical framework
and theoretical applications. Psychological Inquiry, 30(1), 1–28.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2019.1577072
Eastwick, P. W. , Luchies, L. B. , Finkel, E. J. , & Hunt, L. L. (2014). The predictive validity of ideal partner
preferences: A review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 623–665.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032432
Etcheverry, P. E. , Le, B. , Wu, T. , & Wei, M. (2013). Attachment and the investment model: Predictors of
relationship commitment, maintenance, and persistence. Personal Relationships, 20(3), 546–567.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01423.x
Figueredo, A. J. , Sefcek, J. A. , & Jones, D. N. (2006). The ideal romantic partner personality. Personality and
Individual Differences, 41(3), 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.004
Finkel, E. J. , & Eastwick, P. W. (2015). Interpersonal attraction: In search of a theoretical Rosetta Stone. In J.
A. Simpson & J. F. Dovidio (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology: Vol. 3. Interpersonal
relations (pp. 179–210). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14344–007
Finkel, E. J. , Eastwick, P. W. , Karney, B. R. , Reis, H. T. , & Sprecher, S. (2012). Online dating: A critical
analysis from the perspective of psychological science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(1),
3–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612436522
Fisher, H. , Aron, A. , & Brown, L. L. (2005). Romantic love: An fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate
choice. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493(1), 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20772
Fletcher, G. J. O. , Simpson, J. A. , & Thomas, G. (2000). Ideals, perceptions, and evaluations in early
relationship development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 933–940.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.933
Fraley, R. C. , & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging
controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4(2), 132–154.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.4.2.132
Gildersleeve, K. , Haselton, M. G. , & Fales, M. R. (2014). Do women’s mate preferences change across the
ovulatory cycle? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(5), 1205–1259.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035438
Gottman, J. M. (1999). The marriage clinic: A scientifically-based marital therapy. W. W. Norton.
Hazan, C. , & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close
relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_1
Jiang, L. , Bazarova, N. N. , & Hancock, J. T. (2011). The disclosure – intimacy link in computermediated
communication: An attributional extension of the hyperpersonal model. Human Communication Research,
37(1), 58–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01393.x
Karney, B. R. , & Bradbury, T. N. (1995). The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of
theory, methods, and research. Psychological Bulletin, 118(1), 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.3
Kelley, H. H. , & Thibaut, J. W. (1978). Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence. John Wiley &
Sons.
Knapp, M. L. (1978). Social intercourse: From greeting to goodbye. Allyn and Bacon.
Knobloch, L. K. , & Solomon, D. H. (1999). Measuring the sources and content of relational uncertainty.
Communication Studies, 50(4), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510979909388499
Knobloch, L. K. , & Solomon, D. H. (2004). Interference and facilitation from partners in the development of
interdependence within romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 11(1), 115–130.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00074.x
Langlois, J. H. , Kalakanis, L. , Rubenstein, A. J. , Larson, A. , Hallam, M. , & Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or
myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(3), 390–423.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390
Lantagne, A. , & Furman, W. (2017). Romantic relationship development: The interplay between age and
relationship length. Developmental Psychology, 53, 1738–1749. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000363
Le, B. , & Agnew, C. R. (2003). Commitment and its theorized determinants: A meta – analysis of the
Investment Model. Personal Relationships, 10(1), 37–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00035
Le, B. , Dove, N. L. , Agnew, C. R. , Korn, M. S. , & Mutso, A. A. (2010). Predicting nonmarital romantic
relationship dissolution: A meta-analytic synthesis. Personal Relationships, 17(3), 377–390.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01285.x
Ledbetter, A. M. (2010). Assessing the measurement invariance of relational maintenance behavior when face-
to-face and online. Communication Research Reports, 27(1), 30–37.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090903526620
Lönnqvist, J.-E. , & Itkonen, J. V. A. (2016). Homogeneity of personal values and personality traits in Facebook
social networks. Journal of Research in Personality, 60, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.11.001
Luo, S. (2009). Partner selection and relationship satisfaction in early dating couples: The role of couple
similarity. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(2), 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.012
Mikulincer, M. , & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation,
psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social
psychology (Vol. 35, pp. 53–152). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(03)01002-5
Monk, J. K. , Kanter, J. B. , Jamison, T. B. , & Russell, L. T. (2020). Beyond cold feet: Experiences of ending
engagements and canceling weddings. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(12), 2921–2940.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520942590
Monk, J. K. , & Ogolsky, B. G. (2019). Contextual relational uncertainty model: Understanding ambiguity in a
changing sociopolitical context of marriage. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 11(2), 243–261.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12325
Monk, J. K. , Ogolsky, B. G. , & Oswald, R. F. (2018). Coming out and getting back in: Relationship cycling and
distress in sameand differentsex relationships. Family Relations, 67(4), 523–538.
https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12336
Monk, K. , Basinger, E. D. , & Abendschein, B. (2020). Relational turbulence and psychological distress in
romantic relationships in the military. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(3), 942–964.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519883701
Montoya, R. M. , & Horton, R. S. (2013). A meta-analytic investigation of the processes underlying the
similarity-attraction effect. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(1), 64–94.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512452989
Moore, M. M. (2010). Human nonverbal courtship behavior: A brief historical review. The Journal of Sex
Research, 47(2–3), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490903402520
Morgan, H. J. , & Shaver, P. R. (1999). Attachment processes and commitment to romantic relationships. In J.
M. Adams & W. H. Jones (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal commitment and relationship stability (pp.
109–124). Kluwer Academic/Plenum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4773-0_6
Murray, S. L. , Griffin, D. W. , Derrick, J. L. , Harris, B. , Aloni, M. , & Leder, S. (2011). Tempting fate or inviting
happiness? Unrealistic idealization prevents the decline of marital satisfaction. Psychological Science, 22(5),
619–626. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611403155
Newcomb, T. M. (1961). The acquaintance process. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. https://doi.org/10.1037/13156-
000
Niehuis, S. , Lee, K.-H. , Reifman, A. , Swenson, A. , & Hunsaker, S. (2011). Idealization and disillusionment in
intimate relationships: A review of theory, method, and research. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 3(4),
273–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2011.00100.x
Ogolsky, B. G. , & Bowers, J. R. (2013). A meta-analytic review of relationship maintenance and its correlates.
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 343–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512463338
Ogolsky, B. G. , & Monk, J. K. (2019). Dating and couple formation. In B. H. Fiese , M. Celano , K. Deater-
Deckard , E. N. Jouriles , & M. A. Whisman (Eds.), APA handbook of contemporary family psychology: Vol. 1.
Foundations, methods, and contemporary issues across the lifespan (pp. 427–443). American Psychological
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000099-024
Ogolsky, B. G. , & Monk, J. K. (Eds.). (2020). Relationship maintenance: Theory, process, and context.
Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108304320
Ogolsky, B. G. , Monk, J. K. , Rice, T. M. , Theisen, J. C. , & Maniotes, C. R. (2017). Relationship maintenance:
A review of research on romantic relationships. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 9(3), 275–306.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12205
Ogolsky, B. G. , Surra, C. A. , & Monk, J. K. (2016). Pathways of commitment to wed: The development and
dissolution of romantic relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(2), 293–310.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12260
Paul, A. (2014). Is online better than offline for meeting partners? Depends: Are you looking to marry or to
date? Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(10), 664–667.
https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0302
Pistole, M. C. , Clark, E. M. , & Tubbs, A. L., Jr. (1995). Love relationships: Attachment style and the investment
model. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 17(2), 199–209.
Proulx, C. M. , Ermer, A. E. , & Kanter, J. B. (2017). Groupbased trajectory modeling of marital quality: A critical
review. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 9(3), 307–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12201
Rauer, A. , & Proulx, C. (2020). Relationship maintenance across the life course. In B. G. Ogolsky & J. K. Monk
(Eds.), Relationship maintenance: Theory, process, and context (pp. 323–338). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108304320.017
Rhoades, G. K. , Stanley, S. M. , & Markman, H. J. (2009). Couples’ reasons for cohabitation: Associations with
individual well-being and relationship quality. Journal of Family Issues, 30(2), 233–258.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X08324388
Rhoades, G. K. , Stanley, S. M. , & Markman, H. J. (2012a). A longitudinal investigation of commitment
dynamics in cohabiting relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 33(3), 369–390.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X11420940
Rhoades, G. K. , Stanley, S. M. , & Markman, H. J. (2012b). The impact of the transition to cohabitation on
relationship functioning: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(3),
348–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028316
Rhodes, G. (2006). The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Annual Review of Psychology, 57(1),
199–226. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208
Rhodes, G. , Harwood, K. , Yoshikawa, S. , Nishitani, M. , & MacLean, I. (2002). The attractiveness of average
faces: Cross-cultural evidence and possible biological basis. In G. Rhodes & L. A. Zebrowitz (Eds.), Advances
in visual cognition: Vol. 1. Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive and social perspectives (pp. 35–58).
Ablex.
Rusbult, C. E. (1983). A longitudinal test of the investment model: The development (and deterioration) of
satisfaction and commitment in heterosexual involvements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
45(1), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.101
Saavedra, M. C. , Chapman, K. E. , & Rogge, R. D. (2010). Clarifying links between attachment and
relationship quality: Hostile conflict and mindfulness as moderators. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(4),
380–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019872
Shaver, P. R. , & Mikulincer, M. (2006). Attachment theory, individual psychodynamics, and relationship
functioning. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp.
251–271). Cambridge University Press. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606632.015
Slater, A. , Bremner, G. , Johnson, S. P. , Sherwood, P. , Hayes, R. , & Brown, E. (2000). Newborn infants’
preference for attractive faces: The role of internal and external facial features. Infancy, 1(2), 265–274.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327078IN0102_8
Smith, T. W. , Berg, C. A. , Florsheim, P. , Uchino, B. N. , Pearce, G. , Hawkins, M. , Henry, N. J. M. ,
Beveridge, R. M. , Skinner, M. A. , & Olsen-Cerny, C. (2009). Conflict and collaboration in middle-aged and
older couples: I. Age differences in agency and communion during marital interaction. Psychology and Aging,
24(2), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015609
Solomon, D. H. , & Knobloch, L. K. (2004). A model of relational turbulence: The role of intimacy, relational
uncertainty, and interference from partners in appraisals of irritations. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 21(6), 795–816. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407504047838
Solomon, D. H. , Knobloch, L. K. , Theiss, J. A. , & McLaren, R. M. (2016). Relational turbulence theory:
Explaining variation in subjective experiences and communication within romantic relationships. Human
Communication Research, 42(4), 507–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12091
Stafford, L. (2020). Communication and relationship maintenance. In B. G. Ogolsky & J. K. Monk (Eds.),
Relationship maintenance: Theory, process, and context (pp. 109–133). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108304320.007
Stafford, L. , & Canary, D. J. (1991). Maintenance strategies and romantic relationship type, gender and
relational characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8(2), 217–242.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407591082004
Stanley, S. M. , Rhoades, G. K. , & Markman, H. J. (2006). Sliding versus deciding: Inertia and the premarital
cohabitation effect. Family Relations, 55(4), 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2006.00418.x
Stinson, D. A. , Cameron, J. J. , & Robinson, K. J. (2014). The good, the bad, and the risky: Self-esteem,
rewards and costs, and interpersonal risk regulation during relationship initiation. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 32(8), 1109–1136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514558961
Sunnafrank, M. (2009). On debunking the attitude similarity myth. Communication Monographs, 59(2),
164–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376259.
Thompson, M. , Zimbardo, P. , & Hutchinson, G. (2005). Consumers are having second thoughts about online
dating: Are the real benefits getting lost in over promises? weAttract.com. www.weattract.com
Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the
descent of man (pp. 136–179). Aldine Publishing.
Wood, W. , Kressel, L. , Joshi, P. D. , & Louie, B. (2014). Meta-analysis of menstrual cycle effects on women’s
mate preferences. Emotion Review, 6(3), 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914523073

Marital Communication
Allen, E. S. , Baucom, D. H. , Burnett, C. K. , Epstein, N. , & Rankin-Esquer, L. A. (2001). Decision-making
power, autonomy, and communication in remarried spouses compared with first-married spouses. Family
Relations, 50(4), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2001.00326.x
Badr, H. , Barker, T. M. , & Milbury, K. (2011). Couples’ psychosocial adaptation to combat wounds and
injuries. In S. MacDermid & D. Riggs (Eds.), Risk and resilience in U.S. military families (pp. 213–234).
Springer.
Balderrama-Durbin, C. , Snyder, D. K. , Cigrang, J. , Talcott, G. W. , Tatum, J. , Baker, M. , … Smith Slep, A. M.
(2013). Combat disclosure in intimate relationships: Mediating the impact of partner support on posttraumatic
stress. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4), 560–568. doi:10.1037/a0033412
Basco, M. R. , Prager, K. J. , Pita, J. M. , Tamir, L. M. , & Stephens, J. J. (1992). Communication and intimacy
in the marriages of depressed patients. Journal of Family Psychology, 6(2), 184–194.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.6.2.184
Baucom, B. R. , & Atkins, D. C. (2012). Polarization in marriage. In M. Fine and F. Fincham (Eds.), Families
theories: A content-based approach (pp. 145–166). Routledge.
Baucom, D. H. , Fischer, M. S. , Corrie, S. , Worrell, M. , & Boeding, S. A. (2020). Treating relationship distress
and psychopathology in couples. Routledge.
Baucom, D. H. , Porter, L. S. , Kirby, J. S. , Gremore, T. M. , & Keefe, F. J. (2006). Psychosocial issues
confronting young women with breast cancer. Breast Disease, 23(1), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.3233/BD-
2006-23114
Beaudet, L. , & Ducharme, F. (2013). Living with moderate-stage Parkinson-disease: Intervention needs and
preferences of elderly couples. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 45(2), 88–95.
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNN.0b013e3182828ff4
Boeding, S. E. , Paprocki, C. M. , Baucom, D. H. , Abramowitz, J. S. , Wheaton, M. G. , Fabricant, L. E. , &
Fischer, M. S. (2013). Let me check that for you: Symptom accommodation in romantic partners of adults with
obsessive – compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(6), 316–322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.03.002
Burns, J. W. , Peterson, K. M. , Smith, D. A. , Keefe, F. J. , Porter, L. S. , Schuster, E. , & Kinner, E. (2013).
Temporal associations between spouse criticism/hostility and pain among patients with chronic pain: A within-
couple daily diary study. PAIN®, 154(12), 2715–2721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.053
Canary, D. J. , & Yum, Y. O. (2015). Relationship maintenance strategies. In C. R. Berger & M. E. Rollof (Eds.),
The International encyclopedia of interpersonal communication (pp. 1–9). Wiley.
Carstensen, L. , Gottman, J. , & Levenson, R. (1995). Emotional behavior in long-term marriage. Psychology
and Aging, 10(1), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.10.1.140
Caughlin, J. P. (2002). The demand/withdraw pattern of communication as a predictor of marital satisfaction
over time: Unresolved issues and future directions. Human Communication Research, 28(1), 49–85.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00798.x
Cutrona, C. E. (1996). Social support in couples. Sage.
David, P. , & Stafford, L. (2015). A relational approach to religion and spirituality in marriage: The role of
couples’ religious communication in marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Issues, 36(2), 232–249.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13485922
Esmail, S. , Huang, J. , Lee, I. , & Maruska, T. (2010). Couples’ experiences when men are diagnosed with
Multiple Sclerosis in the context of their sexual relationship. Sexuality and Disability, 28(1), 15–27.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-009-9144-x
Filsinger, E. , & Toma, S. (1989). Behavioral antecedents of relationship stability and adjustment: A five-year
longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50(3), 785–795. https://doi.org/10.2307/352647
Fischer, M. S. , Baucom, D. H. , Baucom, B. R. W. , Abramowitz, J. S. , Kirby, J. S. , & Bulik, C. M. (2017).
Disorder-specific patterns of emotion coregulation in couples: Comparing obsessive compulsive disorder and
anorexia nervosa. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(3), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000251
Fredman, S. J. , Vorstenbosch, V. , Wagner, A. C. , Macdonald, A. , & Monson, C. M. (2014). Partner
accommodation in posttraumatic stress disorder: Initial testing of the Significant Others’ Responses to Trauma
Scale (SORTS). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(4), 372–381. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.04.001
Gove, W. R. , Hughes, M. , & Style, C. B. (1983). Does marriage have positive effects on the psychological
well-being of the individual? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(2), 122–131. doi:10.2307/2136639
Hadjistavropoulos, T. , Craig, K. D. , Duck, S. , Cano, A. , Goubert, L. , Jackson, P. L. , … Vervoort, T. (2011).
A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 910.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023876
Halford, W. K. , Bouma, R. , Kelly, A. , & Young, R. M. (1999). Individual psychopathology and marital distress:
Analyzing the association and implications for therapy. Behavior Modification, 23(2), 179–216.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445599232001
Helgeson, V. S. , Berg, C. A. , Kelly, C. S. , Van Vleet, M. , Zajdel, M. , Tracy, E. L. , & Litchman, M. L. (2019).
Patient and partner illness appraisals and health among adults with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Behavioral
Medicine, 42(3), 480–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-018-0001-1
Helland, M. S. , von Soest, T. , Gustavson, K. , Røysamb, E. , & Mathiesen, K. S. (2014). Long shadows: A
prospective study of predictors of relationship dissolution over 17 child-rearing years. BMC Psychology, 2(1),
40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-014-0040-5
Hofsoe, S. M. , Lehane, C. M. , Wittich, W. , Hilpert, P. , & Dammeyer, J. (2019). Interpersonal communication
and psychological well-being among couples coping with sensory loss: The mediating role of perceived spouse
support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(8), 2323–2344.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518787933
Hooley, J. M. (2007). Expressed emotion and relapse of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical
Psychology, 3, 329–352. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095236
Hughes, P. C. , & Dickson, F. C. (2005). Communication, marital satisfaction, and religious orientation in
interfaith marriages. The Journal of Family Communication, 5(1), 25–41.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0501_2
Huston, T. L. , Caughlin, J. P. , Houts, R. M. , Smith, S. E. , & George, L. J. (2001). The connubial crucible:
Newlywed years as predictors of marital delight, distress, and divorce. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 80(1), 237. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0501_2
Issner, J. B. , Cano, A. , Leonard, M. T. , & Williams, A. M. (2012). How do I empathize with you? Let me count
the ways: Relations between facets of pain-related empathy. The Journal of Pain, 13(2), 167–175.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2011.10.009
Kayser, K. , & Revenson, T. (2016). Including the cultural context in dyadic coping. In Couples coping with
stress: A cross-cultural perspective (pp. 285–299). Routledge.
Kelley, H. H. , LeBaron, A. B. , & Hill, E. J. (2018). Financial stress and marital quality: The moderating
influence of couple communication. Journal of Financial Therapy, 9(2), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.4148/1944-
9771.1176
Knudson, R. M. , Sommers, A. A. , & Golding, S. L. (1980). Interpersonal perception and mode of resolution in
marital conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(5), 751–763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-
3514.38.5.751
Kruger, D. L. (1983). Pragmatics of dyadic decision making: A sequential analysis of communication patterns.
The Western Journal of Speech Communication, 47(2), 99–117. doi:10.1080/10570318309374110
Laurenceau, J.-P. , Feldman Barrett, L. , & Rovine, M. (2005). The interpersonal process model of intimacy in
marriage: A daily-diary and multilevel modeling approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), 314–323.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.19.2.314
Lewis, M. A. , McBride, C. M. , Pollak, K. I. , Puleo, E. , Butterfield, R. M. , & Emmons, K. M. (2006).
Understanding health behavior change among couples: An interdependence and communal coping approach.
Social Science and Medicine, 62(2), 1369–1380. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.006
Mallory, A. B. , Stanton, A. M. , & Handy, A. B. (2019). Couples’ sexual communication and dimensions of
sexual function: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(7), 882–898.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1568375
Manne, S. , Badr, H. , Zaider, T. , Nelson, C. , & Kissane, D. (2010). Cancer-related communication,
relationship intimacy, and psychological distress among couples coping with localized prostate cancer. Journal
of Cancer Survivorship, 4(1), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-009-0109-y
Manne, S. L. , Norton, T. R. , Ostroff, J. S. , Winkel, G. , Fox, K. , & Grana, G. (2007). Protective buffering and
psychological distress among couples coping with breast cancer: The moderating role of relationship
satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.380
Markman, H. J. , Rhoades, G. K. , Stanley, S. M. , Ragan, E. P. , & Whitton, S. W. (2010). The premarital
communication roots of marital distress and divorce: The first five years of marriage. Journal of Family
Psychology, 24(3), 289. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019481
Matthews, L. S. , Conger, R. D. , & Wickrama, K. A. (1996). Work-family conflict and marital quality: Mediating
processes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 59(1), 62–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/2787119
McGinn, M. M. , McFarland, P. T. , & Christensen, A. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of
demand/withdraw. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(5), 749–757. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016185
McNulty, J. K. , & Russell, V. M. (2010). When “negative” behaviors are positive: A contextual analysis of the
long-term effects of problem-solving behaviors on changes in relationship satisfaction. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 98(4), 587. doi: 10.1037/a0017479
Mudar, P. , Leonard, K. E. , & Soltysinski, K. (2001). Discrepant substance use and marital functioning in
newlywed couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 130–134.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.69.1.130
Novak, J. R. , Sandberg, J. G. , Jeffrey, A. J. , & Young-Davis, S. (2016). The impact of texting on perceptions
of face-to-face communication in couples in different relationship stages. Journal of Couple & Relationship
Therapy, 15(4), 274–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2015.1062452
Pietromonaco, P. R. , Greenwood, D. , & Barrett, L. F. (2004). Conflict in adult close relationships: An
attachment perspective. In W. S. Rholes and J. A. Simpson (Eds.), Adult attachment: Theory, research, and
clinical implications (pp. 267–299). Guilford Press.
Rehman, U. S. , Ginting, J. , Karimiha, G. , & Goodnight, J. A. (2010). Revisiting the relationship between
depressive symptoms and marital communication using an experimental paradigm: The moderating effect of
acute sad mood. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(2), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.013
Reis, H. T. , & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal
relationships (pp. 366–389). John Wiley & Sons.
Rentscher, K. E. , Rohrbaugh, M. J. , Shoham, V. , & Mehl, M. R. (2013). Asymmetric partner pronoun use and
demand–withdraw interaction in couples coping with health problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(5),
691–701. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034184
Repetti, R. L. , Wang, S. , & Saxbe, D. (2009). Bringing it all back home: How outside stressors shape families’
everyday lives. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 106–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
8721.2009.01618.x
Robles, T. F. , Slatcher, R. B. , Trombello, J. M. , & McGinn, M. M. (2014). Marital quality and health: A meta-
analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 140–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031859
Rosen, N. O. , Bois, K. , Mayrand, M. H. , Vannier, S. , & Bergeron, S. (2016). Observed and perceived
disclosure and empathy are associated with better relationship adjustment and quality of life in couples coping
with vulvodynia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(8), 1945–1956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0739-x
Ruffieux, M. , Nussbeck, F. W. , & Bodenmann, G. (2014). Long-term prediction of relationship satisfaction and
stability by stress, coping, communication, and well-being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 55(6), 48–501.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2014.931767
Schrodt, P. , Witt, P. L. , & Shimkowski, J. R. (2014). A meta-analytical review of the demand/withdraw pattern
of interaction and its associations with individual, relational, and communicative outcomes. Communication
Monographs, 81(1), 28–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2013.813632
Seidman, G. (2019). The Big 5 and relationship maintenance on Facebook. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 36(6), 1785–1806. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518772089
Toma, C. L. , & Choi, M. (2015). The couple who Facebooks together, stays together: Facebook self-
presentation and relationship longevity among college-aged dating couples. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and
Social Networking, 18(7), 367–372. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0060
Troxel, W. M. , Robles, T. F. , Hall, M. , & Buysse, D. J. (2007). Marital quality and the marital bed: Examining
the covariation between relationship quality and sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 11(5), 389–404.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.05.002
Umberson, D. , & Williams, K. (2005). Marital quality, health, and aging: Gender equity? The Journals of
Gerontology: Series B, 60(S2), S109–S113. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.Special_Issue_2.S109
Weber, D. M. , Fischer, M. S. , Baucom, D. H. , Baucom, B. R. W. , Kirby, J. S. , Runfola, C. D. , … Bulik, C. M.
(2019). The association between symptom accommodation and emotional coregulation in couples with binge
eating disorder. Family Process, 58(4), 920–935. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12391
Whisman, M. A. , & Baucom, D. H. (2012). Intimate relationships and psychopathology. Clinical Child and
Family Psychology Review, 15(1), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0107-2
Young, V. J. , Burke, T. J. , & Curran, M. A. (2019). Interpersonal effects of health-related social control:
Positive and negative influence, partner health transformations, and relationship quality. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 36(11–12), 3986–4004. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519846565
Zaider, T. I. , Heimberg, R. G. , & Iida, M. (2010). Anxiety disorders and intimate relationships: A study of daily
processes in couples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(1), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018473
Zhang, S. , & Kline, S. (2020). Couple communication from a cross-cultural perspective. In Cross-cultural family
research and practice (pp. 211–247). Academic Press.

Becoming Parents
Adamsons, K. (2013). Predictors of relationship quality during the transition to parenthood. Journal of
Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 31(2), 160–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.791919
Alves, S. , Milek, A. , Bodenmann, G. , Fonseca, A. , Canavarro, M. C. , & Pereira, M. (2019). Romantic
attachment, dyadic coping, and parental adjustment across the transition to parenthood. Personal
Relationships, 26(2), 286–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12278
Behringer, J. , Reiner, I. , & Spangler, G. (2011). Maternal representations of past and current attachment
relationships, and emotional experience across the transition to motherhood: A longitudinal study. Journal of
Family Psychology, 25(2), 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023083
Behson, S. (2015). The working dad’s survival guide: How to succeed at work and at home. Motivational Press.
Behson, S. , Holmes, E. K. , Hill, E. J. , & Robbins, N. (2018). Fatherhood, work, and family across the globe: A
review and research agenda. In K. Shockley , W. Shen , & R. Johnson (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of the
global work-family interface (pp. 614–628). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108235556.033
Belsky, J. , & Hsieh, K. (1998). Patterns of marital change during the early childhood years: Parent personality,
coparenting, and division-of-labor correlates. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 511–528.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.12.4.511
Bergman, L. R. , & Trost, K. (2006). The person-oriented versus the variable-oriented approach: Are they
complementary, opposites, or exploring different worlds? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52(3), 601–632.
https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2006.0023
Biehle, S. N. , & Mickelson, K. D. (2011a). Personal and co-parent predictors of parenting efficacy across the
transition to parenthood. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(9), 985–1010.
https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.9.985
Biehle, S. N. , & Mickelson, K. D. (2011b). Preparing for parenthood: How feelings of responsibility and efficacy
impact expectant parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(5), 668–683.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510385493
Biehle, S. N. , & Mickelson, K. D. (2012). First-time parents’ expectations about the division of childcare and
play. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026608
Block, J. (1971). Lives through time. Bancroft.
Bolger, N. , & Laurenceau, J. -P. (2013). Intensive longitudinal methods: An introduction to diary and
experience sampling research. Guilford Press.
Bouchard, G. (2014). The quality of the parenting alliance during the transition to parenthood. Canadian Journal
of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 46(1), 20–28.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031259
Bower, D. , Jia, R. , Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J. , Mangelsdorf, S. C. , & Brown, G. L. (2013). Trajectories of couple
relationship satisfaction in families with infants: The roles of parent gender, personality, and depression in first-
time and experienced parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(4), 389–409.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512457656
Box, G. E. P. , & Draper, N. R. (1987). Empirical model building and response surfaces. Wiley.
Cameron, E. E. , Sedov, I. D. , & Tomfohr-Madsen, L. M. (2016). Prevalence of paternal depression in
pregnancy and the postpartum: An updated meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 206, 189–203.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.044
Castellano, R. , Velotti, P. , Crowell, J. A. , & Zavattini, G. C. (2014). The role of parents’ attachment
configurations at childbirth on marital satisfaction and conflict strategies. Journal of Child and Family Studies,
23(6), 1011–1026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9757-7
Christopher, C. , Umemura, T. , Mann, T. , Jacobvitz, D. , & Hazen, N. (2015). Marital quality over the transition
to parenthood as a predictor. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(12), 3636–3651.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0172-0
Cicila, L. N. (2013). Discrete trajectories of coparenting over the transition to parenthood (Doctoral dissertation).
University of Miami.
Collins, L. M. (2006). Analysis of longitudinal data: The integration of theoretical model, temporal design, and
statistical model. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 505–528.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190146
Cook, T. , & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Rand
McNally.
Dawson, S. J. , Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P. , Pierce, M. , & Rosen, N. O. (2020). Biopsychosocial predictors of
trajectories of postpartum sexual function in first-time mothers. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the
Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 39(8), 700–710.
https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000861.Epub2020
Dew, J. , & Wilcox, W. B. (2011). If momma ain’t happy: Explaining declines in marital satisfaction among new
mothers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00782.x
Don, B. P. , Chong, A. , Biehle, S. N. , Gordon, A. , & Mickelson, K. D. (2014). Anxiety across the transition to
parenthood: Change trajectories among low-risk parents. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27(6), 633–649.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2014.903473
Don, B. P. , & Mickelson, K. D. (2014). Relationship satisfaction trajectories across the transition to parenthood
among low-risk parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(3), 677–692. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12111
Doss, B. D. , Cicila, L. N. , Hsueh, A. C. , Morrison, K. R. , & Carhart, K. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of
brief coparenting and relationship interventions during the transition to parenthood. Journal of Family
Psychology, 28(4), 483–494. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037311.
Doss, B. D. , & Rhoades, G. K. (2017). The transition to parenthood: Impact on couples’ romantic relationships.
Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.003
Doss, B. D. , Rhoades, G. K. , Stanley, S. M. , & Markman, H. J. (2009). The effect of the transition to
parenthood on relationship quality: An 8-year prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
96(3), 601–619. https://doi.org/0.1037/a0013969
Dyer, W. J. , & Day, R. D. (2015). Investigating family shared realities with factor mixture modeling. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 77(1), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12158
Fillo, J. , Simpson, J. A. , Rholes, W. S. , & Kohn, J. L. (2015). Dads doing diapers: Individual and relational
outcomes associated with the division of childcare across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 108(2), 298–316. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038572
Fisher, J. , Cabral de Mello, M. , Patel, V. , Rahman, A. , Tran, T. , Holton, S. , & Holmes, W. (2012).
Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income
countries: A systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(2), 139–149H.
https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.11.091850
Galatzer-Levy, I. R. , Mancini, A. D. , & Bonanno, G. A. (2011). What we don’t expect when we’re expecting:
Longitudinal patterns of adjustment to parenthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(3), 384–392.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023759
Galovan, A. M. , Holmes, E. K. , & Proulx, C. M. (2017). Theoretical and methodological issues in family
research: Considering the common fate model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(1), 44–68.
https://doi.org/10.117/0265407515621179
Goldberg, A. E. , Kinkler, L. A. , Moyer, A. M. , & Weber, E. (2014). Intimate relationship challenges in early
parenthood among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples adopting via the child welfare system. Professional
Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(4), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037443
Grimm, K. J. , Ram, N. , & Estabrook, R. (2010). Nonlinear structured growth mixture models in Mplus and
OpenMx. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(6), 887–909. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2010.531230
Grimm, K. J. , Ram, N. , & Hamagami, F. (2011). Nonlinear growth curves in developmental research. Child
Development, 82(5), 1357–1371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01630.x
Gross, C. L. , & Marcussen, K. (2017). Postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: The role of parenting
efficacy expectations during the transition to parenthood. Sex Roles, 76(5–6), 290–305.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0629-7
Hamaker, E. L. , Kuiper, R. M. , & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2015). A critique of the cross-lagged panel model.
Psychological Methods, 20(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/a00388889
Holmes, E. K. , Huston, T. L. , Vangelisti, A. , & Guinn, T. (2012). On becoming parents. In A. L. Vangelisti
(Ed.), The Routledge handbook of family communication (2nd ed., pp. 80–96). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203848166
Holmes, E. K. , Sasaki, T. , & Hazen, N. L. (2013). Smooth versus rocky transitions to parenthood: Family
systems in developmental context. Family Relations, 62(5), 824–837. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12041
Holmes, E. K. , Thomas, C. , Petts, R. J. , & Hill, E. J. (2020). Work-family balance, parental leave, and gender
difference. In K. Halford and A. J. R. van de Vijver (Eds.), Cross-cultural family research and practice (pp.
323–354). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815493-9.00010-7
Holopainen, A. , & Hakulinen, T. (2019). New parents’ experiences of postpartum depression: A systematic
review of qualitative evidence. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 17(9),
1731–1769. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003909
Howard, L. M. , Molyneaux, E. , Dennis, C. L. , Rochat, T. , Stein, A. , & Milgrom, J. (2014). Non-psychotic
mental disorders in the perinatal period. The Lancet, 384(9956), 1775–1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-
6737(14)61276-9
Huss, B. , & Pollmann-Schult, M. (2020). Relationship satisfaction across the transition to parenthood: The
impact of conflict behavior. Journal of Family Issues, 41(3), 383–411.
https://doi.org/10.11177/0192513X19876084
Impett, E. A. , Muise, A. , & Peragine, D. (2014). Sexuality in the context of relationships. In D. L. Tolman , L. M.
Diamond , J. A. Bauermeister , W. H. George , J. G. Pfaus , & L. M. Ward (Eds.), APA handbook of sexuality
and psychology, vol. 1: Person-based approaches (pp. 269–315). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/14193-010
Jawed-Wessel, S. , & Sevick, E. (2017). The impact of pregnancy and childbirth on sexual behaviors: A
systematic review. Journal of Sex Research, 54(4–5), 411–423.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1274715
Jung, T. , & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2008). An introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture
modeling. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-
9004.2007.00054.x
Kamp Dush, C. M. , Rhoades, G. K. , Sandberg-Thoma, S. E. , & Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J. (2014). Commitment
across the transition to parenthood among married and cohabiting couples. Couple and Family Psychology:
Research and Practice, 3(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000006
Kamp Dush, C. M. , Taylor, M. G. , Kroeger, R. A. (2008). Marital happiness and psychological well-being
across the life course. Family Relations, 57(2), 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00495.x
Karney, B. R. , & Bradbury, T. N. (2020). Research on marital satisfaction and stability in the 2010s:
Challenging conventional wisdom. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 100–116.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12635
Kelly, J. R. , & McGrath, J. E. (1988). On time and method. Sage Applied Social Research Method Series.
Kim, M. , Van Horn, M. L. , Jaki, T. , Vermunt, J. , Feaster, D. , Lichstein, K. L. , Taylor, D. J. , Riedel, B. W. , &
Bush, A. J. (2020). Repeated measures regression mixture models. Behavior Research Methods, 52(2),
591–606. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01257-7
Kluwer, E. S. (2010). From partnership to parenthood: A review of marital change across the transition to
parenthood. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 2(2), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-
2589.2010.00045.x
Kohn, J. L. , Rholes, S. W. , Simpson, J. A. , Martin, A. M. , Tran, S. , & Wilson, C. L. (2012). Changes in
marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood: The role of adult attachment orientations. Personality
and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(11), 1506–1522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212454548
Laursen, B. P. , & Hoff, E. (2006). Person-centered and variable-centered approaches to longitudinal data.
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52(3), 377–389. https://doi.org/10/1353/mpq.2006.0029
Lawrence, E. , Rothman, A. D. , Cobb, R. J. , Rothman, M. T. , & Bradbury, T. N. (2008). Marital satisfaction
across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-
3200.22.1.41
LeMasters, E. E. (1957). Parenthood as crisis. Marriage and Family Living, 19, 352–355.
https://doi.org/10.2307/347802
Lévesque, S. , Bisson, V. , Fernet, M. , & Charton, L. (2019). A study of the transition to parenthood: New
parents’ perspectives on their sexual intimacy during the perinatal period. Sexual and Relationship Therapy.
Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2019.1675870
Lindblom, J. , Flykt, M. , Tolvanen, A. , Vanska, M. , Tiitinen, A. , Tulppala, M. , & Punamaki, R. (2014).
Dynamic family system trajectories from pregnancy to child’s first year. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(4),
796–807. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12128
MacCallum, R. C. , & Austin, J. T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological
research. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.201
Masyn, K. E. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling. In T. D. Little (Ed.), The Oxford
handbook of quantitative methods (pp. 551–611). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199934898.001.0001
McArdle, J. J. (2009). Latent variable modeling of differences and changes with longitudinal data. Annual
Review of Psychology, 60, 577–605. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163612
McDaniel, B. T. , & Teti, D. M. (2012). Coparenting quality during the first three months after birth: The role of
infant sleep quality. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(6), 886–895. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030707
Mitnick, D. M. , Heyman, R. E. , & Smith Slep, A. M. (2009). Changes in relationship satisfaction across the
transition to parenthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(6), 848–852.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017004
Molenaar, P. C. M. (2004). A manifesto on psychology as idiographic science: Bringing the person back into
scientific psychology, this time forever. Measurement, 2(4), 201–218.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15366359mea0204_1
Molenaar, P. C. M. , & Campbell, C. G. (2009). The new person-specific paradigm in psychology. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 112–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01619.x
Moreno-Rosset, C. , Arnal-Remón, B. , Antequera-Jurado, R. , & Ramírez-Uclés, I. (2016). Anxiety and
psychological wellbeing in couples in transition to parenthood. Clínica y Salud, 27(1), 29–35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clysa.2016.01.004
Muthén, B. , & Muthén, L. K. (2000). Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth
mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(6),
882–891.
Nakić Radoš, S. , Soljacic Vranes, H. , & Sunjic, M. (2015). Sexuality during pregnancy: What is important for
sexual satisfaction in expectant fathers? Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 41(3), 282–293.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2014.889054
Nesselroade, J. R. (1991). Interindividual differences in intraindividual change. In L. A. Collins & J. L. Horn
(Eds.), Best methods for the analysis of change (pp. 92–106). American Psychological Association.
Olsavsky, A. L. , Mahambrey, M. S. , Berrigan, M. N. , & Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J. (2020). Adult attachment and
jealousy of the partner – infant relationship at the transition to parenthood. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 37(6), 1745–1765. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520908336
Pauleta, J. R. , Pereira, N. M. , & Graca, L. M. (2010). Sexuality during pregnancy. Journal of Sexual Medicine,
7(1), 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01538.x
Perry-Jenkins, M. , Goldberg, A. , Pierce, C. P. , & Sayer, A. G. (2007). Shift work, role overload, and the
transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(1), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2006.00349.x
Pinquart, M. , & Teubert, D. (2010). Effects of parenting education with expectant and new parents: A meta-
analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(3), 316–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019691
Pinto, T. M. , Samorinha, C. , Tendais, I. , & Figueiredo, B. (2020). Depression and paternal adjustment and
attitudes during the transition to parenthood. Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology, 38(3), 281–296.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2019.1652256
Ram, N. , Conroy, D. , Pincus, A. , Lorek, A. , Rebar, A. , Roche, M. , … Gerstorf, D. (2014). Examining the
interplay of processes across multiple time-scales: Illustration with the intraindividual study of affect, health, and
interpersonal behavior (iSAHIB). Research in Human Development, 11, 142–160.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2014.906739
Ram, N. , & Diehl, M. (2015). Multiple time-scale design and analysis: Pushing towards real-time modeling of
complex developmental processes. In M. Diehl , K. Hooker , & M. Sliwinski (Eds.), Handbook of intraindividual
variability across the lifespan (pp. 308–323). Routledge.
Rholes, W. S. , Kohn, J. L. , & Simpson, J. A. (2014). A longitudinal study of conflict in new parents: The role of
attachment. Personal Relationships, 21(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12023
Rholes, W. S. , Simpson, J. A. , Kohn, J. L. , Wilson, C. L. , Martin III, A. M. , Tran, S. , & Kashy, D. A. (2011).
Attachment orientations and depression: A longitudinal study of new parents. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 100(4), 567–586. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022802
Robins, L. N. , & Rutter, M. (Eds.) (2019). Straight and devious pathways from childhood to adulthood.
Cambridge University Press.
Rosen, N. O. , Bailey, K. , & Muise, A. (2018). Degree and direction of sexual desire discrepancy are linked to
sexual and relationship satisfaction in couples transitioning to parenthood. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(2),
214–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1321732
Selig, J. P. , & Little, T. D. (2012). Autoregressive and cross-lagged panel analysis for longitudinal data. In B.
Laursen , T. D. Little , & N. A. Card (Eds.), Handbook of developmental research methods (pp. 265–278).
Guilford Press.
Shapiro, A. F. , Gottman, J. M. , & Carrère, S. (2000). The baby and the marriage: Identifying factors that buffer
against decline in marital satisfaction after the first baby arrives. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(1), 59–70.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.14.1.59
Simpson, J. A. , & Rholes, W. S. (2019, February). Adult attachment orientations and well-being during the
transition to parenthood. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 47–52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.019
Soloski, K. L. , & Durtschi, J. A. (2020). Identifying different ways people change: A latent basis growth mixture
model example identifying nonlinear trajectories of binge drinking. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 46(4),
638–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12382
Tavares, I. M. , Schlagintweit, H. E. , Nobrea, P. J. , & Rosen, N. O. (2019). Sexual well-being and perceived
stress in couples transitioning to parenthood: A dyadic analysis. International Journal of Clinical Health &
Psychology, 19(3), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.07.004
Trillingsgaard, T. , Baucom, K. J. W. , & Heyman, R. E. (2014). Predictors of change in relationship satisfaction
during the transition to parenthood. Family Relations, 63(5), 667–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12089
Twenge, J. M. , Campbell, W. K. , & Foster, C. A. (2003). Parenthood and marital satisfaction: A meta- analytic
review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(3), 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00574.x
Vannier, S. S. , Adare, K. E. , & Rosen, N. O. (2018). Is it me or you? First-time mothers’ attributions for
postpartum sexual concerns are associated with sexual and relationship satisfaction in the transition to
parenthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(4), 577–599.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517743086
Vigod, S. N. , Villegas, L. , Dennis, C. L. , & Ross, L. E. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum
depression among women with preterm and lowbirthweight infants: A systematic review. BJOG: An
International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 117(5), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-
0528.2009.02493.x
Volling, B. L. , Oh, W. , Gonzalez, R. , Kuo, P. X. , & Yu, T. (2015). Patterns of marital relationship change
across the transition from one child to two. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 4(3), 177.
https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000046
von Eye, A. , & Bogat, G. A. (2006). Person-oriented and variable-oriented research: Concepts, results, and
development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52(3), 390–420. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2006.0032
Yildiz, H. (2015). The relation between prepregnancy sexuality and sexual function during pregnancy and the
postpartum period: A prospective study. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 41(1), 49–59.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2013.811452

Between Younger and Older Generations

Antonucci, T. C. , & Akiyama, H. (1987). Social networks in adult life and a preliminary examination of the
convoy model. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 42(5),
519–527. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/42.5.519
Bianchi, S. M. (2011). Family change and time allocation in American families. The ANNALS of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science, 638(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716211413731
Birditt, K. S. , Polenick, C. A. , Van Bolt, O. , Kim, K. , Zarit, S. H. , & Fingerman, K. L. (2019). Conflict
strategies in the parent-adult child tie: Generation differences and implications for well-being. The Journals of
Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74(2), 232–241.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx057
Branje, S. (2018). Development of parent-adolescent relationships: Conflict interactions as a mechanism of
change. Child Development Perspectives, 12(3), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12278
Breheny, M. , Stephens, C. , & Spilsbury, L. (2013). Involvement without interference: How grandparents
negotiate intergenerational expectations in relationships with grandchildren. Journal of Family Studies, 19(2),
174–184. https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.2013.19.2.174
Brody, E. M. (1981). “Women in the middle” and family help to older people. The Gerontologist, 21(5), 471–480.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/21.5.471
Bronfenbrenner, U. , & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In R. M. Learner
(Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (6th ed., pp. 793–825).
John Wiley & Sons.
Carr, D. , & Luth, E. (2016). End-of-life planning and health care. In L. K. George & K. F. Ferraro (Eds.),
Handbook of aging and the social sciences (8th ed., pp. 375–394). Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417235-7.00018-4
Carstensen, L. L. , Gottman, J. M. , & Levenson, R. W. (1995). Emotional behavior in long-term marriage.
Psychology and Aging, 10(1), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.10.1.140
Case, A. , & Deaton, A. (2017). Mortality and morbidity in the 21st century. Brookings papers on economic
activity (pp. 397–476). https://data.nber.org/mortality-and-morbidity-in-the-21st-century/casetextsp17bpea.pdf
Chaplin, T. M. , Sinha, R. , Simmons, J. A. , Healy, S. M. , Mayes, L. C. , Hommer, R. E. , & Crowley, M. J.
(2012). Parent-adolescent conflict interactions and adolescent alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors, 37(5),
605–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.004
Charles, S. T. , & Carstensen, L. L. (2010). Social and emotional aspects of aging. Annual Review of
Psychology, 61, 383–409. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100448
Chopik, W. J. (2016). The benefits of social technology use among older adults are mediated by reduced
loneliness. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(9), 551–556.
https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0151
Cichy, K. E. , Lefkowitz, E. S. , & Fingerman, K. L. (2013). Conflict engagement and conflict disengagement
during interactions between adults and their parents. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological
Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs046
Clarke, E. J. , Preston, M. , Raksin, J. , & Bengtson, V. L. (1999). Types of conflicts and tensions between older
parents and adult children. The Gerontologist, 39(3), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/39.3.261
Cohn, D. , & Passel, J. S. (2018). A record 64 million Americans live in multigenerational households. Pew
Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/05/a-record-64-million-americans-live-in-
multigenerational-households/
Connidis, I. A. , & Kemp, C. L. (2008). Negotiating actual and anticipated parental support: Multiple sibling
voices in three-generation families. Journal of Aging Studies, 22(3), 229–238.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2007.06.002
Cotton, S. R. (2021). Technologies and aging: Understanding use, impacts, and future needs. In K. L.
Fingerman , C. A. Berg , J. Smith , & T. C. Antonucci (Eds.), Handbook of life-span development (pp. 647–671).
Springer.
Craig, L. , & Brown, J. E. (2014). Weekend work and leisure time with family and friends: Who misses out?
Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(4), 710–727. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12127
Davis, E. M. , & Fingerman, K. L. (2016). Digital dating: Online profile content of older and younger adults. The
Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(6), 959–967.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv042
Davis, E. M. , Kim, K. , & Fingerman, K. L. (2018). Is an empty nest best? Coresidence with adult children and
parental marital quality before and after the Great Recession. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B:
Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73(3), 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw022
Daw, J. , Verdery, A. M. , & Margolis, R. (2016). Kin count(s): Educational and racial differences in extended
kinship in the United States. Population and Development Review, 42(3), 491–517.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00150.x
Ellis, R. R. , & Simmons, T. (2014). Coresident grandparents and their grandchildren: 2012 (P20–576). US
Census Bureau. www.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p20-576.html
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). Norton.
Fingerman, K. L. (2000). “We had a nice little chat”: Age and generational differences in mothers’ and
daughters’ descriptions of enjoyable visits. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and
Social Sciences, 55(2), P95–P106. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/55.2.P95
Fingerman, K. L. , & Bermann, E. (2000). Applications of family systems theory to the state of adulthood. The
International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 51(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.2190/7TF8-WB3F-
TMWG-TT3K
Fingerman, K. L. , & Birditt, K. S. (2003). Do age differences in close and problematic family ties reflect the pool
of available relatives? The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,
58(2), P80–P87. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.2.P80
Fingerman, K. L. , Birditt, K. S. , & Umberson, D. J. (2020a). Use of technologies for social connection and well-
being and as a tool for research data collection in older adults. In National Academies of Sciences,
Engineering, and Medicine (Ed.), Mobile technology for adaptive aging: Proceedings of a workshop (pp.
67–84). The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25878
Fingerman, K. L. , Buckser, A. , & Turiano, N. A. (2009a). Holidays and relationships. In H. T. Reis & S.
Sprecher (Eds.), Encyclopedia of human relationships (pp. 809–809). Sage.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412958479.n257
Fingerman, K. L. , Cheng, Y.-P. , Wesselman, E. D. , Zarit, S. H. , Furstenberg, F. F., Jr. , & Birditt, K. S.
(2012a). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: Intense parental support of grown children. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 74(4), 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00987.x
Fingerman, K. L. , Huo, M. , & Birditt, K. S. (2020b). A decade of research on intergenerational ties:
Technological, economic, political, and demographic changes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 383–403.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12604
Fingerman, K. L. , Kim, K. , Birditt, K. S. , & Zarit, S. H. (2016). The ties that bind: Midlife parents’ daily
experiences with grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(2), 431–450.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12273
Fingerman, K. L. , Miller, L. , & Charles, S. (2008). Saving the best for last: How adults treat social partners of
different ages. Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 399–409. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.399
Fingerman, K. L. , Miller, L. M. , Birditt, K. S. , & Zarit, S. H. (2009b). Giving to the good and the needy: Parental
support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(5), 1220–1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2009.00665.x
Fingerman, K. L. , Pillemer, K. A. , Silverstein, M. , & Suitor, J. J. (2012b). The baby boomers’ intergenerational
relationships. The Gerontologist, 52(2), 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnr139
Fingerman, K. L. , Pitzer, L. M. , Chan, W. , Birditt, K. S. , Franks, M. M. , & Zarit, S. H. (2011). Who gets what
and why: Help middle-aged adults provide to parents and grown children. The Journals of Gerontology, Series
B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66(1), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq009
Flinn, B. (2018). Millennials: The emerging generation of family caregivers. AARP Public Policy Institute.
www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2018/05/millennial-family-caregivers.pdf
Furstenberg, F. F., Jr. (2010). On a new schedule: Transitions to adulthood and family change. The Future of
Children, 20(1), 67–87. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0038
Gaydosh, L. , Hummer, R. A. , Hargrove, T. W. , Halpern, C. T. , Hussey, J. M. , Whitsel, E. A. , Dole, N. , &
Harris, K. M. (2019). The depths of despair among US adults entering midlife. American Journal of Public
Health, 109(5), 774–780. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305002
Gorchoff, S. M. , John, O. P. , & Helson, R. (2008). Contextualizing change in marital satisfaction during middle
age: An 18-year longitudinal study. Psychological Science, 19(11), 1194–2000. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
9280.2008.02222.x
Grundy, E. , & Henretta, J. C. (2006). Between elderly parents and adult children: A new look at the “sandwich
generation.” Aging and Society, 26(5), 707–722. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X06004934
Ha, J.-H. (2008). Changes in support from confidants, children, and friends following widowhood. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 70(2), 306–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00483.x
Harrist, A. W. , Henry, C. S. , Liu, C. , & Morris, A. S. (2019). Family resilience: The power of rituals and
routines in family adaptive systems. In B. H. Fiese , M. Celano , K. Deater-Deckard , E. N. Jouriles , & M. A.
Whisman (Eds.), APA handbook of contemporary family psychology: Foundations, methods, and contemporary
issues across the lifespan (pp. 223–239). American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000099-013
Hay, J. , Shuk, E. , Zapolska, J. , Ostroff, J. , Lischewski, J. , Brady, M. S. , & Berwick, M. (2009). Family
communication patterns after melanoma diagnosis. Journal of Family Communication, 9(4), 209–232.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430903182678
Heid, A. R. , Zarit, S. H. , & Fingerman, K. L. (2017). Adult children’s responses to parent “stubbornness.” The
Gerontologist, 57(3), 429–440. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv691
Jokela, M. , Ferrie, J. E. , Gimeno, D. , Chandola, T. , Shipley, M. , Head, J. , Vahtera, J. , Westerlund, H. ,
Marmot, M. G. , & Kivimäki, M. (2010). From midlife to early old age: Health trajectories associated with
retirement. Epidemiology, 21(3), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181d61f53
Kim, K. , Birditt, K. S. , Zarit, S. H. , & Fingerman, K. L. (2020). Typology of parent-child ties within families:
Associations with psychological well-being. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(4), 448–458.
https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000595
Kim, K. , Eggebeen, D. J. , Zarit, S. H. , Birditt, K. S. , & Fingerman, K. L. (2013). Agreement between aging
parent’s bequest intention and middle-aged child’s inheritance expectation. The Gerontologist, 53(6),
1020–1031. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns147
King, V. (2009). Stepfamily formation: Implications for adolescent ties to mothers, nonresident fathers, and
stepfathers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(4), 954–968. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00646.x
Kwak, M. , Ingersoll-Dayton, B. , & Kim, J. (2012). Family conflict from the perspective of adult child caregivers:
The influence of gender. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(4), 470–487.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407511431188
Lachman, M. E. (2004). Development in midlife. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 305–1231.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141521
Lachman, M. E. , Teshale, S. , & Agrigoroaei, S. (2015). Midlife as a pivotal period in the life course: Balancing
growth and decline at the crossroads of youth and old age. International Journal of Behavioral Development,
39(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025414533223
Lang, F. R. (2004). Social motivation across the life span. In F. R. Lang & K. L. Fingerman (Eds.), Growing
together: Personal relationships across the lifespan (pp. 341–367). Cambridge University Press.
Lavner, J. A. , Karney, B. R. , & Bradbury, T. N. (2016). Does couples’ communication predict marital
satisfaction, or does marital satisfaction predict communication? Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(3),
680–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12301
Lee, H. J. , Kim, K. , Bangerter, L. R. , Zarit, S. H. , & Fingerman, K. L. (2020). Aging parents’ and middle-aged
children’s evaluations of parents’ disability and life problems. Journal of Adult Development, 27(2), 135–146.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-019-09336-x
Lefkowitz, E. , Boone, T. L. , Sigman, M. , & Kit-Fong Au, T. (2002). He said, she said: Gender differences in
mother-adolescent conversations about sexuality. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12(2), 217–242.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.00032
Lin, I.-F. , & Wolf, D. A. (2020). Division of parent care among adult children. The Journals of Gerontology,
Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(10), 2230–2239.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz162
Markman, H. J. , Rhoades, G. K. , Stanley, S. M. , Ragan, E. P. , & Whitton, S. W. (2010). The premarital
communication roots of marital distress and divorce: The first five years of marriage. Journal of Family
Psychology, 24(3), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019481
National Center for Health Statistics . (2018). Health, United States. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus18.pdf
Nussbaum, J. F. , Pecchioni, L. L. , Robinson, J. D. , & Thompson, T. L. (2000). Communication and aging (2nd
ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Perry-Jenkins, M. , & Gertel, N. (2020). Work and family in the second decade of the 21st century. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 82(1), 420–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12636
Rogers, A. A. , Ha, T. , Stormshak, E. A. , & Dishion, T. J. (2015). Quality of parent-adolescent conversations
about sex and adolescent sexual behavior: An observational study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(2),
174–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.010
Soliz, J. (2007). Communicative predictors of a shared family identity: Comparison of grandchildren’s
perceptions of family-of-origin grandparents and stepgrandparents. Journal of Family Communication, 7(3),
177–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430701221636
Staudinger, U. M. , & Bluck, S. (2001). A view on midlife development from life-span theory. In M. E. Lachman
(Ed.), Handbook of midlife development (pp. 3–39). Wiley.
Stephens, M. A. P. , Townsend, A. L. , Martire, L. M. , & Druley, J. A. (2001). Balancing parent care with other
roles: Interrole conflict of adult daughter caregivers. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological
Sciences and Social Sciences, 56(1), P24–P34. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.1.P24
Story, T. N. , Berg, C. A. , Smith, T. W. , Beveridge, R. , Henry, N. J. M. , & Pearce, G. (2007). Age, marital
satisfaction, and optimism as predictors of positive sentiment override in middle-aged and older married
couples. Psychology and Aging, 22(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.4.719
Suitor, J. J. , Gilligan, M. , Rurka, M. , Peng, S. , Con, G. , & Pillemer, K. (2018). Conflict with mothers and
siblings during caregiving: Differential costs for Black and White adult children. The Journals of Gerontology,
Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73(7), e86–e97. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx149
Suitor, J. J. , Sechrist, J. , Plikuhn, M. , Pardo, S. T. , & Pillemer, K. (2008). Within-family differences in parent-
child relations across the life course. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(5), 334–338.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00601.x
Swartz, T. T. , Kim, M. , Uno, M. , Mortimer, J. , & O’Brien, K. B. (2011). Safety nets and scaffolds: Parental
support in the transition to adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(2), 414–429.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00815.x
Szabo, A. , Allen, J. , Stephens, C. , & Alpass, F. (2019). Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between
purposes of internet use and well-being among older adults. The Gerontologist, 59(1), 58–68.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny036
Teo, A. R. , Markwardt, S. , & Hinton, L. (2019). Using Skype to beat the blues: Longitudinal data from a
national representative sample. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(3), 254–262.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.10.014
Umberson, D. , Pudrovska, T. , & Reczek, C. (2010). Parenthood, childlessness, and well-being: A life course
perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 612–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00721.x
US Census Bureau . (2019). America’s families and living arrangements.
www.census.gov/data/tables/2019/demo/families/cps-2019.html (Table A1)
Vespa, J. (2017). The changing economics and demographics of young adulthood: 1975–2016 (Report No.
P20–579). US Census Bureau. www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2017/demo/p20-
579.pdf
Wang, H. , Kim, K. , Birditt, K. S. , Zarit, S. H. , & Fingerman, K. L. (2020). Middle-aged children’s coping
strategies with tensions in the aging parent-child tie. The International Journal of Aging and Human
Development, 90(3), 234–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415018822079
Wang, H. , Kim, K. , Burr, J. A. , Birditt, K. S. , & Fingerman, K. L. (2020). Adult children’s daily experiences with
parental advice: The importance of life problems and relationship quality. The Journals of Gerontology, Series
B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa169
Williams, A. , & Nussbaum, J. F. (2001). Intergenerational communication across the lifespan. Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Wolff, J. L. , & Kasper, J. D. (2006). Caregivers of frail elders: Updating a national profile. The Gerontologist,
46(3), 344–356. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/46.3.344
Wright, P. J. (2009). Father-child sexual communication in the United States: A review and synthesis. Journal of
Family Communication, 9(4), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430903221880

Family Communication in Later Life

Aarsand, P. A. (2007). Computer and video games in family life. Childhood: A Global Journal of Child
Research, 14(2), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568207078330
Aldwin, C. M. , Igarashi, H. , Gilmer, D. F. , & Levenson, M. R. (2017). Health, illness, and optimal aging:
Biological and psychosocial perspectives. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826134059
Anderson, K. , Harwood, J. , & Hummert, M. (2005). The grandparent-grandchild relationship: Implications for
models of intergenerational communication. Human Communication Research, 31(2), 268–294.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2005.tb00872.x
Arp, D. , & Arp, C. (1996). The second half of marriage. Zondervan.
Associated Press . (2020). AP stylebook (55th ed.). Associated Press.
Atchley, R. C. (1999). Continuity theory, self, and social structure. In C. D. Ryff & V. W. Marshall (Eds.),
Families and retirement (pp. 145–158). Sage.
Baldock, C. V. (2000). Migrants and their parents: Caregiving from a distance. Journal of Family Issues, 21(2),
205–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251300021002004
Baxter, L. A. (2004). Distinguished scholar article: Relationships as dialogues. Personal Relationships, 11(1),
1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00068.x
Baxter, L. A. , Braithwaite, D. O. , Golish, T. D. , & Olson, L. N. (2002). Contradictions of interaction for wives of
elderly husbands with adult dementia. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30(1), 1–26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880216576
Bergstrom, M. J. , & Holmes, M. E. (2000). Lay theories of successful aging after the death of a spouse. Health
Communication, 12(4), 377–406. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327027HC1204_4
Bernhold, Q. , & Gasiorek, J. (2020). Older adults’ perceptions of their own and their romantic partners’ age-
related communication and their associations with aging well, depressive symptoms, and alcohol use disorder
symptoms. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 37(4), 1172–1192.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407519890413
Bernhold, Q. S. (2020). Grandparents’ affectionate communication toward grandchildren and grandchildren’s
mental health difficulties: The moderating role of future time perspective. Health Communication, 35(7),
822–831. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1593080
Bernhold, Q. S. , & Giles, H. (2019). Older adults’ recalled memorable messages about aging and their
associations with successful aging. Human Communication Research, 45(4), 474–507.
https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqz011
Bevan, J. L. , Jupin, A. M. , & Sparks, L. (2011). Information quality, uncertainty, and quality of care in long-
distance caregiving. Communication Research Reports, 28(2), 190–195.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.566105
Bevan, J. L. , & Sparks, L. (2011). Communication in the context of long-distance family caregiving: An
integrated review and practical applications. Patient Education and Counseling, 85(1), 26–30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.08.003
Blieszner, R. , & Shifflett, P. A. (1989). Affection, communication, and commitment in adult-child caregiving for
parents with Alzheimer’s disease. In J. A. Mancini (Ed.), Aging parents and adult children (pp. 231–243).
Lexington Books.
Bowlby, J. (1979). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(4), 637–638.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00064955
Brown, S. L. , & Lin, I.-F. (2012). The gray divorce revolution: Rising divorce among middle-aged and older
adults, 1990–2010. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67,
731–741. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs089
Brown, S. L. , & Wright, M. R. (2017). Marriage, cohabitation, and divorce in later life. Innovation in Aging, 1(2),
igx015. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx015
Buchanan, A. , & Rotkirch, A. (2018). Twenty-first century grandparents: Global perspectives on changing roles
and consequences, Contemporary Social Science, 13(2), 131–144.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2018.1467034
Bunz, U. (2012). Revisited: Communication media use in the grandparent/grandchild relationship. Journal of
Community Informatics, 8, 13. http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/755/897
Cagle, J. G. , & Munn, J. C. (2012). Long distance caregiving: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of
Gerontological Social Work, 55(8), 682–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2012.703763
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socio-emotional selectivity
theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331
Carstensen, L. L. , Gottman, J. M. , & Levenson, R. W. (1995). Emotional behavior in long-term marriage.
Psychology and Aging, 10(1), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.10.1.140
Cicirelli, V. G. (2001). Personal meanings of death in older adults and young adults in relation to their fears of
death. Death Studies, 25(8), 663–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/713769896
Cicirelli, V. G. (2009). Sibling death and death fear in relation to depressive symptomatology in older adults.
Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 64B(1), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbn024
Cogswell, C. , & Henry, C. S. (1995). Grandchildren’s perceptions of grandparental support in divorced and
intact families. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 23(3–4), 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v23n03_08
Connidis, I. A. , & Campbell, L. D. (1995). Closeness, confiding, and contact among siblings in middle and late
adulthood. Journal of Family Issues, 16(6), 722–745. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251395016006003
Coupland, N. , Coupland, J. , Giles, H. , & Henwood, K. (1988). Elderly self-disclosure: Interactional and
intergroup issues. Language & Communication, 8(2), 109–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0271-5309(88)90010-9
Cuddy, A. , Norton, M. , & Fiske, S. (2005). This old stereotype: The pervasiveness and persistence of the
elderly stereotype. Journal of Social Issues, 61(2), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00405.x
Demiris, G. , Oliver, D. R. P. , Hensel, B. , Dickey, G. , Rantz, M. , & Skubic, M. (2008). Use of videophones for
distant caregiving: An enriching experience for families and residents in long-term care. Journal of
Gerontological Nursing, 34(7), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20080701-02
Dickson, F. C. , & Walker, K. L. (2001). The expression of emotion in later-life married men. Qualitative
Research Reports in Communication, 2, 66–71.
Douglas, S. L. , Mazanec, P. , Lipson, A. , & Leuchtag, M. (2016). Distance caregiving a family member with
cancer: A review of the literature on distance caregiving and recommendations for future research. World
Journal of Clinical Oncology, 7(2), 214–219. https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v7.i2.214
Durham, W. T. , & Bergen, K. J. (2006). Pillow talking: A lifespan approach to contextualized conversational
themes. Kentucky Journal of Communication, 25(2), 165–182.
Egbert, N. , Child, J. T. , Lin, M.-C. , Savery, C. , & Bosley, T. (2017). How older adults and their families
perceive family talk about aging-related EOL issues: A dialectical analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 21–28.
https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7020021
Family Caregiver Alliance . (2016). Caregiver statistics: Demographics. https://www.caregiver.org/caregiver-
statistics-demographics
Fingerman, K. L. (2004). The role of offspring and in-laws in grandparents’ ties to their grandchildren. Journal of
Family Issues, 25(8), 1026–1049. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X04265941
Fingerman, K. L. , Huo, M. , & Birditt, K. S. (2020). Mothers, fathers, daughters, and sons: Gender differences
in adults’ intergenerational ties. Journal of Family Issues, 41(9), 1597–1625.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19894369
Fingerman, K. L. , & Pitzer, L. M. (2007). Socialization in old age. In P. D. Hastings & J. E. Grusec (Eds.),
Handbook of socialization (pp. 232–255). Guilford Press.
Floyd, K. , & Morman, M. T. (2000). Affection received from fathers as a predictor of men’s affection with their
own sons: Tests of the modeling and compensation hypotheses. Communication Monographs, 67(4), 347–361.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750009376516
Fowler, C. (2009). Motives for sibling communication across the lifespan. Communication Quarterly, 57(1),
51–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370802662499
Fowler, C. , & Afifi, W. A. (2011). Applying the theory of motivated information management to adult children’s
discussions of caregiving with aging parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(4), 507–535.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510384896
Fowler, C. , Fisher, C. L. , & Pitts, M. J. (2014). Older adults’ evaluations of middle-aged children’s attempts to
initiate discussion of care needs. Health Communication, 29(7), 717–727.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.786278
Fowler, C. , Gasiorek, J. , & Giles, H. (2015). The role of communication in aging well introducing the
communicative ecology model of successful aging. Communication Monographs, 82(4), 431–457.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2015.1024701
Fowler, C. , & Rittenour, C. (2017). A life-span approach to children-in-law’s perceptions of parent-in-law
communication. Journal of Family Communication, 17(3), 254–272.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2017.1281280
Fowler, C. , & Soliz, J. (2010). Responses of young adult grandchildren to grandparents’ painful self-
disclosures. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(1), 75–100.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X09351680
Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I. , Jen, S. , Bryan, A. E. B. , & Goldsen, J. (2018). Cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s
disease, and other dementias in the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) older adults and
their caregivers: Needs and competencies. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 37(5), 545–569.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464816672047
Freeman, J. D. , Elton, J. , & Lambert South, A. (2019). “A second-chance at being a parent”: Grandparent
caregivers’ reported communication and parenting practices with co-residential grandchildren. Journal of Family
Communication, 19(3), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2019.1632864
Freeman, J. D. , & Stoldt, R. G. (2019). Grandma or mommy: Familial labels as constructs of identity in
grandfamilies. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 17(4), 411–429.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2019.1575782
Freytag, J. , & Rauscher, E. A. (2017). The importance of intergenerational communication in advance care
planning: Generational relationships among perceptions and beliefs. Journal of Health Communication, 22(6),
488–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2017.1311971
Gasiorek, J. , & Fowler, C. (2016). Profiling younger adults’ communication about aging. Communication
Studies, 67(2), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2015.1121159
Gasiorek, J. , Fowler, C. , & Giles, H. (2016). Communication and successful aging. In J. Nussbaum (Ed.),
Communication across the lifespan (pp. 35–50). Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-1701
Giarrusso, R. , Stallings, M. , & Bengtson, V. L. (1995). The “intergenerational stake” hypothesis revisited. In V.
L. Bengtson , K. W. Schaie , & L. M. Burton (Eds.), Adult Intergenerational Relations (pp. 229–296). Springer.
Gibson, P. A. (2005). Intergenerational parenting from the perspective of African American grandmothers.
Family Relations, 54(2), 280–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0197-6664.2005.00022.x
Giles, H. (Ed.). (2016). Communication accommodation theory: Negotiating personal and social identities
across contexts. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316226537
Giles, H. , & Helmle, J. (2011). Elder abuse and neglect: A communicative framework. In A. Duszak & U.
Okulska (Eds.), Language, culture and the dynamics of age (pp. 223–252). Mouton de Gruyter.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110238112.3.223
Goodboy, A. K. , Myers, S. A. , & Patterson, B. R. (2009). Investigating elderly sibling types, relational
maintenance, and lifespan affect, cognition, and behavior. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 17(3), 140–148.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870903024852
Gott, M. , & Hinchliffe, S. (2003). How important is sex in later life? The views of older people. Social Science &
Medicine, 56(8), 1617–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00180-6
Greenhalgh, T. , Robb, N. , & Scambler, G. (2006). Communicative and strategic action in interpreted
consultations in primary health care: A Habermasian perspective. Social Science & Medicine, 63(5),
1170–1187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.033
Hado, E. , & Feinberg, L. F. (2020, April 7). The COVID-19 imperative: Keep family caregivers and long-term
care facility residents connected. AARP. https://blog.aarp.org/thinking-policy/the-covid-19-imperative-keep-
family-caregivers-and-long-term-facility-residents-connected
Harper, J. M. , & Sandberg, J. (2009). Depression and communication processes in later life marriages. Aging
and Mental Health, 13(4), 546–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860902774485
Harrigan, M. , & Koerin, B. B. (2007). Long-distance caregiving: Personal realities and practice implications.
Reflections: Narratives of Professional Helping, 13, 5–16.
Harwood, J. (2018). Understanding communication and aging: Developing knowledge and awareness (2nd
ed.). Cognella.
Harwood, J. , Hewstone, M. , Paolini, S. , & Voci, A. (2005). Grandparent-grandchild contact and attitudes
towards older adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 393–406.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271577
Harwood, J. , & Lin, M.-C. (2000). Affiliation, pride, exchange and distance in grandparents’ accounts of
relationships with their college-age grandchildren. Journal of Communication, 50(3), 31–47.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02851.x
Harwood, J. , McKee, J. , & Lin, M.-C. (2000). Younger and older adults’ schematic representations of
intergenerational communication. Communication Monographs, 67(1), 20–41.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750009376493
Heckhausen, J. , Wrosch, C. , & Schulz, R. (2019). Agency and motivation in adulthood and old age. Annual
Review of Psychology, 70, 191–217. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103043
Hornsey, M. J. (2008). Social identity theory and selfcategorization theory: A historical review. Social and
Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 204–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00066.x
Hsieh, N. , & Hawkley, L. (2017). Loneliness in the older adult marriage. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 36(10), 1319–1339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517712480
Hummert, M. L. (2010). Communicating across generations. In H. Giles , S. Reid , & J. Harwood (Eds.),
Dynamics of intergroup communication (pp. 41–52). Peter Lang.
Hummert, M. L. (2019). Intergenerational relations. In J. Harwood , J. Gasiorek , H. Pierson , J. F. Nussbaum ,
& C. Gallois (Eds.), Language, communication, and intergroup relations: A celebration of the scholarship of
Howard Giles (pp. 130–161). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315142807-26
Hummert, M. L. , Garstka, T. A. , Ryan, E. B. , & Bonneson, J. L. (2004). The role of age stereotypes in
interpersonal communication. In J. Coupland & J. F. Nussbaum (Eds.), Handbook of communication and aging
research (pp. 91–114). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ishizawa, H. (2004). Minority language use among grandchildren in multigenerational households. Sociological
Perspectives, 47(4), 465–483. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2004.47.4.465
Jendrek, M. P. (1993). Grandparents who parent their grandchildren: Effects on lifestyle. Journal of Marriage
and the Family, 55(3), 609–621. https://doi.org/10.2307/353342
Kam, J. , & Hecht, M. (2009). Investigating the role of identity gaps among communicative and relational
outcomes within the grandparent-grandchild relationship. Western Journal of Communication, 73(4), 456–480.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310903279067
Kaunonen, M. , Tarkka, M. T. , Paunonen, M. , & Laippala, P. (1999). Grief and social support after the death of
a spouse. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30(6), 1304–1311. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.01220.x
Kemper, S. , Kynette, D. , & Norman, S. (1992). Age differences in spoken language. In R. West & J. Sinnot
(Eds.), Everyday memory and aging (pp. 138–154). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9151-
7_9
Kemper, S. , & Mitzner, T. L. (2001). Language production and comprehension. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie
(Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (5th ed., pp. 378–398). Academic.
Kenner, C. , Ruby, M. , Jessel, J. , Gregory, E. , & Arju, T. (2008). Intergenerational learning events around the
computer. Language and Education, 22(4), 298–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500780802152572
Koerner, A. F. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2002). Toward a theory of family communication. Communication Theory,
12(1), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00260.x
Koerner, S. S. , Kenyon, D. B. , & Shirai, Y. (2009). Caregiving for elder relatives: Which caregivers experience
personal benefits/gains? Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 48(2), 238–245.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2008.01.015
Kolomer, S. R. , & McCallion, P. (2005). Depression and caregiver mastery in grandfathers caring for their
grandchildren. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60(4), 283–294.
https://doi.org/10.2190/K8RJ-X0AL-DU34-9VVH
Lachs, M. S. , & Pillemer, K. A. (2015). Elder abuse. The New England Journal of Medicine, 373, 1947–1956.
http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1404688
Lawton, M. P. , Moss, M. S. , Kieban, M. H. , & Glicksman, A. (1991). A two-factor model of caregiving
appraisal and psychological well-being. Journal of Gerontology, 46(4), 181–189.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/46.4.P181
Lee, M. (2009). A path analysis on elder abuse by family caregivers: Applying the ABCX model. Journal of
Family Violence, 24(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-008-9192-5
Levenson, R. W. , Carstensen, L. L. , & Gottman, J. M. (1993). Long-term marriage: Age, gender, and
satisfaction. Psychology and Aging, 8(2), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.8.2.301
Lin, M.-C. (2018). Elder abuse and neglect: Examining caregiver characteristics and perceptions of their older
care receiver’s under-accommodative behavior. Journal of Family Communication, 18(4), 252–269.
http://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1489810
Lin, M.-C. (2020). Communication neglect, caregiver anger and hostility, and perceptions of older care
receivers’ cognitive status and behaviors in explaining elder abuse. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect.
http://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2020.1741054
Lin, M.-C. , & Giles, H. (2013). The dark side of family communication: A communication model of elder abuse
and neglect. International Psychogeriatrics, 25(8), 1275–1290. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212002347
Lin, M.-C. , & Harwood, J. (2003). Predictors of grandparent-grandchild relational solidarity in Taiwan. Journal
of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(4), 537–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075030204006
Lye, D. N. (1996). Adult child-parent relationships. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 79–102.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.79
Mansson, D. , Myers, S. , & Turner, L. (2010). Relational maintenance behaviors in the grandchild-grandparent
relationship. Communication Research Reports, 27(1), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090903526521
Miller-Day, M. A. (2004). Communication among grandmothers, mothers, and adult daughters. Lawrence
Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410612120
Morr Serewicz, M. C. (2006). Getting along with the in-laws: Relationships with parents-in-law. In K. Floyd & M.
Morman (Eds.), Widening the family circle (pp. 101–128). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204369.n7
Mubin, O. , Shahid, S. , & Mahmud, A. (2008). Walk 2 win: Towards designing a mobile game for elderly’s
social engagement. ACM Proceedings of the 22nd Annual British HCI Conference, Liverpool, England.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204369.n7
Myers, S. A. , & Goodboy, A. K. (2006). Perceived sibling use of verbally aggressive messages across the
lifespan. Communication Research Reports, 23(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17464090500535798
National Center on Elder Abuse . (2020). Frequently asked questions: What is elder abuse? Retrieved August
28, 2020, from https://ncea.acl.gov/FAQ.aspx
National Research Council . (2003). Elder mistreatment: Abuse, neglect, and exploitation in an aging America.
National Academic Press.
Ng, S. H. , & He, J. A. (2004). Code-switching in tri-generational family conversations among Chinese
immigrants in New Zealand. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 23(1), 28–48.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X03260807
Nolan, S. J. (2008). School and extended family in the transmission and revitalisation of Gallo in Upper-Brittany.
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 29(3), 216–234.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630802147627
Nussbaum, J. F. , & Bettini, L. (1994). Shared stories of the grandparent-grandchild relationship. International
Journal of Aging and Human Development, 39(1), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.2190/7WPK-LM6C-QCA4-GQ4R
Otto, A. K. , Ketcher, D. , Heyman, R. E. , Vadaparampil, S. T. , Ellington, L. , & Reblin, M. (2020).
Communication between advanced cancer patients and their family caregivers: Relationship with caregiver
burden and preparedness for caregiving. Health Communication.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1712039
Park, S. M. , & Sarkar, M. (2007). Parents’ attitudes toward heritage language maintenance for their children
and their efforts to help their children maintain the heritage language. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 20(3),
223–235. https://doi.org/10.2167/lcc337.0
Pecchioni, L. L. , & Osmanovic, S. (2018, July). Play it again, grandma: Effect of intergenerational video gaming
on family closeness. In J. Zhou & G. Salvendy (Eds.), Human aspects of IT for the aged population.
Acceptance, communication and participation (pp. 518–531). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-
92034-4_39
Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of privacy: Dialects of disclosure. SUNY Press.
Pusateri, K. B. , Roaché, D. J. , & Kam, J. A. (2016). Grandparents’ and young adult grandchildren’s identity
gaps and perceived caregiving intentions: An actor-partner interdependence model. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 33(2), 191–216. http://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514568750
Quinn, M. J. , & Tomita, S. K. (1986). Elder abuse and neglect. Springer.
Roberto, K. A. (2016). The complexities of elder abuse. American Psychologist, 71(4), 302–311.
http://doi.org/10.1037/a0040259
Roff, L. L. , Martin, S. S. , Jennings, L. K. , Parker, M. W. , & Harmon, D. K. (2007). Long distance parental
caregivers’ experiences with siblings: A qualitative study. Qualitative Social Work, 6(3), 315–334.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325007080404
Ryan, E. B. , Giles, H. , Bartolucci, G. , & Henwood, K. (1986). Psycholinguistic and social psychological
components of communication by and with the elderly. Language & Communication, 6(1–2), 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0271-5309(86)90002-9
Ryan, E. B. , Meredith, S. D. , & MacLean, M. J. (1995). Changing the way we talk with elders: Promoting
health using the communication enhancement model. International Journal of Aging and Human Development,
41(2), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.2190/FP05-FM8V-0Y9F-53FX
Sandberg, J. G. , Miller, R. B. , & Harper, J. M. (2002). A qualitative study of marital process and depression in
older couples. Family Relations, 51(3), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2002.00256.x
Sandel, T. , Cho, G. , Miller, P. , & Wang, S. (2006). What it means to be a grandmother: A cross-cultural study
of Taiwanese and Euro-American grandmothers’ beliefs. Journal of Family Communication, 6(4), 255–278.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0604_2
Schofield, M. J. , & Mishra, G. D. (2004). Three year health outcomes among older women at risk of elder
abuse. Quality of Life Research, 13, 1043–1052. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QURE.0000031343.15372.a5
Segrin, C. , & Flora, J. (2011). Family communication. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203857830
Semlak, J. , & Pearson, J. (2011). Big Macs/Peanut Butter and Jelly: An exploration of dialectical contradictions
experienced by the sandwich generation. Communication Research Reports, 28(4), 296–307.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.616449
Share, M. , Williams, C. , & Kerrins, L. (2018). Displaying and performing: Polish transnational families in
Ireland Skyping grandparents in Poland. New Media & Society, 20(8), 3011–3028.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444817739272
Sillars, A. L. , & Zietlow, P. H. (1993). Investigations of marital communication and lifespan development. In N.
Coupland & J. F. Nussbaum (Eds.), Discourse and lifespan identity (pp. 237–261). Sage.
Silverstein, M. , & Ruiz, S. (2006). Breaking the chain: How grandparents moderate the transmission of
maternal depression to their grandchildren. Family Relations, 55(5), 601–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3729.2006.00429.x
Soliz, J. (2007). Communicative predictors of a shared family identity: Comparison of grandchildren’s
perceptions of family-of-origin grandparents and stepgrandparents. Journal of Family Communication, 7(3),
177–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430701221636
Soliz, J. (2008). Intergenerational support and the role of grandparents in post-divorce families. Qualitative
Research Reports in Communication, 9(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/17459430802400373
Soliz, J. , & Harwood, J. (2003). Perceptions of communication in a family relationship and the reduction of
intergroup prejudice. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 31(4), 320–345.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369681032000132582
Soliz, J. , & Harwood, J. (2006). Shared family identity, age salience, and intergroup contact: Investigation of
the grandparent – grandchild relationship. Communication Monographs, 73(1), 87–107.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750500534388
Soliz, J. , Lin, M.-C. , Anderson, K. , & Harwood, J. (2005). Friends and allies: Communication in grandparent-
grandchild relationships. In K. Floyd & M. Morman (Eds.), Widening the family circle (pp. 65–79). Sage.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204369.n5
Soliz, J. , Rittenour, C. E. (2015). Generativity in the family: Grandparent-grandchild relationships and the
intergenerational transmission of values and worldviews. In V. Waldron & D. Kelley (Eds.), Moral talk across the
lifespan: Creating good relationships (pp. 55–74). Peter Lang.
Stocker, C. M. , Gilligan, M. , Klopack, E. T. , Conger, K. J. , Lanthier, R. P. , Neppl, T. K. , Walker O’Neal, C. ,
& Wickrama, K. A. S. (2020). Sibling relationships in older adulthood: Links with loneliness and well-being.
Journal of Family Psychology, 34(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000586
Tan, J. P. , Buchanan, A. , Flouri, E. , Attar-Schwartz, S. , & Griggs, J. (2010). Filling the parenting gap?
Grandparent involvement with UK adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 31(7), 992–1015.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192513X09360499
Thompsell, A. , & Lovestone, S. (2002). Out of sight out of mind? Support and information given to distance and
near relatives of those with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(9), 804–807.
https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.692
Tower, R. B. , & Kasl, S. V. (1995). Depressive symptoms across older spouses and the moderating effect of
marital closeness. Psychology and Aging, 10(4), 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.10.4.625
Tsai, T. H. , Chang, H. T. , & Ho, Y. L. (2016). Perceptions of a specific family communication application
among grandparents and grandchildren: An extension of the technology acceptance model. PLoS One, 11(6),
Article e0156680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156680
Utz, R. L. , Swenson, K. L. , Caserta, M. , Lund, D. , & deVries, B. (2014). Feeling lonely versus being alone:
Loneliness and social support among recently bereaved persons. Journals of Gerontology Series B:
Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69B(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt075
Van Volkom, M. (2006). Sibling relationships in middle and older adulthood: A review of the literature. Marriage
& Family Review, 40(2–3), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v40n02_08
Weisskirch, R. (2006). Emotional aspects of language brokering among Mexican American adults. Journal of
Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 27(4), 332–343. https://doi.org/10.2167/jmmd421.1
Williams, A. , & Garrett, P. (2002). Communication evaluations across the lifespan: From adolescent storm and
stress to elder aches and pains. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 21(2), 101–127.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0261927X02021002001
Yang, Y. (2008). Social inequalities in happiness in the United States, 1972 to 2004: An age-period-cohort
analysis. American Sociological Review, 73(2), 204–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300202
Zhang, Y. B. , Paik, S. , Xing, C. , & Harwood, J. (2018). Young adults’ contact experiences and attitudes
toward aging: Age salience and intergroup anxiety in South Korea. Asian Journal of Communication, 28(5),
468–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2018.1453848

Communication in Intact Families

Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4),
887–907. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126611
Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology
Monographs, 75(1), 43–88.
Belsky, J. , Caspi, A. , Moffitt, T. E. , & Poulton, R. (2020). The origins of you: How childhood shapes later life.
Harvard University Press.
Biblarz, T. J. , & Stacey, J. (2010). How does the gender of parents matter? Journal of Marriage and Family,
72(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety and anger (3rd ed., Vol. 2). Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Psychology Press.
Brown, S. L. (2010). Marriage and child well-being: Research and policy perspectives. Journal of Marriage and
the Family, 72(5), 1059–1077. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00750.x
Burrell, N. (1995). Communication patterns in stepfamilies: Redefining family roles, themes, and conflict styles.
In M. A. Fitzpatrick & A. L. Vangelisti (Eds.), Explaining family interactions (pp. 290–309). Sage.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483326368
Caspi, A. , McClay, J. , Moffitt, T. E. , Mill, J. , Martin, J. , Craig, I. W. , Taylor, A. , & Poulton, R. (2002). Role of
genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science (New York, N.Y.), 297(5582), 851–854.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072290
Caspi, A. , Sugden, K. , Moffitt, T. E. , Taylor, A. , Craig, I. W. , Harrington, H. , McClay, J. , Mill, J. , Martin, J. ,
Braithwaite, A. , & Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in
the 5-HTT gene. Science (New York, N.Y.), 301(5631), 386–389. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083968
Cutrona, C. (1996). Social support in couples: Marriage as a resource in times of stress.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483327563
Davies, P. T. , & Cummings, E. M. (1998). Exploring children’s emotional security as a mediator of the link
between marital relations and child adjustment. Child Development, 69(1), 124–139.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1132075
Fitzpatrick, M. , & Caughlin, J. (2002). Interpersonal communication in family relationships. In M. L. Knapp & J.
A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (pp. 726–778). Sage.
Fitzpatrick, M. A. , & Ritchie, L. D. (1993). Communication theory and the family. In P. Boss , W. J. Doherty , R.
LaRossa , W. R. Schumm , & S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual
approach (pp. 565–585). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85764-0
Fitzpatrick, M. A. , & Ritchie, L. D. (1994). Communication schemata within the family: Multiple perspectives on
family interaction. Human Communication Research, 20(3), 275–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-
2958.1994.tb00324.x
Gano-Phillips, S. , & Fincham, F. (1995). Family conflict, divorce, and children’s adjustment. In Explaining
family interactions (pp. 206–231). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483326368
Gringlas, M. , & Weinraub, M. (1995). The more things change: Single parenting revisited. Journal of Family
Issues, 16(1), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251395016001003
Kim, H. S. (1981). Coorientation and communication. In B. Dervin & M. J. Voigt (Eds.), Progress in
communication sciences (pp. 31–54). Ablex.
Kissman, K. , & Allen, J. A. (1993). Single-parent families. Sage.
Koerner, A. F. , & Cvancara, K. E. (2002). The Influence of conformity orientation on communication patterns in
family conversations. Journal of Family Communication, 2(3), 133–152.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327698JFC0203_2
Koerner, A. F. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1997). Family type and conflict: The impact of conversation orientation and
conformity orientation on conflict in the family. Communication Studies, 48(1), 59–75.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10510979709368491
Koerner, A. F. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2006). Family communication patterns theory: A social cognitive approach.
In D. O. Braithwaite & L. A. Baxter (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives
(pp. 50–65). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204420.n4
Koerner, A. F. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2002). Understanding family communication patterns and family
functioning: The roles of conversation orientation and conformity orientation. Annals of the International
Communication Association, 26(1), 36–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2002.11679010
Livingston, G. (2018). About one-third of U.S. children are living with an unmarried parent. Pew Research
Center. Retrieved May 7, 2020, from www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/27/about-one-third-of-u-s-
children-are-living-with-an-unmarried-parent/
Manning, W. D. , & Brown, S. (2006). Children’s economic well-being in married and cohabiting parent families.
Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00257.x
McLeod, J. M. , & Chaffee, S. (1972). The construction of social reality. In J. Tedeschi (Ed.), The social
influence processes (pp. 50–59). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315134970-2
McLeod, J. M. , & Chaffee, S. H. (1973). Interpersonal approaches to communication research. American
Behavioral Scientist, 16(4), 469–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276427301600402
Nair, H. , & Murray, A. D. (2005). Predictors of attachment security in preschool children from intact and
divorced families. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166(3), 245–263.
https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.166.3.245-263
Noller, P. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1993). Communication in family relationships. Prentice Hall.
Reiss, D. (1981). The family’s construction of reality. Harvard University Press.
Reiss, D. , Neiderhiser, J. M. , Hetherington, E. M. , & Plomin, R. (2000). The relationship code: Deciphering
genetic and social influences on adolescent development (Illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press.
Repetti, R. L. , Taylor, S. E. , & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: Family social environments and the
mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 330–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-
2909.128.2.330
Ritchie, L. D. (1991). Family communication patterns: An epistemic analysis and conceptual reinterpretation.
Communication Research, 18(4), 548–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365091018004005
Ritchie, L. D. (1997). Parents’ workplace experiences and family communication patterns. Communication
Research, 24(2), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365097024002004
Ritchie, L. D. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1990). Family communication patterns: Measuring intrapersonal perceptions
of interpersonal relationships. Communication Research, 17(4), 523–544.
https://doi.org/10.1177/009365090017004007
Rueter, M. A. , & Koerner, A. F. (2008). The effect of family communication patterns on adopted adolescent
adjustment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 70(3), 715–727. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2008.00516.x
Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parent – adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect.
Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.00001
Wamboldt, F. S. , & Reiss, D. (1989). Task performance and the social construction of meaning: Juxtaposing
normality with contemporary family research. In D. Offer & M. Sabshin (Eds.), Normality: Context and theory
(pp. 2–40). Basic Books.
Waters, E. , Merrick, S. , Treboux, D. , Crowell, J. , & Albersheim, L. (2000). Attachment security in infancy and
early adulthood: A twenty-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 71(3), 684–689.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00176

Divorced and Single-Parent Families

Afifi, T. D. (2003). “Feeling caught” in stepfamilies: Managing boundary turbulence through appropriate privacy
coordination rules. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(6), 729–756.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407503206002
Afifi, T. D. , Davis, S. , Denes, A. , & Merrill, A. (2014). Analyzing divorce from culture and network theory
approaches. Journal of Family Studies, 19(3), 3708–3742. https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.2013.19.3.240
Afifi, T. D. , & Schrodt, P. (2003). “Feeling caught” as a mediator of adolescents’ and young adults’ avoidance
and satisfaction with their parents in divorced and non-divorced households. Communication Monographs,
70(2), 142–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/0363775032000133791
Alami, A. , Khosravan, S. , Moghadam, L. S. , Pakravan, F. , & Hosseni, F. (2014). Adolescents’ self-esteem in
single and two-parent families. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 2(2), 69–76.
Amato, P. R. (2000a). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and the
Family, 62(4), 1269–1287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01269.x
Amato, P. R. (2000b). Diversity within single-parent families. In D. H. Demo , K. R. Allen & M. A. Fine (Eds.),
Handbook of family diversity (3rd ed., pp. 149–172). Oxford.
Amato, P. R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis.
Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), 355–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.355
Amato, P. R. (2005). The impact of family formation change on the cognitive, social, and emotional well-being
of the next generation. The Future of Children, 15(2), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2005.0012
Amato, P. R. , & Afifi, T. D. (2006). Feeling caught between parents: Adult children’s relations with parents and
subjective wellbeing. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(1), 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2006.00243.x
Amato, P. R. , & DeBoer, D. D. (2001). The transmission of marital instability across generations: Relationship
skills or commitment to marriage? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63(4), 1038–1051.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.01038.x
Amato, P. R. , & Irving, S. (2005). Historical trends in divorce in the United States. In M. A. Fine & J. H. Harvey
(Eds.), Handbook of divorce and relationship dissolution (pp. 41–57). Routledge.
Amato, P. R. , & Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A meta-analysis.
Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 26–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.26
Amato, P. R. , Loomis, L. , & Booth, A. (1995). Parental divorce, marital conflict, and offspring well-being during
early adulthood. Social Forces, 73(3), 895–915. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/73.3.895
Amato, P. R. , & Sobolewski, J. M. (2001). The effects of divorce and marital discord on adult children’s
psychological well-being. American Sociological Review, 66(6), 900–921. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088878
Anderson, E. R. , & Greene, S. M. (2005). Transi-tions in parental repartnering after divorce. Journal of Divorce
& Remarriage, 43(3–4), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v43n03_03
Ayerbe, L. , Pérez-Piñar, M. , Foguet-Boreu, Q. , & Ayis, S. (2020). Psychosis in children of separated parents:
A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 63(1), 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.15
Barnett, M. A. (2008). Economic disadvantage in complex family systems: Expansion of family stress models.
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11(3), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-008-0034-z
Beck, A. N. , Cooper, C. E. , McLanahan, S. , & BrooksGunn, J. (2010), Partnership transitions and maternal
parenting. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(2), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00695.x
Bennett, M. , & Jamieson, L. (1999). Perceptions of parents as a function of their marital status and sex. Infant
and Child Development, 8(3), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-7219(199909)8:3<149::aid-
icd196>3.0.co;2-5
Bernardi, F. , & Radl, J. (2014). The long-term consequences of parental divorce for children’s educational
attainment. Demographic Research, 30, 1653–1680. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.61
Booth, A. , & Amato, P. R. (1994). Parental marital quality, parental divorce, and relations with parents. Journal
of Marriage and the Family, 56(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.2307/352698
Booth, A. , & Amato, P. R. (2001). Parental predivorce relations and offspring postdivorce well-being. Journal of
Marriage and the Family, 63(1), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00197.x
Bratter, J. L. , & Damaske, S. (2013). Poverty at a racial crossroads: Poverty among multiracial children of
single mothers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(2), 486–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12012
Cho, I. Y. , Kim, J. S. , & Kim, J. O. (2018). Factors influencing adolescents’ self-control according to family
structure. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 27(11), 3520–3530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1175-4
Crosnoe, R. , Mistry, R. S. , & Elder, G. H. (2002). Economic disadvantage, family dynamics, and adolescent
enrollment in higher education. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3), 690–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2002.00690.x
de Carvalho, J. , & Spears, B. (2019). Resilience in African American single-parent households: Perceptions of
predictors for academic success. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 9(2), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.30845/aijcr.v9n2p1
Dijk, R. , van der Valk, I. , Decovik, M. , & Branje, S. (2020). A meta-analysis on interparental conflict,
parenting, and child adjustment in divorced families: Examining mediation using meta-analytic structural
equation models. Clinical Psychology Review, 79, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101861
Elam, K. K. , Sandler, I. , Wolchik, S. , Rogers, A. , & Tein, J. (2019). Latent profiles of postdivorce parenting
time, conflict, and quality: Children’s adjustment associations. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(5), 499–510.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000484
Fomby, P. , Ophir, A. , & Carlson, M. (2020). Family complexity and children’s behavior problems over two U.S.
cohorts. Journal of Marriage and Family, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12706
Ganong, L. H. , & Coleman, M. (1995). The content of mother stereotypes. Sex Roles, 32(7–8), 495–512.
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01544185
Golombok, S. , Zadeh, S. , Imrie, S. , Smith, V. , & Freeman, T. (2016). Single mothers by choice: Mother –
child relationships and children’s psychological adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(4), 409–418.
https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000188
Gustavsen, G. , Nayga, R. , & Wu, X. (2016). Effects of parental divorce on teenage children’s risk behaviors:
Incidence and persistence. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 37(3), 474–487.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-015-9460-5
Haire, A. R. , & McGeorge, C. R. (2012). Negative perceptions of never-married custodial single mothers and
fathers: Applications of a gender analysis for family therapists. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 24(1),
24–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952833.2012.629130
Herrero, M. , Martinez-Pampliega, A. , & Alvarez, I. (2020). Family communication, adaptation to divorce and
children’s maladjustment: The moderating role of coparenting. Journal of Family Communication, 20(2),
114–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2020.1723592
Hertz, R. (2006). Single by chance, mothers by choice: How women are choosing parenthood without marriage
and creating the new American family: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179903.001.0001
Hertz, R. , & Ferguson, F. (1998). Only one pair of hands: Ways that single mothers stretch work and family
resources. Community, Work & Family, 1(1), 13–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668809808414695
Hetherington, E. M. (2003). Social support and the adjustment of children in divorced and remarried families.
Childhood, 10(2), 217–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568203010002007
www.hub.jhu.edu/2014/01/29/divorce-in-time-of-recession/
Jacoby, S. F. , Tach, L. , Guerra, T. , Wiebe, D. J. , & Richmond, T. S. (2017). The health status and wellbeing
of lowresource, housingunstable, singleparent families living in violent neighbourhoods in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. Health & Social Care in the Community, 25(2), 578–589. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12345
Jekielek, S. (1998). Parental conflict, marital disruption and children’s emotional well-being. Social Forces,
76(3), 905–936. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/76.3.905
Kabani, F. , Lykens, K. , & Tak, A. J. (2018). Exploring the relationship between adverse childhood experiences
and oral health-related quality of life. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 78(4), 313–320.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jphd.12274
King, V. , Boyd, L. M. , & Pragg, B. (2018). Parent – adolescent closeness, family belonging, and adolescent
well-being across family structures. Journal of Family Issues, 39(7), 2007–2036.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X17739048
Kotchick, B. A. , Dorsey, S. , Miller, K. S. , & Forehand, R. (1999). Adolescent sexual risk-taking behavior in
single-parent ethnic minority families. Journal of Family Psychology, 13(1), 93–102.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.13.1.93
Langlais, M. R. , Anderson, E. R. , & Greene, S. M. (2016). Consequences of dating for post-divorce maternal
well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(4), 1032–1046. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12319
Logan, S. L. (2001). Strengthening family ties: Working with Black female single-parent families. In S. L. Logan
(Ed.), The Black family: Strengths, self-help, and positive change (2nd ed., pp. 164–180). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494574
Malczyk, B. R. , & Lawson, H. A. (2017). Parental monitoring, the parent-child relationship and children’s
academic engagement in mother-headed single-parent families. Children and Youth Services Review, 73,
274–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.12.019
Martin-West, S. (2019). The role of social support as a moderator of housing instability in single mother and
two-parent households. Social Work Research, 43(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svy028
McLanahan, S. (2004). Diverging destinies: How children are faring under the second demographic transition.
Demography, 41(4), 607–627. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2004.0033
Mikolajczak, M. , Raes, M.-E. , Avalosse, H. , & Roskam, I. (2017). Exhausted parents: Sociodemographic,
child-related, parent-related, parenting and family-functioning correlates of parental burnout. Journal of Child
and Family Studies, 27(2), 602–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0892-4.
Minnotte, K. L. (2012). Family structure, gender, and the work – family interface: Work-to-family conflict among
single and partnered parents. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 33(1), 95–107.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-011-9261-4
Newland, R. P. , Crnic, K. A. , Cox, M. J. , & Mills-Koonce, W. R. (2013). The family model stress and maternal
psychological symptoms: Mediated pathways from economic hardship to parenting. Journal of Family
Psychology, 27(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031112
Nieuwenhuis, R. , & Maldonado, L. (2018). The triple bind of single-parent families: Resources, employment
and policies to improve well-being. Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt2204rvq
Nixon, E. , Greene, S. , & Hogan, D. (2015). “It’s what’s normal for me”: Children’s experiences of growing up in
a continuously single-parent household. Journal of Family Issues, 36(8), 1043–1061.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13494826
O’Mara, C. , & Schrodt, P. (2017). Parents’ negative relational disclosures and young adult children’s
perceptions of appropriateness and feelings of being caught. Communication Quarterly, 65(5), 565–579.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2017.1321563
Ono, M. , & Honda, S. (2017). Association between social support and child abuse potential among Japanese
mothers. Children and Youth Services Review, 73, 88–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.12.003
www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/02/03/as-pandemic-continues-more-in-u-s-and-europe-feel-major-impact-
on-their-lives/
Phillips, T. M. (2012). The influence of family structure vs. family climate on adolescent well-being. Child and
Adolescent Social Work Journal, 29(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-012-0254-4
Riggio, H. R. (2004). Parental marital conflict and divorce, parent-child relationships, social support, and
relationship anxiety in young adulthood. Personal Relationships, 11(1), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-
6811.2004.00073.x
Rousou, E. , Kouta, C. , & Middleton, N. (2016). Association of social support and socio-demographic
characteristics with poor self-rated health and depressive symptomatology among single mothers in Cyprus: A
descriptive cross-sectional study. BMC Nursing, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-016-0134-x
Sands, A. , Thompson, E. , & Gaysina, D. (2017). Long-term influences of parental divorce on offspring
affective disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 105–114.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.015
Schrodt, P. , & Afifi, T. D. (2007). Communication processes that predict young adults’ feelings of being caught
and their associations with mental health and family satisfaction. Communication Monographs, 74(2), 200–228.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750701390085
Schrodt, P. , & Afifi, T. D. (2018). Untying the ties that bind: Dispositional and relational patterns of negative
relational disclosures and family members’ feelings of being caught. Journal of Family Issues, 39(7),
1962–1983. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x17739050
Schrodt, P. , & Ledbetter, A. (2012). Parental confirmation as a mitigator of feeling caught and family
satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 19(1), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01345.x
Schrodt, P. , & Shimkowski, J. (2013). Feeling caught as a mediator of co-parental communication and young
adult children’s mental health and relational satisfaction with parents. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 30(8), 977–999. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513479213
Sieh, D. S. , Visser-Meily, J. M. A. , & Meijer, A. M. (2013). The relationship between parental depressive
symptoms, family type, and adolescent functioning. PLoS One, 8(11), 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080699
Steinbach, A. , Augustijn, L. , & Corkadi, G. (2021). Joint physical custody and adolescents’ life satisfaction in
37 North American and European Countries. Family Process, 60(1), 145–168.
https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12536
Tavares, L. , & Aassve, A. (2013). Psychological distress of marital and cohabitation breakups. Social Science
Research, 42(6), 1599–1611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.07.008
Thomas, J. (2018). Dimensions of family disruption: Coincidences, interactions, and impacts on children’s
educational attainment. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 9(2), 157–187.
https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v9i2.436
Troilo, J. , & Coleman, M. (2008). College student perceptions of the content of father stereotypes. Journal of
Marriage and the Family, 70(1), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00473.x
Turner, R. A. , Irwin, C. E. , & Millstein, S. G. (1991). Family structure, family processes, and experimenting with
substances during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1(1), 93–106.
US Census Bureau . (2020, May). Custodial mothers and fathers and their child support: 2017 ( T. Grall ,
Author; Current Population Reports; Report No. P60–269).
www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p60-269.pdf
Van Gasse, D. , & Mortelmans, D. (2020). With or without you – starting single-parent families: A qualitative
study on how single parents by choice reorganise their lives to facilitate single parenthood from a life course
perspective. Journal of Family Issues, 41(11), 2223–2248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20911971
Waldfogel, J. , Craigie, T.-A. , & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2010). Fragile families and child wellbeing. The Future of
Children, 20(2), 87–112. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2010.0002
Wagner, K. D. , Ritt-Olson, A. , Chou, C. P. , Pokhrel, P. , Duan, L. , Baezconde-Garbanati, L. , Soto, D. W. , &
Unger, J. B. (2010). Associations between family structure, family functioning, and substance use among
Hispanic/Latino adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), 98–108.
https://doi.org/10.1027/a0018497
Whitton, S. , Rhoades, G. , Stanley, S. , & Markman, H. (2008). Effects of parental divorce on marital
commitment and confidence. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 789–793. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012800
Xerxa, Y. , Rescorla, L. A. , Serdarevic, F. , Van IJzendorn, M. H. , Jaddoe, V. W. , Verhulst, F. C. , Luijk, M. P.
C. M. , & Tiemeier, H. (2020). The complex role of parental separation in the association between family conflict
and child problem behavior. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 49(1), 79–93.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2018.1520118
Yopp, J. M. , Deal, A. M. , Nakamura, Z. M. , Park, E. M. , Edwards, T. , Wilson, D. R. , Beisecker, B. , &
Rosenstein, D. L. (2019). Psychological and parental functioning of widowed fathers: The first two years.
Journal of Family Psychology, 33(5), 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000528
Yopp, J. M. , & Rosenstein, D. L. (2013). A support group for fathers whose wives died from cancer. Clinical
Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17(2), 169–173. https://doi.org/10.1188/13.CJON.169-173.
Stepfamilies as Developed and Enacted in Communication
Adamsons, K. , & Pasley, K. (2006). Co-parenting following divorce and relationship dissolution. In M. A. Fine &
J. H. Harvey (Eds.), Handbook of divorce and relationship dissolution (pp. 241–261). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Afifi, T. D. (2003). “Feeling caught” in stepfamilies: Managing boundary turbulence through appropriate
communication privacy rules. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(6), 729–755.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407503206002
Afifi, T. D. , & Schrodt, P. (2003). “Feeling caught” as a mediator of adolescents’ and young adults’ avoidance
and satisfaction with their parents in divorced and non-divorced households. Communication Monographs,
70(2), 142–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/0363775032000133791
Ahrons, C. R. (2007). Family ties after divorce: Longterm implications for children. Family Process, 46(1),
53–65.
Alder-Bader, F. , Robertson, A. , & Schramm, D. G. (2010). Conceptual framework for marriage education
programs for stepfamily couples with considerations for socioeconomic context. Marriage and Family Review,
46(4), 300–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2010.500531
Amato, P. R. , & Afifi, T. D. (2006). Feeling caught between parents: Adult children’s relations with parents and
subjective well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(1), 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2006.00243.x
Banker, B. S. , & Gaertner, S. L. (1998). Achieving stepfamily harmony: An intergroup-relations approach.
Journal of Family Psychology, 12(3), 310–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.12.3.310
Baxter, L. A. (2011). Voicing relationships: A dialogic approach. Sage.
Baxter, L. A. (2014). Theorizing the communicative construction of “family”: The three R’s. In L. A. Baxter (Ed.),
Remaking “family” communicatively (pp. 33–50). Peter Lang.
Baxter, L. A. , Braithwaite, D. O. , Bryant, L. , & Wagner, A. (2004). Stepchildren’s perceptions of the
contradictions in communication with stepparents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(4),
447–467. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407504044841
Baxter, L. A. , Braithwaite, D. O. , Kellas, J. , LeClair-Underberg, C. , Lamb-Normand, E. , Routsong, T. , &
Thatcher, M. (2009). Empty ritual: Young-adult stepchildren’s perceptions of the remarriage ceremony. Journal
of Social and Personal Relationships, 26(4), 467–487. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407509350872
Baxter, L. A. , Braithwaite, D. O. , & Nicholson, J. H. (1999). Turning points in the development of blended
families. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 16(3), 291–313.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407599163002
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Aronson.
Braithwaite, D. O. , & Baxter, L. A. (2006). “You’re my parent but you’re not”: Dialectical tensions in
stepchildren’s perceptions about communicating with the nonresidential parent. Journal of Applied
Communication Research, 34(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880500420200
Braithwaite, D. O. , Baxter, L. A. , & Harper, A. M. (1999). The role of rituals in the management of dialectical
tensions of “old” and “new” in blended families. Communication Studies, 49(2), 101–120.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10510979809368523
Braithwaite, D. O. , McBride, M. C. , & Schrodt, P. (2003). “Parent teams” and the everyday interactions of co-
parenting in stepfamilies. Communication Reports, 16(2), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210309384493
Braithwaite, D. O. , Olson, L. , Golish, T. , Soukup, C. , & Turman, P. (2001). “Becoming a family”:
Developmental processes represented in blended family discourse. Journal of Applied Communication
Research, 29(3), 221–247. https://doi/10.1080/00909880128112
Braithwaite, D. O. , & Suter, E. A. (in press). Family communication. In K. Adamsons , A. Few-Demo , C. Proulx
, & K. Roy (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methodologies (2nd ed.). Sage.
Braithwaite, D. O. , Toller, P. , Daas, K. , Durham, W. , & Jones, A. (2008). Centered but not caught in the
middle: Stepchildren’s perceptions of dialectical contradictions in the communication of co-parents. Journal of
Applied Communication Research, 36(1), 33–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880701799337
Braithwaite, D. O. , Waldron, V. R. , Allen, J. , Bergquist, G. , Marsh, J. , Oliver, B. , Storck, K. , Swords, N. , &
Tschampl-Diesing, C. (2018). “Feeling warmth and close to her”: Communication and resilience reflected in
turning points in positive adult stepchild-stepparent relationships. Journal of Family Communication, 18(2),
92–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2017.1415902
Cherlin, A. (1978). Remarriage as an incomplete institution. American Journal of Sociology, 84(3), 634–650.
Christensen, D. H. , & Rettig, K. D. (1995). The relationship of remarriage to post-divorce co-parenting. Journal
of Divorce & Remarriage, 24(1–2), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v24n01_06
Cissna, K. N. , Bochner, A. P. , & Cox, D. E. (1990). The dialectic of marital and parental relationships within
the stepfamily. Communication Monographs, 57(1), 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759009376184
Coleman, M. , Fine, M. A. , Ganong, L. H. , Downs, K. , & Pauk, N. (2005). When you’re not the Brady Bunch:
Identifying perceived conflicts and resolution strategies in stepfamilies. Personal Relationships, 8(1), 55–73.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00028.x
Coleman, M. , Ganong, L. , & Russell, L. T. (2013). Resilience in stepfamilies. In D. Beckvar (Ed.), Handbook of
family resilience (pp. 85–103). Springer.
Craig, E. A. , & Johnson, A. J. (2011). Role strain and online social support for childless stepmothers. Journal of
Social and Personal Relationships, 28(6), 868–887. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407510393055
DiVerniero, R. D. (2013). Children of divorce and their nonresidential parent’s family: Examining perceptions of
communication accommodation. Journal of Family Communication, 13(4), 301–320.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.823429
Feinburg, M. E. , Kan, M. L. , & Hetherington, E. M. (2007). The longitudinal influence of co-parenting conflict
on parental negativity and adolescent maladjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(3), 687–702.
https://doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00400.x
Fine, M. A. , Coleman, M. , & Ganong, L. H. (1998). Consistency in perceptions of the step-parent role among
step-parents, parents, and stepchildren. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(6), 811–829.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407598156006
Fine, M. A. , Ganong, L. H. , & Coleman, M. (1999). A social constructionist multi-method approach to
understanding the stepparent role. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Coping with divorce, single-parenthood, and
remarriage: A risk and resiliency perspective (pp. 273–294). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Fine, M. A. , & Kurdek, L. A. (1994). Parenting cognitions in stepfamilies: Differences between parents and
stepparents and relations to parenting satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11(1),
95–112. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407594111006
Galvin, K. (2006). Diversity’s impact on defining the family: Discourse-dependence and identity. In L. H. Turner
& R. West (Eds.), The family communication sourcebook (pp. 3–19). Sage.
Ganong, L. , Coleman, M. , Fine, M. , & Martin, P. (1999). Stepparents’ affinity-seeking and affinity-maintaining
strategies with stepchildren. Journal of Family Issues, 20(3), 299–327.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019251399020003001
Ganong, L. , Coleman, M. , & Hans, J. (2006). Divorce as prelude to stepfamily living the consequences of
redivorce. In M. A. Fine & J. H. Harvey (Eds.), Handbook of divorce and relationship dissolution (pp. 409–434).
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ganong, L. , Jensen, T. , Sanner, C. , Russell, L. , & Coleman, M. (2019). Stepfathers’ affinity-seeking with
stepchildren, stepfather-stepchild relationship quality, marital quality, and stepfamily cohesion among
stepfathers and mothers. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(5), 521–531. https://doi/10.1037/fam0000518
Ganong, L. H. , & Coleman, M. (1994). Remarried family relationships. Sage.
Ganong, L. H. , & Coleman, M. (2004). Stepfamily relationships: Development, dynamics, and interventions.
Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Ganong, L. H. , & Coleman, M. (2017). Stepfamily relationships: Development, dynamics, and interventions
(2nd ed.). Springer.
Ganong, L. H. , & Coleman, M. (2019). “Resilience processes in postdivorce families and stepfamilies.” Family
sustainability: Contextualizing relationships within evolving systems. Family Focus, Issue FF81.
www.ncfr.org/ncfr-report/fall-2019
Ganong, L. H. , Coleman, M. , & Jamison, T. (2011). Patterns of stepchild-stepparent relationship development.
Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(2), 396–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00814.x
Golish, T. D. (2000). Is openness always better?: Exploring the role of topic avoidance, satisfaction, and
parenting styles of stepparents. Communication Quarterly, 48(2), 137–158.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370009385587
Golish, T. D. (2003). Stepfamily communication strengths: Understanding the ties that bind. Human
Communication Research, 29(1), 41–80. https://doi/10.1093/hcr/29.1.41
Golish, T. D. , & Caughlin, J. P. (2002). “I’d rather not talk about it”: Adolescents’ and young adults’ use of topic
avoidance in stepfamilies. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30(1), 78–106.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880216574
Gosselin, J. , & David, H. (2007). Risk and resilience factors linked with the psychosocial adjustment of
adolescents, stepparents and biological parents. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 48(1–2), 29–53.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v48n01_02
Graham, E. E. (1997). Turning points and commitment in post-divorce relationships. Communication
Monographs, 64(4), 351–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759709376428
Graham, E. E. (2003). Dialectic contradictions in postmarital relationships. Journal of Family Communication,
3(4), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327698JFC0304_3
Hetherington, E. M. (1999). Family functioning and the adjustment of adolescent siblings in diverse types of
families. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64(4), 1–25.
www.jstor.org/stable/3181537
Hutchinson, S. L. , Afifi, T. , & Krause, S. (2007). The family that plays together fares better: Examining the
contribution of shared family time to family resilience following divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage,
46(3–4), 21–48.
Kellas, J. K. , LeClair-Underberg, C. , & Normand, E. L. (2008). Stepfamily address terms: “Sometimes they
mean something and sometimes they don’t.” Journal of Family Communication, 8(3–4), 238–263.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v46n03_03
Kreider, R. M. , & Ellis, R. (2011). Living arrangements of children: 2009. In Household Economic Studies.
Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau. www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p70-126.pdf
Maccoby, E. E. , & Mnookin, R. H. (1992). Dividing the child: Social and legal dilemmas of custody. Harvard
University Press.
Manning, W. (2006). Cohabitation and child well-being. Gender Issues, 23, 21–34.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03186775
Metts, S. , Braithwaite, D. O. , Schrodt, P. , Wang, T. R. , Holman, A. J. , Nuru, A. K. , & Stephenson Abetz, J.
(2013). The experience and expression of stepchildren’s emotions at critical events in stepfamily life. Journal of
Divorce and Remarriage, 54(5), 414–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2013.800400
Michaels, M. L. (2006). Factors that contribute to stepfamily success: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Divorce
& Remarriage, 44(3–4), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v44n03_04
Nuru, A. K. , & Wang, T. R. (2014). “She was stomping on everything that we used to think of as a family”:
Communication and turning points in cohabiting (step)families. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 55(2),
145–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2013.871957
Oliver, B. M. (2019). Blended family resilience: Communication practices in positive adult half sibling
relationships. Paper presented at the National Communication Association Conference, Baltimore, MD.
Oliver, B. M. , Braithwaite, D. O. Waldron, V. , Hall, R. , Hackenburg, L. , & Worman, B. (2020), Protector and
friend: Turning points and the discursive construction of the stepparent role. Under review.
Papernow, P. L. (2008). A clinician’s view of “stepfamily architecture”: Strategies for meeting the challenges. In
J. Pryor (Ed.), The international handbook of stepfamilies: Policy and practice in legal, research, and clinical
environments (pp. 423–454). Wiley.
Papernow, P. L. (2013). Surviving and thriving in stepfamily relationships: What works and what doesn’t?
Routledge.
Pew Research Center . (2011). A portrait of stepfamilies. www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/01/13/a-portrait-of-
stepfamilies/
Raley, R. K. , & Sweeney, M. M. (2020). Divorce, repartnering, and stepfamilies: A decade in review. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 82(1), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12651
Schrodt, P. (2006a). The stepparent relationship index: Development, validation, and associations with
stepchildren’s perceptions of stepparent communication competence and closeness. Personal Relationships,
13(2), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00111.x
Schrodt, P. (2006b). Development and validation of the stepfamily life index. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 23(3), 427–444. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407506064210
Schrodt, P. (2006c). A typological examination of communication competence and mental health in
stepchildren. Communication Monographs, 73(3), 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750600873728
Schrodt, P. (2010). Co-parental communication with nonresidential parents as a predictor of couples’ relational
satisfaction and mental health in stepfamilies. Western Journal of Communication, 74(5), 484–503.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2010.512282
Schrodt, P. (2011). Stepparents’ and nonresidential parents’ relational satisfaction as a function of co-parental
communication in stepfamilies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(7), 983–1004.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407510397990
Schrodt, P. (2014). Discourse dependence, relational ambivalence, and the social construction of stepfamily
relationships. In L. A. Baxter (Ed.), Remaking “family” communicatively (pp. 157–174). Peter Lang.
Schrodt, P. (2021). Disagreement in perceptions of stepfamily communication and functioning: Implications for
mental health. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(1), 393–412.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520964862
Schrodt, P. , & Afifi, T. D. (2007). Communication processes that predict young adults’ feelings of being caught
and their associations with mental health and family satisfaction. Communication Monographs, 74(2), 200–228.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750701390085
Schrodt, P. , Baxter, L. A. , McBride, M. C. , Braithwaite, D. O. , & Fine, M. (2006). The divorce decree,
communication, and the structuration of co-parenting relationships in stepfamilies. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 23(5), 741–759. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407506068261
Schrodt, P. , & Braithwaite, D. O. (2010). Dark clouds with silver linings: The (dys)functional ambivalence of
stepfamily relationships. In W. R. Cupach & B. H. Spitzberg (Eds.), The dark side of close relationships II (pp.
243–268). Routledge.
Schrodt, P. , & Braithwaite, D. O. (2011). Co-parental communication, relational satisfaction, and mental health
in stepfamilies. Personal Relationships, 18(3), 352–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01295.x
Schrodt, P. , Braithwaite, D. O. , Soliz, J. , Tye-Williams, S. , Miller, A. , Normand, E. L. , & Harrigan, M. M.
(2007). An examination of everyday talk in stepfamily systems. Western Journal of Communication, 71(3),
216–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310701510077
Schrodt, P. , & Ledbetter, A. M. (2012). Parental confirmation as a mitigator of feeling caught and family
satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 19(1), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01345.x
Schrodt, P. , Miller, A. E. , & Braithwaite, D. O. (2011). Ex-spouses’ relational satisfaction as a function of co-
parental communication in stepfamilies. Communication Studies, 62(3), 272–290.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2011.563453
Schrodt, P. , Soliz, J. , & Braithwaite, D. O. (2008). A social relations model of everyday talk and relational
satisfaction in stepfamilies. Communication Monographs, 75(2), 190–217.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750802023163
Soliz, J. (2008). Intergenerational support and the role of grandparents in post-divorce families: Retrospective
accounts of young adult grandchildren. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 9(1), 72–80.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17459430802400373
Speer, R. B. , & Trees, A. R. (2007). The push and pull of stepfamily life: The contribution of stepchildren’s
autonomy and connection-seeking behaviors to role development in stepfamilies. Communication Studies,
58(4), 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970701648590
Stewart, S. D. (2005). Boundary ambiguity in stepfamilies. Journal of Family Issues, 26(7), 1002–1029.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192513X04273591
Stewart, S. D. (2007). Brave new stepfamilies: Diverse paths toward stepfamily living. Sage.
Suter, E. A. (2018). The promise of contrapuntal and intersectional methods for advancing critical interpersonal
and family communication research. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 123–139.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1375131
Sweeney, M. M. (2010). Remarriage and stepfamilies: Strategic sites for family scholarship in the 21st century.
Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 667–684. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00724.x
Teachman, J. , & Tedrow, L. (2008). The demography of stepfamilies in the United States. In J. Pryor (Ed.), The
international handbook of stepfamilies: Policy and practice in legal, research, and clinical environments (pp.
3–29). Wiley.
Waldron, V. R. , Braithwaite, D. O. , Oliver, B. M. , Kloeber, D. N. , & March, J. S. (2018). Discourses of
forgiveness and resilience in stepchild-stepparent relationships. Journal of Applied Communication Research,
46(5), 561–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2018.1530447
Weaver, S. E. , & Coleman, M. (2010). Caught in the middle: Mothers in stepfamilies. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 27(3), 305–326. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407510361729
Wolchik, S. A. , Fenaughty, A. M. , & Braver, S. L. (1996). Residential and nonresidential parents’ perspectives
on visitation problems. Family Relations, 45(2), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.2307/585295

Communication in Adoptive Families

Anzur, C. K. , & Myers, S. A. (2020). “To meet her, that changed everything”: Adult adoptees’ discursive
construction of the meaning of “parent” following birth parent contact. Journal of Family Communication, 20(1),
1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2019.1656633
Ballard, R. L. (2013). Narrative burden: A qualitative investigation of transnational, transracial adoptee identity.
Qualitative Communication Research, 2(3), 229–254. https://doi.org/10.1525/qcr.2013.2.3.229
Baptista, N. M. , Christensen, K. D. , Carere, D. A. , Broadley, S. A. , Roberts, J. S. , & Green, R. C. (2016).
Adopting genetics: Motivations and outcomes of personal genomic testing in adult adoptees. Genetics in
Medicine, 18(9), 924–932. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2015.192
Baxter, L. A. (2014). Remaking “family” communicatively. Peter Lang.
Baxter, L. A. , Norwood, K. M. , Asbury, B. , & Scharp, K. M. (2014). Narrating adoption: Resisting adoption as
“second best” in online stories of domestic adoption told by adoptive parents. Journal of Family Communication,
14(3), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2014.908199
Bell, A. V. (2019). “Trying to have your own first; It’s what you do”: The relationship between adoption and
medicalized infertility. Qualitative Sociology, 42(3), 479–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-09421-3
Black, K. A. , Moyer, A. M. , & Goldberg, A. E. (2016). From face-to-face to Facebook: The role of technology
and social media in adoptive family relationships with birth family members. Adoption Quarterly, 19(4),
307–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926755.2016.1217575
Brodzinsky, D. M. (2005). Reconceptualizing openness in adoption: Implications for theory, research, and
practice. In D. M. Brodzinsky & J. Palacios (Eds.), Psychological issues in adoption: Research and practice (pp.
145–166). Praeger.
Cashen, K. K. , Grotevant, H. D. , Wyman Battalen, A. , Sellers, C. M. , & McRoy, R. G. (2021). Techmediated
and traditional communication modes in adult adoptees’ contact with birth parents. Family Relations, 70(1),
120–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12477
Clutter, L. B. (2014). Adult birth mothers who made open infant adoption placements after adolescent
unplanned pregnancy. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 43(2), 190–199.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12280
Colaner, C. W. (2014). Measuring adoptive identity: Validation of the adoptive identity work scale. Adoption
Quarterly, 17(2), 134–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926755.2014.891546
Colaner, C. W. (2019). Adoption as permanent liminality: Adoption experiences and cultural parenting values. In
T. Carson (Ed.), Neither here nor there: The many voices of liminality (pp. 143–165). The Lutterworth Press.
Colaner, C. W. , Bish, A. , Butauski, M. , Hays, A. , Horstman, H. K. , & Nelson, L. R. (2017, November).
Communication privacy management in open adoptive families. Paper presentation. National Communication
Association Conference 2017, Dallas, TX.
Colaner, C. W. , Halliwell, D. , & Guignon, P. (2014). “What do you say to your mother when your mother’s
standing beside you?” Birth and adoptive family contributions to adoptive identity via relational identity and
relational-relational identity gaps. Communication Monographs, 81(4), 469–494.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.955808
Colaner, C. W. , Horstman, H. K. , & Butauski, M. (2019). Sustaining and draining?: Adoptive mothers’
enactment of rituals in open adoption relationships. In A. M. Alford & M. Miller-Day (Eds.), Constructing
motherhood and daughterhood across the lifespan (pp. 111–127). Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/b10841
Colaner, C. W. , Horstman, H. K. , & Rittenour, C. E. (2018). Negotiating adoptive and birth shared family
identity: A social identity complexity approach. Western Journal of Communication, 82(4), 393–415.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2017.1384564
Colaner, C. W. , Kilgore, L. , Williams, N. , Elkhalid, A. , Jordan, E. , Morrison, S. , & Silvey, H. (2020,
November). Disembodied mothering: Adoptive mothers’ identity construction of their parental role. Paper
presentation. National Council of Family Relations Conference 2020, St. Louis, MO.
Colaner, C. W. , & Kilgore, L. M. (2020). Adoptee identity, belonging, and communication with birth and
adoptive families. In J. Soliz & C. W. Colaner (Eds.), Navigating relationships in the modern family:
Communication, identity, and difference. Peter Lang.
Colaner, C. W. , & Kranstuber, H. (2010). “Forever kind of wondering”: Communicatively managing uncertainty
in adoptive families. Journal of Family Communication, 10(4), 236–255.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431003682435
Colaner, C. W. , & Scharp, K. M. (2016). Maintaining open adoption relationships: Practitioner insights on
adoptive parents’ regulation of adoption kinship networks. Communication Studies, 67(3), 359–378.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2016.1164208
Colaner, C. W. , & Soliz, J. (2017). A communication-based approach to adoptive identity: Theoretical and
empirical support. Communication Research, 44(5), 611–637. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215577860
Docan-Morgan, S. (2010). Korean adoptees’ retrospective reports of intrusive interactions: Exploring boundary
management in adoptive families. Journal of Family Communication, 10(3), 137–157.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431003699603
Docan-Morgan, S. (2011). “They don’t know what it’s like to be in my shoes”: Topic avoidance about race in
transracially adoptive families. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(3), 336–355.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510382177
Docan-Morgan, S. (2014). “They were strangers who loved me”: Discussions, narratives, and rituals during
Korean adoptees’ initial reunions with birth families. Journal of Family Communication, 14(4), 352–373.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2014.946033
Docan-Morgan, S. (2017). Korean adoptees’ discursive construction of birth family and adoptive family identity
through names and labels. Communication Quarterly, 65(5), 523–548.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2017.1299192
Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute . (1997). Benchmark adoption survey: Report on findings.
www.adoptioninstitute.org/old/survey/Benchmark_Survey_1997.pdf
Fravel, D. L. , McRoy, R. G. , & Grotevant, H. D. (2000). Birthmother perceptions of the psychologically present
adopted child: Adoption openness and boundary ambiguity. Family Relations, 49(4), 425–433.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00425.x
Freeark, K. , Rosenberg, E. B. , Bornstein, J. , JozefowiczSimbeni, D. , Linkevich, M. , & Lohnes, K. (2005).
Gender differences and dynamics shaping the adoption life cycle: Review of the literature and
recommendations. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(1), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-
9432.75.1.86
French, C. , Henney, S. , Ayers-Lopez, S. , McRoy, R. , & Grotevant, H. (2014). Birth mothers’ perspectives on
their relationship with the birth father 12 to 20 years after adoption. Journal of Family Issues, 35(5), 579–600.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12472892
Galvin, K. (2006). Diversity’s impact on defining the family. In L. H. Turner & R. West (Eds.), The family
communication sourcebook (pp. 3–19). Sage.
Galvin, K. M. , & Colaner, C. W. (2013). Created through law and language: Communicative complexities of
adoptive families. In K. Floyd & M. T. Morman (Eds.), Widening the family circle (2nd ed., pp. 191–209). Sage.
Goldberg, A. E. (2010). Lesbian and gay parents and their children: Research on the family life cycle. American
Psychological Association.
Goldberg, A. E. , & Smith, J. Z. (2011). Stigma, social context, and mental health: Lesbian and gay couples
across the transition to adoptive parenthood. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(1), 139–150.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021684
Gottman, J. M. , Shapiro, A. F. , & Parthemer, J. (2004). Bringing baby home: A workshop for new and
expectant parents. International Journal of Childbirth Education, 19(3), 28. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-
journals/bringing-baby-home-workshop-new-expectant-parents/docview/212860647/se-2?accountid=14576
Graham, A. M. , Ablow, J. C. , & Measelle, J. R. (2010). Interparental relationship dynamics and cardiac vagal
functioning in infancy. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(4), 530–544.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.07.005
Grotevant, H. D. (1997). Coming to terms with adoption: The construction of identity from adolescence into
adulthood. Adoption Quarterly, 1(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1300/J145v01n01_02
Grotevant, H. D. (2009). Emotional distance regulation over the life course in adoptive kinship networks. In G.
M. Wrobel & E. Neil (Eds.), International advances in adoption research for practice (pp. 295–316). John Wiley
& Sons.
Grotevant, H. D. (2020). Open adoption. In E. Helder , E. Marr , & G. Wrobel (Eds.), Routledge handbook of
adoption (pp. 311–330). Routledge.
Grotevant, H. D. , Wrobel, G. M. , Von Korff, L. , Skinner, B. , Newell, J. , Friese, S. , & McRoy, R. G. (2007).
Many faces of openness in adoption: Perspectives of adopted adolescents and their parents. Adoption
Quarterly, 10(3–4), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926750802163204
Harrigan, M. M. (2010). Exploring the narrative process: An analysis of the adoption stories mothers tell their
internationally adopted children. Journal of Family Communication, 10(1), 24–39.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430903385875
Harrigan, M. M. , & Braithwaite, D. O. (2010). Discursive struggles in families formed through visible adoption:
An exploration of dialectical unity. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38(2), 127–144.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909881003639536
Hays, A. H. , Horstman, H. K. , Colaner, C. W. , & Nelson, L. R. (2016). “She chose us to be your parents”:
Exploring the content and process of adoption entrance narratives told in families formed through open
adoption. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33(7), 917–937.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407515611494
Horstman, H. K. , Butauski, M. , Johnsen, L. J. , & Colaner, C. W. (2017). The communication privacy
management of adopted individuals in their social networks: Disclosure decisions in light of the discourse of
biological normativity. Communication Studies, 68(3), 296–313.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2017.1324890
Horstman, H. K. , Colaner, C. W. , Nelson, L. R. , Bish, A. , & Hays, A. (2018). Communicatively constructing
birth family relationships in open adoptive families: Naming, connecting, and relational functioning. Journal of
Family Communication, 18(2), 138–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1429444
Horstman, H. K. , Colaner, C. W. , & Rittenour, C. E. (2016). Contributing factors of adult adoptees’ identity
work and self-esteem: Family communication patterns and adoption-specific communication. Journal of Family
Communication, 16(3), 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2016.1181069
Kranstuber, H. , & Koenig Kellas, J. (2011). “Instead of growing under her heart, I grew in it”: The relationship
between adoption entrance narratives and adoptees’ self-concept. Communication Quarterly, 59(2), 179–199.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2011.563440
Kreider, R. M. , & Lofquist, D. A. (2014). Adopted children and stepchildren: 2010 – Population characteristics.
US Census Bureau. www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/p20-572.pdf.
Krusiewicz, E. S. , & Wood, J. T. (2001). “He was our child from the moment we walked in that room”: Entrance
stories of adoptive parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18(6), 785–803.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407501186003
MacDonald, M. , & McSherry, D. (2013). Constrained adoptive parenthood and family transition: Adopters’
experience of unplanned birth family contact in adolescence. Child & Family Social Work, 18(1), 87–96.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12031
Mennella, J. A. , Jagnow, C. P. , & Beauchamp, G. K. (2001). Prenatal and postnatal flavor learning by human
infants. Pediatrics, 107(6), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.6.e88
Mitchell, J. , Tucci, J. , & Tronick, E. (2020). The handbook of therapeutic care for children: Evidence-informed
approaches to working with traumatized children and adolescents in foster, kinship and adoptive care. Jessica
Kingsley.
Myers, K. (2019). Complicating birth-culture pedagogy at Asian heritage camps for adoptees. Adoption &
Culture, 7(1), 67–94. https://doi.org/10.26818/adoptionculture.7.1.0067
Neil, E. , Beek, M. , & Schofield, G. (2003). Thinking about and managing contact in permanent placements:
The differences and similarities between adoptive parents and foster carers. Clinical Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 8(3), 401–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104503008003009
Nelson, L. R. , & Colaner, C. W. (2018). Becoming a transracial family: Communicatively negotiating divergent
identities in families formed through transracial adoption. Journal of Family Communication, 18(1), 51–67.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2017.1396987
Nishitani, S. , Miyamura, T. , Tagawa, M. , Sumi, M. , Takase, R. , Doi, H. , … Shinohara, K. (2009). The
calming effect of a maternal breast milk odor on the human newborn infant. Neuroscience Research, 63(1),
66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2008.10.007
Norwood, K. M. , & Baxter, L. A. (2011). “Dear birth mother”: Addressivity and meaning-making in online
adoption-seeking letters. Journal of Family Communication, 11(3), 198–217.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2011.554751
Paul, A. M. (2010). Origins: How the nine months before birth shape the rest of our lives. Simon and Schuster.
PérezEscamilla, R. , Martinez, J. L. , & SeguraPérez, S. (2016). Impact of the babyfriendly hospital initiative on
breastfeeding and child health outcomes: A systematic review. Maternal & child nutrition, 12(3), 402–417.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12294
Perry, B. D. , & Szalavitz, M. (2010). Born for love: Why empathy is essential – and endangered. Harper
Collins.
Purvis, K. B. , Cross, D. R. , Dansereau, D. F. , & Parris, S. R. (2013). Trust-Based Relational Intervention
(TBRI): A systemic approach to complex developmental trauma. Child & Youth Services, 34(4), 360–386.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935X.2013.859906
Richard, M. L. (2003). The transracial adoption paradox: History, research, and counseling implications of
cultural socialization. The Counseling Psychologist, 31(6), 711–744. doi:10.1177/0011000003258087
Rizzo Weller, M. , & Hosek, A. M. (2020). Birth mothers’ experiences of privacy turbulence in relation to closed
adoption information. Journal of Family Communication, 20(3), 250–264.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2020.1761807
Savage, D. (2000). The kid: What happened after my boyfriend and I decided to go get pregnant. Penguin
Books.
Seigel, D. J. , & Bryson, T. P. (2012). The whole brain child: 12 revolutionary strategies to nurture your child’s
developing mind. Scribe.
Soliz, J. , & Rittenour, C. E. (2012). Family as an intergroup arena. In H. Giles (Ed.), The handbook of
intergroup communication (pp. 331–343). Routledge.
Suter, E. A. (2008). Discursive negotiation of family identity: A study of U.S. families with adopted children from
China. Journal of Family Communication, 8(2), 126–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430701857406
Suter, E. A. (2012). Negotiating identity and pragmatism: Parental treatment of international adoptees’ birth
culture names. Journal of Family Communication, 12(3), 209–226.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2012.686940
Suter, E. A. (2014). The adopted family. In L. A. Baxter (Ed.), Remaking “family” communicatively (pp.
137–155). Peter Lang.
Suter, E. A. , & Ballard, R. L. (2009). “How much did you pay for her?”: Decision-making criteria underlying
adoptive parents’ responses to inappropriate remarks. Journal of Family Communication, 9(2), 107–125.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430902773253
Suter, E. A. , Baxter, L. A. , Seurer, L. M. , & Thomas, L. J. (2014). Discursive constructions of the meaning of
“family” in online narratives of foster adoptive parents. Communication Monographs, 81(1), 59–78.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.880791
Suter, E. A. , Reyes, K. L. , & Ballard, R. L. (2011a). Adoptive parents’ framing of laypersons’ conceptions of
family. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 12(1), 43–50.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17459435.2011.601524
Suter, E. A. , Reyes, K. L. , & Ballard, R. L. (2011b). Parental management of adoptive identities during
challenging encounters: Adoptive parents as “protectors” and “educators.” Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 28(2), 242–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510384419
van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Penguin
Books.
Vivero, V. N. , & Jenkins, S. R. (1999). Existential hazards of the multicultural individual: Defining and
understanding” cultural homelessness”. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5(1), 6–26.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.5.1.6.
Von Korff, L. A. , & Grotevant, H. D. (2011). Contact in adoption and adoptive identity formation: The mediating
role of family conversation. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(3), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023388
Wahl, S. T. , McBride, M. C. , & Schrodt, P. (2005). Becoming” point and click” parents: A case study of
communication and online adoption. The Journal of Family Communication, 5(4), 279–294.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0504_3
Willer, E. K. (2020). Running-in (to) transition: Embodied practice under the load of infertility, baby loss, and
motherhood. Health Communication. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1748830
World Health Organization . (2020). Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding: The baby-friendly
hospital initiative for small, sick and preterm newborns. Geneva, Switzerland.
www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240005648.
Wrobel, G. M. , Kohler, J. K. , Grotevant, H. D. , & McRoy, R. G. (2003). The family adoption communication
(FAC) model: Identifying pathways of adoption-related communication. Adoption Quarterly, 7(2), 53–84.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J145v07n02_04

Sexual and Gender Diversity and Family Relationships

Almack, K. (2005). What’s in a name? The significance of the choice of surnames given to children born within
lesbian-parent families. Sexualities, 8(2), 239–254.
Barrett, L. F. , Lane, R. D. , Sechrest, L. , & Schwartz, G. E. (2000). Sex differences in emotional awareness.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(9), 1027–1035.
Biblarz, T. J. , & Savci, E. (2010). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender families. Journal of Marriage Family,
72(3), 480–497.
Bockting, W. O. (2014). The impact of stigma on transgender identity development and mental health. In B. P.
C. Kreukels , T. D. Steensma , A. L. C. de Vries , B. P. C. Kreukels , T. D. Steensma , & A. L. C. de Vries
(Eds.), Gender dysphoria and disorders of sex development: Progress in care and knowledge (pp. 319–330).
Springer Science + Business Media.
Bonello, K. (2009). Gay monogamy and extra-dyadic sex: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical
literature. Counselling Psychology Review, 24(3–4), 51–65.
Bryant, A. S. , & Demian . (1994). Relationship characteristics of American gay and lesbian couples: Findings
from a national survey. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 1(2), 101–117.
Butler, J. P. (2002). Is kinship always already heterosexual? Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural
Studies, 13, 14–44.
Chabot, J. M. , & Ames, B. D. (2004). “It wasn’t ‘let’s get pregnant and go do it’”: Decision making in lesbian
couples planning motherhood via donor insemination. Family Relations, 53(4), 348–356.
Chan, C. S. (1992). Cultural considerations in counseling Asian American lesbians and gay man. In S. H.
Dworkin & F. J. Gutierrez (Eds.), Counseling gay men and lesbians: Journey to the end of the rainbow (pp.
115–124). American Association for Counseling and Development.
Collins, P. H. (1990a). Black feminist thought. Unwin Hyman.
Collins, P. H. (1990b). Homophobia and Black lesbians. In P. H. Collins (Ed.), Black feminist thought:
Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (pp. 192–196). Routledge.
Deenen, A. A. , Gijs, L. , & van Naerssen, A. X. (1994). Intimacy and sexuality in gay male couples. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 23(4), 421–431.
Diamond, L. M. , & Fagundes, C. P. (2012). Emotion regulation in close relationships: Implications for social
threat and its effects on immunological functioning. In L. Cambell & T. J. Loving (Eds.), Close relationshps: An
interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 83–106). Springer.
Diamond, L. M. , Fagundes, C. P. , & Butterworth, M. R. (2010). Intimate relationships across the lifespan. In M.
E. Lamb , L. White , & A. Freund (Eds.), Handbook of lifespan development (Vol. 2, pp. 379–433). Wiley.
Duncan, D. T. , Hatzenbuehler, M. L. , & Johnson, R. M. (2014). Neighborhood-level LGBT hate crimes and
current illicit drug use among sexual minority youth. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 135, 65–70.
doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.001
Eldahan, A. I. , Pachankis, J. E. , Rendina, H. J. , Ventuneac, A. , Grov, C. , & Parsons, J. T. (2016). Daily
minority stress and affect among gay and bisexual men: A 30-day diary study. Journal of Affective Disorders,
190, 828–835. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.066
Ettelbrick, P. (1993). Since when is marriage a path to liberation? In S. Sherman (Ed.), Lesbian and gay
marriage: Private commitments, public ceremonies (pp. 20–26). Temple University press.
Flanders, C. E. (2015). Bisexual health: A daily diary analysis of stress and anxiety. Basic and Applied Social
Psychology, 37(6), 319–335. doi:10.1080/01973533.2015.1079202
Galupo, M. P. , Pulice-Farrow, L. , & Ramirez, J. L. (2017). “Like a constantly flowing river”: Gender identity
flexibility among nonbinary transgender individuals. In J. D. Sinnott (Ed.), Identity flexibility during adulthood:
Perspectives in adult development. (pp. 163–177). Springer International.
Gamarel, K. E. , Reisner, S. L. , Laurenceau, J.-P. , Nemoto, T. , & Operario, D. (2014). Gender minority stress,
mental health, and relationship quality: A dyadic investigation of transgender women and their cisgender male
partners. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(4), 437–447. doi:10.1037/a0037171
Goldbach, J. T. , Schrager, S. M. , Dunlap, S. L. , & Holloway, I. W. (2015). The application of minority stress
theory to marijuana use among sexual minority adolescents. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(3), 366–375.
doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.980958
Green, R. (1978). Sexual identity of 37 children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents. The American
Journal of Psychiatry, 135(6), 692–697. doi:10.1176/ajp.135.6.692
Green, R.-J. , Bettinger, M. , & Zacks, E. (1996). Are lesbian couples fused and gay male couples disengaged?:
Questioning gender straightjackets. In J. Laird & R.-J. Green (Eds.), Lesbians and gays in couples and families:
A handbook for therapists. (pp. 185–230). Jossey-Bass.
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. , Keyes, K. M. , & Hasin, D. S. (2009). State-level policies and psychiatric morbidity in
lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2275–2281.
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153510
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. , McLaughlin, K. A. , Keyes, K. M. , & Hasin, D. S. (2010). The impact of institutional
discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: A prospective study. American
Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 452–459. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168815
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. , O’Cleirigh, C. , Grasso, C. , Mayer, K. , Safren, S. , & Bradford, J. (2012). Effect of
same-sex marriage laws on health care use and expenditures in sexual minority men: A quasi-natural
experiment. American Journal of Public Health, 102(2), 285–291. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300382
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. , O’Cleirigh, C. , Mayer, K. H. , Mimiaga, M. J. , & Safren, S. A. (2011). Prospective
associations between HIV-related stigma, transmission risk behaviors, and adverse mental health outcomes in
men who have sex with men. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 42(2), 227–234. doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9275-z
Hess, J. , & Catell, P. (2001). Dual dwelling duos: An alternative for long-term relationships. In B. J. Brothers
(Ed.), Couples, intimacy issues, and addiction (pp. 25–31). Haworth Press.
Hoff, C. C. , & Beougher, S. C. (2010). Sexual agreements among gay male couples. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 39(3), 774–787.
Iantaffi, A. , & Bockting, W. O. (2011). Views from both sides of the bridge? Gender, sexual legitimacy and
transgender people’s experiences of relationships. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 13(3), 355–370.
doi:10.1080/13691058.2010.537770
Klesse, C. (2005). Bisexual women, Non-monogamy and differentialist anti-promiscuity discourses. Sexualities,
8(4), 445–464. doi:10.1177/1363460705056620
Koken, J. A. , Bimbi, D. S. , & Parsons, J. T. (2009). Experiences of familial acceptance-rejection among
transwomen of color. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(6), 853–860. doi:10.1037/a0017198
Kurdek, L. A. (1998). Relationship outcomes and their predictors: Longitudinal evidence from heterosexual
married, gay cohabiting, and lesbian cohabiting couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 553–568.
Kurdek, L. A. (2006). Differences between partners from heterosexual, gay, and lesbian cohabiting couples.
Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 509–528.
Kurdek, L. A. , & Schmitt, J. P. (1987). Partner homogamy in married, heterosexual cohabiting, gay, and lesbian
couples. Journal of Sex Research, 23(2), 212–232.
Lippa, R. A. (2005). Sexual orientation and personality. Annual Review of Sex Research, 16, 119–153.
Means-Christensen, A. J. , Snyder, D. K. , & Negy, C. (2003). Assessing nontraditional couples: Validity of the
marital satisfaction inventory-revised with gay, lesbian, and cohabiting heterosexual couples. Journal of Marital
and Family Therapy, 29(1), 69–83.
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations:
Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-
2909.129.5.674
Mohr, J. J. , & Fassinger, R. E. (2006). Sexual orientation identity and romantic relationship quality in same-sex
couples. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(8), 1085–1099.
Mohr, J. J. , & Sarno, E. L. (2016). The ups and downs of being lesbian, gay, and bisexual: A daily experience
perspective on minority stress and support processes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 106–118.
doi:10.1037/cou0000125
Munson, M. , & Stelboum, J. P. (Eds.). (1999). The lesbian polyamory reader: Open relationships, non-
monogamy, and casual sex. Haworth Press.
Nardi, P. M. (1999). Gay men’s friendships. University of Chicago Press.
National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs . (2011). Hate violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender, queer, and HIV-affected communities in the United States, 2010.
www.ncdsv.org/images/ncavp_hateviolencereport_2011.pdf
Oswald, R. F. , Blume, L. B. , & Marks, S. R. (2005). Decentering heteronormativity: A model for family studies.
In V. L. Bengtson , A. C. Acock , K. R. Allen , P. Dilworth-Anderson , D. M. Klein , V. L. Bengtson , A. C. Acock ,
K. R. Allen , P. Dilworth-Anderson , & D. M. Klein (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theory and research. (pp.
143–165). Sage.
Patterson, C. J. (2004). Gay fathers. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (4th ed.,
pp. 397–416). John Wiley & Sons.
Peplau, L. A. , Cochran, S. D. , & Mays, V. M. (1997). A national survey of the intimate relationships of African
American lesbians and gay men: A look at commitment, satisfaction, sexual behavior, and HIV disease. In B.
Green (Ed.), Ethnic and cultural diversity among lesbians and gay men. Psychological perspectives on lesbian
and gay issues (pp. 11–38). Sage.
Platt, L. F. (2020). An exploratory study of predictors of relationship commitment for cisgender female partners
of transgender individuals. Family Process, 59(1), 173–190. doi:10.1111/famp.12400
Plöderl, M. , Sellmeier, M. , Fartacek, C. , Pichler, E.-M. , Fartacek, R. , & Kralovec, K. (2014). Explaining the
suicide risk of sexual minority individuals by contrasting the minority stress model with suicide models. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 43(8), 1559–1570. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0268-4
Pulice-Farrow, L. , Bravo, A. , & Galupo, M. P. (2019). “Your gender is valid”: Microaffirmations in the romantic
relationships of transgender individuals. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 13(1), 45–66.
doi:10.1080/15538605.2019.1565799
Ramirez, O. M. , & Brown, J. (2010). Attachment style, rules regarding sex, and couple satisfaction: A study of
gay male couples. ANZJFT Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 31(2), 202–213.
Reczek, C. , Liu, H. , & Spiker, R. (2014). A populationbased study of alcohol use in samesex and differentsex
unions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(3), 557–572. doi:10.1111/jomf.12113
Reisner, S. L. , White Hughto, J. M. , Gamarel, K. E. , Keuroghlian, A. S. , Mizock, L. , & Pachankis, J. E.
(2016). Discriminatory experiences associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among
transgender adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology. doi:10.1037/cou0000143
Riggs, D. W. , von Doussa, H. , & Power, J. (2015). The family and romantic relationships of trans and gender
diverse Australians: An exploratory survey. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 30(2), 243–255.
doi:10.1080/14681994.2014.992409
Roberts, A. L. , Rosario, M. , Corliss, H. L. , Koenen, K. C. , & Austin, S. B. (2012). Elevated risk of
posttraumatic stress in sexual minority youths: Mediation by childhood abuse and gender nonconformity.
American Journal of Public Health, 102(8), 1587–1593. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300530
Rostosky, S. S. , Riggle, E. D. B. , Gray, B. E. , & Hatton, R. L. (2007). Minority stress experiences in
committed same-sex couple relationships. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(4), 392–400.
Rothblum, E. D. , & Brehony, K. A. (Eds.). (1993). Boston marriages. University of Massachusetts Press.
Rust, P. C. R. (1996). Monogamy and polyamory: Relationship issues for bisexuals. In B. A. Firestein (Ed.),
Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 127–148). Sage.
Sabey, C. V. , Charlton, C. , & Charlton, S. R. (2019). The “magic” positive-to-negative interaction ratio:
Benefits, applications, cautions, and recommendations. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 27(3),
154–164. doi:10.1177/1063426618763106
Schreurs, K. M. G. , & Buunk, B. P. (1996). Closeness, autonomy, equity, and relationship satisfaction in
lesbian couples. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(4), 577–592.
Stokes, J. P. , Miller, R. L. , & Mundhenk, R. (1998). Toward an understanding of behaviourally bisexual men:
The influence of context and culture. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 7, 101–113.
Tate, C. C. , Youssef, C. P. , & Bettergarcia, J. N. (2014). Integrating the study of transgender spectrum and
cisgender experiences of self-categorization from a personality perspective. Review of General Psychology,
18(4), 302–312. doi:10.1037/gpr0000019
Testa, R. J. , Kinder, B. N. , & Ironson, G. (1987). Heterosexual bias in the perception of loving relationships of
gay males and lesbians. Journal of Sex Research, 23(2), 163–172.
The Opportunity Agenda. (2014). Discrimination and public attitudes toward the transgender community.
http://opportunityagenda.org/pom_may_2014
Todosijevic, J. , Rothblum, E. D. , & Solomon, S. E. (2005). Relationship satisfaction, affectivity, and gay-
specific stressors in same-sex couples joined in civil unions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(2), 158–166.
Tornello, S. L. , Riskind, R. G. , & Babić, A. (2019). Transgender and gender non-binary parents’ pathways to
parenthood. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(2), 232–241. doi:10.1037/sgd0000323
Umberson, D. , Thomeer, M. B. , & Lodge, A. C. (2015). Intimacy and emotion work in lesbian, gay, and
heterosexual relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(2), 542–556. doi:10.1111/jomf.12178
Ussher, J. M. , & Perz, J. (2008). Empathy, egalitarianism and emotion work in the relational negotiation of
PMS: The experience of women in lesbian relationships. Feminism & Psychology, 18(1), 87–111.
Weinstock, J. S. (2004). Lesbian ex-lover relationships: Under-estimated, under-theorized and under-valued? In
J. S. Weinstock & E. D. Rothblum (Eds.), Lesbian ex-lovers: The really long-term relationships. (pp. 1–8). The
Harrington Park Press/The Haworth Press.
Wight, R. G. , LeBlanc, A. J. , & Badgett, M. V. L. (2013). Same-sex legal marriage and psychological well-
being: Findings from the California Health Interview Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 103(2),
339–346. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301113
Willoughby, B. L. B. , Doty, N. D. , & Malik, N. M. (2010). Victimization, family rejection, and outcomes of gay,
lesbian, and bisexual young people: The role of negative GLB identity. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6(4),
403–424.

Support Communication in Culturally Diverse Families

Anderson, M. (2015, April 9). 6 key findings about black immigration to the U.S. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from
www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/09/6-key-findings-about-black-immigration/
Barbee, A. P. , & Cunningham, M. R. (1995). An experimental approach to social support communications:
Interactive coping in close relationships. In B. R. Burleson (Ed.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 18, pp.
381–413). Sage.
Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Identity, self-concept, and self-esteem: The self lost and found. In R. Hogan , J.
Johnson , & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 681–710). Academic Press.
Berscheid, E. (1985). Interpersonal attraction. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social
psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 413–484). Random House.
Bialik, K. (2018, February 22). 5 facts about black Americans. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from
www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/02/22/5-facts-about-blacks-in-the-u-s/
Blascovich, J. , Spencer, S. , Quinn, D. , & Steele, C. (2001). African-Americans and high blood pressure: The
role of stereotype threat. Psychological Science, 12(3), 225–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467–9280.00340
Bos, A. E. R. , Pryor, J. B. , Reeder, G. D. , & Stutterheim, S. E. (2013). Stigma: Advances in theory and
research. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.746147
Brown, C. , Conner, K. O. , Copeland, V. C. , Grote, N. , Beach, S. , Battista, D. , & Reynolds, C. F. (2010).
Depression stigma, race, and treatment seeking behavior and attitudes. Journal of Community Psychology,
38(3), 350–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20368
Budiman, A. , Cilluffo, A. , & Ruiz, N. G. (2019, May 22). Key facts about Asian origin groups in the U.S.
Retrieved July 26, 2020, from www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/05/22/key-facts-about-asian-origin-groups-
in-the-u-s/
Carr, P. B. , & Steele, C. M. (2009). Stereotype threat and inflexible perseverance in problem solving. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 853–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.003
Chan, W. Y. , & Mendoza-Denton, R. (2008). Status-based rejection sensitivity among Asian Americans:
Implications for psychological distress. Journal of Personality, 76(5), 1317–1346.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–6494.2008.00522.x
Chang, J. (2015). The interplay between collectivism and social support processes among Asian and Latino
American college students. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(1), 4–14.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035820
Chang, J. , Chen, C.-N. , & Alegria, M. (2014). Contextualizing social support: Pathways to help seeking in
Latinos, Asian Americans, and Whites. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(1), 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.1.1
Cheng, H.-L. , Kwan, K.-L. K. , & Sevig, T. (2013). Racial and ethnic minority college students’ stigma
associated with seeking psychological help: Examining psychocultural correlates. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 60(1), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031169
Ciftci, S. (2012). Islamophobia and threat perceptions: Explaining anti-Muslim sentiment in the West. Journal of
Muslim Minority Affairs, 32(3), 293–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2012.727291
Cooperman, A. , Smith, G. A. , & Ritchey, K. (2015). America’s changing religious landscape: Christians decline
sharply as share of population; unaffiliated and other faiths continue to grow. Retrieved October 31, 2020, from
www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/
Cornejo, M. , & Kam, J. A. (2020, May 25). Exploring the ascribed and avowed identities of deferred action for
childhood arrivals (DACA) recipients in early adulthood. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology.
Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000378
Corrigan, P. W. , Kosyluk, K. A. , & Rusch, N. (2013). Reducing self-stigma by coming out proud. American
Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 794–800. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301037
Corrigan, P. W. , Watson, A. C. , & Barr, L. (2006). The self-stigma of mental illness: Implications for self-
esteem and self-efficacy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(8), 875–884.
https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.8.875
Cote, J. (2006). Identity studies: How close are we to developing a social science of identity? An appraisal of
the field. Identity, 6(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532706xid0601_2
Crocker, J. , Major, B. , & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. Gilbert , S. T. Fiske , & G. Lindzey (Eds.),
Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., vol. 2, pp. 504–553). McGraw-Hill.
Davis, S. M. , & High, A. C. (2019). Widening the gap: Support in same race versus different race female
friendship dyads. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(1), 187–213.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517722245
Deaux, K. (2006). A nation of immigrants: Living our legacy. Journal of Social Issues, 62(2), 633–651.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540–4560.2006.00480.x
Deaux, K. (2008). To be an American: Immigration, hyphenation, and incorporation. Journal of Social Issues,
64(4), 925–943. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540–4560.2008.00596.x
Deaux, K. , Bikmen, N. , Gilkes, A. , Ventuneac, A. , Joseph, Y. , Payne, R. , & Steele, C. (2007). Becoming
American: Stereotype threat effects in Black immigrant groups. Social Psychology Quarterly, 70(4), 384–404.
https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250707000408
Deitz, M. F. , Williams, S. L. , Rife, S. C. , & Cantrell, P. (2015). Examining cultural, social, and self-related
aspects of stigma in relation to sexual assault and trauma symptoms. Violence Against Women, 21(5),
598–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215573330
Derlega, V. J. , Winstead, B. A. , Oldfield, E. C. , & Barbee, A. P. (2003). Close relationships and social support
in coping with HIV: A test of sensitive interaction systems theory. AIDS and Behavior, 7(2), 119–129.
https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2011.24050
Dixon, J. C. , & Rosenbaum, M. S. (2004). Nice to know you? Testing contact, cultural, and group threat
theories of anti-Black and anti-Hispanic stereotypes. Social Science Quarterly, 85(2), 257–280.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038–4941.2004.08502003.x
Don, B. P. , Mickelson, K. D. , & Barbee, A. P. (2013). Indirect support seeking and perceptions of spousal
support: An examination of a reciprocal relationship. Personal Relationships, 20(7), 655–668.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218802837
Downey, G. , & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327–1343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.70.6.1327
Duck, S. (1999). Relating to others (2nd ed.). Open University Press.
Dunwoody, P. T. , & McFarland, S. G. (2018). Support for anti-Muslim policies: The role of political traits and
threat perception. Political Psychology, 39(5), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119856825
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Norton.
Fiske, S. T. , Cuddy, A. J. C. , Glick, P. , & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content:
Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902, 10.1037/0022–3514.82.6.878
Flasch, P. , & Fulton, C. L. (2019). Counseling Jewish Americans: Considerations for practice. Counseling &
Values, 64(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12091
Freedman, J. (2005). Transgressions of a model minority. Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish
Studies, 23(4), 69–97.
Gaines, S. O., Jr. (2012). Stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination revisited: From William James to W. E. B.
Du Bois. In J. Dixon & M. Levine (Eds.), Beyond prejudice: Extending the social psychology of conflict,
inequality and social change (pp. 105–119). Cambridge University Press.
Gaines, S. O., Jr. , & Ferenczi, N. (2018). Positive psychology, close relationship processes, and cultural
diversity. In M. A. Warren & S. I. Donaldson (Eds.), Toward a positive psychology of relationships: New
directions in theory and research (pp. 231–246). Praeger.
Gaines, S. O., Jr. , & Hardin, D. P. (2018). Ethnicity, culture, and close relationships. In A. L. Vangelisti & D.
Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (2nd ed., pp. 494–508). Cambridge
University Press.
Gaines, S. O., Jr. , & Hardin, D. P. (2020). Ethnicity, interdependence, and the investment model of
commitment processes. In L. V. Machia , C. R. Agnew , & X. B. Arriaga (Eds.), Interdependence, interaction,
and close relationships (pp. 74–91). Cambridge University Press.
Gaines, S. O., Jr. , & Ickes, W. (2000). Perspectives on interracial relationships. In W. Ickes & S. Duck (Eds.),
The social psychology of personal relationships (pp. 55–78). John Wiley & Sons.
Gaines, S. O., Jr. , & Reed, E. S. (1994). Two social psychologies of prejudice: Gordon W. Allport, W. E. B. Du
Bois, and the legacy of Booker T. Washington. Journal of Black Psychology, 20(1), 8–28.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984940201002
Gaines, S. O., Jr. , & Reed, E. S. (1995). Prejudice: From allport to Du Bois. American Psychologist, 50(2),
96–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003–066X.50.2.96
Gaines, S. O., Jr. , Williams, S. L. , & Mickelson, K. D. (2013). Support communication in culturally diverse
families: The role of stigma. In A. L. Vangelisti (Ed.), Routledge handbook of family communication (2nd ed.,
pp. 205–221). Routledge.
Garcia, S. M. , Hallahan, M. , & Rosenthal, R. (2007). Poor expression: Concealing social class stigma. Basic
and Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530701330835
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Doubleday.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice-Hall.
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. Anchor Books.
Goodwin, R. , & Pillay, U. (2006). Relationships, culture, and social change. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman
(Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 695–708). Cambridge University Press.
Guyll, M. , Madon, S. , Prieto, L. , & Scherr, K. C. (2010). The potential roles of self- fulfilling prophecies, stigma
consciousness, and stereotype threat in linking Latino/a ethnicity and educational outcomes. Journal of Social
Issues, 66(1), 113–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540–4560.2009.01636.x
Herek, G. M. , Gillis, J. R. , & Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights
from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 32–43.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014672
Herek, G. M. , Saha, S. , & Burack, J. (2013). Stigma and psychological distress in people with HIV/AIDS. Basic
and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.746606
High, A. C. , & Scharp, K. M. (2015). Examining family communication patterns and seeking social support
direct and indirect effects through ability and motivation. Human Communication Research, 41(4), 459–479.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12061
Horowitz, J. M. , Brown, A. , & Cox, K. (2019). Race in America 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2020, from
www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/04/09/race-in-america-2019/
Howarth, C. (2006). Race as stigma: Positioning the stigmatized as agents, not objects. Journal of Community
& Applied Social Psychology, 16(6), 442–451. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.898
Jones, A. (2010). Stability of men’s interracial first unions: A test of educational differentials and cohabitation
history. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 31(2), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-010-9186-3
Jones, J. M. (1997). Prejudice and racism (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Kalkan, K. O. , Layman, G. C. , & Uslander, E. M. (2009). “Bands of others”? Attitudes toward Muslims in
contemporary American society. Journal of Politics, 71(3), 847–862.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609090756
Kennedy, C. , & Ruiz, N. G. (2020, July 1). Polling methods are changing, but reporting the views of Asian
Americans remains a challenge. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from www.pewresearch.org/fact-
tank/2020/07/01/polling-methods-are-changing-but-reporting-the-views-of-asian-americans-remains-a-
challenge/
Krogstad, J. M. (2020, July 10). Hispanics have accounted for more than half of total U.S. population growth
since 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/07/10/hispanics-have-
accounted-for-more-than-half-of-total-u-s-population-growth-since-2010/
Lee, R. T. , Perez, A. D. , Boykin, C. M. , & Mendoza-Denton, R. (2019). On the prevalence of racial
discrimination in the United States. PLoS One, 14(1), e0210698.
Lewis, R. J. , Derlega, V. J. , Clarke, E. G. , & Kuang, J. C. (2006). Stigma consciousness, social constraints,
and lesbian well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-011-
9384-2
Lopez, M. H. , Gonzalez-Barrerra, A. , & Lopez, G. (2017). Hispanic identity fades across generations as
immigrant connections fall away. Pew Research Center.
Markus, H. R. (2008). Pride, prejudice, and ambivalence: Toward a unified theory of race and ethnicity.
American Psychologist, 63(8), 651–670. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003–066X.63.8.651
Mead, G. H. (1967). Mind, self and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. University of Chicago
Press. (Original work published 1934)
Meisenbach, R. J. (2010). Stigma management communication: A theory and agenda for applied research on
how individuals manage moments of stigmatized identity. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38(3),
268–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2010.490841
Mendoza-Denton, R. , Kahn, K. , & Chan, W. Y. (2008a). Can fixed views of ability boost performance in the
context of favorable stereotypes? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 1187–1193.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-011–0134–7
Mendoza-Denton, R. , Pietrzak, J. , & Downey, G. (2008b). Distinguishing institutional identification from
academic goal pursuit: Interactive effects of ethnic identification and race-based rejection sensitivity. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 95(2), 338–351. Doi:10.1037/0022–3514.95.2.338
Mickelson, K. D. (2001). Perceived stigma, social support, and depression. Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 27(8), 1046–1056. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201278011
Mickelson, K. D. , & Williams, S. L. (2008). Perceived stigma of poverty and depression: Examination of
interpersonal and intrapersonal mediators. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(9), 903–930.
https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.9.903
Parker, K. , Horowitz, J. , & Mahl, B. (2016). On views of race and inequality, Blacks and Whites are worlds
apart. Retrieved October 31, 2020, from www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/06/27/on-views-of-race-and-inequality-
blacks-and-whites-are-worlds-apart/
Phinney, J. S. (1996). When we talk about American ethnic groups, what do we mean? American Psychologist,
51(9), 918–927. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003–066X.51.9.918
Pinel, E. C. , & Bosson, J. B. (2013). Turning our attention to stigma: An objective self-awareness analysis of
stigma and its consequences. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 55–63.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.746593
Porterfield, E. (1978). Black & White mixed marriages: An ethnographic study of Black-White families. Nelson-
Hall.
Post, J. M. , & Sheffer, G. (2007). The risk of radicalization and terrorism in U.S. Muslim communities. Brown
Journal of World Affairs, 13(2), 101–112.
Pronin, E. , Steele, C. M. , & Ross, L. (2004). Identity bifurcation in response to stereotype threat: Women and
mathematics. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1), 152–168.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2015.1017939
Pryor, J. B. , & Bos, A. E. (2015). Stigma: Implications for helping. In D. A. Schroeder & W. G. Graziano (Eds.),
The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior (pp. 433–455). Oxford University Press.
Quinn, D. M. , Camacho, G. , Pan-Weisz, B. , & Williams, M. K. (2019, December 12). Visible and concealable
stigmatized identities and mental health: Experiences of racial discrimination and anticipated stigma. Stigma
and Health. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sah0000210
Quinn, D. M. , & Earnshaw, V. A. (2011). Understanding concealable stigmatized identities: The role of identity
in psychological, physical, and behavioral outcomes. Social Issues and Policy Review, 5(1), 160–190.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751–2409.2011.01029.x
Quinn, D. M. , & Earnshaw, V. A. (2013). Concealable stigmatized identities and psychological well-being.
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12005
Radford, J. (2019, June 2017). Key findings about U.S. immigrants. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from
www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/
Reed, E. S. , & Gaines, S. O., Jr. (1997). Not everyone is “different-from-me”: Toward an historico- cultural
account of prejudice. Journal of Black Psychology, 23(3), 245–274.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984970233008
Reyna, C. (2000). Lazy, dumb, or industrious: When stereotypes convey attribution information in the
classroom. Educational Psychology Review, 12(1), 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009037101170
Rosenblatt, P. C. , Karis, T. A. , & Powell, R. D. (1995). Multiracial couples: Black & White voices. Sage.
Roth, W. D. (2010). Racial mismatch: The divergence between form and function in data for monitoring racial
discrimination of Hispanics. Social Science Quarterly, 91(5), 1288–1311.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540–6237.2010.00732.x
Schellenberg, J. A. (1978). Masters of social psychology. Oxford University Press.
Schultz, K. M. (2006). Religion as identity in postwar America: The last serious attempt to put a question on
religion in the United States Census. Journal of American History, 93(2), 359–384.
https://doi.org/10.2307/4486234
Sellers, R. M. , Caldwell, C. H. , Schmeelk-Cone, K. H. , & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity, racial
discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of
Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), 302–317, PMID: 14582310
Shapiro, J. R. (2011). Different groups, different threats: A multi-threat approach to the experience of stereotype
threats. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(4), 464–480.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211398140
Singh, S. , McBride, K. , & Kak, V. (2015). Role of social support in examining acculturative stress and
psychological distress among Asian American immigrants and three sub-groups: Results from NLAAS. Journal
of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(6), 1597–1606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0213-1
Smith, R. A. (2007). Language of the lost: An explication of stigma communication. Communication Theory,
17(4), 462–485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00307.x
Spencer, S. J. , Steele, C. M. , & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance.
Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 35(1), 4–28. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1998.1373
Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape the intellectual identities and performance of
women and African-Americans. American Psychologist, 52(6), 613–629.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003–066X.52.6.613
Steele, C. M. , & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-
Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797–811.
https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022–3514.69.5.797
Stepler, R. , & Lopez, M. H. (2016). U.S. Latino population growth and dispersion has slowed since onset of the
Great Recession. Retrieved October 31, 2020, from www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2016/09/08/latino-
population-growth-and-dispersion-has-slowed-since-the-onset-of-the-great-recession/
Stringer, S. A. , Williams, S. L. , Ault, K. E. , Juart, K. B. , Stephens, J. M. , Ridgley, L. M. , & Satmare, G. A.
(2018). A fulcrum of change: From self-stigma to resilience. Stigma and Health, 3(4), 315–324.
https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000096
Stryker, S. , & Statham, A. (1985). Symbolic interaction and role theory. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.),
Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, 3rd ed., pp. 311–378). Random House.
Sun, S. , Hoyt, W. T. , Brockberg, D. , Lam, J. , & Tiwari, D. (2016). Acculturation and enculturation as
predictors of psychological help-seeking attitudes (HSAs) among racial and ethnic minorities: A meta-analytic
investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(6), 617–632. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000172
Thomas, M. , & Choi, J. B. (2006). Acculturative stress and social support among Korean and Indian Immigrant
adolescents in the United States. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 33(2), 123–143.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659612441026
Watson, A. C. , Corrigan, P. W. , Larson, J. E. , & Sells, M. (2007). Self-stigma in people with mental illness.
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(6), 1312–1318. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl076
White, J. L. , & Parham, T. A. (1990). The psychology of Blacks: An African American perspective (2nd ed.).
Prentice-Hall.
Williams, S. L. , LaDuke, S. L. , Klik, K. A. , & Hutsell, D. W. (2016). A paradox of support seeking and support
response among gays and lesbians. Personal Relationships, 23(2), 296–310.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12127
Williams, S. L. , & Mickelson, K. D. (2008). A paradox of support seeking and rejection among the stigmatized.
Personal Relationships, 15(4), 493–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1475–6811.2008.00212.X
Wong, C. C. , & Lu, Q. (2017). Match between culture and social support: Acculturation moderates the
relationship between social support and well-being of Chinese American breast cancer survivors. Quality of Life
Research, 26(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11136–016–1362-y
Woodcock, A. , Hernandez, P. , Estrada, M. , & Schultz, P. W. (2012). The consequences of chronic stereotype
threat domain disidentification and abandonment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4),
635–646. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029120
Yeh, C. J. , Okubo, Y. , Ma, P.-W. W. , Shea, M. , Ou, D. , & Pitue, S. T. (2008). Chinese immigrant high school
students’ cultural interactions, acculturation, family obligations, language use, and social support. Adolescence,
43(172), 776–790, PMID: 19149145

Mothers, Fathers, and Coparenting Others

Abidin, R. , & Brunner, J. (1995). Development of a parenting alliance inventory, Journal of Clinical Child
Psychology, 24(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2401_4
Adler, B. F. , Garneau, C. , Vaughn, B. , McGill, J. , Harcourt, K. T. , Ketring, S. , & Smith, T. (2018). The effects
of mother participation in relationship education on coparenting, parenting, and child social competence:
Modeling spillover effects for lowincome minority preschool children. Family Process, 57(1), 113–130.
https://doi-org/10.1111/famp.12267
Ahrons, C. (1981). The continuing coparental relationship between divorced spouses. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 51(3), 415–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1981.tb01390.x
Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The New Press.
Aymer, S. (2020). Practice with African American Families. In E. Congress & M. Gonzales (Eds.), Multicultural
perspectives in working with families: A handbook for the helping professions (pp. 169–180). Springer.
Barton, A. W. , Beach, S. R. H. , Wells, A. C. , Ingels, J. B. , Corso, P. S. , Sperr, M. C. , Anderson, T. N. , &
Brody, G. H. (2018). The protecting strong African American families program: A randomized controlled trial
with rural African American couples. Prevention Science, 19(7), 904–913. https://doi-org/10.1007/s11121-018-
0895-4
Bateson, G. , Jackson, D. D. , Haley, J. , & Weakland, J. (1956). Toward a theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral
Science, 1(4), 251–264.
Bateson, M. (2000). Full circles, overlapping lives: Culture and generation in transition. Random House.
Bearss, K. , & Eyberg, S. (1995). A test of the parenting alliance theory. Early Education and Development,
9(2), 179–185. https://doi-org/10.1207/s15566935eed0902_5
Belsky, J. , Crnic, K. , & Gable, S. (1995). The determinants of coparenting in families with toddler boys:
Spousal differences and daily hassles. Child Development, 66(3), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
8624.1995.tb00894.x
Belsky, J. , Ward, M. J. , & Rovine, M. (1986). Prenatal expectations, postnatal experiences, and the transition
to parenthood. In R. D. Ashmore & D. M. Brodzinsky (Eds.), Thinking about the family: Views of parents and
children (pp. 119–145). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Billingsley, A. (1968). Black families in White America. Prentice-Hall.
Bohannan, P. J. (1971). Dyad dominance and household maintenance. In Hsu (Ed.), Kinship and culture (pp.
42–66). Aldine.
Boyd-Franklin, N. (1987). The contribution of family therapy models to the treatment of Black families.
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 24(3S), 621–629. https://doi-org/10.1037/h0085760
Boyd-Franklin, N. (2013). Black families in therapy: Understanding the African American experience. (2nd ed.).
Guilford Press.
Boykin, A. , & Toms, F. D. (1985). Black child socialization: A conceptual framework. In H. McAdoo , J. McAdoo
(Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 33–51). Sage.
Broderick, A. V. , Brelsford, G. M. , & Wadsworth, M. E. (2019). Interparental relationships among low income,
ethnically diverse, two-parent cohabiting families. Journal of Child Family Studies 28(8), 2259–2271.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01442-4
Brody, G. H. , Flor, D. L. , & Neubaum, E. (1998). Coparenting processes and child competence among rural
African-American families. In M. Lewis & C. Feiring (Eds.), Families, risk, and competence (pp. 227–243).
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bronfenbrenner, U. , & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions,
theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Social Development, 9(1), 115–125.
https://doi.org/10.1111/14679507.00114
Burton, L. M. (1992). Black grandparents rearing children of drug-addicted parents: Stressors, outcomes, and
social service needs. The Gerontologist, 32(6), 744–751.
Carlson, M. J. , McLanahan, S. S. , & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2008). Coparenting and nonresident fathers’
involvement with young children after a nonmarital birth. Demography, 45(2), 461–488.
https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0007
Coates, E. E. , & McHale, J. P. (2018). Triangular interactions of unmarried African American mothers and
fathers with their 3-month-old infants. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(10), 3096–3106.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1082-8
Cokley, K. , Palmer, B. , & Stone, S. (2019). Toward a black (and diverse) psychology: The scholarly legacy of
Joseph White. Journal of Black Psychology, 45(2), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798419828243
Cooper, S. M. , SmallsGlover, C. , Metzger, I. , & Griffin, C. (2015). African American fathers’ racial socialization
patterns: Associations with racial identity beliefs and discrimination experiences. Family Relations, 64(2),
278–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12115
Cooper, S. M. , Smalls-Glover, C. , Neblett, E. W. , & Banks, K. (2014). Racial socialization practices among
African American fathers: A profile-oriented approach. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(1), 11–22.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035654
Cowan, C. P. , Cowan, P. A. , Heming, G. , Garrett, E. , Coysh, W. S. , Curtis-Boles, H. , & Boles, A. J., III .
(1985). Transitions to parenthood: His, hers, and theirs. Journal of Family Issues, 6(4), 451–481.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251385006004004
Cowan, P. , & Cowan, C. (1992). When partners become parents: The big life change for couples. Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Crenshaw, K. , Gotanda, N. , Peller, G. , & Thomas, K. (Eds.). (1995). Critical race theory: The key writings that
formed the movement. New Press.
Crouter, A. C. , Baril, M. E. , Davis, K. D. , & McHale, S. M. (2008). Processes linking social class and racial
socialization in African American dual-earner families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(5), 1311–1325.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00568.x
Curenton, S. M. , Crowley, J. E. , & Mouzon, D. M. (2018). Qualitative descriptions of middle-class, African
American mothers’ child-rearing practices and values. Journal of Family Issues, 39(4), 868–895. https://doi-
org.proxy.library.vcu.edu/10.1177/0192513X16683984
Darity, W. A., Jr. , & Mullen, A. K. (2020). From Here to equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the
twenty-first century. UNC Press.
Edin, K. , Nelson, T. J. , Butler, R. , & Francis, R. (2019). Taking care of mine: Can child support become a
family-building institution? Journal of Family Theory & Review, 11(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12324
Edin, K. , Tach, L. , & Mincy, R. (2009). Claiming fatherhood: Race and the dynamics of paternal involvement
among unmarried men. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 621(1), 149–177.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716208325548
Ellerbe, C. Z. , Jones, J. B. , & Carlson, M. J. (2018). Race/ethnic differences in nonresident fathers’
involvement after a nonmarital birth. Social Science Quarterly, 99(3), 1158–1182.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12482
Emery, R. (1982). Interparental conflict and the children of discord and divorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92(2),
310–330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.2.310
Entwisle, D. R. , & Doering, S. G. (1981). The first birth, a family turning point. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Fagan, J. , Levine, E. C. , Kaufman, R. , & Hammar, C. (2016). Low-income, nonresident fathers’ coparenting
with multiple mothers and relatives: Effects on fathering. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(6), 665–675.
https://doi-org/10.1037/fam0000231
Feinberg, M. E. (2003). The internal structure and ecological context of coparenting: A framework for research
and intervention. Parenting: Science and Practice, 3(2), 95–131.
Forehand, R. , Parent, J. , Golub, A. , & Reid, M. (2015). Male cohabiting partners as primary coparents in low-
income Black stepfamilies. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(10), 2874–2880. https://doi-
org/10.1007/s10826-014-0091-5
Forehand, R. , Parent, J. , Golub, A. , & Reid, M. (2016). Positive parenting of young adolescents by male
cohabiting partners: The roles of coparenting conflict and support. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 36(3),
420–441. https://doi-org/10.1177/0272431614566947
Fivaz-Depeursinge, E. , & Corboz-Warnery, A. (2000). The primary triangle: A developmental systems view of
fathers, mothers, and infants. Basic Books.
Franklin, A. J. (2004). From brotherhood to manhood: How black men rescue their relationships and dreams
from the invisibility syndrome. Wiley.
Friedman, S. (1992). Possibility therapy with couples: Constructing time-effective solutions. Journal of Family
Psychotherapy, 4(4), 35–52.
Furstenberg Jr., F. F. , & Nord, C. W. (1985). Parenting apart: Patterns of childrearing after marital disruption.
Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47(4), 893–904. doi:10.2307/352332
Gaines, S. O., Jr. , Williams, S. L. , & Mickelson, K. D. (2013). Support communication in culturally diverse
families: The role of stigma. In A. L. Vangelisti (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of family communication (2nd
ed., pp. 205–221). Routledge.
Garcia Coll, C. , Lamberty, G. , Jenkins, R. , McAdoo, H. P. , Crnic, K. , Wasik, B. H. , & Garcia, H. V. (1996).
An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development,
67(5), 1891–1914. https://doi-org/10.2307/1131600
Gilliam, F. D. (1999). The “welfare queen” experiment: How viewers react to images of African-American
mothers on welfare. UCLA: Center for Communications and Community.
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/17m7r1rq
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Doubleday.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Simon and Schuster.
Gottman, J. M. , & Levenson, R. W. (1992). Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior,
physiology, and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(2), 221–233.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.221
Groenendyk, A. E. , & Volling, B. L. (2007). Coparenting and early conscience development in the family. The
Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 168(2), 201–224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.168.2.201-224
Gürmen, M. S. , Huff, S. C. , Brown, E. , Orbuch, T. L. , & Birditt, K. S. (2017). Divorced yet still together:
Ongoing personal relationship and coparenting among divorced parents. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage,
58(8), 645–660. https://doi-org/10.1080/10502556.2017.1355172
Hare-Mustin, R. T. (1987). The problem of gender in family therapy theory. Family Process, 26(1), 15–27.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1987.00015.x
Henggeler, S. W. , Schoenwald, S. K. , Borduin, C. M. , Rowland, M. D. , & Cunningham, P. B. (1998).
Multisystemic treatment of antisocial behaviour in children and adolescents. Guilford Press.
Hetherington, E. M. (1989). Coping with family transitions: Winners, losers, and survivors. Child Development,
60(1), 1–14. doi:10.2307/1131066
Hetherington, E. M. , Cox, M. , & Cox, R. (1979). Play and social interaction in children following divorce.
Journal of Social Issues, 35(4), 26–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1979.tb00812.x
Hill, R. (1998). The strengths of Black families (2nd ed.). Emerson-Hall.
Hoang, N. P. T. , Haslam, D. , & Sanders, M. (2020). Coparenting conflict and cooperation between parents
and grandparents in Vietnamese families: The role of grandparent psychological control and parent –
grandparent communication. Family Process, 59(3), 1161–1174. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12496
Hughes, D. , Rodriguez, J. , Smith, E. P. , Johnson, D. J. , Stevenson, H. C. , & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’
ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental
Psychology, 42(5), 747–770. https://doi-org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
Jones, C. W. , & Lindblad-Goldberg, M. (2002). Ecosystemic structural family therapy. Comprehensive
Handbook of Psychotherapy: Interpersonal/Humanistic/Existential, 3, 3–33.
Jones, D. J. , Forehand, R. , Brody, G. , & Armistead, L. (2003). Parental monitoring in African American, single
mother-headed families: An ecological approach to the identification of predictors. Behavior Modification, 27(4),
435–457. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445503255432
Jones, D. J. , & Lindahl, K. M. (2011). Coparenting in extended kinship systems: African American, Hispanic,
Asian heritage, and Native American families. In K. M. Lindahl , J. P. McHale , & K. M. Lindahl (Eds.),
Coparenting: A conceptual and clinical examination of family systems (pp. 61–79). American Psychological
Association. doi:10.1037/12328-003
Jones, J. M. (1997). Prejudice and racism (2nd ed.). Mc-Graw Hill.
Jones, S. C. T. , & Neblett, E. W. (2019). Black parenting couples’ discussions of the racial socialization
process: Occurrence and effectiveness. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(1), 218–232.
Kambon, K. K. (1992). The African personality in America: An African-centered framework. Nubian Nation.
Karreman, A. , van Tuijl, C. , van Aken, M. A. , & Dekovic, M. (2008). Parenting, coparenting, and effortdul
control in preschoolers. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 30–40.
Kelly, S. (2003). African American couples: Their importance to the stability of African American families and
their mental health issues. In J. S. Mio & G. Y. Iwamasa (Eds.), Culturally diverse mental health: The
challenges of research and resistance (pp. 141–158). Brunner-Routledge.
Kelly, S. , JeremieBrink, G. , Chambers, A. L. , & SmithBynum, M. A. (2020). The Black lives matter movement:
A call to action for couple and family therapists. Family process, 59(4), 1374–1388.
https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12614
Kennedy, S. , & Bumpass, L. (2008). Cohabitation and children’s living arrangements: New estimates from the
United States. Demographic Research, 19, 1663–1692. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2008.19.47
Kuersten-Hogan, R. , & McHale, J. P. (2021). Prenatal family dynamics. Springer.
Kurrien, R. , & Vo, E. D. (2004). Who’s in charge? Coparenting in South and Southeast Asian families. Journal
of Adult Development, 11(3), 207–219. https://doi-
org.proxy.library.vcu.edu/10.1023/B:JADE.0000035628.42529.e5
Kurwa, R. (2020). The new man in the house rules: How the regulation of housing vouchers turns personal
bonds into eviction liabilities. Housing Policy Debate, 30(6), 926–949.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2020.1778056
Lewis, J. M. (1989). The birth of the family. Brunner/Mazel.
Li, X. , & Liu, Q. (2020). Parent – grandparent coparenting relationship, marital conflict and parent – child
relationship in Chinese parent – grandparent coparenting families. Children and Youth Services Review, 109,
104733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104733
Lidz, T. , Cornelison, A. , Fleck, S. , & Terry, D. (1957). Intrafamilial environment of the schizophrenic patient. II:
Marital schism and marital skew. American Journal of Psychiatry, 114(3), 241–248.
https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.114.3.241
Livingston, J. N. , & McAdoo, J. L. (2007). The roles of African American fathers in the socialization of their
children. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (4th ed., pp. 219–237). Sage.
Luepnitz, D. A. (1988). The family interpreted: Feminist theory in clinical practice. Basic Books.
Maccoby, E. , Mnookin, R. , Depner, C. , & Peters, E. (1992). Dividing the child: Social and legal dilemmas of
custody. Harvard University Press.
McAdoo, H. P. (2007). Black families (4th ed.). Sage.
McAdoo, H. P. , & Taylor, R. J. (2000). Review. All our kin: Strategies for survival in a Black community. Journal
of Marriage and Family, 62(3), 864–865.
McAdoo, H. P. , & Younge, S. N. (2009). Black families. In H. A. Neville , B. M. Tynes , & S. O. Utsey (Eds.),
Handbook of African American psychology (pp. 103–115). Sage.
McHale, J. P. (1995). Co-parenting and triadic interactions during infancy: The roles of marital distress and child
gender. Developmental Psychology, 31(6), 985–996. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.31.6.985
McHale, J. P. (2007). When infants grow up in multiperson relationship systems. Infant Mental Health Journal,
28(4), 370–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20142
McHale, J. P. (2009). Shared child-rearing in nuclear, fragile, and kinship family systems: Evolution, dilemmas,
and promise of a coparenting framework. In M. Schulz , M. Pruett , P. Kerig , & R. Parke (Eds.), Strengthening
couple relationships for optimal child development: Lessons from research and intervention (pp. 77–94).
American Psychological Association.
McHale, J. P. , & Cowan, P. (Eds.). (1996). Understanding how family-level dynamics affect children’s
development: Studies of two-parent families. New Directions for Child Development, 74, 5–26.
McHale, J. P. , & Irace, K. (2011). Coparenting in diverse family systems. In J. P. McHale & K. Lindahl (Eds.),
Coparenting: A conceptual and clinical examination of family systems (pp. 15–38). American Psychological
Association Press.
McHale, J. P. , Khazan, I. , Erera, P. , Rotman, T. , DeCourcey, W. , & McConnell, M. (2002). Coparenting in
diverse family systems. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (2nd ed., pp. 75–107). Lawrence
Erlbaum.
McHale, J. P. , & Kuersten-Hogan, R. (2004). Introduction: The dynamics of raising children together. Journal of
Adult Development, 11(3), 163–164. https://doi-org/10.1023/B:JADE.0000035798.74058.ef
McHale, J. P. , Lauretti, A. , Talbot, J. , & Pouquette, C. (2002). Retrospect and prospect in the psychological
study of coparenting and family group process. In J. McHale & W. Grolnick (Eds.), Retrospect and prospect in
the psychological study of families (pp. 127–165). Lawrence Erlbaum.
McHale, J. P. , & Rasmussen, J. (1998). Coparental and family group-level dynamics during infancy: Early
family precursors of child and family functioning during preschool. Development and Psychopathology, 10,
39–58. PMID: 9524807.
McHale, J. P. , Salman, E. S. , & Coovert, M. D. (2015). Improvements in unmarried African American parents’
rapport, communication, and problemsolving following a prenatal coparenting intervention. Family Process,
54(4), 619–629. https://doi-org/10.1111/famp.12147
McHale, J. P. , Salman, S. , Strozier, A. , & Cecil, D. K. (2013). Triadic interactions in mother-grandmother
coparenting systems following maternal release from jail. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child
Development, 78(3), 57–74.
McHale, J. P. , & Sirotkin, Y. (2019). Coparenting in diverse family systems. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of
parenting (3rd ed., pp. 125–154). Lawrence Erlbaum.
McHale, J. P. , & Sullivan, M. (2008). Family systems. In M. Hersen & A. Gross (Eds.), Handbook of clinical
psychology, volume II: Children and adolescents (pp. 192–226). John Wiley & Sons.
McHale, S. M. , Crouter, A. C. , Kim, J. , Burton, L. M. , Davis, K. D. , Dotterer, A. M. , & Swanson, D. P. (2006).
Mothers’ and fathers’ racial socialization in African American families: Implications for youth. Child
Development, 77(5), 1387–1402.
Minuchin, P. (1985). Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child
Development, 56(2), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129720
Minuchin, P. , Colapinto, J. , & Minuchin, S. (1998). Working with families of the poor. Guilford Press.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Harvard University Press.
Minuchin, S. , Rosman, B. , & Baker, L. (1978). Psychosomatic families. Harvard University Press.
Moynihan, D. P. (1965). The Negro family: The case for national action (No. 31–33). US Government Printing
Office.
Nelson, L. E. , Thach, C. T. , Shelton, M. M. , & Boyer, C. B. (2015). Co-parenting relationship experiences of
Black adolescent mothers in active romantic partnerships with the fathers of their children. Journal of Family
Nursing, 21(3), 413–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840714560753
Nichols, M. P. , & Schwartz, R. C. (1998). Family therapy: Concepts and methods. Gardner Press.
Nobles, W. W. (1985). Africanity and the Black family: The development of a theoretical model (2nd ed.).
Institute for the Advanced Study of Black Family Life and Culture.
Ogbu, J. U. (2007). African American education: A cultural – ecological perspective. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.),
Black families (pp. 79–94). Sage.
Ortega-Williams, A. , Beltrán, R. , Schultz, K. , Ru-Glo Henderson, Z. , Colón, L. , & Teyra, C. (2021). An
integrated historical trauma and posttraumatic growth framework: A cross-cultural exploration. Journal of
Trauma & Dissociation, 22(2), 220–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1869106
Parham, T. A. , White, J. L. , & Ajamu, A. (1999). The psychology of Blacks: An African-centered perspective.
Pearson College Division.
Parker, C. S. (2016). Race and politics in the age of Obama. Annual Review of Sociology, 42(1), 217–230.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074246
Pryor, J. B. , & Bos, A. E. R. (2015). Stigma: Implications for helping behavior. In D. A. Schroeder & W. G.
Graziano (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior (pp. 433–455). Oxford University Press.
https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.usf.edu/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399813.013.020
Purwaningtyas, R. A. , Arief, Y. S. , & Utami, S. (2020). Gambaran parent-grandparent co-parenting relationship
pada Kakek-Nenek yang Mengasuh Balita. Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan” SUARA FORIKES”(Journal of Health
Research” Forikes Voice”), 11(3), 327–330.
Reid, M. , & Golub, A. (2015). Vetting and letting: Cohabiting stepfamily formation processes in low-income
Black families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(5), 1234–1249. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12217
Riina, E. M. , & McHale, S. M. (2015). African American couples’ coparenting satisfaction and marital
characteristics in the first two decades of marriage. Journal of Family Issues, 36(7), 902–923. https://doi-
org/10.1177/0192513X13495855
Salman-Engin, S. , Sümer, N. , Sağel, E. , & McHale, J. (2018). Coparenting in the context of mother – father –
infant versus mother – grandmother – infant triangular interactions in Turkey. Journal of Child and Family
Studies, 27(10), 3085–3095.
Spencer, M. B. , & Depree, D. (1996). African American youths’ ecocultural challenges and psychosocial
opportunities: An alternative analysis of problem behavior outcomes. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.),
Adolescence: Opportunities and challenges (pp. 259–282). University of Rochester Press.
Stack, C. B. (1975). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a black community. Basic Books.
Sterrett, E. , Jones, D. J. , Forehand, R. , & Garai, E. (2010). Predictors of coparenting relationship quality in
African American single mother families: An ecological model. Journal of Black Psychology, 36(3), 277–302.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798409353754
Stevenson, H. C. (1997). Managing anger: Protective, proactive, or adaptive racial socialization identity profiles
and African-American manhood development. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 16(1–2),
35–61.
Sudarkasa, N. (2007). African American female-headed households: Some neglected dimensions. In H. Pipes-
McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (4th ed., pp. 29–48). Sage.
Taylor, R. D. , Gebre, A. , & Olaniyan, M. (2021). Association of kinship support and externalizing problems
among low income African American mothers and adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(6),
1453–1462.
Taylor, R. J. , Chae, D. H. , Lincoln, K. D. , & Chatters, L. M. (2015). Extended family and friendship support
networks are both protective and risk factors for major depressive disorders and depressive symptoms among
African-American and Black Caribbean’s. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(2), 132–140.
Teubert, D. , & Pinquart, M. (2010). The association between coparenting and child adjustment: A meta-
analysis. Parenting: Science and Practice, 10(4), 286–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2010.492040
Tudge, J. R. H. , Mokrova, I. , Hatfield, B. E. , & Karnik, R. B. (2009). Uses and misuses of Bronfenbrenner’s
bioecological theory of human development. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 1(4), 198–210.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17562589.2009.00026.x
US Census Bureau . (2020). U.S. Summary: 2000, Census US Profile. Washington, DC.
Wallerstein, J. , & Kelly, J. (1975). The effects of parental divorce: Experiences of the preschool child. Journal
of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 14(4), 600–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-7138(09)61460-6
Weissman, S. , & Cohen, R. (1985). The parenting alliance and adolescence. Adolescent Psychiatry, 12,
24–45.
Williams, J. L. , & Smalls-Glover, C. (2014). Content and attributions of caregiver racial socialization as
predictors of African American adolescents’ private racial regard. Journal of Black Psychology, 40(1), 69–80.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798412471681

Infant Communication
Arterberry, M. E. , Cain, K. M. , & Chopko, S. A. (2007). Collaborative problem solving in five-year-old children:
Evidence of social facilitation and social loafing. Educational Psychology, 27(5), 577–596.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410701308755
Aslin, R. N. , & Pisoni, D. B. (1980). Effects of early linguistic experience on speech discrimination by infants: A
critique of Eiler, Gavin, and Wilson (1979). Child Development, 51(1), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
8624.1980.tb02516.x
Baart, M. , Vroomen, J. , Shaw, K. , & Bortfeld, H. (2014). Degrading phonetic information affects matching of
audiovisual speech in adults, but not in infants. Cognition, 130(1), 31–43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.09.006
Bahrick, L. E. , & Watson, J. S. (1985). Detection of intermodal proprioceptive-visual contingency as a potential
basis of self-perception in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 21(6), 963–973. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-
1649.21.6.963
Bertoncini, J. , & Mehler, J. (1981). Syllables as units in infant speech perception. Infant Behavior and
Development, 4(1), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(81)80027-6
Bornstein, M. H. , & Haynes, O. M. (1998). Vocabulary competence in early childhood: Measurement, latent
construct, and predictive validity. Child Development, 69(3), 654–671. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132196
Butterworth, G. (1999). Neonatal imitation: Existence, mechanisms and motives. In J. Nadel & G. Butterworth
(Eds.), Imitation in infancy. Cambridge University Press.
Byers-Heinlein, K. , Burns, T. C. , & Werker, J. F. (2010). The roots of bilingualism in newborns. Psychological
Science, 21(3), 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797609360758
Cho, T. , Whalen, D. H. , & Docherty, G. (2019). Voice onset time and beyond: Exploring laryngeal contrast in
19 languages. Journal of Phonetics, 72, 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.11.002
Christophe, A. , Dupoux, E. , Bertoncini, J. , & Mehler, J. (1994). Do infants perceive word boundaries? An
empirical study of the bootstrapping of lexical acquisition. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 95(3),
1570–1580. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.408544
DeCasper, A. , Lecanuet, J. , Busnel, M. , Granier-Deferre, C. , & Maugeais, R. (1994). Fetal reactions to
recurrent maternal speech. Infant Behavior and Development, 17(2), 159–164.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.693.1071&rep=rep1&type=pdf
DeCasper, A. J. , & Fifer, W. P. (1980). Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers’ voices. Science,
208(4448), 1174–1176.
DeCasper, A. J. , Spence, M. J. (1986). Prenatal maternal speech influences newborns’ perception of speech
sounds. Infant Behavior and Development, 9(2), 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(86)90025-1
Eimas, P. D. , Siqueland, E. R. , Jusczyk, P. , & Vigorito, J. (1971). Speech perception in infants. Science,
171(3968), 303–306.
Elmlinger, S. L. , Schwade, J. A. , & Goldstein, M. H. (2019). The ecology of prelinguistic vocal learning:
Parents simplify the structure of their speech in response to babbling. Journal of Child Language, 46(5),
998–1011. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000919000291
Farah, M. J. (2017). The neuroscience of socioeconomic status: Correlates, causes, and consequences.
Neuron, 96, 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.034
Fernald, A. (1992). Meaningful melodies in mothers’ speech to infants. In H. Papoušek , U. Jurgens , & M.
Papoušek (Eds.), Nonverbal vocal communication: Comparative and developmental aspects (pp. 262–282).
Cambridge University Press.
Fernald, A. , & Morikawa, H. (1993). Common themes and cultural variations in Japanese and American
mothers’ speech to infants. Child Development, 64(3), 637–656.
Fernald, A. , Taeschner, T. , Dunn, J. , Papousek, M. , De Boysson-Bardies, B. , & Fukui, I. (1989). A cross-
language study of prosodic modifications in mothers’ and fathers’ speech to preverbal infants. Journal of Child
Language, 16(3), 477–501. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000900010679
Garcia-Sierra, A. , Ramírez-Esparza, N. , & Kuhl, P. K. (2016). Relationships between quantity of language
input and brain responses in bilingual and monolingual infants. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 110,
1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.10.004
Gergely, G. (2001). The obscure object of desire: “Nearly, but clearly not, like me”: Contingency preference in
normal children versus children with autism. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 65(3), 411–426.
https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.65.3.411.19853
Gergely, G. (2010). Kinds of agents: The origins of understanding instrumental and communicative agency. In
U. Goshwami (Ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development (2nd ed., pp. 76–105).
Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444325485.ch3
Gilkerson, J. , Richards, J. A. , Warren, S. F. , Montgomery, J. K. , Greenwood, C. R. , Oller, D. K. , Hansen, J.
H. L. , & Paul, T. D. (2017). Mapping the early language environment using all-day recordings and automated
analysis. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(2), 248–265.
https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_AJSLP-15-0169
Goldstein, M. H. , King, A. P. , & West, M. J. (2003). Social interaction shapes babbling: Testing parallels
between birdsong and speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 100(13), 8030–8035. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1332441100
Goldstein, M. H. , & Schwade, J. A. (2008). Social feedback to infants’ babbling facilitates rapid phonological
learning. Psychological Science, 19(5), 515–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02117.x
Hall, M. L. , Eigsti, I. M. , Bortfeld, H. , & Lillo-Martin, D. (2018a). Auditory access, language access, and implicit
sequence learning in deaf children. Developmental Science, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12575
Hall, M. L. , Eigsti, I. M. , Bortfeld, H. , & Lillo-Martin, D. (2018b). Executive function in deaf children: Auditory
access and language access. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(8), 1970–1988.
https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-L-17-0281
Hart, B. , & Risley, T. R. (1995). Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children.
Paul H Brookes.
Hepper, P. G. , & Shahidullah, B. S. (1994). Development of fetal hearing. Archives of Disease in Childhood,
71(2), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.71.2.f81
Hirsh-Pasek, K. , Adamson, L. B. , Bakeman, R. , Owen, M. T. , Golinkoff, R. M. , Pace, A. , Yust, P. K. S. , &
Suma, K. (2015). The contribution of early communication quality to low-income children’s language success.
Psychological Science, 26(7), 1071–1083. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615581493
Hoff, E. (2003). The specificity of environmental influence: Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary
development via maternal speech. Child Development, 74(5), 1368–1378. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-
8624.00612
Huttenlocher, J. (1998). Language input and language growth. Preventive Medicine, 27(2), 195–199.
https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1998.0301
Huttenlocher, J. , Haight, W. , Bryk, A. , Seltzer, M. , & Lyons, T. (1991). Early vocabulary growth: Relation to
language input and gender. Developmental Psychology, 27(2), 236–248. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-
1649.27.2.236
Jardri, R. , Pins, D. , Houfflin-Debarge, V. , Chaffiotte, C. , Rocourt, N. , Pruvo, J. P. , Steinling, M. , Delion, P. ,
& Thomas, P. (2008). Fetal cortical activation to sound at 33 weeks of gestation: A functional MRI study.
NeuroImage, 42(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.247
Jones, S. (2017). Can newborn infants imitate? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 8(1–2),
e1410. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1410
Kisilevsky, B. S. , Hains, S. M. J. , Jacquet, A. Y. , Granier-Deferre, C. , & Lecanuet, J. P. (2004). Maturation of
fetal responses to music. Developmental Science, 7(5), 550–559. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
7687.2004.00379.x
Kitamura, C. , & Burnham, D. (1998). The infant’s response to maternal vocal affect. Advances in Infancy
Research, 12, 221–236.
Kubicek, C. , De Boisferon, A. H. , Dupierrix, E. , Pascalis, O. , Loevenbruck, H. , Gervain, J. , & Schwarzer, G.
(2014). Cross-modal matching of audio-visual German and French fluent speech in infancy. PLoS One, 9(2),
e89275. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089275
Kuhl, P. K. (1986). Theoretical contributions of tests on animals to the special-mechanisms debate in speech.
Experimental Biology, 45(3), 233–265.
Kuhl, P. K. , Conboy, B. T. , Padden, D. , Nelson, T. , & Pruitt, J. (2005). Early speech perception and later
language development: Implications for the “critical period.” Language Learning and Development, 1(3–4),
237–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/15475441.2005.9671948
Kuhl, P. K. , & Meltzoff, A. N. (1982). The bimodal perception of speech in infancy. Science, 218(4577),
1138–1141.
Kuhl, P. K. , & Miller, J. D. (1975). Speech perception by the chinchilla: Voiced-voiceless distinction in alveolar
plosive consonants. Science, 190(4209), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1166301
Kuhl, P. K. , & Padden, D. M. (1983). Enhanced discriminability at the phonetic boundaries for the place feature
in macaques. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 73(3), 1003–1010. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.389148
Kuhl, P. K. , Stevens, E. , Hayashi, A. , Deguchi, T. , Kiritani, S. , & Iverson, P. (2006). Infants show a
facilitation effect for native language phonetic perception between 6 and 12 months. Developmental Science,
9(2), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00468.x
Kuhl, P. K. , Tsao, F. , & Liu, H. (2003). Foreign-language experience in infancy: Effects of short-term exposure
and social interaction on phonetic learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, 100(15), 9096–9101. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1532872100
Kuhl, P. K. , Tsao, F. , Liu, H. , & Zhang, Y. (2001). Language/culture/mind/brain progress at the margins
between disciplines. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 935(1), 136–174.
Lecanuet, J. , Granier-Deferre, C. , & Busnel, M. (1995). Human fetal auditory development. In J. Lecanuet , W.
P. Fifer , N. A. Krasnegor , & W. P. Smotherman (Eds.), Fetal development: A psychobiological perspective (pp.
239–262). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Lewkowicz, D. J. , & Ghazanfar, A. A. (2006). The decline of cross-species intersensory perception in human
infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(17),
6771–6774. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602027103
Lewkowicz, D. J. , & Pons, F. (2013). Recognition of amodal language identity emerges in infancy. International
Journal of Behavioral Development, 37(2), 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025412467582
Mastropieri, D. , & Turkewitz, G. (1999). Prenatal experience and neonatal responsiveness to vocal
expressions of emotion. Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for
Psychobiology, 35(3), 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199911)35:3<204::AID-
DEV5>3.0.CO;2-V
Mehler, J. , Jusczyk, P. , Lamsertz, G. , Halsted, N. , Bertoncini, J. , & Amiel-Tison, C. (1988). A precursor of
language acquisition in young infants. Cognition, 29(2), 143–178.
Meltzoff, A. N. (2005). Imitation and other minds: The “like me” hypothesis. In Perspectives on imitation: From
neuroscience to social science (Vol. 2, pp. 55–77). MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-
0017.2007.00306.x
Meltzoff, A. N. , & Moore, M. K. (1983). Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures. Child Development, 54(3),
702–709.
Moon, C. , Cooper, R. P. , & Fifer, W. P. (1993). Two-day-olds prefer their native language. Infant Behavior and
Development, 16(4), 495–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(93)80007-U
Morokuma, S. , Fukushima, K. , Kawai, N. , Tomonaga, M. , Satoh, S. , & Nakano, H. (2004). Fetal habituation
correlates with functional brain development. Behavioural Brain Research, 153(2), 459–463.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2004.01.002
Murray, L. , & Trevarthen, C. (1985). Emotion regulation of interactions between 2 month old infants and their
mothers. In T. M. Field & N. A. Fox (Eds.), Social perception in infants (pp. 137–154). Ablex.
Nadel, J. , Carchon, I. , Kervella, C. , Marcelli, D. , & Réserbat-Plantey, D. (1999). Expectancies for social
contingency in 2-month-olds. Developmental Science, 2(2), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00065
Papoušek, M. , Bornstein, M. H. , Nuzzo, C. , Papoušek, H. , & Symmes, D. (1990). Infant responses to
prototypical melodic contours in parental speech. Infant Behavior and Development, 13(4), 539–545.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(90)90022-Z
Patterson, M. L. , & Werker, J. F. (1999). Matching phonetic information in lips and voice is robust in 4.5-month-
old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 22(2), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(99)00003-X
Patterson, M. L. , & Werker, J. F. (2002). Infants’ ability to match dynamic phonetic and gender information in
the face and voice. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 81(1), 93–115.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.2001.2644
Patterson, M. L. , & Werker, J. F. (2003). Two-month-old infants match phonetic information in lips and voice.
Developmental Science, 6(2), 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00271
Polka, L. , Colantonio, C. , & Sundara, M. (2001). A cross-language comparison of /d/– /ð/perception: Evidence
for a new developmental pattern. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109(5), 2190–2201.
https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1362689
Ramus, F. , Hauser, M. D. , Miller, C. , Morris, D. , & Mehler, J. (2000). Language discrimination by human
newborns and by cotton-top tamarin monkeys. Science, 288(5464), 349–351.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5464.349
Romeo, R. R. , Leonard, J. A. , Robinson, S. T. , West, M. R. , Mackey, A. P. , Rowe, M. L. , & Gabrieli, J. D. E.
(2018). Beyond the 30-million-word gap: Children’s conversational exposure is associated with language-
related brain function. Psychological Science, 29(5), 700–710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617742725
Rowe, M. L. (2012). A longitudinal investigation of the role of quantity and quality of child-directed speech
vocabulary development. Child Development, 83(5), 1762–1774. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
8624.2012.01805.x
Rowe, M. L. , Pan, B. A. , & Ayoub, C. (2005). Predictors of variation in maternal talk to children: A longitudinal
study of low-income families. Parenting, 5(3), 259–283. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327922par0503_3
Saffran, J. R. , Werker, J. F. , & Werner, L. A. (2006). The infant’s auditory world: Hearing, speech, and the
beginnings of language. In R. Siegler & D. Kuhn (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 58–108). Wiley.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0202
Sevy, A. B. G. , Bortfeld, H. , Huppert, T. J. , Beauchamp, M. S. , Tonini, R. E. , & Oghalai, J. S. (2010).
Neuroimaging with near-infrared spectroscopy demonstrates speech-evoked activity in the auditory cortex of
deaf children following cochlear implantation. Hearing Research, 270(1–2), 39–47.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2010.09.010
Sheridan, M. A. , Sarsour, K. , Jutte, D. , D’Esposito, M. , & Boyce, W. T. (2012). The impact of social disparity
on prefrontal function in childhood. PLoS One, 7(4), e35744. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035744
Shi, R. , Werker, J. F. , & Morgan, J. L. (1999). Newborn infants’ sensitivity to perceptual cues to lexical and
grammatical words. Cognition, 72(2), B11–B21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00047-5
Shonkoff, J. P. , & Phillips, D. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early child development.
National Academy Press.
Singh, L. , Morgan, J. L. , & Best, C. T. (2002). Infants’ listening preferences: Baby talk or happy talk? Infancy,
3(3), 365–394. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327078IN0303_5
Smith, E. C. , & Lewicki, M. S. (2006). Efficient auditory coding. Nature, 439(7079), 978–982.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04485
Tomasello, M. , & Farrar, M. J. (1986). Joint attention and early language. Child Development, 57, 1454–1463.
www.jstor.org/stable/1130423
Watson, J. S. , & Ramey, C. T. (1972). Reactions to response-contingent stimulation in early infancy. Merrill-
Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 18(3), 219–227. www.jstor.org/stable/23084608
Weikum, W. M. , Vouloumanos, A. , Navarra, J. , Soto-Faraco, S. , Sebastián-Gallés, N. , & Werker, J. F.
(2007). Visual language discrimination in infancy. Science, 316(5828), 1159.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137686
Werker, J. F. , & Desjardin, R. (1995). Listening to speech in the first year of life: Experimental influences on
phoneme perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(3), 76–79.
Werker, J. F. , Gilbert, J. H. V. , Humphrey, K. , & Tees, R. C. (1981). Developmental aspects of cross-
language speech perception. Child Development, 52(1), 349–355.
Werker, J. F. , & McLeod, P. J. (1989). Infant preference for both male and female infant-directed talk: A
developmental study of attentional and affective responsiveness. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 43(2),
230–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084224
Werker, J. F. , & Tees, R. C. (1984). Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual
reorganization during the first year of life. Infant Behavior and Development, 7(1), 49–63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(84)80022-3
Wyttenbach, R. A. , May, M. L. , & Hoy, R. R. (1996). Categorical perception of sound frequency by crickets.
Science, 273(5281), 1542–1544.
Zimmerman, F. J. , Gilkerson, J. , Richards, J. A. , Christakis, D. A. , Xu, D. , Gray, S. , & Yapanel, U. (2009).
Teaching by listening: The importance of adult-child conversations to language development. Pediatrics,
124(1), 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2267
Family Interaction During Middle Childhood
Artz, S. , Jackson, M. A. , Rossiter, K. R. , Nijdam-Jones, A. , Géczy, I. , &; Porteous, S. (2014). A
comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of exposure to intimate partner violence on children and
youth. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 5(4), 493–587.
Atzaba-Poria, N. , & Pike, A. (2008). Correlates of parental differential treatment: Parental and contextual
factors during middle childhood. Child Development, 79(1), 217–232. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01121.x
Austin, W. G. , Fieldstone, L. , & Pruett, M. K. (2013). Bench book for assessing parental gatekeeping in
parenting disputes: Understanding the dynamics of gate closing and opening for the best interests of children.
Journal of Child Custody, 10(1), 1–16. doi:10.1080/15379418.2013.778693
Austin, W. G. , & Rappaport, S. (2018). Parental gatekeeping forensic model and child custody evaluation:
Social capital and application to relocation disputes. Journal of Child Custody, 15(1), 55–75.
doi:10.1080/15379418.2018.1431827
Avinun, R. , & Knafo, A. (2014). Parenting as a reaction evoked by children’s genotype: A meta-analysis of
children-as-twins studies. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(1), 87–102.
doi:10.1177/1088868313498308\
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 1–103.
Baumrind, D. (2013). Authoritative parenting revisited: History and current status. In R. E. Larzelere , A. S.
Morris , & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child
development (pp. 11–34). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13948-002
Berger, L. M. , & Carlson, M. J. (2020). Family policy and complex contemporary families: A decade in review
and implications for the next decade of research and policy practice. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1),
478–507. doi:10.1111/jomf.12650
Bornstein, M. H. (2015). Children’s parents. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology and
developmental science (Vol. 4, 7th ed., pp. 1–7). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy403
Bowes, L. , Wolke, D. , Joinson, C. , Lereya, S. T. , & Lewis, G. (2014). Sibling bullying and risk of depression,
anxiety, and self-harm: A prospective cohort study. Pediatrics, 134(4), e1032–e1039.
Buehler, C. (2020). Family processes and children’s and adolescents’ well-being. Journal of Marriage and
Family, 82(1), 145–174. doi:10.1111/jomf.12637
Buist, K. L. , Deković, M. , & Prinzie, P. (2013). Sibling relationship quality and psychopathology of children and
adolescents: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.007
Caffaro, J. V. (2013). Sibling abuse trauma (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Caffaro, J. V. (2017). Treating adult survivors of sibling sexual abuse: A relational strengths-based approach.
Journal of Family Violence, 32(5), 543–552.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention . (2020). Covid-19 hospitalization and death by race/ethnicity.
www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/covid-data/hospitalization-death-by-race-ethnicity.pdf
Costa, S. , Sireno, S. , Larcan, R. , & Cuzzocrea, F. (2019). The six dimensions of parenting and adolescent
psychological adjustment: The mediating role of psychological needs. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,
60(2), 128–137. doi:10.1111/sjop.12507
Dantchev, S. , & Wolke, D. (2019). Sibling bullying at 12 years and high-risk behavior in early adulthood: A
prospective cohort study. Aggressive Behavior, 45(1), 18–32. doi:10.1002/ab.21793
Darling, N. , & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin,
113(3), 487–496.
Deci, E. L. , & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-
determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
DelGiudice, M. (2018). Middle childhood: An evolutionary-developmental synthesis. In N. Halfon , C. B. Forrest
, R. M. Lerner , & E. M. Faustman (Eds.), Handbook of life course health development (pp. 95–108). Springer.
Dirks, M. A. , Persram, R. , Recchia, H. E. , & Howe, N. (2015). Sibling relationships as sources of risk and
resilience in the development and maintenance of internalizing and externalizing problems during childhood
and adolescence. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.07.003
Downey, D. B. , & Condron, D. J. (2004). Playing well with others in kindergarten: The benefit of siblings at
home. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 333–350.
Eriksen, S. , & Jensen, V. (2006). All in the family? Family environment factors in sibling violence. Journal of
Family Violence, 21(8), 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-006-9048-9
Fagan, J. , Pearson, J. , & Kaufman, R. (2020). A descriptive study of low-income never-married fathers’
coparenting with mothers and relatives. Family Relations, 69(1), 21–35. doi:10.1111/fare.12384
Forbes, L. K. , Lamar, M. R. , & Bornstein, R. S. (2021). Working mothers’ experiences in an intensive
mothering culture: A phenomenological qualitative study. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy. 33(3), 270–294.
doi:10.1080/08952833.2020.1798200
Gauvain, M. , Perez, S. M. , & Beebe, H. (2013). Authoritative parenting and parental support of children’s
cognitive development. In R. E. Larzelere , A. S. Morris , & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting:
Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 211–234). American Psychological
Association.
Griffith, A. K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of
Family Violence. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00172-2
Howe, N. , Ross, H. S. , & Recchia, H. (2014). Sibling relations in early and middle childhood. In P. K. Smith &
C. H. Hart (Eds.), Wiley Blackwell handbooks of developmental psychology. The Wiley Blackwell handbook of
childhood social development (pp. 356–372). Wiley Blackwell.
Hughes, C. , McHarg, G. , & White, N. (2018). Sibling influences on prosocial behavior. Current Opinion in
Psychology, 20, 96–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.015
Hughes, D. , Rodriguez, J. , Smith, E. P. , Johnson, D. J. , Stevenson, H. C. , & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’
ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental
Psychology, 42(5), 747–770. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
Ishizuka, P. (2019). Social class, gender, and contemporary parenting standards in the United States: Evidence
from a national survey experiment. Social Forces, 98(1), 31–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy107
James, A. G. , Coard, S. I. , Fine, M. A. , & Rudy, D. (2018). The central roles of race and racism in reframing
family systems theory: A consideration of choice and time. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(2), 419–433.
doi:10.1111/jftr.12262
Joussemet, M. , Landry, R. , & Koestner, R. (2008). A self-determination theory perspective on parenting.
Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 194–200. doi:10.1037/a0012754
Kim, J. Y. , McHale, S. M. , Crouter, A. C. , & Osgood, D. (2007). Longitudinal linkages between sibling
relationships and adjustment from middle childhood through adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 43(4),
960–973. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.960
Kjobli, J. , & Hagen, K. (2009). A mediation model of interparental collaboration, parenting practices, and child
externalizing behavior in a clinical sample. Family Relations, 58(2), 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3729.2009.00552.x
Kowal, A. K. , Krull, J. L. , & Kramer, L. (2006). Shared understanding of parental differential treatment in
families. Social Development, 15(2), 276–295. doi:10.1046/j.1467-9507.2006.00341.x
Kretschmer, T. , & Pike, A. (2009). Young children’s sibling relationship quality: Distal and proximal correlates.
Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 50(5), 581–589.
Krienert, J. L. , & Walsh, J. A. (2011). Sibling sexual abuse: An empirical analysis of offender, victim, and event
characteristics in national incident-based reporting system (NIBRS) Data, 2000–2007. Journal of Child Sexual
Abuse, 20(4), 353–372. doi:10.1080/10538712.2011.588190
Lawson, D. W. , & Mace, R. (2010). Siblings and childhood mental health: Evidence for a later-born advantage.
Social Science & Medicine, 70(12), 2061–2069. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.009
Lindert, J. , von Ehrenstein, O. S. , Grashow, R. , Gal, G. , Braehler, E. , & Weisskopf, M. G. (2014). Sexual and
physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: Systematic review
and meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health, 59(2), 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-
0519-5
Maccoby, E. (2015). Historical overview of socialization research and theory. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings
(Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 3–32). Guilford Press.
Maccoby, E. , & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent – child interaction. In P. H.
Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization,
personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1–101). Wiley.
Maldonado, S. (2014). Shared parenting and never-married families. Family Court Review, 52(4), 632–638.
doi:10.1111/fcre.12113
McGuire, S. , McHale, S. M. , & Updegraff, K. (1996). Children’s perceptions of the sibling relationship in middle
childhood: Connections within and between family relationships. Personal Relationships, 3(3), 229–239.
https://doi10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00114.x
McHale, S. M. , Updegraff, K. A. , Jackson-Newsom, J. , Tucker, C. J. , & Crouter, A. C. (2008). When does
parents’ differential treatment have negative implications for siblings? Social Development, 9(2), 149–172.
Meunier, J. C. , Bisceglia, R. , & Jenkins, J. M. (2012). Differential parenting and children’s behavioral
problems: Curvilinear associations and mother – father combined effects. Developmental Psychology, 48(4),
987–1002. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026321
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Harvard University Press.
Morrill, M. (2014). Sibling sexual abuse: An exploratory study of long-term consequences for self-esteem and
counseling considerations. Journal of Family Violence, 29(2), 205–213. https://doi-
org.ezproxy.bgsu.edu/10.1007/s10896-013-9571-4
Morrill, M. (2017). Handbook of behavioral criminology. Springer.
Morrill, M. , Bachman, C. , Polisuk, B. , Kostelyk, K. , & Wilson, S. (2018). An exploration of the relationship
between experiences with sibling abuse and peer bullying: A pilot study. Journal of Child and Adolescent
Trauma, 11(1), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-017-0156-x
Murphy, S. E. , Jacobvitz, D. B. , & Hazen, N. L. (2016). What’s so bad about competitive coparenting? Family-
level predictors of children’s externalizing symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(5), 1684–1690.
Nomaguchi, K. , & Milkie, M. A. (2020). Parenthood and well-being: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage
and Family, 82(1), 198–223. doi:10.1111/jomf.12646
Olson, D. H. , Sprenkle, D. H. , & Russell, C. S. (1979). Circumplex model of marital & family systems I:
Cohesion & adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18(1), 3–28.
Olson, D. H. , Waldvogel, L. , & Schlieff, M. (2019). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: An update.
Journal of Family Theory & Review, 11(2), 199–211. doi:10.1111/jftr.12331
Parkes, A. , Green, M. , & Mitchell, K. (2019). Coparenting and parenting pathways from the couple relationship
to children’s behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(2), 215–225.
Peng, S. , Suitor, J. J. , & Gilligan, M. (2018). The long arm of maternal differential treatment: Effects of recalled
and current favoritism on adult children’s psychological well-being. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B,
73(6), 1123–1132. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw105
Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children
and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53(5), 873–932.
doi:10.1037/dev0000295
Pinquart, M. , & Gerke, D. C. (2019). Associations of parenting styles with self-esteem in children and
adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(4), 2017–2035. https://doi-
org.ezproxy.bgsu.edu/10.1007/s10826-019-01417-5
Prime, H. , Wade, M. , & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19
pandemic. American Psychologist, 75(5), 631–643. doi:10.1037/amp0000660
Raley, R. K. , & Sweeney, M. M. (2020). Divorce, repartnering, and stepfamilies: A decade in review. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 82(1), 81–99. doi:10.1111/jomf.12651
Rutledge, E. L. , Crouch, J. L. , Valentiner, D. P. , Davila, A. L. , Milner, J. S. , & Skowronski, J. J. (2018). Are
implicit personality theories associated with parental reactions to child transgressions? Personality and
Individual Differences, 128, 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.021
Ryan, R. M. , & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation,
development and wellness. Guilford Press.
Saini, M. (2019). Strengthening coparenting relationships to improve strained parent – child relationships: A
follow-up study of parents’ experiences of attending the overcoming barriers program. Family Court Review,
57(2), 217–230. doi:10.1111/fcre.12405
Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J. , Brown, G. L. , Cannon, E. A. , Mangelsdorf, S. C. , & Sokolowski, M. S. (2008).
Maternal gatekeeping, coparenting quality, and fathering behavior in families with infants. Journal of Family
Psychology, 22(3), 389–398.
Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current Opinion in
Psychology, 15, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012
Smetana, J. G. , & Jambon, M. (2017). New perspectives on moral development. Routledge.
Sorkhabi, N. , & Mandara, J. (2013). Are the effects of Baumrind’s parenting styles culturally specific or
culturally equivalent? In R. E. Larzelere , A. S. Morris , & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting:
Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 112–136). American Psychological
Association.
Stafford, L. (2015). Social communication competencies across the life-span. In B. Spitzberg & A. Hannawa
(Eds.), Handbook of social communication competence (pp. 539–557). Mouton DeGruyter.
Stafford, L. , & Dainton, M. (1995). Parent-child interaction within the family system. In T. J. Socha & G. Stamp
(Eds.), Parents, children, and communication: Frontiers of theory and research (pp. 3–21). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Steinbach, A. (2019). Children’s and parents’ well-being in joint physical custody: A literature review. Family
Process, 58(2), 353–369. doi:10.1111/famp.12372
Stocker, C. M. , Burwell, R. A. , & Briggs, M. L. (2002). Sibling conflict in middle childhood predicts children’s
adjustment in early adolescence. Journal of Family Psychology, 16(1), 50–57.
Stolz, H. E. , Sizemore, K. M. , Shideler, M. J. , LaGraff, M. R. , & Moran, H. B. (2017). Parenting together:
Evaluation of a parenting program for never-married parents. Null, 58(5), 358–370.
doi:10.1080/10502556.2017.1322855
Stormshak, E. A. , Comeau, C. A. , & Shepard, S. A. (2004). The relative contribution of sibling deviance and
peer deviance in the prediction of substance use across middle childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 32(6), 635–649.
Sun, X. , McHale, S. M. , & Updegraff, K. A. (2019). Sibling experiences in middle childhood predict sibling
differences in college graduation. Child Development, 90(1), 25–34. doi:10.1111/cdev.13047
Toseeb, U. , McChesney, G. , Dantchev, S. , & Wolke, D. (2020). Precursors of sibling bullying in middle
childhood: Evidence from a UK-based longitudinal cohort study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 108, Article e104633.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104633
van Berkel, S. R. , Tucker, C. J. , & Finkelhor, D. (2018). The combination of sibling victimization and parental
child maltreatment on mental health problems and delinquency. Child Maltreatment, 23(3), 244–253.
van der Kaap-Deeder, J. , Vansteenkiste, M. , Soenens, B. , Loeys, T. , Mabbe, E. , & Gargurevich, R. (2015).
Autonomy-supportive parenting and autonomy-supportive sibling interactions: The role of mothers’ and siblings’
psychological need satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(11), 1590–1604.
doi:10.1177/0146167215602225
Véronneau, M. , Koestner, R. F. , & Abela, J. R. Z. (2005). Intrinsic need satisfaction and well – being in
children and adolescents: An application of the self – determination theory. Journal of Social and Clinical
Psychology, 24(2), 280–292.
Walsh, F. (2016). Family resilience: A developmental systems framework. European Journal of Development
Psychology, 13(3), 313–324. doi:10.1080/17405629.2016.1154035
White, N. , & Hughes, C. (2017). Why siblings matter: The role of brother and sister relationships in
development and well-being. Routledge.
Williams, J. S. , Riggs, S. A. , & Kaminski, P. L. (2016). A typology of childhood sibling subsystems that may
emerge in abusive family systems. The Family Journal, 24(4), 378–384. doi:10.1177/1066480716663182
Wolke, D. , Tippett, N. , & Dantchev, S. (2015). Bullying in the family: Sibling bullying. The Lancet Psychiatry,
2(10), 917–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00262-X
Yates, P. (2017). Sibling sexual abuse: Why don’t we talk about it? Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(15–16),
2482–2494. doi:10.1111/jocn.13531

Family Relationships During Adolescence

Adams, R. , & Laursen, B. (2007). The correlates of conflict: Disagreement is not necessarily detrimental.
Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 445–458. http://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.3.445
Barstead, M. G. , Smith, K. A. , Laursen, B. , Booth-LaForce, C. , King, S. , & Rubin, K. H. (2018). Shyness,
preference for solitude, and adolescent internalizing: The roles of maternal, paternal, and best-friend support.
Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28(2), 488–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12350
Branje, S. (2018). Development of parent – adolescent relationships: Conflict interactions as a mechanism of
change. Child Development Perspectives, 12(3), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12278
Branje, S. , van Doorn, M. D. , van der Valk, I. , & Meeus, W. (2009). Parent-adolescent conflict, conflict
resolution, and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(2), 195–204.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.004
Buehler, C. (2020). Family processes and children’s and adolescents’ wellbeing. Journal of Marriage and
Family, 82(1), 145–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12637
Buist, K. L. , Deković, M. , & Prinzie, P. (2013). Sibling relationship quality and psychopathology of children and
adolescents: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 97–106.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.007.
Buist, K. L. , Metindogan, A. , Coban, S. , Watve, S. , Paranjpe, A. , Koot, H. M. , van Lier, P. , Branje, S. , &
Meeus, W. (2017b). Cross-cultural differences in sibling power balance and its concomitants across three age
periods. In N. Campione-Barr (Ed.), Power, control, and influence in sibling relationships across development.
New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development (Vol. 156, pp. 87–104).
https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20199
Buist, K. L. , Paalman, C. H. , Branje, S. , Deković, M. , Reitz, E. , Verhoeven, M. , Meeus, W. , Koot, H. M. , &
Hale, W. W. III . (2014). Longitudinal effects of sibling relationship quality on adolescent problem behavior: A
cross-ethnic comparison. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(2), 266–275.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033675
Buist, K. L. , Verhoeven, M. , Hoksbergen, R. , ter Laak, J. , Watve, S. , & Paranjpe, A. (2017a). Associations of
perceived sibling and parent-child relationship quality with internalizing and externalizing problems: Comparing
Indian and Dutch early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 37(8), 1163–1190.
doi:10.1177/0272431616653473
Buist, K. L. , & Vermande, M. (2014). Sibling relationship patterns and their associations with child competence
and problem behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(4), 529–537. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036990
Caughlin, J. P. , Huston, T. L. , & Wehrman, E. C. (2018). The affective structure of marriage over time. In A. L.
Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 90–105). Cambridge
University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417867.009
Clark, D. A. , Donnellan, M. B. , Robins, R. W. , & Conger, R. D. (2015). Early adolescent temperament,
parental monitoring, and substance use in Mexican-origin adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 41, 121–130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.02.010
Collins, W. A. , & Laursen, B. (2004). Parent-adolescent relationships and influences. In R. M. Lerner & L.
Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 331–362). Wiley.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780471726746.ch11
Collins, W. A. , Laursen, B. , Mortensen, N. , Luebker, C. , & Ferreira, M. (1997). Conflict processes and
transitions in parent and peer relationships: Implications for autonomy and regulation. Journal of Adolescence,
12(2), 178–198. http://doi.org/10.1177/0743554897122003
Collins, W. A. , Maccoby, E. , Steinberg, L. , Hetherington, E. M. , & Bornstein, M. (2000). Contemporary
research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55(2), 218–232.
Cox, M. J. , & Paley, B. (2003). Understanding families as systems. Current Directions in Psychological
Science, 12(5), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01259
Criss, M. M. , Lee, T. K. , Morris, A. S. , Cui, L. , Bosler, C. D. , Shreffler, K. M. , & Silk, J. S. (2015). Link
between monitoring behavior and adolescent adjustment: An analysis of direct and indirect effects. Journal of
Child and Family Studies, 24(3), 668–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9877-0
De Goede, I. , Branje, S. , & Meeus, W. (2009a). Developmental changes in adolescents’ perceptions of
relationships with their parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(1), 75–88.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9286-7
de Haan, A. , Prinzie, P. , Sentse, M. , & Jongerling, J. (2018). Latent difference score modeling: A flexible
approach for studying informant discrepancies. Psychological Assessment, 30(3), 358–369.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000480
De Los Reyes, A. , & Ohannessian, C. M. (2016). Introduction to the special issue: Discrepancies in adolescent
– parent perceptions of the family and adolescent adjustment [Editorial]. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,
45(10), 1957–1972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0533-z
Deater-Deckard, K. , Lansford, J. E. , Malone, P. S. , Alampay, L. P. , Sorbring, E. , Bacchini, D. , Bombi, A. S. ,
Bornstein, M. H. , Chang, L. , Di Giunta, L. , Dodge, K. A. , Oburu, P. , Pastorelli, C. , Skinner, A. T. , Tapanya,
S. , Tirado, L. M. , Zelli, A. , & Al-Hassan, S. M. (2011). The association between parental warmth and control in
thirteen cultural groups. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 790–794. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025120
Defoe, I. N. , Keijsers, L. , Hawk, S. T. , Branje, S. , Dubas, J. S. , Buist, K. , Frijns, T. A. G. , van Aken, M. ,
Koot, H. M. , van Lier, P. A. C. , & Meeus, W. (2013). Siblings versus parents and friends: Longitudinal linkages
to adolescent externalizing problems. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry, 54(8), 881–889.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12049
DeLay, D. , Hafen, C. A. , Cunha, J. M. , Weber, L. N. , & Laursen, B. (2013). Perceptions of parental support
buffer against depression for Brazilian youth with interpersonal difficulties. International Journal of Behavioral
Development, 37(1), 29–34. http://doi.org/10.1177/0165025412454031
Dickson, D. J. , Laursen, B. , Stattin, H. , & Kerr, M. (2015). Parental supervision and alcohol abuse among
adolescent girls. Pediatrics, 136(4), 617–624. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-1258
Dickson, D. J. , Laursen, B. , Valdes, O. , & Stattin, H. (2019). Derisive parenting fosters dysregulated anger in
adolescent children and subsequent difficulties with peers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(8),
1567–1579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01040-z
Dishion, T. J. , & McMahon, R. J. (1998). Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent
problem behavior: A conceptual and empirical formulation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1(1),
61–75. http://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021800432380
Ehrlich, K. B. , Richards, J. M. , Lejuez, C. W. , & Cassidy, J. (2016). When parents and adolescents disagree
about disagreeing: Observed parent-adolescent communication predicts informant discrepancies about conflict.
Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(3), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12197
Finkenauer, C. , Engels, R. , & Kubacka, K. (2008). Relational implications of secrecy and concealment in
parent-adolescent relationships. In M. Kerr , H. Stattin , & R. Engels (Eds.), What can parents do? New insights
into the role of parents in adolescent problem behavior (pp. 43–61). John Wiley & Sons.
Fosco, G. M. , & Feinberg, M. E. (2015). Cascading effects of interparental conflict in adolescence: Linking
threat appraisals, self-efficacy, and adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 27(1), 239–252.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414000704
Fosco, G. M. , & Lydon-Staley, D. M. (2019). A within-family examination of interparental conflict, cognitive
appraisals, and adolescent mood and well-being. Child Development, 90(4), 421–436.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12997
Gallagher, A. M. , Updegraff, K. A. , Padilla, J. , & McHale, S. M. (2018). Longitudinal associations between
sibling relational aggression and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(10),
2100–2113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0871-0
Gavazzi, S. (2013). Theory and research pertaining to families with adolescents. In G. W. Peterson & K. R.
Bush (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (pp. 303–327). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-
3987-5_14
Guimond, F. A. , Laursen, B. , Vitaro, F. , Brendgen, M. , Dionne, G. , & Boivin, M. (2016). Associations
between mother-child relationship quality and adolescent adjustment: Using a genetically controlled design to
determine the direction and magnitude of effects. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(3),
196–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415620059
Hadiwijaya, H. , Klimstra, T. A. , Vermunt, J. K. , Branje, S. , & Meeus, W. (2017). On the development of
harmony, turbulence, and independence in parent – adolescent relationships: A five-wave longitudinal study.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(8), 1772–1788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0627-7
Hafen, C. A. , & Laursen, B. (2009). More problems and less support: Early adolescent adjustment forecasts
changes in perceived support from parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(2), 193–202.
http://doi.org/10.1037/a0015077
Hou, Y. , Benner, A. D. , Kim, S. Y. , Chen, S. , Spitz, S. , Shi, Y. , & Beretvas, T. (2020). Discordance in
parents’ and adolescents’ reports of parenting: A meta-analysis and qualitative review. American Psychologist,
75(3), 329–348. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000463
Huey, M. , Hiatt, C. , Laursen, B. , Burk, W. J. , & Rubin, K. (2017). Mother-adolescent conflict types and
adolescent adjustment: A person-oriented analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(4), 504–512.
https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000294
Infurna, F. J. , Gerstorf, D. , & Lachman, M. E. (2020). Midlife in the 2020s: Opportunities and challenges.
American Psychologist, 75(4), 470–485. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000591
Jensen, A. C. , Whiteman, S. D. , & Fingerman, K. L. (2018). “Can’t live with or without them:” Transitions and
young adults’ perceptions of sibling relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(3), 385–395.
https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000361
Kapetanovic, S. , Skoog, T. , Bohlin, M. , & Gerdner, A. (2019). Aspects of the parent – adolescent relationship
and associations with adolescent risk behaviors over time. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(1), 1–11.
http://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000436
Keijsers, L. , Branje, S. , Frijns, T. , Finkenauer, C. , & Meeus, W. (2010). Gender differences in keeping
secrets from parents in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 293–298.
http://doi.org/10.1037/a0018115
Keijsers, L. , & Laird, R. D. (2014). Mother-adolescent monitoring dynamics and the legitimacy of parental
authority. Journal of Adolescence, 37(5), 515–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.04.001
Keijsers, L. , Voelkle, M. C. , Maciejewski, D. , Branje, S. , Koot, H. , Hiemstra, M. , & Meeus, W. (2016). What
drives developmental change in adolescent disclosure and maternal knowledge? Heterogeneity in within-family
processes. Developmental Psychology, 52(12), 2057. http://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000220
Kim, J. Y. , McHale, S. M. , Wayne Osgood, D. , & Crouter, A. C. (2006). Longitudinal course and family
correlates of sibling relationships from childhood through adolescence. Child Development, 77(6), 1746–1761.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00971.x
Kouros, C. D. , Papp, L. M. , Goeke-Morey, M. C. , & Cummings, E. M. (2014). Spillover between marital quality
and parent – child relationship quality: Parental depressive symptoms as moderators. Journal of Family
Psychology, 28(3), 315. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036804
Krishnakumar, A. , & Buehler, C. (2000). Interparental conflict and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review.
Family Relations, 49(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00025.x
LaFleur, L. K. , Zhao, Y. , Zeringue, M. M. , & Laird, R. D. (2016). Warmth and legitimacy beliefs contextualize
adolescents’ negative reactions to parental monitoring. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 58–67.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.013
Laird, R. D. , & LaFleur, L. K. (2016). Disclosure and monitoring as predictors of mother-adolescent agreement
in reports of early adolescent rule-breaking behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology,
45(2), 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.963856
Laursen, B. , & Collins, W. A. (2009). Parent-child relationships during adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L.
Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology: Contextual influences on adolescent development (pp.
3–42). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002002
Laursen, B. , Coy, K. C. , & Collins, W. A. (1998). Reconsidering changes in parent-child conflict across
adolescence: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 69(3), 817–832.
Laursen, B. , DeLay, D. , & Adams, R. E. (2010). Trajectories of perceived support in mother-adolescent
relationships: The poor (quality) get poorer. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1792–1798.
http://doi.org/10.1037/a0020679
Laursen, B. , DeLay, D. , Richmond, A. , & Rubin, K. H. (2016). Youth negative affect attenuates associations
between compromise and mother-adolescent conflict outcomes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(4),
1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0288-2
Lindell, A. K. , & Campione Barr, N. (2017). Relative power in sibling relationships across adolescence. In N.
Campione-Barr (Ed.), Power, control, and influence in sibling relationships across development. New directions
for child and adolescent development, 156, 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20201
Lionetti, F. , Palladino, B. E. , Moses Passini, C. , Casonato, M. , Hamzallari, O. , Ranta, M. , Dellagiulia, A. , &
Keijsers, L. (2019). The development of parental monitoring during adolescence: A meta-analysis. European
Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(5), 552–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1476233
Lippold, M. A. , Greenberg, M. T. , Graham, J. W. , & Feinberg, M. E. (2014). Unpacking the effect of parental
monitoring on early adolescent problem behavior: Mediation by parental knowledge and moderation by parent-
youth warmth. Journal of Family Issues, 35(13), 1800–1823. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13484120
LoBraico, E. J. , Brinberg, M. , Ram, N. , & Fosco, G. M. (2020). Exploring processes in day to day parent –
adolescent conflict and angry mood: Evidence for circular causality. Family Process, 59(4), 1706–1721.
https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12506
Loeber, R. , Drinkwater, M. , Yin, Y. , Anderson, S. J. , Schmidt, L. C. , & Crawford, A. (2000). Stability of family
interaction from ages 6 to 18. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(4), 353–369.
http://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005169026208
Main, A. , Paxton, A. , & Dale, R. (2016). An exploratory analysis of emotion dynamics between mothers and
adolescents during conflict discussions. Emotion, 16(6), 913–928. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000180
Marion, D. , Laursen, B. , Kiuru, N. , Nurmi, J. E. , & Salmela-Aro, K. (2014). Maternal affection moderates
friend influence on schoolwork engagement. Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 766–771.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034295
Mastrotheodoros, S. , Papp, L. , Van der Graaff, J. , Deković, M. , Meeus, W. , & Branje, S. (2021). Explaining
heterogeneity of daily conflict spillover in the family: The role of dyadic marital conflict patterns. Family Process.
http://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12648
Mastrotheodoros, S. , Van der Graaff, J. , Deković, M. , Meeus, W. , & Branje, S. (2019a). Coming closer in
adolescence: Convergence in mother, father, and adolescent reports of parenting. Journal of Research on
Adolescence, 29(4), 846–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12417
Mastrotheodoros, S. , Van der Graaff, J. , Dekovic, M. , Meeus, W. , & Branje, S. (2019b). Interparental conflict
management strategies and parent-adolescent relationships: Disentangling between-person from within-person
effects across adolescence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 81(1), 185–203. doi:10.1111/jomf.12528
Mastrotheodoros, S. , Van der Graaff, J. , Deković, M. , Meeus, W. , & Branje, S. (2020a). Parent-adolescent
conflict across adolescence: Trajectories of informant discrepancies and associations with personality types.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(1), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01054-7
Mastrotheodoros, S. , Van Lissa, C. J. , Van der Graaff, J. , Deković, M. , Meeus, W. , & Branje, S. (2020b).
Day-to-day spillover and long-term transmission of interparental conflict to adolescent-mother conflict: The role
of mood. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(8), 893–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000649
McHale, S. M. , Updegraff, K. A. , & Whiteman, S. D. (2012). Sibling relationships and influences in childhood
and adolescence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(5), 913–930. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2012.01011.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families & family therapy. Harvard University Press.
Missotten, L. C. , Luyckx, K. , Branje, S. J. , Hale III, W. W. , & Meeus, W. H. (2017). Examining the longitudinal
relations among adolescents’ conflict management with parents and conflict frequency. Personality and
Individual Differences, 117, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.037
Moed, A. , Gershoff, E. T. , Eisenberg, N. , Hofer, C. , Losoya, S. , Spinrad, T. L. , & Liew, J. (2015). Parent-
adolescent conflict as sequences of reciprocal negative emotion: Links with conflict resolution and adolescents’
behavior problems. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(8), 1607–1622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-
0209-5
Nelemans, S. A. , Branje, S. J. , Hale, W. W., 3rd , Goossens, L. , Koot, H. M. , Oldehinkel, A. J. , & Meeus, W.
H. (2016). Discrepancies between perceptions of the parent-adolescent relationship and early adolescent
depressive symptoms: An illustration of polynomial regression analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,
45(10), 2049–2063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0503-5
Ohannessian, C. M. , Laird, R. , & De Los Reyes, A. (2016). Discrepancies in adolescents’ and mothers’
perceptions of the family and mothers’ psychological symptomatology. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,
45(10), 2011–2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0477-3
Oliva, A. , & Arranz, E. (2005). Sibling relationships during adolescence. European Journal of Developmental
Psychology, 2(3), 253–270. http://doi.org/10.1080/17405620544000002
Padilla-Walker, L. M. , Coyne, S. M. , Fraser, A. M. , Dyer, W. J. , & Yorgason, J. B. (2012). Parents and
adolescents growing up in the digital age: Latent growth curve analysis of proactive media monitoring. Journal
of Adolescence, 35(5), 1153–1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.005
Papp, L. M. , & Hartley, S. L. (2019). Child-present and child-themed marital conflict in daily life of parents of
children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Psychology, 55(1), 148–156.
https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000631
Riina, E. M. , & Feinberg, M. E. (2018). The trajectory of coparenting relationship quality across early
adolescence: Family, community, and parent gender influences. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(5), 599–609.
https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000426
Rognli, E. W. , Waraan, L. , Czajkowski, N. O. , Solbakken, O. A. , & Aalberg, M. (2020). Conflict with parents in
adolescent depression: Associations with parental interpersonal problems and depressive symptoms. Child
Psychiatry and Human Development, 51(3), 442–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-00955-0
Seiffge-Krenke, I. , Overbeek, G. , & Vermulst, A. (2010). Parent-child relationship trajectories during
adolescence: Longitudinal associations with romantic outcomes in emerging adulthood. Journal of
Adolescence, 33(1), 159–171. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.04.001
Smetana, J. G. (2008). Conflicting views of conflict. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child
Development, 73(2), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2008.00477.x
Smetana, J. G. , Campione-Barr, N. , & Metzger, A. (2006). Adolescent development in interpersonal and
societal contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 255–284.
Smetana, J. G. , Daddis, C. , & Chuang, S. S. (2003). “Clean your room!” A longitudinal investigation of
adolescent – parent conflict and conflict resolution in middle-class African American families. Journal of
Adolescent Research, 18(6), 631–650. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190124
Sorkhabi, N. , & Middaugh, E. (2014). How variations in parents’ use of confrontive and coercive control relate
to variations in parent – adolescent conflict, adolescent disclosure, and parental knowledge: Adolescents’
perspective. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(7), 1227–1241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9783-5
Stattin, H. , & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71(4), 1072–1085.
http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00210
Steinberg, L. , & Silk, J. S. (2002). Parenting adolescents. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting:
Children and parenting (pp. 103–133). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Tilton-Weaver, L. C. , Burk, W. J. , Kerr, M. , & Stattin, H. (2013). Can parental monitoring and peer
management reduce the selection or influence of delinquent peers? Testing the question using a dynamic
social network approach. Developmental Psychology, 49(11), 2057. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0031854
Tremblay Pouliot, M.-A. , & Poulin, F. (2021). Congruence and incongruence in father, mother, and adolescent
reports of parental monitoring: Examining the links with antisocial behaviors. The Journal of Early Adolescence,
41(2), 225–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431620912484
Updegraff, K. A. , McHale, S. M. , Killoren, S. E. , & Rodríguez, S. A. (2011). Cultural variations in sibling
relationships. In J. Caspi (Ed.), Sibling development: Implications for mental health practitioners (pp. 83–105).
Springer.
Valdes, O. M. , Laursen, B. , Guimond, F. A. , Hartl, A. C. , & Denner, J. (2016). Maternal psychological control
and its association with mother and child perceptions of adolescent adjustment: More evidence on the strength
of shared perspectives. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(10), 2151–2163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-
016-0467-5
Van der Giessen, D. , Branje, S. J. , Frijns, T. , & Meeus, W. H. (2013). Dyadic variability in mother-adolescent
interactions: Developmental trajectories and associations with psychosocial functioning. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 42(1), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9790-7
Van der Giessen, D. , Branje, S. J. , Keijsers, L. , Van Lier, P. A. , Koot, H. M. , & Meeus, W. (2014). Emotional
variability during mother-adolescent conflict interactions: Longitudinal links to adolescent disclosure and
maternal control. Journal of Adolescence, 37(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.007
Van der Giessen, D. , Hollenstein, T. , Hale, W. W. , Koot, H. M. , Meeus, W. , & Branje, S. (2015). Emotional
variability in mother-adolescent conflict interactions and internalizing problems of mothers and adolescents:
Dyadic and individual processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(2), 339–353.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9910-9
van Dijk, R. , van der Valk, I. E. , Deković, M. , & Branje, S. J. (2020). A meta-analysis on interparental conflict,
parenting, and child adjustment in divorced families: Examining mediation using meta-analytic structural
equation models. Clinical Psychology Review, 79, 101861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101861
van Doorn, M. D. , Branje, S. , Hox, J. J. , & Meeus, W. (2009). Intraindividual variability in adolescents’
perceived relationship satisfaction: The role of daily conflict. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(6),
790–803. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9308-5
van Doorn, M. D. , Branje, S. , & Meeus, W. (2011). Developmental changes in conflict resolution styles in
parent-adolescent relationships: A four-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(1),
97–107. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9516-7
van Eldik, W. M. , de Haan, A. D. , Parry, L. Q. , Davies, P. T. , Luijk, M. P. C. M. , Arends, L. R. , & Prinzie, P.
(2020). The interparental relationship: Meta-analytic associations with children’s maladjustment and responses
to interparental conflict. Psychological Bulletin, 146(7), 553–594. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000233
Van Lissa, C. J. , Hawk, S. T. , Branje, S. J. , Koot, H. M. , Van Lier, P. A. , & Meeus, W. H. (2015). Divergence
between adolescent and parental perceptions of conflict in relationship to adolescent empathy development.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(1), 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0152-5
Van Lissa, C. J. , Hawk, S. T. , Koot, H. M. , Branje, S. , & Meeus, W. H. (2017). The cost of empathy: Parent –
adolescent conflict predicts emotion dysregulation for highly empathic youth. Developmental Psychology, 53(9),
1722. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000361
Weymouth, B. B. , & Buehler, C. (2016). Adolescent and parental contributions to parent – adolescent hostility
across early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(4), 713–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-
015-0348-3
Weymouth, B. B. , Buehler, C. , Zhou, N. , & Henson, R. A. (2016). A meta analysis of parent – adolescent
conflict: Disagreement, hostility, and youth maladjustment. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 8(1), 95–112.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12126
Zemp, M. , Johnson, M. D. , & Bodenmann, G. (2018). Within-family processes: Interparental and coparenting
conflict and child adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(3), 299–309.
https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000368
Zhou, N. , & Buehler, C. (2019). Marital hostility and early adolescents’ adjustment: The role of cooperative
marital conflict. Journal of Early Adolescence, 39(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431617725193

Communication During Emerging Adulthood

Afifi, W. A. , & Burgoon, J. K. (1998). “We never talk about that”: A comparison of cross-sex friendships and
dating relationships on uncertainty and topic avoidance. Personal Relationships, 5(3), 255–272.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00171.x
Aloia, L. S. (2020). Parent – child relationship satisfaction: The influence of family communication orientations
and relational maintenance behaviors. The Family Journal, 28(1), 83–89.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480719896561
Apostolou, M. , & Christoforou, C. (2020). The art of flirting: What are the traits that make it effective?
Personality and Individual Differences, 158, 109866.
Aquilino, W. S. (1997). From adolescent to young adult: A prospective study of parent-child relations during the
transition to adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59(3), 670–686. https://doi.org/10.2307/353953
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.
American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford
University Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives,
1, 68–73.
Arnett, J. J. (2011). Emerging adulthood(s): The cultural psychology of a new life stage. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.),
Bridging cultural and developmental psychology: New syntheses in theory, research, and policy (pp. 255–275).
Oxford University Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (2nd ed.).
Oxford University Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2016). Does emerging adulthood theory apply across social classes? National data on a persistent
question. Emerging Adulthood, 4(4), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696815613000
Arnett, J. J. , Kloep, M. , Hendry, L. A. , & Tanner, J. L. (2011). Debating emerging adulthood: Stage or
process? Oxford University Press.
Axelsson, A. (2010). Perpetual and personal: Swedish young adults and their use of mobile phones. New
Media Society, 12(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809355110
Ayotte, B. , Mehta, C. , & Alfonso, J. (2017). Health communication with same-sex and other-sex friends in
emerging adulthood. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 85(3), 231–247.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415016680066
Bandura, A. (1977). A social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.
Barrie, C. K. , Bartkowski, J. P. , & Haverda, T. (2019). The digital divide among parents and their emerging
adult children: Intergenerational accounts of technologically assisted family communication. Social Sciences,
8(3), 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8030083
Barry, C. M. , Madsen, S. D. , & DeGrace, A. (2016). Growing up with a little help from their friends in emerging
adulthood. In J. J. Arnett (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (pp.
215–229). Oxford University Press.
Baumgarte, R. , & Nelson, D. W. (2009). Preference for same- versus cross-sex friendships. Journal of Applied
Social Psychology, 39(4), 901–917. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00465.x
Baxter, L. A. , & Wilmot, W. W. (1985). Taboo topics in close relationships. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 2(3), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407585023002
Bengtson, V. L. , & Roberts, R. E. L. (1991). Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: An example of formal
theory construction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 53(4), 856–870. https://doi.org/10.2307/352993
Boeringer, S. B. , Shehan, C. L. , & Akers, R. L. (1991). Social contexts and social learning in sexual coercion
and aggression: Assessing the contribution of fraternity membership. Family Relations, 40(1), 58–64.
https://doi.org/10.2307/585659
Brown, G. , Manago, A. M. , & Trimble, J. E. (2016). Tempted to text: College students’ mobile phone use
during a face-to-face interaction with a close friend. Emerging Adulthood, 4, 440–443.
Bucx, F. , Raaijmakers, Q. , & Van Wel, F. (2010). Life course stage in young adulthood and intergenerational
congruence in family attitudes. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(1), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2009.00687.x
Bucx, F. , Van Wel, F. , Knijn, T. , & Hagendoorn, L. (2008). Intergenerational contact and the life course status
of young adult children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(1), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2007.00467.x
Caplan, S. E. (2007). Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic internet use.
Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(2), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9963
Carlson, C. L. (2014). Seeking self-sufficiency: Why emerging adult college students receive and implement
parental advice. Emerging Adulthood, 2(4), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814551785
Clark, M. S. , & Beck, L. A. (2010). Initiating and evaluating close relationships: A task central to emerging
adults. In F. D. Fincham & M. Cui (Eds.), Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood (pp. 190–212).
Cambridge University Press.
Conger, K. J. , & Little, W. M. (2010). Sibling relationships during the transition to adulthood. Child Development
Perspectives, 4(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00123.x
Coyne, S. M. , Padilla-Walker, L. M. , & Howard, E. (2013). Emerging in a digital world: A decade review of
media use, effects, and gratifications in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 1(2), 125–137.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813479782
Curran, G. M. , White, H. R. , & Hansell, S. (1997). Predicting problem drinking: A test of an interactive social
learning model. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21(8), 1379–1390.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb04466.x
Davis, K. (2010). Coming of age online: The developmental underpinnings of girls’ blogs. Journal of Adolescent
Research, 25(1), 145–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409350503
Dilorio, C. , Kelley, M. , & Hockenberry-Eaton, M. (1999). Communication about sexual issues: Mothers,
fathers, and friends. Journal of Adolescent Health, 24(3), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-
139X(98)00115-3
Downie, J. , & Coates, R. (1999). The impact of gender on parent – child sexuality communication: Has
anything changed? Sexual & Marital Therapy, 14(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/02674659908405397
Dworkin, J. (2005). Risk taking as developmentally appropriate experimentation for college students. Journal of
Adolescent Research, 20(2), 219–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558404273073
Eaton, A. A. , & Rose, S. (2011). Has dating become more egalitarian? A 35 year review using Sex roles. Sex
Roles: A Journal of Research, 64(11–12), 843–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9957-9
Elder, G. H. (1994). Time, human agency, and social change: Perspectives on the life course. Social
Psychology Quarterly, 57(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786971
Ellison, N. B. , Steinfield, C. , & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and
college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 12(4),
1143–1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
Farris, C. , Treat, T. A. , Viken, R. J. , & McFall, R. M. (2008). Sexual coercion and the misperception of sexual
intent. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(1), 48–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.002
Hamilton, S. F. , & Hamilton, M. A. (2006). School, work, and emerging adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner
(Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 257–277). American Psychological
Association.
Henningsen, D. D. (2004). Flirting with meaning: An examination of miscommunication in flirting interactions.
Sex Roles, 50, 481–489. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023068.49352.4b
Hessel, H. , & Dworkin, J. (2018). Emerging adults’ use of communication technology with family members: A
systematic review. Adolescent Research Review, 3, 357–373.
Hood, M. , Creed, P. A. , & Mills, B. J. (2018). Loneliness and online friendships in emerging adults. Personality
and Individual Differences, 133, 96–102.
Howard, P. , Rainie, L. , & Jones, S. (2001). Days and nights on the internet. American Behavioral Science,
45(3), 383–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764201045003003
Jankowska, A. M. , Łockiewicz, M. , Dykalska-Bieck, D. , Łada, A. , Owoc, W. , & Stańczykowski, D. (2018).
Health behaviours in emerging adulthood: Their relationship with perceived maternal and paternal parental
attitudes and the mediating role of self-efficacy. Health Psychology Report, 6(1), 94–108.
https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2018.71202
Jensen, L. A. , Arnett, J. J. , Feldman, S. S. , & Cauffman, E. (2004). The right to do wrong: Lying to parents
among adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 101–112.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOYO.0000013422.48100.5a
Jozkowski, K. N. , Peterson, Z. D. , Sanders, S. A. , Dennis, B. , & Reece, M. (2014). Gender differences in
heterosexual college students’ conceptualizations and indicators of sexual consent: Implications for
contemporary sexual assault prevention education. The Journal of Sex Research, 51(8), 904–916.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.792326
Kallen, D. J. , Stephenson, J. J. , & Doughty, A. (1983). The need to know: Recalled adolescent sources of
sexual and contraceptive information and sexual behavior. The Journal of Sex Research, 19(2), 137–159.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498309551175
Kennedy-Lightsey, C. D. , & Frisby, B. N. (2016). Parental privacy invasion, family communication patterns, and
perceived ownership of private information. Communication Reports, 29(2), 75–86.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2015.1048477
Kerrick, M. R. , & Thorne, A. (2014). “So it’s like, do you like Jeff a lot or, I mean …” How women friends
interactionally position personal identity while conversing about desire. Emerging Adulthood, 2(4), 294–303.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814549803
Knoester, C. (2003). Transitions in young adulthood and the relationship between parent and offspring well-
being. Social Forces, 81(4), 1431–1458. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0063
Konstam, V. , Curran, T. , Celen-Demirtas, S. , Karwin, S. , Bryant, K. , Andrews, B. , & Duffy, R. (2019).
Commitment among unmarried emerging adults: Meaning, expectations, and formation of relationships. Journal
of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(4), 1317–1342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518762322
Korobov, N. , & Thorne, A. (2006). Intimacy and distancing: Young men’s conversations about romantic
relationships. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21(1), 27–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558405284035
Kraut, R. , Patterson, M. , Lundmark, V. , Kiesler, S. , Mukopadhyay, T. , & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet
paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychology well-being? American
Psychologist, 53, 1017–1031.
Kumar, S. A. , & Mattanah, J. F. (2018). Interparental conflict, parental intrusiveness, and interpersonal
functioning in emerging adulthood. Personal Relationships, 25(1), 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12231
Laner, M. R. , & Ventrone, N. A. (2000). Dating scripts revisited. Journal of Family Issues, 21(4), 488–500.
https://doi.org/10.1177/019251300021004004
Ledbetter, A. M. (2019). Parent-child privacy boundary conflict patterns during the first year of college:
Mediating family communication patterns, predicting psychosocial distress. Human Communication Research,
45(3), 255–285. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqy018
LeFebvre, L. E. (2018). Swiping me off my feet: Explicating relationship initiation on Tinder. Journal of Social
and Personal Relationships, 35(9), 1205–1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517706419
Lefkowitz, E. S. (2005). “Things have gotten better”: Developmental changes among emerging adults after the
transition to university. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(1), 40–63.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558404271236
Lefkowitz, E. S. , Boone, T. L. , & Shearer, C. L. (2004). Communication with best friends about sex-related
topics during emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 339–351.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOYO.0000032642.27242.c1
Lindell, A. K. , & Campione-Barr, N. (2017). Continuity and change in the family system across the transition
from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Marriage & Family Review, 53(4), 388–416.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1184212
Lindell, A. K. , Campione-Barr, N. , & Killoren, S. E. (2015). Technology mediated communication with siblings
during the transition to college: Associations with relationship positivity and self-disclosure. Family Relations,
64(4), 563–578. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12133
Lindgren, K. P. , Schacht, R. L. , Pantalone, D. W. , Blayney, J. A. , & George, W. H. (2009). Sexual
communication, sexual goals, and students’ transition to college: Implications for sexual assault, decision-
making, and risky behavior. Journal of College Student Development, 50(5), 491–503. doi:10.1353/csd.0.0095
MacMillan, R. , & Copher, R. (2005). Families in the life course: Interdependency of roles, role configurations,
and pathways. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(4), 858–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2005.00180.x
Marchant, C. , & O’Donohoe, S. (2014). Edging out of the nest: Emerging adults’ use of smartphones in
maintaining and transforming family relationships. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(15–16), 1554–1576.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2014.935798
Mastro, S. , & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2015). Let’s talk openly about sex: Sexual communication, self-esteem
and efficacy as correlates of sexual well-being. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 579–598.
Mehta, C. , & Arnett, J. J. , Nelson, L. , & Palmer, C. G. (2020). Established adulthood: A new conception of
ages 30 to 45. American Psychologist, 75(4), 431–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000600
Mesch, G. S. , & Talmud, I. (2007). Similarity and the quality of online and offline social relationships among
adolescents in Israel. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(2), 455–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-
7795.2007.00529.x
Mikami, A. Y. , Szwedo, D. E. , Allen, J. P. , Evans, M. A. , & Hare, A. L. (2010). Adolescent peer relationships
and behavior problems predict young adults’ communication on social networking websites. Developmental
Psychology, 46(1), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017420
Miller, R. B. , & Glass, J. (1989). Parent-child attitude similarity across the life course. Journal of Marriage and
the Family, 51(4), 991–997. https://doi.org/10.2307/353211
Montgomery, M. J. (2005). Psychosocial intimacy and identity: From early adolescence to emerging adulthood.
Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(3), 346–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558404273118
Morgan, E. M. , Thorne, A. , & Zurbriggen, E. L. (2010). A longitudinal study of conversations with parents
about sex and dating during college. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 139–150.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016931
Mori, C. , Cooke, J. E. , Temple, J. R. , Ly, A. , Lu, Y. , Anderson, N. , … Madigan, S. (2020). The prevalence of
sexting behaviors among emerging adults: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 1103–1119.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01656-4
Morr, M. C. , & Mongeau, P. A. (2004). First-date expectations: The impact of sex of initiator, alcohol
consumption, and relationship type. Communication Research, 31(1), 3–35.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203260202
Muehlenhard, C. L. , Humphreys, T. P. , Jozkowski, K. N. , & Peterson, Z. D. (2016). The complexities of sexual
consent among college students: A conceptual and empirical review. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(4–5),
457–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1146651
Mullinax, M. , Sanders, S. , Dennis, B. , Higgins, J. , Fortenberry, J. D. , & Reece, M. (2017). How condom
discontinuation occurs: Interviews with emerging adult women. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4–5),
642–650. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1143440
National Center for Education Statistics . (2020). The condition of education, 2020. U.S. Department of
Education.
National Center for Family and Marriage Research . (2020). Median age at first divorce. Author.
Norona, J. C. , Roberson, P. N. , & Welsh, D. P. (2017). “I learned things that make me happy, things that bring
me down” Lessons from romantic relationships in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescent
Research, 32(2), 155–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558415605166
Odaci, H. , & Kalkan, M. (2010). Problematic internet use, loneliness and dating anxiety among young adult
university students. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1091–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.05.006
Papacharissi, Z. , & Rubin, A. M. (2000). Predictors of internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media,
44(2), 175–196. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_2
Pariera, K. L. , & Abraham, B. (2020). “We talked about our hookups”: A diary study of sexual communication
among US college women. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(8–9), 2620–2633.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520933002
Pariera, K. L. , & Brody, E. (2018). “Talk more about it”: Emerging adults’ attitudes about how and when parents
should talk about sex. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15(2), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-
017-0314-9
Parra, A. , Oliva, A. , & Reina, M. D. C. (2015). Family relationships from adolescence to emerging adulthood: A
longitudinal study. Journal of Family Issues, 36(14), 2002–2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13507570
Pew Research Center . (2019a). Mobile fact sheet. www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile
Pew Research Center . (2019b). Mobile fact sheet. www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/
Rappleyea, D. L. , Taylor, A. C. , & Fang, X. (2014). Gender differences and communication technology use
among emerging adults in the initiation of dating relationships. Marriage & Family Review, 50(3), 269–284.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2013.879552
Reifman, A. (2010). Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood: Conceptual foundations. In F. D. Fincham &
M. Cui (Eds.), Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood (pp. 15–25). Cambridge University Press.
Scharf, M. , Shulman, S. , & Avigad-Spitz, L. (2005). Sibling relationships in emerging adulthood and in
adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(1), 64–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558404271133
Scheinfeld, E. , & Worley, T. (2018). Understanding the parent-child relationship during the transition into
college and emerging adulthood using the relational turbulence theory. Communication Quarterly, 66(4),
444–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2018.1443954
Schon, J. (2014). “Dad doesn’t text” Examining how parents’ use of information communication technologies
influences satisfaction among emerging adult children. Emerging Adulthood, 2(4), 304–312.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814551786
Schreurs, L. , Sumter, S. R. , & Vandenbosch, L. (2020). A prototype willingness approach to the relation
between geo-social dating apps and willingness to sext with dating app matches. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
49, 1133–1145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01671-5
Schrodt, P. , & Afifi, T. D. (2007). Communication patterns that predict young adults’ feelings of being caught
and their associations with mental health and family satisfaction. Communication Monographs, 74(2), 200–228.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750701390085
Sumter, S. R. , & Vandenbosch, L. (2019). Dating gone mobile: Demographic and personality-based correlates
of using smartphone-based dating applications among emerging adults. New Media & Society, 21(3), 655–673.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818804773
Tagliabue, S. , Olivari, M. G. , Giuliani, C. , & Confalonieri, E. (2018). To seek or not to seek advice: Talking
about romantic issues during emerging adulthood. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 125–142.
Thornton, A. , Orbuch, T. L. , & Axinn, W. G. (1995). Parent-child relationships during the transition to
adulthood. Journal of Family Issues, 16(5), 538–564. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251395016005003
Thorson, A. R. , & Kranstuber Horstman, H. A. (2014). Buy now, pay later: Family communication patterns
theory, parental financial support, and emerging adults’ openness about credit card behaviors. Journal of
Family Communication, 14(1), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.857324
Timmermans, E. , & Courtois, C. (2018). From swiping to casual sex and/or committed relationships: Exploring
the experiences of Tinder users. The Information Society, 34(2), 59–70.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2017.1414093
Trinh, S. L. , & Ward, L. M. (2016). The nature and impact of gendered patterns of peer sexual communications
among heterosexual emerging adults. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(3), 298–308.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1015715
Valkenburg, P. M. , & Peter, J. (2007). Who visits online dating sites? Exploring some characteristics of online
daters. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10, 849–852. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9941
Valkenburg, P. M. , & Peter, J. (2009). The effects of instant messaging on the quality of adolescents’ existing
friendships: A longitudinal study. Journal of Communication, 59, 79–97.
Vollebergh, W. A. M. , Iedema, J. , & Raaijmakers, Q. A. W. (2001). Intergenerational transmission and the
formation of cultural orientations in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4),
1185–1198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.01185.x
Waldron, V. R. , Kloeber, D. , Goman, C. , Piemonte, N. , & Danaher, J. (2014). How parents communicate right
and wrong: A study of memorable moral messages recalled by emerging adults. Journal of Family
Communication, 14(4), 374–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2014.946032
Willis, M. , & Jozkowski, K. N. (2019). Sexual precedent’s effect on sexual consent communication. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 48, 1723–1734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1348-7
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. , Hughes, N. , Kelly, M. , & Connolly, J. (2012). Intimacy, identity and status:
Measuring dating goals in late adolescence and emerging adulthood. Motivation and Emotion, 36(3), 311–322.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-011-9253-6
Social Networks and Extended Families
Allendorf, K. (2013). Schemas of marital change: From arranged marriages to eloping for love. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 75(2), 453–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12003
Anderson, M. , & Vogels, E. A. (2020, March 31). Americans turn to technology during COVID-19 outbreak, say
an outage would be a problem. Report from Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-
tank/2020/03/31/americans-turn-to-technology-during-covid-19-outbreak-say-an-outage-would-be-a-problem/
Antonucci, T. C. , Ajrouch, K. J. , Webster, N. J. , & Zahodne, L. B. (2019). Social relations across the life span:
Scientific advances, emerging issues, and future challenges. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1,
313–336. www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085212
Apostolou, M. (2015). Parent-offspring conflict over mating: Domains of agreement and disagreement.
Evolutionary Psychology, 13(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1474704915604561
Ballantine, P. W. , Lin, Y. , & Veer, E. (2015). The influence of user comments on perceptions of Facebook
relationship status updates. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 50–55.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.055
Bayer, J. B. , Triệu, P. , & Ellison, N. B. (2020). Social media elements, ecologies, and effects. Annual Review
of Psychology, 71, 471–497. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050944
Bernardi, L. , & Klärner, A. (2014). Social networks and fertility. Demographic Research, 30(1), 641–670.
https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.22
Bidart, C. , & Lavenu, D. (2005). Evolutions of personal networks and life events. Social Networks, 27(4),
359–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.003
Bode, L. (2016). Pruning the news feed: Unfriending and unfollowing political content on social media.
Research and Politics, 3(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2053168016661873
Bost, K. K. , Cox, M. J. , Burchinal, M. R. , & Payne, C. (2002). Structural and supportive changes in couple’s
family and friendship networks across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2),
517–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00517.x
Bradford, A. B. , Drean, L. , Sandberg, J. G. , & Johnson, L. N. (2019). They may disapprove, but I still love you:
Attachment behaviors moderate the effect of social disapproval on marital relationship quality. Family Process.
https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12519
Braithwaite, D. O. , Bach, B. W. , Baxter, L. A. , DiVerniero, R. , Hammonds, J. R. , Hosek, A. M. , Willer, E. K. ,
& Wolf, B. M. (2010). Constructing family: A typology of voluntary kin. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 27(3), 388–407. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407510361615
Brauner-Otto, S. R. , & Geist, C. (2018). Uncertainty, doubts, and delays: Economic circumstances and
childbearing expectations among emerging adults. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 39(1), 88–102.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-017-9548-1
Brown, S. L. , Bulanda, J. R. , & Lee, G. R. (2012). Transitions into and out of cohabitation in later life. Journal
of Marriage and Family, 74(4), 774–793. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00994.x
Brown, S. L. , & Shinohara, S. K. (2013). Dating relationships in older adulthood: A national portrait. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 75(5), 1194–1202. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12065
Brown, S. L. , & Wright, M. R. (2016). Older adults’ attitudes toward cohabitation: Two decades of change. The
Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 71(4), 755–764. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv053
Buckley, K. E. , Winkel, R. E. , & Leary, M. R. (2004). Reactions to acceptance and rejection: Effects of level
and sequence of relational evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1), 14–28.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00064-7
Burgess, A. (2015). Interconnectedness: The grandparents role in childbearing and parenting. International
Journal of Childbirth Education, 30(1), 68–73.
Busby, D. M. , Boden, J. , Niehuis, S. , Reifman, A. , & Fitzpatrick, J. (2017). Predicting partner enhancement in
marital relationships: The family of origin, attachment, and social network approval. Journal of Family Issues,
38(15), 2178–2199. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192513X15618994
Cao, H. , Fine, M. , Fang, X. , & Zhou, N. (2019). Chinese adult children’s perceived parents’ satisfaction with
adult children’s marriage, in-law relationship quality, and adult children’s marital satisfaction. Journal of Social
and Personal Relationships, 36(4), 1098–1122. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407518755319
Chen, W. (2013). Internet use, online communication, and ties in American’s networks. Social Science
Computer Review, 31(4), 404–423. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0894439313480345
Christakis, N. A. , & Fowler, J. H. (2007). The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. New
England Journal of Medicine, 357(4), 370–379. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa066082
Christakis, N. A. , & Fowler, J. H. (2009). Connected: The surprising power of our social networks and how they
shape our lives. Little Brown.
Clark, J. L. , Algoe, S. B. , & Green, M. C. (2018). Social network sites and well-being: The role of social
connection. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(1), 32–37.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721417730833
Coget, J. F. , Yamauchi, Y. , & Suman, M. (2002). The internet, social networks and loneliness. It & Society,
1(1), 180–201. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/mgmt_fac/3
Cohn, D. , & Passel, J. S. (2018). A record 64 million Americans live in multigenerational households. Pew
Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/05/a-record-64-million-americans-live-in-
multigenerational-households/
Cornwell, B. (2012). Spousal network overlap as a basis for spousal support. Journal of Marriage and Family,
74(2), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00959.x
Cornwell, B. (2015). Social disadvantage and network turnover. Journals of Gerontology Series B:
Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(1), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu078
Cornwell, B. , Laumann, E. O. , & Schumm, L. P. (2008). The social connectedness of older adults: A national
profile. American Sociological Review, 73(2), 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240807300201
Coyne, S. M. , McDaniel, B. T. , & Stockdale, L. A. (2017). “Do you dare to compare?” Associations between
maternal social comparisons on social networking sites and parenting, mental health, and romantic relationship
outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.081
Davis-Sowers, R. (2012). “It just kind of like falls in your hands”: Factors that influence Black aunts’ decisions to
parent their nieces and nephews. Journal of Black Studies, 43(3), 231–250.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934711415243
Driscoll, R. , Davis, K. E. , & Lipetz, M. E. (1972). Parental interference and romantic love: The Romeo and
Juliet effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(1), 1–10.
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0033373
Dunifon, R. , & Bajracharya, A. (2012). The role of grandparents in the lives of youth. Journal of Family Issues,
33(9), 1168–1194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12444271
Felmlee, D. H. , & Sinclair, H. C. (2018). Social networks and personal relationships. In A. Vangelisti & D.
Perlman (Eds.), Handbook of personal relationships (2nd ed., pp. 467–480). Cambridge University Press.
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1017/9781316417867.036
Fiori, K. L. , Rauer, A. J. , Birditt, K. S. , Marini, C. M. , Jager, J. , Brown, E. , & Orbuch, T. L. (2018). “I love you,
not your friends” Links between partners’ early disapproval of friends and divorce across 16 years. Journal of
Social and Personal Relationships, 35(9), 1230–1250. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407517707061
Fischer, C. (2009). The 2004 GSS finding of shrunken social networks: An artifact? American Sociological
Review, 74(4), 657–669. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240907400408
Fischer, C. (2011). Still connected: Family and friends in America since 1970. Russell Sage Foundation.
Fowler, J. H. , & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal
analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart study. British Medical Journal, 337, a2338.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2338
Fox, J. , Warber, K. M. , & Makstaller, D. C. (2013). The role of Facebook in romantic relationship development:
An exploration of Knapp’s relational stage model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(6),
771–794. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407512468370
Furstenberg, F. F. (2020). Kinship reconsidered: Research on a neglected topic. Journal of Marriage and
Family, 82(1), 364–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12628
Ganong, L. , Coleman, M. , & Russell, L. T. (2015). Children in diverse families. In M. H. Bornstein & T.
Leventhal (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science volume 4: Ecological settings and
processes in developmental systems (pp. 133–174). Wiley.
Gillath, O. , Karantzas, G. C. , & Lee, J. (2019). Attachment and social networks. Current Opinion in
Psychology, 25, 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.010
Gillath, O. , Karantzas, G. C. , & Selcuk, E. (2017). A net of friends: Investigating friendship by integrating
attachment theory and social network analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(11), 1546–1565.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167217719731
Grafsky, E. L. , Hickey, K. , Nguyen, H. N. , & Wall, J. D. (2018). Youth disclosure of sexual orientation to
siblings and extended family. Family Relations, 67(1), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12299
Greif, G. L. , & Deal, K. H. (2012). Two plus two: Couples and their couple friendships. Routledge.
Hadfield, K. , & Nixon, E. (2017). Benefits of and barriers to romantic relationships among mothers in Ireland.
Family Relations, 66(3), 383–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12261
Hampton, K. N. , Sessions, L. F. , & Her, E. J. (2011). Core networks, social isolation, and new media: How
internet and mobile phone use is related to network size and diversity. Information, Communication & Society,
14(1), 130–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2010.513417
Harknett, K. , Billari, F. C. , & Medalia, C. (2014). Do family support environments influence fertility? Evidence
from 20 European countries. European Journal of Population, 30(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-013-
9308-3
Hawton, K. , Hill, N. T. M. , Gould, M. , John, A. , Lascelles, K. , & Robinson, J. (2020). Clustering of suicides in
children and adolescents. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-
4642(19)30335-9
Haxton, C. L. , & Harknett, K. (2009). Racial and gender differences in kin support: A mixed-methods study of
African American and Hispanic couples. Journal of Family Issues, 30(8), 1019–1040.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192513X09333946
Hogerbrugge, M. J. A. , Komter, A. E. , & Scheepers, P. (2012). Dissolving long-term romantic relationships:
Assessing the role of social context. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 320–342.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512462167
Huang, C. Y. , Costeines, J. , Kaufman, J. S. , & Ayala, C. (2014). Parenting stress, social support, and
depression for ethnic minority adolescent mothers: Impact on child development. Journal of Child and Family
Studies, 23(2), 255–262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9834-y
Jackson, G. L. , Kennedy, D. , Bradbury, T. N. , & Karney, B. R. (2014). A social network comparison of low
income Black and White newlywed couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(5), 967–982.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12137
Jang, J. , & Dworkin, J. (2014). Does social network site use matter for mothers? Implications for bonding and
bridging capital. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.049
Jarrett, R. L. , Jefferson, S. R. , & Kelly, J. N. (2010). Finding community in family: Neighborhood effects and
African American kin networks. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 41(3), 299–328.
https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.41.3.299
Johnson, M. P. , & Leslie, L. (1982). Couple involvement and network structure: A test of the dyadic withdrawal
hypothesis. Social Psychology Quarterly, 45(1), 34–43. doi:10.2307/3033672
Kalmijn, M. , & Broese van Groenou, M. (2005). Differential effects of divorce on social integration. Journal of
Social and Personal Relationships, 22(4), 455–476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505054516
Keneski, E. , & Loving, T. J. (2014). Network perceptions of daters’ romances. In C. R. Agnew (Ed.), Social
influences on romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad (pp. 126–147). Cambridge University Press.
Kennedy, D. P. , Jackson, G. L. , Green, H. D. , Bradbury, T. N. , & Karney, B. R. (2015). The analysis of
duocentric social networks: A primer. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(1), 295–311.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12151
Kennedy, T. L. M. , Smith, A. , Wells, A. T. , & Wellman, B. (2008, October). Networked families. Pew Internet &
American Life Project. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from
http://www/pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Networked_Family.pdf
Khadivzadeh, T. , Roudsari, R. L. , Bahrami, M. , Taghipour, A. , & Shavazi, J. A. (2013). The influence of social
network on couples’ intention to have the first child. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 11(3), 209–218.
PMID: 24639748.
Kim, Y. I. , & Dew, J. (2016). Marital investments and community involvement: A test of Coser’s greedy
marriage thesis. Sociological Perspectives, 59(4), 743–759. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0731121415601270
Koeze, E. , & Popper, N. (2020, April 7). The virus changed the way we internet. The New York Times.
www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/07/technology/coronavirus-internet-use.html
Kramer, S. (2019). U.S. has world’s highest rate of children living in single-parent households. Pew Research
Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-
live-with-just-one-parent/
Kramer, S. (2020). With billions confined to their homes worldwide, which living arrangements are the most
common? Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/03/31/with-billions-confined-to-their-
homes-worldwide-which-living-arrangements-are-most-common/
Lambert, A. N. (2007). Perceptions of divorce advantages and disadvantages: A comparison of adult children
experiencing one parental divorce versus multiple parental divorces. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage,
48(1–2), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v48n01_03
Lankford, A. , & Tomek, S. (2018). Mass killings in the United States from 2006 to 2013: Social contagion or
random clusters? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviors, 48(4), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12366
Ledermann, T. , Rudaz, M. , & Grob, A. (2017). Analysis of group composition in multimember multigroup data.
Personal Relationships, 24(2), 242–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12176
Leslie, L. A. , Huston, T. L. , & Johnson, M. P. (1986). Parental reactions to dating relationships: Do they make
a difference? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48(1), 57–66. doi:10.2307/352228
Lewis, R. A. (1973). Social reactions and the formation of dyads: An interactionist approach to mate selection.
Sociometry, 36(3), 409–418. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786342
MacGeorge, E. L. , & Dorrance Hall, E. (2014). Relationship advice. In C. R. Agnew (Ed.), Social influences on
romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad (pp. 188–208). Cambridge University Press.
McCann, B. R. , & Allen, K. R. (2018). Romantic forecasts in later life: Older single women’s perspectives on
family and kin relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 39(3), 747–770.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X16680011
McDaniel, B. T. , & Coyne, S. M. (2016). “Technoference”: The interference of technology in couple
relationships and implications for women’s personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media
Culture, 5(1), 85–98.
McDaniel, B. T. , & Radesky, J. S. (2018). Technoference: Parent distraction with technology and associations
with child behavior problems. Child Development, 89(1), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0052-6
McDermott, R. , Fowler, J. , & Christakis, N. (2013). Breaking up is hard to do, unless everyone else is doing it
too: Social network effects on divorce in a longitudinal sample. Social Forces, 92(2), 491–519.
https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sot096
McPherson, M. , Smith-Lovin, L. , & Brashears, M. (2006). Social isolation in America. American Sociological
Review, 71(3), 353–375. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240607100301
Milardo, R. M. (1982). Friendship networks in developing relationships: Converging and diverging social
environments. Social Psychology Quarterly, 45(3), 162–172. doi:10.2307/3033649
Milardo, R. M. (1992). Comparative methods for delineating social networks. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 9(3), 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407592093007
Milardo, R. M. (2010). The forgotten kin: Aunts and uncles. Cambridge University Press.
Murphy, M. (2008). Variations in kinship networks across geographic and social space. Population and
Development Review, 34(1), 19–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2008.00204.x
Padilla Walker, L. M. , Coyne, S. M. , & Fraser, A. M. (2012). Getting a high speed family connection:
associations between family media use and family connection. Family Relations, 61(3), 426–440.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00710.x
Paik, A. , & Sanchagrin, K. (2013). Social isolation in America: An artifact. American Sociological Review, 78(3),
339–360. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122413482919
Paquin, R. L. , & Howard-Grenville, J. (2013). Blind dates and arranged marriages: Longitudinal processes of
network orchestration. Organization Studies, 34(11), 1623–1653.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0170840612470230
Parigi, P. , & Henson, W. (2014). Social isolation in America. Annual Review of Sociology, 40, 153–171.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145646
Parks, M. R. (2007). Personal relationships, personal networks. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Parks, M. R. , Stan, C. M. , & Eggert, L. L. (1983). Romantic involvement and social network involvement.
Social Psychology Quarterly, 46(2), 116–131. doi:10.2307/3033848
Pink, S. , Leopold, T. , & Engelhardt, H. (2014). Fertility and social interaction at the workplace: Does
childbearing spread among colleagues? Advances in Life Course Research, 21(1), 113–122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2013.12.001
Plamondon, A. , & Lachance Grzela, M. (2018). What if they are right? Network approval, expectations, and
relationship maintenance behaviors. Personal Relationships, 25(2), 190–204.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12236
Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
Raley, R. K. , & Sweeney, M. M. (2020). Divorce, repartnering, and stepfamilies: A decade in review. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 82(1), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12651
Roberts, S. G. B. , & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2011). Communication in social networks: Effects of kinship, network
size, and emotional closeness. Personal Relationships, 18(3), 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-
6811.2010.01310.x
Rodrigues, D. , Lopes, D. , Monteiro, L. , & Prada, M. (2017). Perceived parent and friend support for romantic
relationships in emerging adults. Personal Relationships, 24(1), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12163
Rollie, S. S. , & Duck, S. (2006). Divorce and dissolution of romantic relationships: Stage models and their
limitations. In M. A. Fine & J. H. Harvey (Eds.), Handbook of divorce and relationships dissolution (pp.
223–240.). Routledge.
Rosenfeld, M. J. , Thomas, R. J. , & Hausen, S. (2019). Disintermediating your friends: How online dating in the
United States displaces other ways of meeting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(36),
17753–17758. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908630116
Rözer, J. J. , Poortman, A. R. , & Mollenhorst, G. (2017). The timing of parenthood and its effect on social
contact and support. Demographic Research, 36, 1889–1916. http://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.62
Sanner, C. , Ganong, L. , & Coleman, M. (2020). Families are socially constructed: Pragmatic implications for
researchers. Journal of Family Issues. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20905334
Sarkisian, N. , & Gerstel, N. (2016). Does singlehood isolate or integrate? Examining the link between marital
status and ties to kin, friends, and neighbors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33(3), 361–384.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407515597564
Sassler, S. , & Miller, A. J. (2015). The ecology of relationships: Meeting locations and cohabitors’ relationship
perceptions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32(2), 141–160.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407514525886
Schmeeckle, M. , Giarrusso, R. , Feng, D. , & Bengtson, V. L. (2006). What makes someone family? Adult
children’s perceptions of current and former stepparents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(3), 595–610.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00277.x
Schumacher, S. , & Kent, N. (2020, April 2). 8 charts on internet use around the world as countries grappled
with COVID-19. Report from Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/02/8-charts-on-
internet-use-around-the-world-as-countries-grapple-with-covid-19/
Seal, K. L. , Doherty, W. J. , & Harris, S. M. (2016). Confiding about problems in marriage and long-term
committed relationships: A national study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 42(3), 438–450.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12134
Serrano-Villar, M. , Huang, K. Y. , & Calzada, E. J. (2017). Social support, parenting, and social emotional
development in young Mexican and Dominican American children. Child Psychiatry & Human Development,
48(4), 597–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-016-0685-9
Sharp, E. A. , & Ganong, L. (2011). “I’m a loser, I’m not married, let’s just all look at me”: Ever single women’s
perceptions of their social environment. Journal of Family Issues, 32(7), 956–980.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192513X10392537
Sinclair, H. C. , Felmlee, D. , Sprecher, S. , & Wright, B. L. (2015). Don’t tell me who I can’t love: A multimethod
investigation of social network and reactance effects on romantic relationships. Social Psychology Quarterly,
78(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0190272514565253
Sinclair, H. C. , Hood, K. B. , & Wright, B. L. (2014). Revisiting the Romeo and Juliet Effect (Driscoll, Davis, &
Lipetz, 1972). Social Psychology, 45(3), 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000181
Slatcher, R. B. (2010). When Harry and Sally met Dick and Jane: Creating closeness between couples.
Personal Relationships, 17(2), 279–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01276.x
Small, M. L. , Pamphile, V. D. , & McMahan, P. (2015). How stable is the core discussion network? Social
Networks, 40, 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2014.09.001
Solomon, D. H. , & Knobloch, L. K. (2001). Relationship uncertainty, partner interference, and intimacy within
dating relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18(6), 804–820.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407501186004
Sprecher, S. (2011). The influence of social networks on romantic relationships: Through the lens of the social
network. Personal Relationships, 18(4), 630–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01330.x
Sprecher, S. , & Felmlee, D. (in press). Social network pressure on women and men to enter a romantic
relationship and fear of being single. Interpersona: An International Journal of Personal Relationships.
Sprecher, S. , Felmlee, D. , Orbuch, D. L. , & Willetts, M. C. (2002). Social networks and change in personal
relationships. In A. L. Vangelisti , H. Reis , & M. A. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Stability and change in relationships (pp.
257–284). Cambridge University Press.
Sprecher, S. , Felmlee, D. , Stokes, J. , & McDaniel, B. (2020). Social networks and relationship maintenance.
In B. G. Ogolsky & J. K. Monk (Eds.), Relationship maintenance: Theory, process, and context (pp. 152–177).
Cambridge University Press.
Stacey, J. (2004). Cruising to Familyland: Gay hypergamy and rainbow kinship. Current Sociology, 52(2),
181–197. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0011392104041807
Stadtfeld, C. , & Pentland, A. (2015). Partnership ties shape friendship networks: A dynamic social network
study. Social Forces, 94(1), 453–477. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov079
Stafford, L. (2020). Communication and relational maintenance. In B. G. Ogolsky & J. K. Monk (Eds.),
Relationship maintenance: Theory, process, and context (pp. 109–133). Cambridge University Press.
Stewart, J. W. , Bradford, K. , Higginbotham, B. J. , & Skogrand, L. (2016). Relationship help-seeking: A review
of the efficacy and reach. Marriage & Family Review, 52(8), 781–803.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1157559
Strong-Boag, V. (2009). Sisters doing for themselves, or not: Aunts and caregiving in Canada. Journal of
Comparative Family Studies, 40(5), 791–807. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.40.5.791
Suanet, B. , & Huxhold, O. (2020). Cohort difference in age-related trajectories in network size in old age: are
networks expanding? The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 75(1), 137–147.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx166
Taylor, Z. E. , Conger, R. D. , Robins, R. W. , & Widaman, K. F. (2015). Parenting practices and perceived
social support: Longitudinal relations with the social competence of Mexican-origin children. Journal of Latina/o
Psychology, 3(4), 193. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/lat0000038
Teachman, J. , & Crowder, K. (2002). Multilevel models in family research: Some conceptual and
methodological issues. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 280–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2002.00280.x
Teague, S. J. , & Shatte, A. B. (2018). Exploring the transition to fatherhood: Feasibility study using social
media and machine learning. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 1(2), e12371. https://doi.org/10.2196/12371
Terhell, E. L. , Broese van Groenou, M. I. , & van Tilburg, T. (2007). Network contact changes in early and later
postseparation years. Social Networks, 29(1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2005.11.006
Trotter, P. B. , Orbuch, T. L. , & Shrout, M. R. (2019). Spouses’ perceptions of network interference in the early
years of marriage. Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 13(2), 220–236.
https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v13i2.362
Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic
Books.
Vespa, J. (2012). Union formation in later life: Economic determinants of cohabitation and remarriage among
older adults. Demography, 49(3), 1103–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0102-3
Wang, E. , & Hesketh, T. (2018). Exploring women’s decisions about childbearing after the lifting of the one-
child policy. Culture, Health, & Sexuality, 20(11), 1230–1243. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1424352
Wang, H. , & Wellman, B. (2010). Social connectivity in America: Changes in adult friendship network size from
2002 to 2007. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(8), 1148–1169.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764209356247
Wellman, B. , Garofalo, A. , & Garofalo, U. (2009, December). The internet, technology, and connectedness.
Transition, 39(4), 5–7.
Wells, Y. O. , & Dietsch, E. (2014). Childbearing traditions of Indian women at home and abroad: An integrative
literature review. Women and Birth, 27(4), e1–e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2014.08.006
Widmer, E. D. , Aeby, G. , & Sapin, M. (2013). Collecting family network data. International Review of
Sociology, 23(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2013.771049
Widmer, E. D. , & LaFarga, L. (2000). Family networks: A sociometric method to study relationships in families.
Field Methods, 12(2), 108–128. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1525822X0001200202
Wrzus, C. , Hänel, M. , Wagner, J. , & Neyer, F. J. (2013). Social network changes and life events across the
life span: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 53–80. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0028601
Zhang, S. , & Kline, S. L. (2009). Can I make my own decision? A cross-cultural study of perceived social
network influence in mate selection. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(1), 3–23.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022108326192
Zhou, M. , Murphy, R. , & Tao, R. (2014). Effects of parents’ migration on the education of children left behind in
rural China. Population and Development Review, 40(2), 273–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-
4457.2014.00673.x

Difficult Family Subjects

Afifi, T. D. , Joseph, A. , & Aldeis, D. (2012). The “standards for openness hypothesis”: Why women find
(conflict) avoidance more dissatisfying than men. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(1), 102–125.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407511420193
Afifi, T. D. , & Steuber, K. (2009). The revelation risk model (RRM): Factors that predict the revelation of secrets
and the strategies used to reveal them. Communication Monographs, 76(2), 144–176.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750902828412
Afifi, W. A. , & Afifi, T. D. (2009). Avoidance among adolescents in conversations about their parents’
relationship: Applying the theory of motivated information management. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 26(4), 488–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509350869
Afifi, W. A. , & Weiner, J. L. (2004). Toward a theory of motivated information management. Communication
Theory, 14(2), 167–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00310.x
Alberts, J. K. (1990). The use of humor in managing couples’ conflict interactions. In D. D. Cahn (Ed.), Intimates
in conflict: A communication perspective (pp. 105–120). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ammari, T. , Kumar, P. , Lampe, C. , & Schoenebeck, S. (2015, April). Managing children’s online identities:
How parents decide what to disclose about their children online. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM
conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1895–1904). https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702325
Baxter, L. A. (2011). Voicing relationships: A dialogic approach. Sage.
Baxter, L. A. , & Akkoor, C. (2011). Topic expansiveness and family communication patterns. Journal of Family
Communication, 11(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431003773523
Baxter, L. A. , Braithwaite, D. O. , Golish, T. D. , & Olson, L. N. (2002). Contradictions of interaction for wives of
elderly husbands with adult dementia. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30(1), 1–26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880216576
Baxter, L. A. , & Montgomery, B. M. (1996). Relating: Dialogues and dialectics. Guilford Press.
Baxter, L. A. , Scharp, K. M. , Asbury, B. , Jannusch, A. , & Norwood, K. M. (2012). “Birth mothers are not bad
people”: A dialogic analysis of online birth mother stories. Qualitative Communication Research, 1(1), 53–82.
https://doi.org/10.1525/qcr.2012.1.1.53
Bazarova, N. N. (2012). Public intimacy: Disclosure interpretation and social judgments on Facebook. Journal
of Communication, 62(5), 815–832. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01664.x
Bok, S. (1983). Secrets: On the ethics of concealment and revelation. Vintage.
Braithwaite, D. O. , & Baxter, L. A. (2006). “You’re my parent, but you’re not”: Dialectical tensions in
stepchildren’s perceptions about communication with the nonresidential parent. Journal of Applied
Communication Research, 34(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880500420200
Breshears, D. , & Braithwaite, D. O. (2014). Discursive struggles animating individuals’ talk about their parents’
coming out as lesbian or gay. Journal of Family Communication, 14(3), 189–207.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2014.908197
Brown, P. , & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University
Press.
Caldwell, T. (2020, December 24). Delta gifts employee who battled Covid-19 for months a first-class trip
anywhere in the world. CNN. www.cnn.com/2020/12/23/us/covid-survivor-delta-gift-interview/index.html
Caughlin, J. P. (2003). Family communication standards: What counts as excellent family communication and
how are such standards associated with family satisfaction? Human Communication Research, 29(1), 5–40.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2003.tb00830.x
Caughlin, J. P. , Bute, J. J. , Donovan-Kicken, E. , Kosenko, K. A. , Ramey, M. E. , & Brashers, D. E. (2009). Do
message features influence reactions to HIV disclosures? A multiple-goals perspective. Health Communication,
24(3), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230902806070
Caughlin, J. P. , Mikucki-Enyart, S. L. , Middleton, A. V. , Stone, A. M. , & Brown, L. E. (2011). Being open
without talking about it: A rhetorical/normative approach to understanding topic avoidance in families after a
lung cancer diagnosis. Communication Monographs, 78(4), 409–436.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2011.618141
Caughlin, J. P. , & Vangelisti, A. L. (2009). Why people conceal or reveal secrets: A multiple goals perspective.
In T. Afifi & W. Afifi (Eds.), Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: Theories and
applications (pp. 279–299). Routledge.
Checton, M. G. , & Greene, K. (2012). Beyond initial disclosure: The role of prognosis and symptom uncertainty
in patterns of disclosure in relationships. Health Communication, 27(2), 145–157.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.571755
Child, J. T. , Duck, A. R. , Andrews, L. A. , Butauski, M. , & Petronio, S. (2015). Young adults’ management of
privacy on Facebook with multiple generations of family members. Journal of Family Communication, 15(4),
349–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2015.1076425
Child, J. T. , & Petronio, S. (2015). Privacy management matters in digital family communication. In C. J.
Bruess (Ed.), Family communication in the age of digital and social media (pp. 32–54). Peter Lang.
Clark, R. A. , & Delia, J. G. (1979). Topoi and rhetorical competence. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 65(2),
187–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335637909383470
Dillard, J. P. (2015). Goals – plan – action theory. The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal
Communication, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic148
Edwards, L. L. , Donovan-Kicken, E. , & Reis, J. S. (2014). Communicating in complex situations: A normative
approach to HIV-related talk among parents who are HIV+. Health Communication, 29(4), 364–374.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.757715
Eisenberg, E. M. (1984). Ambiguity as strategy in organizational communication. Communication Monographs,
51(3), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758409390197
Evans, S. K. , Pearce, K. E. , Vitak, J. , & Treem, J. W. (2017). Explicating affordances: A conceptual
framework for understanding affordances in communication research. Journal of Computer-Mediated
Communication, 22(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12180
Fitch, K. L. (1998). Speaking relationally: Culture, communication, and interpersonal connection. Guilford Press.
Fowler, C. , Gasiorek, J. , & Afifi, W. (2018). Complex considerations in couples’ financial information
management: Extending the theory of motivation information management. Communication Research, 45(3),
365–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650216644024
Goldsmith, D. J. (2008). Politeness theory: How we use language to save face. In L. A. Baxter & D. O.
Braithwaite (Eds.), Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives (pp. 255–267).
Sage.
Goldsmith, D. J. (in press). Normative rhetorical theory. In D. O. Braithwaite & P. Schrodt (Eds.), Engaging
theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Goldsmith, D. J. , Bute, J. J. , & Lindholm, K. A. (2012). Patient and partner strategies for talking about lifestyle
change following a cardiac event. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 40(1), 65–86.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2011.636373
Goldsmith, D. J. , & Domann-Scholz, K. (2013). The meanings of “open communication” among couples coping
with a cardiac event. Journal of Communication, 63(2), 266–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12021
Goldsmith, D. J. , Lindholm, K. A. , & Bute, J. J. (2006). Dilemmas of talking about lifestyle changes among
couples coping with a cardiac event. Social Science & Medicine, 63(8), 2079–2090.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.05.005
Goldsmith, D. J. , & Miller, G. A. (2014). Conceptualizing how couples talk about cancer. Health
Communication, 29(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.717215
Greene, K. (2009). An integrated model of health disclosure decision-making. In T. D. Afifi & W. A. Afifi (Eds.),
Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: Theories and applications (pp. 226–254).
Routledge.
Greene, K. , Derlega, V. J. , & Mathews, A. (2006). Self-disclosure in personal relationships. In A. L. Vangelisti
& D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 409–427). Cambridge University
Press.
Greene, K. , Magsamen-Conrad, K. , Venetis, M. K. , Checton, M. G. , Bagdasarov, Z. , & Banerjee, S. C.
(2012). Assessing health diagnosis disclosure decisions in relationships: Testing the disclosure decision-
making model. Health Communication, 27(4), 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.586988
Jourard, S. M. (1964). The transparent self. Van Nostrand.
Kanter, M. , Afifi, T. , & Robbins, S. (2012). The impact of parents “friending” their young adult child on
Facebook on perceptions of parental privacy invasions and parent – child relationship quality. Journal of
Communication, 62(5), 900–917. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01669.x
Katriel, T. , & Philipsen, G. (1981). “What we need is communication”: “Communication” as a cultural category
in some American speech. Communication Monographs, 48(4), 301–317.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758109376064
Lancaster, A. L. , Dillow, M. R. , Ball, H. , Borchert, K. , & Tyler, W. J. (2016). Managing information about a
romantic partner’s relationship history: An application of the theory of motivated information management.
Southern Communication Journal, 81(2), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/104179494X.201515.1089926
Marwick, A. E. , & boyd, d. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and
the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1), 114–133. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444810365313
Miller, L. E. , & Caughlin, J. P. (2013). “We’re going to be survivors”: Couples’ identity challenges during and
after cancer treatment. Communication Monographs, 80(1), 63–82.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2012.739703
Morrison, S. E. , Bruce, C. , & Wilson, S. (2018). Children’s disclosure of sexual abuse: A systematic review of
qualitative research exploring barriers and facilitators. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(2), 176–194.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1425943
Moser, C. , Chen, T. , & Schoenebeck, S. Y. (2017). Parents’ and children’s preferences about parents sharing
about children on social media. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing
systems, CHI’17 (pp. 5221–5225). https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025587
Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of privacy: Dialectics of disclosure. State University of New York Press.
Petronio, S. (2010). Communication privacy management theory: What do we know about family privacy
regulation? Journal of Family Theory and Review, 2(3), 175–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-
2589.2010.00052.x
Petronio, S. , Jones, S. M. , & Morr, M. C. (2003). Family privacy dilemmas: Managing communication
boundaries within family groups. In L. Frey (Ed.), Group communication in context: Studies of bona fide groups
(pp. 23–56). Erlbaum.
Petronio, S. , Reeder, H. M. , Hecht, M. L. , & Ros-Mendoza, T. M. T. (1996). Disclosure of sexual abuse by
children and adolescents. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 24(3), 181–199.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889609365450
Rubinsky, V. (2018). Revealing or concealing polyamory in the family: Central rules for communicating
polyamory to family members. Women and Language, 41(1), 16–38.
Scharp, K. M. , & Thomas, L. J. (2017). “What would a loving mom do today?”: Exploring the meaning of
motherhood in stories of prenatal and postpartum depression. Journal of Family Communication, 17(4),
401–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2017.1355803
Scott, A. M. , & Caughlin, J. P. (2014). Enacted goal attention in family conversations about end-of-life health
decisions. Communication Monographs, 81(3), 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.925568
Scott, A. M. , & Caughlin, J. P. (2015). Communication nonaccommodation in family conversations about end-
of-life health decisions. Health Communication, 30(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.974128
Steuber, K. R. , & Solomon, D. H. (2011). Factors that predict married partners’ disclosures about infertility to
social network members. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 39(3), 250–270.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2011.585401
Steuber, K. R. , & Solomon, D. H. (2012). Relational uncertainty, partner interference, and privacy boundary
turbulence: Explaining spousal discrepancies in infertility disclosures. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 29(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407511406896
Thompson, C. M. , & Vangelisti, A. L. (2016). What happens when the standard for openness goes unmet in
romantic relationships? Analyses of stress, coping, and relational consequences. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 33(3), 320–343. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407515574468
Van Ouytsel, J. , Van Gool, E. , Walrave, M. , Ponnet, K. , & Peeters, E. (2016). Exploring the role of social
networking sites within adolescent romantic relationships and dating experiences. Computers in Human
Behavior, 55(A), 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.042
Van Scoy, L. J. , Scott, A. M. , Reading, J. M. , Chuang, C. H. , Chinchilli, C. H. , Levi, B. H. , & Green, M. J.
(2017). From theory to practice: Measuring end-of-life communication quality using multiple goals theory.
Patient Education and Counseling, 100(5), 909–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.12.010
Vangelisti, A. L. (1994). Family secrets: Forms, functions and correlates. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 11(1), 113–135. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407594111007
Vangelisti, A. L. , Caughlin, J. P. , & Timmerman, L. M. (2001). Criteria for revealing family secrets.
Communication Monographs, 68(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750128052
Wilson, S. R. (2002). Seeking and resisting compliance: Why people say what they do when trying to influence
others. Sage.
Wilson, S. R. , Gettings, P. E. , Hall, E. D. , & Pastor, R. G. (2015). Dilemmas families face in talking with
returning US military service members about seeking professional help for mental health issues. Health
Communication, 30(8), 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.899659
Wilson, S. R. , Hall, E. D. , Gettings, P. E. , & Pastor, R. G. (2019). A multiple goals analysis of families
attempting to encourage U.S. service members to seek behavioral health care: Linking the GPA model and
confirmation theory. Communication Research, 46(4), 525–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215617507
Conflict and Relational Quality in Families
Acitelli, L. K. , Kenny, D. A. , & Weiner, D. (2001). The importance of similarity and understanding of partners’
marital ideals to relationship satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 8(2), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-
6811.2001.tb00034.x
Afifi, T. D. , McManus, T. , Steuber, K. , & Coho, A. (2009). Verbal avoidance in intimate conflict situations.
Human Communication Research, 35, 357–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01355.x
Aloia, L. S. , & Solomon, D. H. (2015). Conflict intensity, family history, and physiological stress reactions to
conflict within romantic relationships. Human Communication Research, 41(3), 367–389.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12049
Beck, S. J. , & Ledbetter, A. M. (2013). The influence of parent conflict style on children. Personal
Relationships, 20(3), 495–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01420.x
Bevan, J. L. , Finan, A. , & Kaminsky, A. (2008). Modeling serial arguments in close relationships: The serial
argument process model. Human Communication Research, 34(4), 600–624. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-
2958.2008.00334.x
Birditt, K. S. , Brown, E. , Orbuch, T. L. , & McIlvane, J. M. (2010). Marital conflict behaviors and implications for
divorce over 16 years. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1188–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2010.00758.x
Bradbury, T. N. , & Fincham, F. D. (1991). A contextual model for advancing the study of marriage. In G. J. O.
Fletcher & F. D. Fincham (Eds.), Cognition in close relationships (pp. 127–147). Lawrence Erlbaum.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203772027
Bradbury, T. N. , Rogge, R. , & Lawrenc, E. (2001). Reconsidering the role of conflict in marriage. In A. Booth ,
A. C. Crouter , & M. Clements (Eds.), Couples in conflict (pp. 59–81). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Canary, D. , Lakey, S. , & Sillars, A. (2013). Managing conflict in a competent manner: A mindful look at events
that matter. In J. G. Oetzel & S. Ting-Toomey (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of conflict communication (pp.
263–290). Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452281988.n11
Canary, H. E. , & Canary, D. J. (2013). Family conflict: Managing the unexpected. Polity Press.
Carr, K. , Schrodt, P. , & Ledbetter, A. (2012). Rumination, conflict intensity, and perceived resolvability as
predictors of motivation and likelihood of continuing serial arguments. Western Journal of Communication,
76(5), 480–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2012.689086
Carstensen, L. L. , Gottman, J. M. , & Levenson, R. W. (1995). Emotional behavior in long-term marriage.
Psychology and Aging, 10(1), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.10.1.140
Caughlin, J. P. (2003). Family communication standards: What counts as excellent family communication and
how are such standards associated with family satisfaction? Human Communication Research, 29(1), 5–40.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2003.tb00830.x
Caughlin, J. P. , & Afifi, T. D. (2004). When is a topic avoidance unsatisfying? Examining moderators of the
association between avoidance and dissatisfaction. Human Communication Research, 30(4), 479–513.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00742.x
Caughlin, J. P. , & Huston, T. L. (2002). A contextual analysis of the association between demand/withdraw and
marital satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 9(1), 95–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00007
Caughlin, J. P. , & Ramey, M. E. (2005). The demand/withdraw pattern of communication in parent-adolescent
dyads. Personal Relationships, 12(3), 337–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2005.00119.x
Caughlin, J. P. , Vangelisti, A. L. , & Mikucki-Enyart, S. (2013). Conflict in dating and marital relationships. In J.
G. Oetzel & S. Ting-Toomey (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of conflict communication: Integrating theory,
research, and practice (2nd ed.). Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452281988
Charny, I. W. (1980). Why are so many (if not really all) people and families disturbed? Journal of Marital and
Family Therapy, 6(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1980.tb01703.x
Chung, G. H. , Flook, L. , & Fuligni, A. J. (2009). Daily family conflict and emotional distress among adolescents
from Latin American, Asian, and European backgrounds. Developmental Psychology, 45(5), 1406–1415.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014163
Coser, L. (1956). The functions of social conflict. The Free Press.
Cummings, M. E. , & Patrick, D. (2010). Marital conflict and children: An emotional security perspective.
Guilford Press.
Deutsch, M. (1973). The resolution of conflict: Constructive and destructive processes. Yale University Press.
Deutsch, M. (2014). Cooperation, competition, and conflict. In P. T. Coleman , M. Deutsch , & E. C. Marcus
(Eds.), The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and practice (pp. 3–28). Jossey-Bass.
Dickson, F. C. , Hughes, P. C. , Manning, L. D. , Walker, K. L. , Bollis-Pecci, T. , & Gratson, S. (2002). Conflict
in later-life, long-term marriages. Southern Communication Journal, 67(2), 110–121.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10417940209373224
Drake, L. E. , & Donohue, W. A. (1996). Communicative framing theory in conflict resolution, Communication
Research, 23(3), 297–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365096023003003
Eidelson, R. J. , & Epstein, N. (1982). Cognition and relationship maladjustment: Development of a measure of
dysfunctional relationship beliefs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(5), 715–720.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.50.5.715
Eldridge, K. A. , & Christensen, A. (2002). Demand-withdraw communication during couple communication: A
review and analysis. In P. Noller & J. A. Feeney (Eds.), Understanding marriage: Developments in the study of
couple interaction (pp. 289–322). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511500077
Erbert, L. A. , & Duck, S. W. (1997). Rethinking satisfaction in personal relationships from a dialectical
perspective. In R. J. Sternberg & M. Hojjat (Eds.), Satisfaction in close relationships (pp. 190–216). Guilford
Press.
Fincham, F. D. , & Beach, S. R. H. (1999). Conflict in marriage: Implications for working with couples. Annual
Review of Psychology, 50(1), 47–77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.47
Fincham, F. D. , Stanley, S. M. , & Beach, S. R. H. (2007). Transformative processes in marriage: An analysis
of emerging trends. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(2), 275–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2007.00362.x
Fitness, J. , & Warburton, W. (2009). Thinking the unthinkable: Cognitive appraisals and hurt feelings. In A. L.
Vangelisti (Ed.), Feeling hurt in close relationships (pp. 35–49). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511770548
Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1988). Between husbands and wives: Communication in marriage. Sage.
Gordon, K. C. , Baucom, D. H. , Epstein, N. , Burnett, C. K. , & Rankin, L. A. (1999). The interaction between
marital standards and communication patterns: How does it contribute to marital adjustment? Journal of Marital
and Family Therapy, 25(2), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1999.tb01123.x
Gottman, J. M. (1979). Marital interactions: Experimental investigations. Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-10747-7
Gottman, J. M. (1994). What predicts divorce? The relationship between marital processes and marital
outcomes. Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806808
Gottman, J. M. , & Carrere, S. (1994). Why can’t men and women get along? In D. J. Canary & L. Stafford
(Eds.), Communication and relational maintenance (pp. 61–90). Academic Press.
Gottman, J. M. , Coan, J. , Carrere, S. , & Swanson, C. (1998). Predicting marital happiness and stability from
newlywed interactions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/353438
Gottman, J. M. , & Porterfield, A. L. (1981). Communicative competence in the nonverbal behavior of married
couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 4(4), 817–824. https://doi.org/10.2307/351339
Guan, X. , & Li, X. (2017). A cross-cultural examination of family communication patterns, parent-child
closeness, and conflict styles in the United States, China, and Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family Communication,
17(3), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2017.1293062
Guthrie, D. M. , & Noller, P. (1988). Married couples’ perceptions of one another in emotional situations. In P.
Noller & M. A. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Perspectives on marital interaction (pp. 153–181). Multilingual Matters.
Hahlweg, K. , Kaiser, A. , Christensen, A. , Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G. , & Groth, T. (2000). Self-report and
observational assessment of couples’ conflict: The concordance between the communication patterns
questionnaire and the KPI observation system. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(1), 61–67.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00061.x
Halford, W. K. , Hahlweg, K. , & Dunne, M. (1990). The cross-cultural consistency of marital communication
associated with marital distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(2), 487–500.
https://doi.org/10.2307/353042
Hample, D. , Richards, A. , & Na, L. (2012). A test of the conflict linkage model in the context of serial
arguments. Western Journal of Communication, 76(5), 459–479.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2012.703361
Haws, W. , & Mallinckrodt, B. (1998). Separation-individuation from family of origin and marital adjustment of
recently married couples. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 26(4), 293–306.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01926189808251108
Heavey, C. L. , Layne, C. , & Christensen, A. (1993). Gender and conflict structure in marital interaction: A
replication and extension. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(1), 16–27.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.1.16
Hinnekens, C. , Sillars, A. , Verhofstadt, L. L. , & Ickes, W. (2020). Empathic accuracy and cognitions during
conflict: An in depth analysis of understanding scores. Personal Relationships, 27(1), 102–131.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12311
Honeycutt, J. M. (2010). Forgive but don’t forget: Correlates of rumination about conflict. In J. M. Honeycutt
(Ed.), Imagine that: Studies in imagined interactions. Hampton.
Honeycutt, J. M. , Woods, B. L. , & Fontenot, K. (1993). The endorsement of communication conflict rules as a
function of engagement, marriage and marital ideology. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10(2),
285–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/026540759301000208
Huston, T. L. , & Chorost, A. (1994). Behavioral buffers on the effect of negativity on marital satisfaction: A
longitudinal study. Personal Relationships, 1, 223–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1994.tb00063.x
Johnson, K. L. , & Roloff, M. E. (1998). Serial arguing and relational quality: Determinants and consequences of
perceived resolvability. Communication Research, 25(3), 327–343.
https://doi.org/10.1177/009365098025003004
Jung, E. , & Hecht, M. (2004). Elaborating the communication theory of identity: Identity gaps and
communication outcomes. Communication Quarterly, 52(3), 265–283.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370409370197
Kellas, J. K. , Carr, K. , Horstman, H. K. , & Dillo, D. (2017). The communicated perspective-taking rating
system and links to well-being in marital conflict. Personal Relationships, 24(1), 185–202.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12177
King, D. B. , & DeLongis, A. (2013). Dyadic coping with stepfamily conflict: Demand and withdraw responses
between husbands and wives. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(2), 198–206.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512454524
Knight, K. , & Alberts, J. K. (2018). Response thresholds and demand/withdraw communication in domestic
labor conflict. Journal of Family Communication, 18(2), 110–123.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1427588
Koerner, A. F. (2013). Family conflict communication. In J. G. Oetzel & S. Ting-Toomey (Eds.), The SAGE
handbook of conflict communication (pp. 211–236). Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452281988
Koerner, A. F. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1997). Family type and conflict: The impact of conversation orientation and
conformity orientation on conflict in the family. Communication Studies, 48(1), 59–75.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10510979709368491
Koerner, A. F. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2002). Nonverbal communication and marital adjustment and satisfaction:
The role of decoding relationship relevant and relationship irrelevant affect. Communication Monographs, 69(1),
33–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750216537
Krokoff, L. J. , Gottman, J. M. , & Roy, A. K. (1988). Blue-collar and white-collar marital interaction and
communication orientation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5(2), 201–221.
https://doi.org/10.1177/026540758800500205
Larkin, K. T. , Frazer, N. L. , & Wheat, A. L. (2011). Responses to interpersonal conflict among young adults:
Influence of family of origin. Personal Relationships, 18(4), 657–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-
6811.2010.01334.x
Leo, K. , Crenshaw, A. O. , Hogan, J. N. , Bourne, S. V. , Baucom, K. J. W. , & Baucom, B. R. W. (2020). A
replication and extension of the interpersonal process model of demand/withdraw behavior: Incorporating
subjective emotional experience. Journal of Family Psychology. Advance online publication.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam000080.
Leuchtmann, L. , Milek, A. , Bernecker, K. , Nussbeck, F. W. , Backes, S. , Martin, M. , Zemp, M. , Brandstätter,
V. , & Bodenmann, G. (2019). Temporal dynamics of couples’ communication behaviors in conflict discussions:
A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(9), 2937–2960.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518806582
Matsunaga, M. , & Imahori, T. T. (2009). Profiling family communication standards: A U.S.-Japan comparison.
Communication Research, 36(1), 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208326459
McGlone, M. S. , & Giles, H. (2011). Language and interpersonal communication. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly
(Eds.), The SAGE handbook of interpersonal communication (pp. 201–237). Sage.
McGonagle, K. A. , Kessler, R. C. , & Schilling, E. A. (1992). The frequency and determinants of marital
disagreements in a community sample. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9(4), 507–524.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407592094003
McLaren, R. M. , & Sillars, A. (2020). Parent and adolescent conversations about hurt: How interaction patterns
predict empathic accuracy and perceived understanding. Communication Monographs, 87(3), 312–335.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2020.1722848
McNulty, J. K. , & Russell, V. M. (2010). When “negative” behaviors are positive: A contextual analysis of the
long-term effects of problem-solving behaviors on changes in relationship satisfaction. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 98(4), 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017479
Merrill, A. F. , & Afifi, T. D. (2017). Couple identity daps, the management of conflict, and biological and self-
reported stress in romantic relationships. Human Communication Research, 43(3), 363–396. https://doi-
org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1111/hcre.12110
Merolla, A. J. , & Kam, J. A. (2018). Parental hope communication and parent-adolescent constructive conflict
management: A multilevel longitudinal analysis. Journal of Family Communication, 18(1), 32–50.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2017.1385461
Miller, C. W. , Roloff, M. E. , & Malis, R. S. (2007). Understanding interpersonal conflicts that are difficult to
resolve: A review of literature and presentation of an integrated model. In C. S. Beck (Ed.), Communication
yearbook 31 (pp. 118–171). Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203877173
Miller, C. W. , Roloff, M. E. , & Reznik, R. M. (2014). Hopelessness and interpersonal conflict: Antecedents and
consequences of losing hope. Western Journal of Communication, 78(5), 563–585.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2014.896026
Mills, R. S. L. , & Piotrowski, C. C. (2009). Haven in a heartless world? Hurt feelings in the family. In A. L.
Vangelisti (Ed.), Feeling hurt in close relationships (pp. 260–287). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511770548
Monk, J. K. , Ogolsky, B. G. , Rice, T. M. , Dennison, R. P. , & Ogan, M. (2021). The role of family-of-origin
environment and discrepancy in conflict behavior on newlywed marital quality. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 38(1), 124–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520958473
Noller, P. (1980). Misunderstandings in marital communication: A study of couples’ nonverbal communication.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1135–1148. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077716
Noller, P. , & Callan, V. J. (1988). Understanding parent-adolescent interactions: Perceptions of family
members and outsiders. Developmental Psychology, 24(5), 707–714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-
1649.24.5.707
Noller, P. , Feeney, J. A. , Bonnell, D. , & Callan, V. (1994). A longitudinal study of conflict in early marriage.
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11(2), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407594112005
Noller, P. , & Ruzzene, M. (1991). Communication in marriage: The influence of affect and cognition. In G. J. O.
Fletcher & F. Fincham (Eds.), Cognition in close relationships (pp. 203–233). Lawrence Erlbaum.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203772027
Noller, P. , & Venardos, C. (1986). Communication awareness in married couples. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 3(1), 31–42.
Notarius, C. I. , Benson, P. R. , Sloane, D. , Vanzetti, N. A. , & Hornyak, L. M. (1989). Exploring the interface
between perception and behavior: An analysis of marital interactions in distressed and nondistressed couples.
Behavioral Assessment, 11, 39–64.
Oetzel, J. , Ting-Toomey, S. , Chew-Sanchez, M. I. , Harris, R. , Wilcox, R. , & Stumpf, S. (2003). Face and
facework in conflicts with parents and siblings: A cross-cultural comparison of Germans, Japanese, Mexicans,
and U.S. Americans. Journal of Family Communication, 3(2), 67–93.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327698JFC0302_01
Overall, N. C. , Fletcher, G. J. , Simpson, J. A. , & Sibley, C. G. (2009). Regulating partners in intimate
relationships: The costs and benefits of different communication strategies. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 96(3), 620.
Radanielina-Hita, M. L. (2010). Let’s make peace! A cross-cultural analysis of the effects of serial arguing
behaviors in romantic relationships: The case of Malagasy romantic partners. Journal of Intercultural
Communication Research, 39(2), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2010.526314
Raush, H. L. , Barry, W. A. , Hertel, R. K. , & Swain, M. A. (1974). Communication, conflict, and marriage.
Jossey-Bass.
Roberts, L. J. (2000). Fire and ice in marital communication: Hostile and distancing behaviors as predictors of
marital distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(3), 693–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-
3737.2000.00693.x
Robillard, L. , & Noller, P. (2011). Rejection sensitivity, violence, and decoding deficits in married men. In J. L.
Smith , W. Ickes , J. Hall , & S. Hodges (Eds.), Managing interpersonal sensitivity: Knowing when – and when
not – to understand others (pp. 143–167). Nova Science.
Rogan, R. G. (2006). Conflict framing categories revisited. Communication Quarterly, 54(2), 157–173.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370600650860
Roloff, M. E. , & Ifert, D. E. (2000). Conflict management through avoidance: Withholding complaints,
suppressing arguments, and declaring topics taboo. In S. Petronio (Ed.), Balancing the secrets of private
disclosures (pp. 151–163). Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410604606
Roloff, M. E. , & Johnson, K. L. (2002). Serial arguing over the relational life course: Antecedents and
consequences. In A. L. Vangelisti , H. T. Reis , & M. A. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Stability and change in relationships
(pp. 107–128). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499876
Sanford, K. (2010). Assessing conflict communication in couples: Comparing the validity of self-report, partner-
report, and observer ratings. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(2), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017953
Schermerhorn, A. C. (2019). Associations of child emotion recognition with interparental conflict and shy child
temperament traits. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(4), 1343–1366.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518762606
Schweinle, W. , Ickes, W. , & Bernstein, I. (2002). Empathic inaccuracy in husband to wife aggression: The
overattribution bias. Personal Relationships, 9(2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00009
Segrin, C. , Hanzal, A. , & Domschke, T. J. (2009). Accuracy and bias in newlywed couples’ perceptions of
conflict styles and the association with marital satisfaction. Communication Monographs, 76(2), 207–233.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750902828404
Shimkowski, J. R. , & Schrodt, P. (2012). Coparental communication as a mediator of interparental conflict and
young adult children’s mental well-being. Communication Monographs, 79(1), 48–71.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2011.646492
Sillars, A. L. (1986). Procedures for coding interpersonal conflict. Unpublished Coding Manual.
Sillars, A. L. (2011). Motivated misunderstanding in family conflict discussions. In J. L. Smith , W. Ickes , J. Hall
, & S. Hodges (Eds.), Managing interpersonal sensitivity: Knowing when-and when not – to understand others
(pp. 193–213). Nova Science.
Sillars, A. L. , Holman, A. , Richards, A. , Jacobs, K. A. , Koerner, A. , & Reynolds-Dyk, A. (2014). Conversation
and conformity orientations as predictors of observed conflict tactics in parent-adolescent discussions. Journal
of Family Communication, 14(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.857327
Sillars, A. L. , Leonard, K. E. , Roberts, L. J. , & Dun, T. (2002). Cognition and communication during marital
conflict: How alcohol affects subjective coding of interaction in aggressive and nonaggressive couples. In P.
Noller & J. A. Feeney (Eds.), Understanding marriage: Developments in the study of couple interaction (pp.
85–112). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511500077
Sillars, A. L. , Pike, G. R. , Jones, T. S. , & Redmon, K. (1983). Communication and conflict in marriage. In R.
Bostrom (Ed.), Communication yearbook 7 (pp. 414429). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203856239
Sillars, A. L. , Roberts, L. J. , Leonard, K. E. , & Dun, T. (2000). Cognition during marital conflict: The
relationship of thought and talk. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(4–5), 479–502.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500174002
Sillars, A. , Smith, T. , & Koerner, A. (2010). Misattributions contributing to empathic (in)accuracy during parent-
adolescent conflict discussions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(6), 727–747.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510373261
Sillars, A. L. , & Wilmot, W. W. (1989). Marital communication across the life span. In J. F. Nussbaum (Ed.),
Lifespan communication: Normative issues (pp. 225–253). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sillars, A. L. , & Wilmot, W. W. (1994). Communication strategies in conflict and mediation. In J. Wiemann & J.
A. Daly (Eds.), Communicating strategically: Strategies in interpersonal communication (pp. 163–190).
Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203056851
Simpson, J. A. , Rholes, W. S. , Campbell, L. , Wilson, C. , & Tran, S. (2002). Adult attachment, the transition to
parenthood, and marital well-being. In P. Noller & J. Feeney (Eds.), Understanding marriage: Developments in
the study of couple interaction (pp. 385–410). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511500077
Smith, D. A. , Vivian, D. , & O’Leary, D. (1990). Longitudinal prediction of marital discord from premarital
expressions of affect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(6), 790–798.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.58.6.790
Solomon, D. H. , Knobloch, L. K. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2004). Relational power, marital schema, and decisions
to withhold complaints: An investigation of the chilling effect on confrontation in marriage. Communication
Studies, 55(1), 146–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970409388610
Solomon, D. H. , Knobloch, L. K. , Theiss, J. A. , & McLaren, R. M. (2016). Relational turbulence theory:
Explaining variation in subjective experiences and communication within romantic relationships. Human
Communication Research, 42(4), 507–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12091
Solomon, D. H. , Weber, K. M. , & Steuber, K. (2010). Turbulence in relational transitions. In S. W. Smith & S.
R. Wilson (Eds.), New directions in interpersonal communication (pp. 115–134). Sage.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483349619
Soulsby, L. , & Bennett, K. (2017). When two become one: Exploring identity in marriage and cohabitation.
Journal of Family Issues, 38(3), 358–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X15598547
Steinberg, L. , & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 83–110.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83
Ting-Toomey, S. , & Kurogi, A. (1998). Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-
negotiation theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(2), 187–225.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(98)00004-2
van de Vliert, E. , & Euwema, M. C. (1994). Agreeableness and activeness as components of conflict
behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(4), 674–687. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-
3514.66.4.674
Vangelisti, A. L. (1994). Messages that hurt. In W. R. Cupach & B. H. Spitzberg (Eds.), The dark side of
interpersonal communication (pp. 53–82). Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315807010
Vangelisti, A. L. , Corbin, S. D. , Lucchetti, A. E. , & Sprague, R. J. (1999). Couples’ concurrent cognitions: The
influence of relational satisfaction on the thoughts couples have as they converse. Human Communication
Research, 25(3), 370–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1999.tb00450.x
Vangelisti, A. L. , & Young, S. L. (2000). When words hurt: The effects of perceived intentionality on
interpersonal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(3), 393–424.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500173005
Watzlawick, P. , Beavin, J. , & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication: A study of
interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes. Norton.
Weiss, R. L. (1993). Marital interaction coding system-IV (MICS-IV). Unpublished Coding Manual.
Zhang, Q. , Ting, T. S. , & Oetzel, J. G. (2014). Linking emotion to the conflict face-negotiation theory: A U.S.-
China investigation of the mediating effects of anger, compassion, and guilt in interpersonal conflict. Human
Communication Research, 40(3), 373–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12029
Zietlow, P. H. , & Sillars, A. L. (1988). Life stage differences in communication during marital conflicts. Journal
of Social and Personal Relationships, 5(2), 223245. https://doi.org/10.1177/026540758800500206
Persuasion and Families
Aida, Y. , & Falbo, T. (1991). Relationships between marital satisfaction, resources, and power strategies. Sex
Roles, 24(1–2), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288702
Alberts, J. K. , Tracy, S. J. , & Trethewey, A. (2011). An integrative theory of the division of domestic labor:
Threshold level, social organizing and sensemaking. Journal of Family Communication, 11(1), 21–38.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2011.534334
Applegate, J. L. , Burke, J. A. , Burleson, B. R. , Delia, J. G. , & Kline, S. L. (1985). Reflection-enhancing
parental communication. In I. E. Sigel (Ed.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for
children (pp. 107–142). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Baumrind, D. (1973). The development of instrumental competence through socialization. In A. D. Pick (Ed.),
Minnesota symposium on child psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 3–46). University of Minnesota Press.
Baumrind, D. (1996). The discipline controversy revisited. Family Relations, 45(4), 405–411.
www.jstor.org/stable/585170
Baumrind, D. (2012). Differentiating between confrontive and coercive kinds of parental power-assertive
disciplinary practices. Human Development, 55(2), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1159/000337962
Baumrind, D. , Larzelere, R. E. , & Owens, E. B. (2010). Effects of preschool parents’ power assertive patterns
and practices on adolescent development. Parenting: Science and Practice, 10(3), 157–201.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190903290790
Belk, S. S. , Snell, W. E. , Garcia-Falconi, R. , Hernandez-Sanchez, J. E. , Hargrove, L. , & Holtzman, W. H.
(1988). Power strategy use in the intimate relationships of women and men from Mexico and the United States.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14(3), 439–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-
6402.1988.tb00934.x
Bodie, G. D. , & MacGeorge, E. L. (2015). Supportive communication theories: Dual-process theory of
supportive message outcomes and advice response theory. In D. O. Braithwaite & P. Schrodt (Eds.), Engaging
theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 129–141). Sage.
Caughlin, J. P. (2010). A multiple goals theory of personal relationships: Conceptual integration and program
overview. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(6), 824–848.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510373262
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2020). Trends in meeting the 2008 physical activity guidelines:
2008–2018. www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/downloads/trends-in-the-prevalence-of-physical-activity-508.pdf
Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese
parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111–1119.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00806.x
Craddock, E. , vanDellen, M. R. , Novak, S. A. , & Ranby, K. W. (2015). Influence in relationships: A meta-
analysis on health-related social control. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 37(2), 118–130.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2015.1011271
Dailey, R. M. , Thompson, C. M. , & Romo, L. K. (2014). Mother-teen communication about weight
management. Health Communication, 29(4), 384–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.759052
Dillard, J. P. , & Shen, L. (Eds.). (2013). The SAGE handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and
practice (2nd ed.). Sage.
Dunbar, N. E. , & Adams, A. (2017). Dyadic power theory: Dominance and power in family communication. In
D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple
perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 122–131). Sage.
Falbo, T. , & Peplau, L. A. (1980). Power strategies in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 38(4), 618–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.618
Fitch, K. L. (1998). Speaking relationally: Culture, communication, and interpersonal connection. Guilford Press.
Galvin, K. M. (2006). Diversity’s impact on defining the family: Discourse dependence and identity. In L. H.
Turner & R. West (Eds.), The family communication sourcebook (pp. 3–20). Sage.
Gettings, P. E. , Dorrance Hall, E. , Wilson, S. R. , Kamal, D. , Inderstrodt-Stephens, J. , & Hughes-Kirchubel, L.
(2019). Effects of reintegration difficulties, perceived message acceptance and perceived autonomy support on
U.S. military Veterans’ evaluations of messages encouraging them to seek behavioral health care.
Communication Monographs, 86(2), 205–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2018.1536828
Goldsmith, D. J. (2004). Communicating social support. Cambridge University Press.
Goldsmith, D. J. (2019). Normative rhetorical theory. In S. R. Wilson & S. W. Smith (Eds.), Reflections on
interpersonal communication research (pp. 211–230). Cognella.
Goldsmith, D. J. , Bute, J. J. , & Lindholm, K. L. (2012). Patient and partner strategies for talking about lifestyle
change following a cardiac event. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 40(1), 65–86.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2011.636373
Goldsmith, D. J. , Lindholm, K. A. , & Bute, J. J. (2006). Dilemmas of talking about lifestyle changes among
couples coping with a cardiac event. Social Science & Medicine, 63(8), 2079–2090.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.05.005
Grusec, J. E. , Danyliuk, T. , Kil, H. , & O’Neill, D. (2017). Perspectives on parent discipline and child outcomes.
International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(4), 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416681538
Guntzviller, L. M. , Pulido, M. D. , Liao, D. , & Butkowski, C. P. (2020). Advisor interaction goals and verbal
messages: Merging a multiple goals approach and the integrated model of advice giving. Journal of Language
and Social Psychology, 39(3), 292–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X20912260
Guntzviller, L. M. , Ratcliff, C. L. , Dorsch, T. E. , & Osai, K. V. (2017). How do emerging adults respond to
exercise advice from parents? A test of advice response theory. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
34(6), 936–960. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407516662920
Guntzviller, L. M. , Ratcliff, C. L. , & Pusateri, K. B. (2019). Expanding advice response theory by incorporating
goal inference: College students’ perceptions of parental exercise advice. Communication Theory. Published
online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtz021
Guntzviller, L. M. , Wang, N. , Martinez Gonzalez, A. , & Ratcliff, C. L. (2020). Situating advice response theory
in a cultural and relational context: How Hispanic adults perceive exercise advice from parents. Communication
Research, 47(4), 572–598. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219830269
Hart, C. H. , Newell, L. , & Olsen, S. F. (2003). Parenting skills and social/communicative competence in
childhood. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills
(pp. 753–797). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hoffman, M. L. (1980). Moral development in adolescence. In J. Adleson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent
psychology (pp. 295–343). Wiley.
Karney, B. R. , & Bradbury, T. N. (2020). Research on marital satisfaction and stability in the 2010s:
Challenging conventional wisdom. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 100–116.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12635
Kellermann, K. (1992). Communication: Inherently strategic and primarily automatic. Communication
Monographs, 59(3), 288–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376270
Kim, M. S. , & Wilson, S. R. (1994). A cross-cultural comparison of implicit theories of requesting.
Communication Monographs, 61(3), 210–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759409376334
Knight, K. , & Alberts, J. K. (2018). Response thresholds and demand/withdraw communication in domestic
labor conflict. Journal of Family Communication, 18(2), 110–123.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1427588
Kosenko, K. A. (2010). Meanings and dilemmas of sexual safety and communication for transgender
individuals. Health Communication, 25(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230903544928
Lachance-Grzela, M. , & Bouchard, G. (2010). Why do women do the lion’s share of housework? A decade of
research. Sex Roles, 63(11–12), 767–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9797-z
McLaren, R. M. , Dillard, J. P. , Tusing, K. J. , & Solomon, D. H. (2014). Relational framing theory: Utterance
form and relational context as antecedents of frame salience. Communication Quarterly, 62(5), 518–535.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2014.949387
McLoyd, V. C. , & Smith, J. (2002). Physical discipline and behavior problems in African American, European
American, and Hispanic children: Emotional support as a moderator. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(1),
40–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00040.x
Neilands, T. B. , Dworkin, S. L. , Chakravarty, D. , Campbell, C. K. , Wilson, P. A. , Gomez, A. M. , Grisham, K.
K. , & Hoff, C. C. (2019). Development and validation of the power imbalance in couples scale. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 48(3), 763–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1190-y
O’Keefe, D. J. (2016). Persuasion: Theory and research (3rd ed.). Sage.
Oldershaw, L. , Walters, G. C. , & Hall, D. K. (1986). Control strategies and noncompliance in abusive mother-
child dyads: An observational study. Child Development, 57(3), 722–732. www.jstor.org/stable/1130349
Overall, N. C. (2019). Attachment insecurity and power regulation in intimate relationships. Current Opinion in
Psychology, 25, 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.03.004
Overall, N. C. , Fletcher, G. J. O. , Simpson, J. A. , & Sibley, C. G. (2009). Regulating partners in intimate
relationships: The costs and benefits of different communication strategies. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 96(3), 620–639. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012961
Physical Activity Council . (2020). 2020 Physical activity council’s overview report on U.S. participation.
https://eb6d91a4-d249-47b8-a5cb-
933f7971db54.filesusr.com/ugd/286de6_c28995b76cf94de2a22ac7a0a4d5264d.pdf
Riforgiate, S. E. , & Boren, J. P. (2015). “I just can’t clean the bathroom as well as you can!”: Communicating
domestic labor task equity-resistance and equity-restoring strategies among married individuals. Journal of
Family Communication, 15(4), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2015.1076421
Rook, K. S. , August, K. J. , Stephens, M. A. P. , & Franks, M. M. (2011). When does spousal social control
provoke negative reactions in the context of chronic illness? The pivotal role of patients’ expectations. Journal
of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(6), 772–789. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510391335
Schrodt, P. , Witt, P. L. , & Shimkowski, J. R. (2014). A meta-analytical review of the demand/withdraw pattern
of interaction and its associations with individual, relational, and communicative outcomes. Communication
Monographs, 81(1), 28–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2013.813632
Scott, A. M. , & Caughlin, J. P. (2014). Enacted goal attention in family conversations about end-of-life health
decisions. Communication Monographs, 81(3), 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.925568
Segrin, C. , & Flora, J. (2019). Fostering social and emotional intelligence: What are the best current strategies
in parenting? Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 13(3), e12439. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12439
Simpson, J. A. , Farrell, A. K. , & Rothman, A. J. (2019). The dyadic power-social influence model. In C. R.
Agnew & J. J. Harman (Eds.), Power in close relationships: Advances in personal relationships (pp. 241–260).
Cambridge University Press.
Solomon, D. H. , & Roloff, M. E. (2019). Power and interpersonal communication. In C. R. Agnew & J. J.
Harman (Eds.), Power in close relationships: Advances in personal relationships (pp. 86–101). Cambridge
University Press.
Sorkhabi, N. , & Mandara, J. (2013). Are the effects of Baumrind’s parenting styles culturally specific or
culturally equivalent? In R. E. Larzelere , A. Sheffield Morris , & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting:
Synthesizing nurturing and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 113–135). American Psychological
Association.
Sorkhabi, N. , & Middaugh, E. (2014). How variations in parents’ use of confrontive and coercive control relate
to variations in parent – adolescent conflict, adolescent disclosure, and parental knowledge: Adolescents’
perspective. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(7), 1227–1241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9783-5
Spoont, M. R. , Nelson, D. B. , Murdoch, M. , Rector, T. , Sayer, N. A. , Nugent, S. , & Westermeyer, J. (2014).
Impact of treatment beliefs and social network encouragement on initiation of care by VA service users with
PTSD. Psychiatric Services, 65(5), 654–662. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201200324
Stafford, L. , & Dainton, M. (1995). Parent-child communication within the family system. In T. J. Socha & G.
Stamp (Eds.), Parents, children, and communication: Frontiers in theory and research (pp. 3–22). Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Suter, E. A. (2018). The promise of contrapuntal and intersectional methods for advancing critical interpersonal
and family communication research. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 123–139.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1375131
Taniguchi, E. , & Dailey, R. M. (2020). Parental confirmation and emerging adult children’s body image: Self-
concept and social competence as mediators. Communication Research, 47(3), 373–401.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218777575
Tucker, J. S. (2002). Health-related social control within older adults’ relationships. Journal of Gerontology,
57B(5), 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.5.P387
Warren, R. , & Aloia, L. (2019). Parenting style, parental stress, and mediation of children’s media use. Western
Journal of Communication, 83(4), 483–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2019.1582087
Weigel, D. J. , Bennett, K. K. , & Ballard-Reisch, D. S. (2006). Influence strategies in marriage: Self and partner
links between equity, strategy use, and marital satisfaction and commitment. Journal of Family Communication,
6(1), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0601_5
Wilson, S. R. (2002). Seeking and resisting compliance: Why people say what they do when trying to influence
others. Sage.
Wilson, S. R. (2012). Social-interactional perspectives on child maltreatment: How can they contribute to
relationship science? In O. Gillath , G. Adams , & A. Kunkel (Eds.), Relationship science: Integrating
evolutionary, neuroscience, and sociocultural approaches (pp. 113–133). American Psychological Association.
Wilson, S. R. , Gettings, P. E. , Hall, E. D. , & Pastor, R. G. (2015). Dilemmas families face in talking with
returning US military service members about seeking professional help for mental health issues. Health
Communication, 30(8), 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.899659
Wilson, S. R. , Kamal, D. , Winter, S. N. , Dorrance Hall, E. , Gettings, P. E. , Kirchubel, L. H. , & Inderstrodt-
Stephens, J. (2019). Comparing advice from military parents, partners, and veterans about how families can
encourage service members to seek behavioral health care. Journal of Family Communication, 19(1), 15–29.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1530238
Wilson, S. R. , Roberts, F. , Rack, J. J. , & Delaney, J. (2008). Mothers’ trait verbal aggressiveness as a
predictor of maternal and child behavior during play-time interactions. Human Communication Research, 34(3),
392–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2008.00326.x
Worley, T. R. , & Samp, J. (2016). Complaint avoidance and complaint-related appraisals in close relationships:
A dyadic power theory perspective. Communication Research, 43(3), 391–413.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214538447

Social Support in Families

Ailshire, J. A. , & Burgard, S. A. (2012). Family relationships and troubled sleep among U.S. adults: Examining
the influences of contact frequency and relationship quality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53(2),
248–262. doi:10.1177/0022146512446642
Barnes, G. M. , & Farrell, M. P. (1992). Parental support and control as predictors of adolescent drinking,
delinquency, and related problem behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54(4), 763–776.
doi:10.2307/353159
Barth, J. , Schneider, S. , & von Känel, R. (2010). Lack of social support in the etiology and the prognosis of
coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(3), 229–238.
doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d01611
Beets, M. W. , Cardinal, B. J. , & Alderman, B. L. (2010). Parental social support and the physical activity-
related behaviors of youth: A review. Health Education & Behavior, 37(5), 621–644.
doi:10.1177/1090198110363884
Berkman, L. , & Syme, S. L. (1979). Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: A nine-year follow-up study
of Alameda County residents. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109(2), 186–204.
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674
Bolger, N. , Zuckerman, A. , & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Invisible support and adjustment to stress. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 953–961. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.6.953
Boniel-Nissim, M. , Tabak, I. , Mazur, J. , Borraccino, A. , Brooks, F. , Gommans, R. , Winfried Zsiros, E. ,
Finne, E. , Craig, W. , Harel-Fisch, Y. , & Finne, E. (2015). Supportive communication with parents moderates
the negative effects of electronic media use on life satisfaction during adolescence. International Journal of
Public Health, 60(2), 189–198. doi:10.1007/s00038-014-0636-9
Boudreault-Bouchard, A.-M. , Dion, J. , Hains, J. , Vandermeerschen, J. , Laberge, L. , & Perron, M. (2013).
Impact of parental emotional support and coercive control on adolescents’ self-esteem and psychological
distress: Results of a four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 36(4), 695–704.
doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.002
Branje, S. , Laursen, B. , & Collins, W. A. (2013). Parent-child communication during adolescence. In A. L.
Vangelisti (Ed.), Routledge handbook of family communication (2nd ed., pp. 271–286). Routledge.
Bristow, M. , Cook, R. , Erzinclioglu, S. , & Hodges, J. (2008). Stress, distress and mucosal immunity in carers
of a partner with fronto-temporal dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 12(5), 595–604.
doi:10.1080/13607860802343076
Brock, R. L. , & Lawrence, E. (2008). A longitudinal investigation of stress spillover in marriage: Does spousal
support adequacy buffer the effects? Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 11–20. doi:10.1037/0893-
3200.22.1.11
Brown, J. R. , & Dunn, J. (1996). Continuities in emotion understanding from three to six years. Child
Development, 67(3), 789–802. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01764.x
Burleson, B. R. (2003). Emotional support skill. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of
communication and social interaction skills (pp. 551–594). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Burleson, B. R. , & Goldsmith, D. J. (1998). How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress
through conversationally induced reappraisals. In P. A. Andersen & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), Handbook of
communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts (pp. 245–280). Academic Press.
Burleson, B. R. , & Kunkel, A. W. (1996). The socialization of emotional support skills in childhood. In G. R.
Pierce , B. R. Sarason , & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Handbook of social support and the family (pp. 105–140).
Plenum Press.
Burleson, B. R. , & Kunkel, A. W. (2002). Parental and peer contributions to the emotional support skills of the
child: From whom do children learn to express support? Journal of Family Communication, 2(2), 81–97.
doi:10.1207/S15327698JFC0202_02
Cacioppo, J. T. , Hawkley, L. C. , Norman, G. J. , & Berntson, G. G. (2011). Social isolation. Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences, 1231(1), 17–22. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06028.x
Cal, S. F. , Sá, L. R. D. , Glustak, M. E. , & Santiago, M. B. (2015). Resilience in chronic diseases: A systematic
review. Cogent Psychology, 2(1), 1024928. doi:10.1080/23311908.2015.1024928
Carr, K. , & Kellas, J. K. (2018). The role of family and marital communication in developing resilience to family-
of-origin adversity. Journal of Family Communication, 18(1), 68–84. doi:10.1080/15267431.2017.1369415
Cassel, J. (1976). The contribution of the social environment to host resistance. American Journal of
Epidemiology, 104(2), 107–123. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112281
Caya, M. L. , & Liem, J. H. (1998). The role of sibling support in high-conflict families. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 68(2), 327–333. doi:10.1037/h0080342
Chen, Y. , & Feeley, T. H. (2012). Enacted support and well-being: A test of the mediating role of perceived
control. Communication Studies, 63(5), 608–625. doi:10.1080/10510974.2012.674619
Cicerelli, V. G. (1995). Sibling relationships across the life span. Plenum Press.
Clark, K. E. , & Ladd, G. W. (2000). Connectedness and autonomy support in parent – child relationships: Links
to children’s socioemotional orientation and peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 36(4), 485–498.
doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.4.485
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300–314.
doi:10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003
Cutrona, C. E. , & Russell, D. W. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptations to stress. In W.
H. Jones & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 1, pp. 37–67). JAI Press.
Cutrona, C. E. , & Russell, D. W. (1990). Types of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal
matching. In B. R. Sarason , I. G. Sarason , & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp.
319–366). Wiley.
Cutrona, C. E. , & Suhr, J. A. (1992). Controllability of stressful events and satisfaction with spouse support
behaviors. Communication Research, 19(2), 154–174. doi:10.1177/009365092019002002
Cutrona, C. E. , & Suhr, J. A. (1994). Social support communication in the context of marriage: An analysis of
couples’ supportive interactions. In B. R. Burleson , T. L. Albrecht , & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Communication of
social support: Messages, interactions, relationships, and community (pp. 113–135). Sage.
Dean, A. , & Lin, N. (1977). The stress-buffering role of social support. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
165(6), 403–417. doi:10.1097/00005053-197712000-00006
Dehle, C. , Larsen, D. , & Landers, J. E. (2001). Social support in marriage. The American Journal of Family
Therapy, 29(4), 307–324. doi:10.1080/01926180126500
Denham, S. A. , Mitchell-Copeland, J. , Strandberg, K. , Auerbach, S. , & Blair, K. (1997). Parental contributions
to preschoolers’ emotional competence: Direct and indirect effects. Motivation and Emotion, 21(1), 65–86.
doi:10.1023/A:1024426431247
DiMatteo, M. R. (2004). Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: A meta- analysis. Health
Psychology, 23(2), 207–218. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.2.207
Don, B. P. , & Mickelson, K. D. (2012). Paternal postpartum depression: The role of maternal postpartum
depression, spousal support, and relationship satisfaction. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and
Practice, 1(4), 323–334. doi:10.1037/a0029148
Dray, J. , Bowman, J. , Campbell, E. , Freund, M. , Wolfenden, L. , Hodder, R. K. , … Wiggers, J. (2017).
Systematic review of universal resilience-focused interventions targeting child and adolescent mental health in
the school setting. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(10), 813–824.
doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.780
Eisenberg, N. , & McNally, S. (1993). Socialization and mothers’ and adolescents’ empathy- related
characteristics. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3(2), 171–191. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0302_4
Esterling, B. A. , Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. , Bodnar, J. C. , & Glaser, R. (1994). Chronic stress, social support, and
persistent alterations in the natural killer cell response to cytokines in older adults. Health Psychology, 13(4),
291–298. doi:10.1037//0278-6133.13.4.291
Fischer, J. L. , Forthun, L. F. , Pidcock, B. W. , & Dowd, D. A. (2007). Parent relationships, emotion regulation,
psychosocial maturity and college student alcohol use problems. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(7),
912–926. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9126-6
Floyd, K. , Pauley, P. M. , Hesse, C. , Eden, J. , Veksler, A. E. , & Woo, N. T. (2018). Supportive
communication is associated with markers of immunocompetence. Southern Communication Journal, 83(4),
229–244. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2018.1488270
Ginting, J. V. , Tripp, D. A. , Nickel, J. C. , Fitzgerald, M. P. , & Mayer, R. (2011). Spousal support decreases
the negative impact of pain on mental quality of life in women with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome.
BJU International, 108(5), 713–717. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09846.x
Givertz, M. , & Segrin, C. (2014). The association between overinvolved parenting and young adults’ self-
efficacy, psychological entitlement, and family communication. Communication Research, 41(8), 1111–1136.
doi:10.1177/0093650212456392
Goldsmith, D. J. (2004). Communicating social support. Cambridge University Press.
Greeff, A. P. , & van der Walt, K.-J. (2010). Resilience in families with an autistic child. Education and Training
in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 45(3), 347–355. doi:10.1037/a0035059
Grewen, K. M. , Girdler, S. S. , Amico, J. , & Light, K. C. (2005). Effects of partner support on resting oxytocin,
cortisol, norepinephrine, and blood pressure before and after warm partner contact. Psychosomatic Medicine,
67(4), 531–538. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000170341.88395.47
Hagedoorn, M. , Dagan, M. , Puterman, E. , Hoff, C. , Meijerink, W. , DeLongis, A. , & Sanderman, R. (2011).
Relationship satisfaction in couples confronted with colorectal cancer: The interplay of past and current spousal
support. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 34(4), 288–297. doi:10.1007/s10865-010-9311-7
Hall, E. , & Shebib, S. J. (2020). Interdependent siblings: Associations between closest and least close sibling
social support and sibling relationship satisfaction. Communication Studies, 71(4), 612–632.
doi:10.1080/10510974.2020.1749862
Heffner, K. L. , Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. , Loving, T. J. , Glaser, R. , & Malarkey, W. B. (2004). Spousal support
satisfaction as a modifier of physiological responses to marital conflict in younger and older couples. Journal of
Behavioral Medicine, 27(3), 233–254. doi:10.1023/b:jobm.0000028497.79129.ad
Heller, K. , & Lakey, B. (1985). Perceived support and social interaction among friends and confidants. In I. G.
Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 287–300). Martinus
Mijhoff.
Helsen, M. , Vollebergh, W. , & Meeus, W. (2000). Social support from parents and friends and emotional
problems in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(3), 319–335. doi:10.1023/A:1005147708827
High, A. C. , & Scharp, K. M. (2015). Examining family communication patterns and seeking social support
direct and indirect effects through ability and motivation. Human Communication Research, 41(4), 459–479.
doi:10.1111/hcre.12061
Hobfoll, S. E. (2009). Social support: The movie. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26(1), 93–101.
doi:10.1177/0265407509105524
Holt-Lunstad, J. , Smith, T. B. , Baker, M. , Harris, T. , & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation
as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227–237.
doi:10.1177/1745691614568352
Holt-Lunstad, J. , Smith, T. B. , & Layton, B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality: A meta-analysis. PLoS
Medicine, 7(7), 1–20. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
Isley, S. L. , O’Neil, R. , Clatfelter, D. , & Parke, R. D. (1999). Parent and child expressed affect and children’s
social competence: Modeling direct and indirect pathways. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 547–560.
doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.547
Jacobs, K. , & Sillars, A. (2012). Sibling support during post-divorce adjustment: An idiographic analysis of
support forms, functions, and relationship types. Journal of Family Communication, 12(2), 167–187.
doi:10.1080/15267431.2011.584056
Jaffee, S. R. , Caspi, A. , Moffitt, T. E. , Polo-Tomás, M. , & Taylor, A. (2007). Individual, family, and
neighborhood factors distinguish resilient from non-resilient maltreated children: A cumulative stressors model.
Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(3), 231–253. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.011
Janicki-Deverts, D. , & Cohen, S. (2011). Social ties and resilience in chronic disease. In S. M. Southwick , B.
T. Litz , D. Charney , & M. J. Friedman (Eds.), Resilience and mental health: Challenges across the lifespan
(pp. 76–89). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994791.007
Jiang, H. , Wang, L. , Zhang, Q. , Liu, D.-X. , Ding, J. , Lei, Z. , Lu, Q. , & Pan, F. (2015). Family functioning,
marital satisfaction and social support in Hemodialysis patients and their spouses. Stress and Health, 31(2),
166–174. doi:10.1002/smi.2541
Jones, S. M. , & Bodie, G. D. (2014). Supportive communication. In C. R. Berger (Ed.), Interpersonal
communication (Vol. 6, pp. 371–394). De Gruyter Mouton.
Jones, S. M. , Bodie, G. D. , & Koerner, A. F. (2017). Connections between family communication patterns,
person-centered message evaluations, and emotion regulation strategies. Human Communication Research,
43(2), 237–255. doi:10.1111/hcre.12103
Jones, S. M. , & Wirtz, J. (2006). How does the comforting process work? An empirical test of an appraisal-
based model of comforting. Human Communication Research, 32(3), 217–243. doi:10.1111/j.1468-
2958.2006.00274.x
Kaul, M. , & Lakey, B. (2003). Where is the support in perceived support? The role of generic relationship
satisfaction and enacted support in perceived support’s relation to low distress. Journal of Social and Clinical
Psychology, 22(1), 59–78. doi:10.1521/jscp.22.1.59.22761
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. , Dura, J. R. , Speicher, C. E. , Trask, O. J. , & Glaser, R. (1991). Spousal caregivers of
dementia victims: Longitudinal changes in immunity and health. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53(4), 345–362.
doi:10.1097/00006842-199107000-00001
Koenig Kellas, J. , Trees, A. , Schrodt, P. , LeClair-Underberg, C. , & Willer, E. (2010). Exploring links between
well-being and interactional sense-making in married couples’ jointly told stories of stress. Journal of Family
Communication, 10(3), 174–193. doi:10.1080/15267431.2010.489217
Lakey, B. , & Orehek, E. (2011). Relational regulation theory: A new approach to explain the link between
perceived social support and mental health. Psychological Review, 118(3), 482–495. doi:10.1037/a0023477
Lakey, B. , Orehek, E. , Hain, K. L. , & VanVleet, M. (2010). Enacted support’s links to negative affect and
perceived support are more consistent with theory when social influences are isolated from trait influences.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(1), 132–142. doi:10.1177/0146167209349375
Levitt, M. J. , Silver, M. E. , & Santos, J. D. (2007). Adolescents in transition to adulthood: Parental support,
relationship satisfaction, and post-transition adjustment. Journal of Adult Development, 14(1), 53–63.
doi:10.1007/s10804-007-9032-5
MacGeorge, E. L. (2015). Advice. In C. R. Berger & M. E. Roloff (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of
interpersonal communication. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic154
Mayer, J. D. , & Faber, M. A. (2010). Personal intelligence and resilience: Recovery in the shadow of broken
connections. In J. W. Reich , A. J. Zautra , & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 94–111).
Guilford Press.
McCarty, C. A. , Zimmerman, F. J. , Digiuseppe, D. L. , & Christakis, D. A. (2005). Parental emotional support
and subsequent internalizing and externalizing problems among children. Journal of Developmental &
Behavioral Pediatrics, 26(4), 267–275. doi:10.1097/00004703-200508000-00002
McConnell, D. , Savage, A. , & Breitkreuz, R. (2014). Resilience in families raising children with disabilities and
behavior problems. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(4), 833–848. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.01.015
McGonagle, K. A. , Kessler, R. C. , & Schilling, E. A. (1992). The frequency and determinants of marital
disagreements in a community sample. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9(4), 507–524.
doi:10.1177/0265407592094003
Mikkelson, A. C. (2006). Communication among peers: Adult sibling relationships. In K. Floyd & M. T. Morman
(Eds.), Widening the family circle: New research on family communication (pp. 21–35). Sage.
Milevsky, A. (2005). Compensatory patterns of sibling support in emerging adulthood: Variations in loneliness,
self-esteem, depression and life satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(6), 743–755.
doi:10.1177/0265407505056447
Mounts, N. S. , Valentiner, D. P. , Anderson, K. L. , & Boswell, M. K. (2006). Shyness, sociability, and parental
support for the college transition: Relation to adolescents’ adjustment. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 35(1),
68–77. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9002-9
Myers, S. A. , & Bryant, L. E. (2008). The use of behavioral indicators of sibling commitment among emerging
adults. Journal of Family Communication, 8(2), 101–125. doi:10.1080/15267430701857364
Odenweller, K. G. , Booth-Butterfield, M. , & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family
environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65(4), 407–425.
doi:10.1080/10510974.2013.811434
Pinquart, M. , & Duberstein, P. R. (2010). Associations of social networks with cancer mortality: A meta-
analysis. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 75(2), 122–137. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.06.003
Priem, J. S. , & Solomon, D. H. (2015). Emotional supportive and physiological stress recovery: The role of
support matching, adequacy, and invisibility. Communication Monographs, 82(1), 88–112.
doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.971416
Rittenour, C. E. , Myers, S. A. , & Brann, M. (2007). Commitment and emotional closeness in the sibling
relationship. Southern Communication Journal, 72(2), 169–183. doi:10.1080/10417940701316682
Sarason, B. R. , Sarason, I. G. , & Gurung, R. A. R. (1997). Close personal relationships and health outcomes:
A key to the role of social support. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (2nd ed., pp. 547–573).
Wiley.
Sarason, I. G. , Sarason, B. R. , & Shearin, E. N. (1986). Social support as an individual difference variable: Its
stability, origins, and relational aspects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(4), 845–855.
doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.845
Sawant, N. S. , & Jethwani, K. S. (2010). Understanding family functioning and social support in unremitting
schizophrenia: A study in India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(2), 145–149. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.64593
Schwarzer, R. , & Gutiérrez-Doña, B. (2005). More spousal support for men than for women: A comparison of
sources and types of support. Sex Roles, 52(7), 523–532. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-3718-6
Segrin, C. , Woszidlo, A. , Givertz, M. , Bauer, A. , & Taylor Murphy, M. (2012). The association between
overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adult children. Family
Relations, 61(2), 237–252. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00689.x
Shor, E. , Roelfs, D. J. , & Yogev, T. (2013). The strength of family ties: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of
self-reported social support and mortality. Social Networks, 35(4), 626–638. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2013.08.004
Sigelman, C. K. , Friedman, S. L. , Rohrbeck, C. A. , & Sheehan, P. B. (2018). Supportive communication
between deployed parents and children is linked to children’s adjustment. Journal of Applied Developmental
Psychology, 58(1), 18–27. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2018.08.002
Simons, L. , Schrager, S. M. , Clark, L. F. , Belzer, M. , & Olson, J. (2013). Parental support and mental health
among transgender adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(6), 791–793.
doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.019
Sippel, L. M. , Pietrzak, R. H. , Charney, D. S. , Mayes, L. C. , & Southwick, S. M. (2015). How does social
support enhance resilience in the trauma-exposed individual? Ecology and Society, 20(4), 10–20. doi:
10.5751/ES-07832-200410
Soliz, J. , Thorson, A. R. , & Rittenour, C. E. (2009). Communicative correlates of satisfaction, family identity,
and group salience in multiracial/ethnic families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(4), 819–832.
doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00637.x
Stewart, D. W. , Gabriele, J. M. , & Fisher, E. B. (2012). Directive support, nondirective support, and health
behaviors in a community sample. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(5), 492–499. doi:10.1007/s10865-011-
9377-x
Thompson, R. A. , & Meyer, S. (2014). Socialization of emotion and emotion regulation in the family. In
Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., pp. 173–186). Guilford Press.
Tian, X. , & Solomon, D. H. (2020b). Grief and post-traumatic growth following miscarriage: The role of meaning
reconstruction and partner supportive communication. Death Studies, 44(4), 237–247.
doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1539051
Tucker, C. J. , Updegraff, K. A. , McHale, S. M. , & Crouter, A. C. (1999). Older siblings as socializers of
younger siblings’ empathy. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(2), 176–198. doi:10.1177/0272431699019002003
Uchino, B. N. (2004). Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of
relationships. Yale University Press.
Vangelisti, A. L. (2009). Challenges in conceptualizing social support. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 26(1), 39–51. doi:10.1177/0265407509105520
Walsh, F. (2002). A family resilience framework: Innovative practice applications. Family Relations, 51(2),
130–137. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2002.00130.x
Walsh, F. (2003). Family resilience: A framework for clinical practice. Family Process, 42(2), 1–18.
doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00001.x
Walsh, F. (2016). Family resilience: A developmental systems framework. European Journal of Developmental
Psychology, 13(3), 313–324. doi:10.1080/17405629.2016.1154035
Wan, C. K. , Jaccard, J. , & Ramey, S. L. (1996). The relationship between social support and life satisfaction
as a function of family structure. Journal of Marriage and Family, 58(2), 502–513.
https://doi.org/10.2307/353513
Wang, J. , Chen, Y. , Tan, C. , & Zhao, X. (2016). Family functioning, social support, and quality of life for
patients with anxiety disorder. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 62(1), 5–11.
doi:10.1177/0020764015584649
Wang, N. (2019a). Emerging adults’ received and desired support from parents: Evidence for optimal received
– desired support matching and optimal support surpluses. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
36(11), 3448–3470. doi:10.1177/0265407518822784
Wang, N. (2019b). Support gaps in parent-emerging adult dyads: The role of support quality. Personal
Relationships, 26(2), 232–261. doi:10.1111/pere.12276
Wills, T. A. (1991). Social support and interpersonal relationships. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Prosocial behavior (pp.
265–289). Sage.
Xu, Y. , & Burleson, B. R. (2001). Effects of sex, culture, and support type on perceptions of spousal social
support: An assessment of the “support gap” hypothesis in early marriage. Human Communication Research,
27(4), 535–566. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00792.x
Yang, Y. C. , Boen, C. , Gerken, K. , Li, T. , Schorpp, K. , & Harris, K. M. (2016). Social relationships and
physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 113(3), 578–583. doi:10.1073/pnas.1511085112
Zautra, A. J. , Arewasikporn, A. , & Davis, M. C. (2010). Resilience: Promoting well-being through recovery,
sustainability, and growth. Research in Human Development, 7(3), 221–238.
doi:10.1080/15427609.2010.504431

Family Stories and Storytelling

Aleman, M. W. , & Helfrich, K. W. (2010). Inheriting the narratives of dementia: A collaborative tale of a mother
and daughter. Journal of Family Communication, 10(1), 7–23. doi:10.1080/15267430903385784
Ashbourne, L. M. , & Baobaid, M. (2014). Parent-adolescent storytelling in Canadian-Arabic immigrant families
(part 1): A grounded theory. Qualitive Report, 19(30), 1–21.
Ballard, R. L. , & Ballard, S. J. (2012). From narrative inheritance to narrative momentum: Past, present, and
future stories in an international adoptive family. Journal of Family Communication, 11(2), 69–84.
doi:10.1080/15267431.2011.554618
Baxter, L. A. (2015). Voicing relationships: A dialogic perspective. Sage.
Baxter, L. A. , Norwood, K. , Asbury, B. , Jannusch, A. , & Scharp, K. (2012). Narrative coherence in online
stories told by members of the adoption triad. Journal of Family Communication, 12(4), 265–283.
doi:10.1080/15267431.2012.686944
Becker-Weidman, A. , & Shell, D. (2010). Storytelling: How to use stories to help your children. In A. Becker-
Weidman & D. Shell (Eds.), Attachment parenting: Developing connections and healing children (pp. 159–171).
Jason Aronson.
Bohanek, J. G. , Marin, K. A. , Fivush, R. , & Duke, M. (2006). Family narrative interaction and children’s sense
of self. Family Process, 45(1), 39–54. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00079.x
Boylorn, R. M. (2014). My daddy is slick, brown, and cool like ice water. In J. Wyatt & T. E. Adams (Eds.), On
(writing) families: Autoethnographies of presence and absence, love and loss (pp. 85–94). Sense Publishers.
Brown, B. (2010, June). Expanding your perception. Video podcast retrieved from
www.wimp.com/expandingperception/
Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press.
Buehlman, K. T. , Gottman, J. M. , & Katz, L. F. (1992). How a couple views their past predicts their future:
Predicting divorce from an oral history interview. Journal of Family Psychology, 5(3–4), 295–318.
Butauski, M. , & Horstman, H. K. (2020). Parents’ retrospective storytelling of their child’s coming out:
Investigating contributions of communicated perspective-taking in relation to well-being. Journal of Family
Communication. 20(4), 345–359. doi:10.1080/15267431.2020.1794872
Bylund, C. (2003). Ethnic diversity and family stories. Journal of Family Communication, 3(4), 215–236.
doi:10.1207/S15327698JFC0304_4
Cooke-Jackson, A. F. (2011). A world of difference: Unraveling the conversations African American mothers
have with their adult daughters to negotiate diabetes. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 40(3),
233–254. doi:10.1080/17475759.2011.618843
Doohan, E. M. , Carrère, S. , & Riggs, M. L. (2010). Using relational stories to predict the trajectory toward
marital dissolution: The oral history interview and spousal feelings of flooding, loneliness, and depression.
Journal of Family Communication, 10(1), 57–77. doi:10.1080/15267430903396401
Fiese, B. H. , & Bickham, N. L. (2004). Pin-curling grandpa’s hair in the comfy chair: Parents’ stories of growing
up and potential links to socialization in the preschool years. In M. W. Pratt & B. H. Fiese (Eds.), Family stories
and the life course: Across time and generations (pp. 259–277). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Fiese, B. H. , & Marjinsky, K. A. T. (1999). Dinnertime stories: Connecting family practices with relationship
beliefs and child adjustment. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development, 64, 52–68.
Fiese, B. H. , & Winter, M. A. (2009). Family stories and rituals. In J. Bray & M. Stanton (Eds.), The Wiley-
Blackwell handbook of family psychology (pp. 625–636). Wiley-Blackwell.
Fivush, R. (2006). Maternal reminiscing style and children’s developing understanding of self and emotion.
Clinical Social Work Journal, 35(1), 37–46. doi:10.1007/s10615-006-0065-1
Fivush, R. , Bohanek, J. G. , & Zaman, W. (2011). Personal and intergenerational narratives in relationship to
adolescents’ well-being. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 131, 45–57.
doi:10.1002/cd.288
Fivush, R. , Hazzard, A. , Sales, J. M. , Sarfati, D. , & Brown, T. (2003). Creating coherence out of chaos?
Children’s narratives of emotionally positive and negative events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(1), 1–19.
doi:10.1002/acp.854
Flood-Grady, E. , & Koenig Kellas, J. (2019). Sense-making, socialization, and stigma: Exploring narratives told
in families about mental illness. Health Communication, 34(6), 607–617. doi:10.1080/10410236.2018.1431016
Friedlander, M. L. (1999). Ethnic identity development of internationally adopted children and adolescents:
Implications for family therapists. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 25(1), 43–60. doi:10.1111/j.1752-
0606.1999.tb01109.x
Gallo, C. (2009). The stories of chronic illness: Narrative roles and family therapy. In J. D. Atwood & C. Gallo
(Eds.), Family therapy and chronic illness (pp. 1–16). Transaction.
Galvin, K. (2003). International and transracial adoption: A communication research agenda. Journal of Family
Communication, 3(4), 237–253. doi:10.1207/s15327698jfc0304_5
Galvin, K. (2006). Diversity’s impact on defining the family: Discourse-dependence and identity. In L. H. Turner
& R. West (Eds.), The family communication sourcebook (pp. 3–19). Sage.
Gilchrist-Petty, E. A. , & Reynolds, N. (2015). Momma’s embedded advice: The relationship between mother-
daughter marriage narratives and daughters’ marital satisfaction. Southern Communication Journal, 80(4),
293–310. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2015.1052151
Goodall, H. L., Jr. (2005). Narrative inheritance: A nuclear family with toxic secrets. Qualitative Inquiry, 11(4),
492–513. doi:10.1177/1077800405276769
Halliwell, D. , & Franken, N. (2016). “He was supposed to be with me for the rest of my life”: Meaning-making in
bereaved siblings’ online stories. Journal of Family Communication, 16(4), 337–354.
doi:10.1080/15267431.2016.1194841
Harrigan, M. M. (2010). Exploring the narrative process: An analysis of the adoption stories mothers tell their
internationally adopted children. Journal of Family Communication, 10(1), 24–39.
doi:10.1080/15267430903385875
Harter, L. M. (2013). Imagining new normals: A narrative framework for health communication. Kendall Hunt.
Hayden, J. M. , Singer, J. A. , & Chrisler, J. C. (2006). The transmission of birth stories from mother to
daughter: Self-esteem and mother-daughter attachment. Sex Roles, 55(5–6), 373–383. doi:10.1007/s11199-
006-9090-3
Holman, A. , & Horstman, H. K. (2019). Similarities and dissimilarities in spouses’ narratives of miscarriage: A
dyadic analysis of communicated narrative sense-making and well-being. Journal of Family Communication,
19(4), 293–310. doi:10.1080/15267431.2019.1628763
Holman, A. , & Koenig Kellas, J. (2018). “Say something instead of nothing”: Adolescents’ perceptions of
memorable conversations about sex-related topics with their parents. Communication Monographs, 85 (3),
357–379. doi:10.1080/03637751.2018.1426870
Holmberg, D. , Orbuch, T. L. , & Veroff, J. (2004). Thrice told tales: Married couples tell their stories. Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Horstman, H. K. (2019). Young adult women’s narrative resilience in relation to mother-daughter communicated
narrative sense-making and well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36 (4), 1136–1167.
doi:10.1177/0265407518756543
Horstman, H. K. , & Holman, A. (2018). Communicated sense-making after miscarriage: A dyadic analysis of
husband and wife communicated perspective-taking, affect, and parenting role salience. Health
Communication, 33 (10), 1317–1326. doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1351852
Horstman, H. K. , Maliski, R. , Hays, A. , Cox, J. , Enderle, A. , & Nelson, L. R. (2016). Unfolding narrative
meaning over time: The contributions of mother-daughter conversations of difficulty on daughter narrative
sense-making and well-being. Communication Monographs, 83 (3), 326–348.
doi:10.1080/03637751.2015.1068945
Kiser, L. J. , Baumgardner, B. , & Dorado, J. (2010). Who are we, but for the stories we tell: Family stories and
healing. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2 (3), 243–249. doi:10.1037/a0019893
Koenig Kellas, J. (2005). Family ties: Communicating identity through jointly told family stories. Communication
Monographs, 72 (4), 365–389. doi:10.1080/03637750500322453
Koenig Kellas, J. (2018). Communicated narrative sense-making theory: Linking storytelling and well-being. In
D. O. Braithwaite , E. A. Suiter , & K. Floyd (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple
perspectives (pp. 62–75). Sage.
Koenig Kellas, J. , Baxter, L. A. , LeClair-Underberg, C. , Thatcher, M. S. , Routsong, T. R. , Lamb Normand, E.
, & Braithwaite, D. O. (2014). Telling the story of stepfamily beginnings: The relationship between young-adult
stepchildren’s stepfamily origin stories and their satisfaction with the stepfamily. Journal of Family
Communication, 14 (2), 149–166. doi:10.1080/15267431.2013.864294
Koenig Kellas, J. , & Kranstuber Horstman, H. (2015). Communicated narrative sense-making: Understanding
family narratives, storytelling, and the construction of meaning through a communicative lens. In L. H. Turner &
R. West (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of family communication (pp. 76–90). Sage.
Koenig Kellas, J. , Morgan, T. , Taladay, C. , Minton, M. , Forte, J. , & Husmann, E. (2020). Putting CNSM
Theory into action: Translational storytelling in the context of parenting. Journal of Family Communication, 20
(4), 360–376. doi:10.1080/15267431.2020.1826485
Koenig Kellas, J. , & Trees, A. R. (2006). Finding meaning in difficult family experiences: Sense-making and
interaction processes during joint family storytelling. Journal of Family Communication, 6 (1), 49–76.
doi:10.1207/s15327698jfc0601_4
Koenig Kellas, J. , Trees, A. R. , Schrodt, P. , LeClaire-Underberg, C. , & Willer, E. K. (2010). Exploring links
between well-being and interactional sense-making in married couples’ jointly told stories of stress. Journal of
Family Communication, 10 (3), 174–193. doi:10.1080/15267431.2010.489217
Koenig Kellas, J. , Willer, E. , & Kranstuber, H. (2010). Fairytales and tragedies: Narratively making sense of
(and the dark side of making sense) of personal relationships. In B. H. Spitzberg & W. R. Cupach (Eds.), The
dark side of close relationships (2nd ed., pp. 63–93). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kranstuber, H. , & Koenig Kellas, J. (2011). Instead of growing under her heart, I grew in it: The relationship
between adoption entrance narratives and adoptees’ self-concept. Communication Quarterly, 59 (2), 179–199.
doi:10.1080/01463373.2011.563440
Krusiewicz, E. S. , & Wood, J. T. (2001). He was our child from the moment we walked in that room: Entrance
stories of adoptive parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18 (6), 785–803.
doi:10.1177/0265407501186003
Langellier, K. M. , & Peterson, E. E. (2006a). Narrative performance theory: Telling stories, doing family. In D.
O. Braithwaite & L. A. Baxter (Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication (pp. 99–114). Sage.
Langellier, K. M. , & Peterson, E. E. (2006b). “Somebody’s got to pick eggs”: Family storytelling about work.
Communication Monographs, 73 (4), 468–473. doi:10.1080/03637750601061190
Manoogian, M. M. , Harter, L. M. , & Denham, S. A. (2010). The storied nature of health legacies in familial
experience of Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Family Communication, 10 (1), 40–56.
doi:10.1080/15267430903385826
Marrun, N. E. (2020). “My mom seems to have a dicho for everything!”: Family engagement in the college
success of Latino/a students. Journal of Latinos and Education, 19, 164–180.
doi:10.1080/15348431.2018.1489811
McAdams, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. Guilford Press.
McAdams, D. P. , & McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22,
233–238. doi:10.1177/0963721413475622
McAdams, D. P. , Reynolds, J. , Lewis, M. , & Bowman, P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good
things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative and their relation to psychological
adaption in midlife adults and in students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27 (4), 474–485.
doi:10.1177/0146167201274008
McLean, K. C. (2016). The co-authored self: Family stories and the construction of personal identity. Oxford
University Press.
Miller, P. J. , & Fung, H. (2012). Introduction: How socialization happens on the ground: Narrative practices as
alternative socializing pathways in Taiwanese and European-American families. Monographs of the Society for
Research in Child Development, 77, 1–14.
Miller, P. J. , Fung, H. , & Mint, J. (1996). Self-construction through narrative practices: A Chinese and
American comparison of early socialization. Ethos, 24 (2), 237–280. doi:10.1525/eth.1996.24.2.02a00020
Miller, P. J. , Sandel, T. L. , Liang, C. , & Fung, H. (2001). Narrating transgressions in Longwood: The
discourses, meanings, and paradoxes of an American socialization practice. Ethos, 29 (2), 159–186.
doi:10.1525/eth.2001.29.2.159
Miller, P. J. , Wiley, A. R. , Fung, H. , & Liang, C. (1997). Personal storytelling as a medium of socialization in
Chinese and American families. Child Development, 68 (3), 557–568. doi:10.2307/1131678
Nelson, H. L. (2001). Damaged identities, narrative repair. Cornell University Press.
Nelson, L. , & Horstman, H. K. (2017). Communicated meaning-making in foster families: Relationships
between foster parents’ entrance narratives and foster child well-being. Communication Quarterly, 65 (2),
144–166. doi:10.1080/01463373.2016.1215337
Nussbaum, J. F. , & Bettini, L. (1994). Shared stories of the grandparent-grandchild relationship. International
Journal of Aging and Human Development, 39 (1), 67–80. doi:10.2190/7wpk-lm6c-qca4-gq4r
Pangborn, S. M. (2019). Narrative resources amid unspeakable grief: Teens foster connection and resilience in
family storytelling. Journal of Family Communication, 19 (2), 95–109. doi:10.1080/15267431.2019.1577250
Raffaelli, M. , Iturbide, M. I. , Saucedo, M. A. , & Munoz, L. (2017). You hear stories about what they did and it
makes you go “wow”: Adolescents narrate and interpret caregiver stories about a difficult time. Journal of
Adolescent Research, 32 (5), 536–558. doi:10.1177/0743558416670008
Reese, E. (1996). Conceptions of self in mother-child birth stories. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 6 (1),
23–38. doi:10.1075/jnlh.6.1.02con
Reese, E. , Fivush, R. , Merrill, N. , Wang, Q. , & McAnally, H. (2017). Adolescents’ intergenerational narratives
across cultures. Developmental Psychology, 53 (6), 1142–1153. doi:10.1037/dev0000309
Riessman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Sage.
Sales, J. M. , & Fivush, R. (2005). Social and emotional functions of mother-child reminiscing about stressful
events. Social Cognition, 23 (1), 70–90. doi:10.1521/soco.23.1.70.59196
Salmon, K. , & Reese, E. (2016). The benefits of reminiscing with young children. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 25 (4), 233–238. doi:10.1177/0963721416655100
Scharp, K. M. , & Thomas, L. J. (2016). Family “bonds”: Making meaning of parent-child relationships in
estrangement narratives. Journal of Family Communication, 16 (1), 32–50.
doi:10.1080/15267431.2015.1111215
Scharp, K. M. , & Thomas, L. J. (2017). “What would a loving mom do today?”: Exploring the meaning of
motherhood in stories of prenatal and postpartum depression. Journal of Family Communication, 17 (4),
401–414. doi:10.1080/15267431.2017.1355803
Scharp, K. M. , Seiter, J. S. , & Maughan, M. (2020). “My mom always tells that story to friends and relatives”:
Exploring the phenomenon of other-presentation. Journal of Family Communication, 20 (2), 146–159.
doi:10.1080/15267431.2020.1739689
Sloan, D. M. , & Marx, B. P. (2004). Taking pen to hand: Evaluating theories underlying the written disclosure
paradigm. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11 (2), 121–137. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph062
Soliz, J. , & Phillips, K. E. (2018). Toward a more expansive understanding of family communication:
Considerations for inclusion of ethnic-racial and global Diversity. Journal of Family Communication, 18 (1),
5–12. doi:10.1080/15267431.2017.1399890
Stone, E. (2004). Black sheep and kissing cousins: How our family stories shape us. Transaction.
Suter, E. A. , Koenig Kellas, J. , Webb, S. K. , & Allen, J. A. (2016). A tale of two mommies: (Re)storying family
of origin narratives. Journal of Family Communication, 16 (4), 303–317. doi:10.1080/15267431.2016.1184150
Taylor, A. C. , Fisackerly, B. L. , Mauren, E. R. , & Taylor, K. D. (2013). “Grandma, tell me another story”:
Family narratives and their impact on young adult development. Marriage & Family Review, 49 (5), 367–390.
doi:10.1080/01494929.2012.762450
Thompson, B. , Koenig Kellas, J. , Soliz, J. , Thompson, J. , Epp, A. , & Schrodt, P. (2009). Family legacies:
Constructing individual and family identity through intergenerational storytelling. Narrative Inquiry, 19 (1),
106–134. doi:10.1075/ni.19.1.07tho
Thompson, P. A. , & Schrodt, P. (2015). Perceptions of joint family storytelling as mediators of family
communication patterns and family communication strength. Communication Quarterly, 63 (4), 405–426.
doi:10.1080/01463373.2015.1058286
Trees, A. R. , & Koenig Kellas, J. (2009). Telling tales: Enacting family relationships in joint storytelling about
difficult family experiences. Western Journal of Communication, 73 (1), 91–111.
doi:10.1080/10570310802635021
Vangelisti, A. L. , Crumley, L. P. , & Baker, J. L. (1999). Family portraits: Stories as standards for family
relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 16 (3), 335–368. doi:10.1177/0265407599163004
Veroff, J. , Chadiha, L. , Leber, D. , & Sutherland, L. (1993). Affects and interactions in newlyweds narratives:
Black and white couples compared. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 3 (4), 361–390.
doi:10.1075/jnlh.3.4.03aff
Waters, T. E. A. , Camia, C. , Facompré, C. R. , & Fivush, R. (2019). A meta-analytic examination of maternal
reminiscing style: Elaboration, gender, and children’s cognitive development. Psychological Bulletin, 145 (11),
1082–1102. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000211
White, M. (2007). Maps of narrative practice. W.W. Norton.
Willer, E. K. , Drozer, V. A. , Hoyt, K. D. , Hunniecutt, J. , Krebs, E. , Johnson, J. A. , & Castaneda, N. (2018). A
visual narrative analysis of children’s baby loss remembrance drawings. Journal of Family Communication, 18
(2), 153–169. doi:10.1080/15267431.2018.1428608
Wyatt, J. , & Adams, T. E. (Eds.). (2014). On (writing) families: Autoethnographies of presence and absence,
love and loss. Sense.
Yamasaki, J. , & Hovick, S. R. (2015). “That was grown folks’ business”: Narrative reflection and response in
older adults’ family health history communication. Health Communication, 30 (3), 221–230.
doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.837569

Work and Family Interaction

Afifi, T. D. (2018). Individual/relational resilience. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(1), 5–9.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2018.1426707
Afifi, T. D. , Merrill, A. F. , Davis, S. (2016). The theory of resilience and relational load (TRRL). Personal
Relationships, 23(4), 663–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12159
Agba, A. O. , Ocheni, S. I. , & Agba, M. S. (2020). COVID-19 and the world of work dynamics: A critical review.
Journal of Educational and Social Research, 10(5), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2020-0093
Álvarez, B. , & Miles-Touya, D. (2019). Gender imbalance in housework allocation: A question of time? Review
of Economics of the Household, 17(4), 1257–1287. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11150-019-09467-w
Anwar, M. A. , & Graham, M. (2021). Between a rock and a hard place: Freedom, flexibility, precarity and
vulnerability in the gig economy in Africa. Competition & Change, 25(2), 237–258.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529420914473
Arriagada, A. , & Ibáñez, F. (2020). “You need at least one picture daily, if not, you’re dead”: Content creators
and platform evolution in the social media ecology. Social Media+Society, 6(3).
https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120944624
Ates, M. (2017). Does grandchild care influence grandparents’ self-rated health? Evidence from a fixed effects
approach. Social Science & Medicine, 190, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.08.021
Azoulay, E. , De Waele, J. , Ferrer, R. , Staudinger, T. , Borkowska, M. , Povoa, P. , … Pellegrini, M. (2020).
Symptoms of burnout in intensive care unit specialists facing the COVID-19 outbreak. Annals of Intensive Care,
10(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00722-3
Ba’, S. (2019). The struggle to reconcile precarious work and parenthood: The case of Italian “Precarious
Parents.” Work, Employment and Society, 33(5), 812–828. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019843089
Banet-Weiser, S. (2012). AuthenticTM: The politics of ambivalence in a brand culture. New York University
Press.
Banet-Weiser, S. (2018). Empowered: Popular feminism and popular misogyny. Duke University Press.
Barnes, C. M. , Wagner, D. T. , & Ghumman, S. (2012). Borrowing from sleep to pay work and family:
Expanding time based conflict to the broader nonwork domain. Personnel Psychology, 65(4), 789–819.
https://10.1111/peps.12002
Bataille, C. D. , & McGill-Carlison, M. M. (2017). Call me daddy: How professional/managerial men craft and
enact their fatherhood identities. Journal of Management Policy & Practice, 18(4), 49–66.
https://doi.org/10.33423/jmpp.v18i4
Baxter, J. , & Tai, T.-O. (2016). Unpaid domestic labor. In S. Edgell , H. Gottfried , & E. Granter (Eds.), The
SAGE Handbook of the sociology of work and employment (pp. 444–465). Sage.
Baxter, L. A. (2004). A tale of two voices: Relational dialectics theory. Journal of Family Communication,
4(3–4), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2004.9670130
Berkelaar, B. , & Buzzanell, P. M. (2015). Bait and switch or double-edged sword? The (sometimes) failed
promises of calling. Human Relations, 68(1), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714526265
Berkelaar, B. , & Tronstad, L. (2017). Negotiating work – life. In Oxford research encyclopedia of
communication. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.15
Blithe, S. , Wolfe, A. , & Mohr, B. (2019). Sex and stigma: Stories of everyday life in Nevada’s legal brothels.
New York University Press.
Bochantin, J. E. (2016). “Morning fog, spider webs, and escaping from Alcatraz”: Examining metaphors used by
public safety employees and their families to help understand the relationship between work and family.
Communication Monographs, 83(2), 214–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2015.1073853
Bourne, K. , & Forman, P. (2014). Living in a culture of overwork: An ethnographic study of flexibility. Journal of
Management Inquiry, 23(1), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492613481245
Brinton, M. , & Oh, E. (2019). Babies, work, or both? Highly educated women’s employment and fertility in East
Asia. American Journal of Sociology, 125(1), 105–140. https://doi.org/10.1086/704369
Buzzanell, P. M. (2010). Resilience: Talking, resisting, and imagining new normalcies into being. Journal of
Communication, 60(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01469.x
Buzzanell, P. M. (2019). Work/family spillover. In J. Ponzetti & S. M. Horan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of
interpersonal and family relationships (pp. 915–918). Macmillan.
Buzzanell, P. M. , & Houston, J. B. (2018). Communication and resilience: Multi-level applications and insights
– a journal of applied communication research forum. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(1), 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2017.141208
Collins, P. H. , & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Wiley.
Cooren, F. , Matte, F. , Benoit-Barné, C. , & Brummans, B. H. J. M. (2013). Communication as ventriloquism: A
grounded-in-action approach to the study of organizational tensions. Communication Monographs, 80(3),
255–277. https://10.1080/03637751.2013.788255
Cornwell, B. , Gershuny, J. , & Sullivan, O. (2019). The social structure of time: Emerging trends and new
directions. Annual Review of Sociology, 45, 301–320. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022416
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of
antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1),
139–167. https://philpapers.org/archive/CREDTI.pdf?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000603
Crook, S. (2020). Parenting during the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020: academia, labour and care work. Women’s
History Review, 29(7), 1226–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2020.1807690
Daniels, R. , & Rittenour, C. E. (2020). Reproducing work and family norms through daughter –parent
communication. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(7), 2323–2341.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520922912
Danielsbacka, M. , Tanskanen, A. O. , Coall, D. A. , & Jokela, M. (2019). Grandparental childcare, health and
well-being in Europe: A within-individual investigation of longitudinal data. Social Science & Medicine, 230,
194–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.03.031
Dixon, J. , & Dougherty, D. S. (2014). A language convergence/meaning divergence analysis exploring how
LGBTQ and single employees manage traditional family expectations in the workplace. Journal of Applied
Communication Research, 42(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2013.847275
Dutta, D. (2017). Cultural barriers and familial resources for negotiation of engineering careers among young
women: Relational Dialectics Theory in an Asian perspective. Journal of Family Communication, 17(4),
338–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2017.1363045
Dutta, D. (2019). Communicating resilience in actual and imagined boundaries: Narrative plots and meanings of
retention in organizations. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 47(4), 401–419.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2019.1658888
Edgell, S. , Gottfried, H. , & Granter, E. (Eds.). (2016). The SAGE Handbook of the sociology of work and
employment. Sage.
Eger, E. (2018). Transgender jobseekers navigating closeting communication. Management Communication
Quarterly, 32(2), 276–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318917740226
Fan, W. , Lam, J. , & Moen, P. (2019). Stress proliferation? Precarity and work – family conflict at the
intersection of gender and household income. Journal of Family Issues, 40(18), 2751–2773.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19862847
Fourcade, M. (2011). Cents and sensibility: Economic valuation and the nature of “nature.” American Journal of
Sociology, 116(6), 1721–1777. https://doi.org/10.1086/659640
Gabriel, A. S. , Volpone, S. D. , MacGowan, R. L. , Butts, M. M. , & Moran, C. M. (2020). When work and family
blend together: Examining the daily experiences of breastfeeding mothers at work. Academy of Management
Journal, 63(5), 1337–1369. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2017.1241
Gist-Mackey, A. N. , & Guy, A. (2019). “You get in a hole, it’s like quicksand”: A grounded theory analysis of
social support amid materially bounded decision-making processes. Journal of Applied Communication
Research, 47(3), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2019.1617430
Golden, A. G. (2013). The structuration of information and communication technologies and work – life
interrelationships: Shared organizational and family rules and resources and implications for work in a high-
technology organization. Communication Monographs, 80(1), 101–123.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2012.739702
Greenhaus, J. H. , & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of
Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. www.jstor.org/stable/258214
Gregg, M. (2011). Work’s intimacy. Polity Press.
Hagqvist, E. , Vinberg, S. , Tritter, J. Q. , Wall, E. , & Landstad, B. J. (2020). The same, only different: Doing
management in the intersection between work and private life for men and women in small-scale enterprises.
Work, Employment and Society, 34(2), 262–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019871244
Hochschild, A. R. (1997). The time bind: When work becomes home and home becomes work. Henry Holt.
Hunter, S. C. , Augoustinos, M. , & Riggs, D. W. (2017). Ideological dilemmas in accounts of primary caregiving
fathers in Australian news media. Discourse, Context & Media, 20, 116–123.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2017.09.005
Irak, D. , Kalkışım, K. , & Yıldırım, M. (2020). Emotional support makes the difference: Work- family conflict and
employment related guilt Among employed others. Sex Roles, 82(1–2), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-
019-01035-x
Kaiser, T. , Li, J. , & Pollmann-Schult, M. (2019). Evening and night work schedules and children’s social and
emotional well-being. Community, Work & Family, 22(2), 167–182.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2017.1404443
Kalleberg, A. L. (2016). Good jobs, bad jobs. In S. Edgell , H. Gottfried , & E. Granter (Eds.), The SAGE
handbook of the sociology of work and employment (pp. 129–147). Sage.
Katsabian, T. (2020). The telework virus: How the COVID-19 Pandemic has affected telework and exposed its
implications for privacy and equality. SSRN 3684702.
Kedia, S. , Dillon, P. , & Basu, A. (2020). A qualitative exploration of “Mother First” identity and antiretroviral
adherence among African American women living with HIV in the Mid-South region of the United States. Health
Communication, 35(10), 1190–1199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1623641
Koenig Kellas, J. , & Kranstuber Horstman, H. (2015). Communicated narrative sense-making: Understanding
family narratives, storytelling, and the construction of meaning through a communicative lens. In L. Turner & R.
West (Eds.), The Sage handbook of family communication (2nd ed., pp. 76–90). Sage.
Lefrançois, M. , & Probst, I. (2020). “They say we have a choice, but we don’t”: A gendered reflection on work-
family strategies and planning systems of atypical schedules within male-dominated occupations in Canada
and Switzerland. Applied Ergonomics, 83, 103000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103000
Levine, K. J. , & Aley, M. (2020). Introducing the sixth source of Vocational Anticipatory Socialization: Using the
internet to search for career information. Journal of Career Development.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845320940798
Lin, M. , & Wang, Q. (2019). Center-based childcare expansion and grandparents’ employment and well-being.
Social Science & Medicine, 240, 112547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112547
Long, Z. , Selzer King, A. , & Buzzanell, P. M. (2018). Ventriloqual voicings of parenthood in graduate school:
An intersectionality analysis of work-life negotiations. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(2),
223–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2018.1435901
Lucas, K. , & Buzzanell, P. M. (2012). Memorable messages of hard times: Constructing short- and long-term
resiliencies through family communication. Journal of Family Communication, 12(3), 189–208.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2012.687196
Lupu, I. , Spence, C. , & Empson, L. (2018). When the past comes back to haunt you: The enduring influence of
upbringing on the work – family decisions of professional parents. Human Relations, 71(2), 155–181.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726717708247
Malin, B. J. , & Chandler, C. (2017). Free to work anxiously: Splintering precarity among drivers for Uber and
Lyft. Communication, Culture & Critique, 10(2), 382–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12157
McDonald, J. , Harris, K. L. , & Ramirez, J. (2020). Revealing and concealing difference: A critical approach to
disclosure and an intersectional theory of “closeting”. Communication Theory, 30(1), 84–104.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtz017
Medved, C. E. (2016a). Stay-at-home fathering as a feminist opportunity: Perpetuating, resisting, and
transforming gender relations of caring and earning. Journal of Family Communication, 16(1), 16–31.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2015.1112800
Medved, C. E. (2016b). The new female breadwinner: Discursively doing and undoing gender relations. Journal
of Applied Communication Research, 44(3), 236–255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2016.1192286
Moen, P. , Pedtke, J. , & Flood, S. (2020). Disparate disruptions: Intersectional COVID-19 employment effects
by age, gender, education, and race/ethnicity. Work, Aging and Retirement, 6(4), 207–228.
https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waaa013
Moen, P. , & Roehling, P. (2005). The career mystique: Cracks in the American dream. Rowman & Littlefield.
Möhring, K. , Naumann, E. , Reifenscheid, M. , Wenz, A. , Rettig, T. , Krieger, U. , … Blom, A. G. (2021). The
COVID-19 pandemic and subjective well-being: longitudinal evidence on satisfaction with work and family.
European Societies, S601–S607. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1833066
Murgia, A. , & Poggio, B. (Eds.). (2019). Gender and precarious research careers: A comparative analysis.
Routledge.
Odenweller, K. G. , Rittenour, C. E. , Dillow, M. R. , Metzger, A. , Myers, S. A. , & Weber, K. (2020). Ambivalent
effects of stay-at-home and working mother stereotypes on mothers’ intergroup and interpersonal dynamics.
Journal of Family Communication, 20(1), 16–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2019.1663198
Randles, J. (2021). “Willing to do anything for my kids”: Inventive mothering, diapers, and the inequalities of
carework. American Sociological Review, 86(1), 35–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420977480
Roeder, A. C. , Bisel, R. S. , & Morrissey, B. S. (2021). Weathering the financial storm: A professional
forecaster team’s domain diffusion of resilience. Communication Studies, 72(1), 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2020.1807379
Scarduzio, J. A. , Real, K. , Slone, A. , & Henning, Z. (2018). Vocational anticipatory socialization, self-
determination theory, and meaningful work: Parents’ and children’s recollection of memorable messages about
work. Management Communication Quarterly, 32(3), 431–461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318918768711
Scheibling, C. (2020). Doing fatherhood online: Men’s parental identities, experiences, and ideologies on social
media. Symbolic Interaction, 43(3), 472–492. https://10.1002/symb.459
Schneider, D. , & Harknett, K. (2019). Consequences of routine work-schedule instability for worker health and
well-being. American Sociological Review, 84(1), 82–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418823184
Shockley, K. , Shen, W. , & Johnson, R. (Eds.). (2018). The Cambridge handbook of the global work-family
interface. Cambridge University Press.
Sousa, A. C. (2011). From refrigerator mothers to warrior heroes: The cultural identity transformation of
mothers raising children with intellectual disabilities. Symbolic Interaction, 34(2), 220–243.
www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/si.2011.34.2.220
Suter, E. A. , Seurer, L. , Webb, S. , Grewe, B., Jr. , & Koenig Kellas, J. (2015). Motherhood as contested
ideological terrain: Essentialist and queer discourses of motherhood at play in female-female co-mothers’ talk.
Communication Monographs, 82(4), 458–483. https://10.1080/03637751.2015.1024702
Wajcman, J. (2018). Digital technology, work extension and the acceleration society. German Journal of Human
Resource Management, 32(3–4), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/2397002218775930
Zhang, D. , & Chen, Y.-W. (2020). “We are the unusual factor”: Queering family communication norms with gay
adoptive parents. Journal of Family Communication, 20(3), 206–220.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2020.1767621
The Media as an Ecosystem for Family Communication
Abeele, M. V. , Abels, M. , & Hendrickson, A. T. (2020). Are parents less responsive to young children when
they are on their phones? A systematic naturalistic observation study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social
Networking, 23(6), 363–370. doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0472
Alexander, A. (2001). The meaning of television in the American family. In J. Bryant & J. A. Bryant (Eds.),
Television and the American family (2nd ed., pp. 273–287). Lawrence Erlbaum.
American Academy of Pediatrics . (2013). Policy statement: Children, adolescents, and the media. Media
education. Pediatrics, 132, 958–961. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2656
Andreasen, M. (2001). Evolution in the family’s use of television: An overview. In J. Bryant & J. A. Bryant (Eds.),
Television and the American family (2nd ed., pp. 3–30). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Auxier, B. , Anderson, M. , Perrin, A. , & Turner, E. (2020). Parenting children in the age of screens.
www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/07/PI_2020.07.28_kids-and-
screens_FINAL.pdf
Bacigalupe, G. (2011). Families and emergent technologies and adolescence. The Family Psychologist, 27,
11–13.
Baldry, A. C. , Sorrentino, A. , Farrington, D. P. (2019). Cyberbullying and cybervictimization versus parental
supervision, monitoring and control of adolescents’ online activities. Children and Youth Services Review, 96,
302–307. doi:10.1016.j.childyouth.2018.11.058
Borzekowski, D. L. , & Robinson, T. N. (2007). Conversations, control, and couch-time: The assessment and
stability of parental mediation styles and children’s TV and video viewing. Journal of Children and Media, 1(2),
162–176. https://doi.org/10.1080.17482790701339183
Brown, G. , & Greenfield, P. M. (2021). Staying connected during stay-at-home: Communication with family and
friends and its association with well-being. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(1), 147–156.
doi:10.1002/hbe2.246
Buijzen, M. , & Valkenburg, P. M. (2005). Parental mediation of undesired advertising effects. Journal of
Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49(2), 153–165.
Burnier, D. , Dubois, L. , & Girard, M. (2011). Arguments at mealtime and child energy intake. Journal of
Nutrition Education and Behavior, 43(6), 473–481. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2011.01.005
Capri, T. , Gugliandolo, M. C. , Iannizzo, G. , Nucita, A. , & Fabio, R. A. (2019). The influence of media usage
on family functioning. Current Psychology. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00204-1
Chen, L. , & Shi, J. (2019). Reducing harm from media: A meta-analysis of parental mediation. Journalism &
Mass Communication Quarterly, 91(1), 173–193. doi:10.1177/1077699018754908
Chng, G. S. , Li, D. , Liau, A. K. , & Khoo, A. (2015). Moderating effects of the family environment for parental
mediation and pathological internet use in youths. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(1),
30–36. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0368
Chotpitayasunondh, V. , & Douglas, K. M. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and
consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 9–18.
https://doi.org.10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018
Christensen, T. H. (2009). “Connected presence” in distributed family life. New Media Society, 11(3), 433–451.
doi:10.1177/14614480810162
Connell, S. L. , Lauricella, A. R. , & Wartella, E. (2015). Parental co-use of media technology with their young
children in the USA. Journal of Children and Media, 9(1), 5–21. doi:10.1080/17482798.2015.997440
Collier, K. M. , Coyne, S. M. , Rasmussen, E. E. , Hawkins, A. J. , Padilla-Walker, L. M. , Erickson Sage, E. , &
Memmott-Elison, M. K. (2016). Does parental mediation of media influence child outcomes? A meta0analysis
on media time, aggression, substance use, and sexual behavior. Developmental Psychology, 52(5), 798–812.
doi:10.1037/dev0000108
Cottrell, L. , Branstetter, S. , Cottrell, S. , Rishel, C. , & Stanton, B. F. (2007). Comparing adolescent and parent
perceptions of current and future disapproved internet use. Journal of Children and Media, 1(3), 210–226.
Coyne, S. M. , Holmgren, H. G. , Keenan-Kroft, S. L. , Petersen, S. , & Stockdale, L. (2020). Prenatal predictors
of media use during infancy. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(6), 377–383.
doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0477
Coyne, S. M. , Padilla-Walker, L. M. , Day, R. R. , Harper, J. , & Stockdale, L. (2014). A friend request from
dear old dad: Associations between parent-child social networking and adolescent outcomes.
Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(1), 8–13. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0623
Coyne, S. M. , Padilla-Walker, L. M. , Stockdale, L. , & Day, R. D. (2011). Game on … Girls: Associations
between co-playing video games and adolescent behavioral and family outcomes. Journal of Adolescent
Health, 49(2), 160–165. doi:10.1016/j.jadolhealth.2012.11.249
Dedkova, L. , & Smahel, D. (2020). Online parental mediation: Associations of family memebers’ characteristics
to individual engagement in active mediation and monitoring. Journal of Family Issues, 14(8), 1112–1136.
doi:10.1177/0192513XI9888255
Dew, J. , & Tulane, S. (2015). The association between time spent using entertainment media and marital
quality in a contemporary dyadic national sample. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 36(4), 612–632.
doi:10.1007/s/10834-014-9427
Domoff, S. E. , Radesky, J. S. , Harrison, K. , Riley, H. , Lumeng, J. C. , & Miller, A. L. (2019). A naturalistic
study of child and family screen media and mobile device use. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(2),
401–410. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1275-1
Dorr, A. , Kovaric, P. , & Doubleday, C. (1989). Parent-child coviewing of television. Journal of Broadcasting
and Electronic Media, 33(1), 35–51. doi:10.1080/08838158909364060
Dworkin, J. , Rudi, J. H. , & Hessel, H. (2018). The state of family research and social media. Journal of Family
Theory & Review, 10(4), 796–813. doi:10.1111/jftr.12295
Fardouly, J. , Magson, N. R. , Johnco, C. J. , Oar, E. L. , & Rapee, R. M. (2018). Parental control of the time
preadolescents spend on social media: Links with preadolescents’ social media appearance comparisons and
mental health. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 1456–1468. doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0870-1
Fulkerson, J. A. , Loth, K. , Bruening, M. , Berge, J. , Eisenberg, M. , & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2013). Time 2 tlk
2nite: Use of electronic media by adolescents during family meals and associations with demographic
characteristics, family characteristics, and foods served. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,
114(8), 1053–1058. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.10.015
Ganong, L. H. , Coleman, M. , Feistman, R. E. , Jamison, T. , & Markham, M. S. (2012). Communication
technology and postdivorced coparenting. Family Relations, 61(3), 397–409. doi:10.2307/41495218
Gantz, W. (2001). Conflicts and resolution strategies associated with television in marital life. In J. Bryant & J.
A. Bryant (Eds.), Television and the American family (2nd ed., pp. 289–316). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Geraee, N. , Eslami, A. A. , & Soltani, R. (2019). The relationship between family social capital, social media
use and life satisfaction in adolescents. Health Promotion Perspectives, 9(4), 307–313.
doi:10.1517/hpp.2019.42
Hadlington, L. , White, H. , & Curtis, S. (2019). “I cannot live without my [tablet]”: Children’s experiences of
using tablet technology within the home. Computers in Human Behavior, 94, 19–24.
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.043
Hartshorne, J. K. , Huang, Y. T. , Aulestia, P. M. L. P. , Oppenheimer, K. , Robbins, P. T. , & Velasco, M. D.
(2021). Screen time as an index of family distress. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, Advance online
publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100023
Hessel, H. , He, Y. , & Dworkin, J. (2017). Paternal monitoring: The relationship between online and in-person
solicitation and youth outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(2), 289–299.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0490-6
Hiniker, A. , Suh, H. , Cao, S. , & Kientz, J. (2016). Screen time tantrums: How families manage screen media
experiences for toddlers and preschoolers. Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems, 648–660. doi:10.1145/2858036.2858278
Huisman, S. , Edwards, A. , & Catapano, S. (2012). The impact of technology on families. International Journal
of Education and Psychology in the Community, 2(1), 44–62.
Jiang, J. (2018). How teens and parents navigate screen time and device distractions. Pew Research Center.
Jordan, A. B. (1992). Social class, temporal orientation, and mass media use within the family system. Critical
Studies in Mass Communication, 9(4), 374–386.
Kamenetz, A. (2018). The art of screen time: How your family can balance digital media and real life. Hachette.
Kirkorian, H. L. , Pempek, T. A. , Murphy, L. A. , Schmidt, M. E. , & Anderson, D. R. (2009). The impact of
background television on parent-child interaction. Child Development, 80(5), 1350–1359.
Koerner, A. F. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2002). Toward a theory of family communication. Communication Theory,
12(1), 70–91.
Krcmar, M. , & Cingel, D. P. (2016). Examining two theoretical models predicting American and Dutch parents’
mediation of adolescent social media use. Journal of Family Communication, 16(3), 247–262.
Larson, R. , & Kubey, R. (1983). Television and music: Contrasting media in adolescent life. Youth & Society,
15(1), 13–31.
Lauricella, A. R. , Cingel, D. P. , Beaudoin-Ryan, L. , Robb, M. B. , Saphir, M. , & Wartella, E. A. (2016). The
Common Sense census: Plugged-in parents of tweens and teens. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense Media.
Lee, S. , & Chae, Y. (2007). Children’s internet use in a family context: Influence on family relationships and
parental mediation. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 640–644.
Lee, S. , & Chae, Y. (2012). Balancing participation and risks in children’s internet use: The role of internet
literacy and parental mediation. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(2), 257–262.
doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0552
Lenhart, A. , Ling, R. , Campbell, S. , & Purcell, K. (2010, April 20). Teens and mobile phones.
http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Teens-and-Mobile-Phones.aspx
Livingstone, S. , & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental mediation of children’s internet use. Journal of Broadcasting
& Electronic Media, 52(4), 581–599.
Livingstone, S. , & Ross-Blum, A. (2020). Parenting for a digital future: How hopes and fears about technology
shape children’s lives. Oxford University Press.
Lull, J. (1990). Inside family viewing: Ethnographic research on television’s audience. Routledge.
Lwin, M. , Stanaland, A. J. S. , & Miuazaki, A. D. (2008). Protecting children’s privacy online: How parental
mediation strategies affect website safeguard effectiveness. Journal of Retailing, 8(2), 205–217.
doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2008.04.004
Martini, M. (1996). “What’s new?” at the dinner table: Family dynamics during mealtimes in two cultural groups
in Hawaii. Early Development and Parenting, 5(1), 23–34.
Martins, N. , Mares, M. , & Nathanson, A. I. (2019). Mixed messages: Inconsistent parental mediation indirectly
predicts teens’ online relational aggression. Journal of Family Communication, 19(4), 311–328.
doi:10.1080/15267431.2019.1649264
McDaniel, B. T. (2015). “Technoference”: Everyday intrusions and interruptions of technology in couple and
family relationships. In C. J. Bruess (Ed.), Family communication in the age of digital and social media. Peter
Lang.
McDaniel, B. T. , & Radesky, J. S. (2020). Longitudinal associations between early childhood externalizing
behavior, parenting stress, and child media use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(6),
384–391. doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0478
Mesch, G. S. (2006). Family characteristics and intergenerational conflicts over the internet. Information,
Communication & Society, 9(4), 473–495.
Nathanson, A. I. (1999). Identifying and explaining the relationship between parental mediation and children’s
aggression. Communication Research, 26(2), 124–143.
Nathanson, A. I. (2001a). Mediation of children’s television viewing: Working toward conceptual clarity and
common understanding. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Communication yearbook (Vol. 25, pp. 115–151). Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Nathanson, A. I. (2001b). Parent and child perspectives on the presence and meaning of parental television
mediation. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 45(2), 201–220.
Nathanson, A. I. (2010). Using television mediation to stimulate nontraditional gender roles among Caucasian
and African American children in the U.S. Journal of Children and Media, 4(2), 174–190.
Nathanson, A. I. , & Cantor, J. (2000). Reducing the aggression-promoting effect of violent cartoons by
increasing children’s fictional involvement with the victim: A study of active mediation. Journal of Broadcasting
& Electronic Media, 44(1), 125–142.
Nie, N. H. , Hillygus, D. J. , & Erbing, L. (2002). Internet use, interpersonal relations, and sociability: A time
diary study. In B. Wellman & C. Haythornthwaite (Eds.), The internet in everyday life (pp. 215–243). Blackwell.
Nielsen Media Research . (2020, August 8). Nielsen estimates 121 million TV homes in the U.S. for the
2020–2021 TV season. www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2020/nielsen-estimates-121-million-tv-homes-in-
the-u-s-for-the-2020–2021-tv-
season/#:~:text=Additionally%2C%20the%20percentage%20of%20total,estimated%20last%20year%20for%20
2020
Nikken, P. (2017). Implications of low or high media use among parents for young children’s media use.
Cyberysochology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 11(3), Article 1.
https://doi.110.5817/CP2017-3-1
Nikken, P. , & Jansz, J. (2006). Parental mediation of children’s videogame playing: A comparison of the
reports by parents and children. Learning, Media and Technology, 31(2), 181–202.
Nouwen, M. (2018). Towards sustainable media practices in families with young children. Proceedings of the
CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–6. doi:10.1145/3170427.3188682
Offer, S. (2013). Assessing the relationship between family mealtime communication and adolescent emotional
well-being using the experience sampling method. Journal of Adolescence, 36(3), 577–585.
Padilla-Walker, L. M. , Coyne, S. M. , & Collier, K. M. (2016). Longitudinal relations between parental media
monitoring and adolescent aggression, prosocial behavior, and externalizing problems. Journal of Adolescence,
46, 86–97.
Padilla-Walker, L. M. , Coyne, S. M. , & Fraser, A. M. (2012). Getting a high-speed family connection:
Associations between family media use and family connection. Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family
Studies, 61(3), 426–440. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00710.x
Padilla-Walker, L. M. , Coyne, S. M. , & Memmott-Elison, M. K. (2019). Media and the family in B. H. Fiese
(Ed.), APA handbook of contemporary family psychology: Applications and broad impact of family psychology
(pp. 365–378). American Psychological Association.
Pempek, T. A. , Demers, L. B. , Hanson, K. , Kirkorian, H. L. , & Anderson, D. R. (2011). The impact of baby
videos on parent child interaction. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(1), 10–19.
Radesky, J. S. , Miller, A. L. , Rosenblum, K. L. , Appugliese, D. , Kaciroti, N. , Lumeng, J. C. (2015). Maternal
mobile device use during a structured parent-child interaction task. Academic Pediatrics, 15(2), 238–244.
doi:10.1016/j.acap.2014.10.001
Reid, L. N. , & Frazer, C. F. (1980). Children’s use of television commercials to initiate social interaction in
family viewing situations. Journal of Broadcasting, 24(2), 149–158.
Rideout, V. J. , Foehr, U. G. , & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8- to 18- year olds.
Kaiser Family Foundation.
Rideout, V. J. , & Robb, M. B. (2019). The common sense census: Media use by tweens and teens. Common
Sense Media.
Rideout, V. J. , & Robb, M. B. (2020). The common sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight.
Common Sense Media.
Robb, M. B. (2019). The new normal: Parents, teens, screens, and sleep in the United States. Common Sense
Media.
Roberts, D. F. , Foehr, U. G. , Rideout, V. J. , & Brodie, M. (1999). Kids & media @ the new millennium. Kaiser
Family Foundation.
Schmitt, K. L. , Anderson, D. R. , & Collins, P. A. (1999). Form and content: Looking at visual features of
television. Developmental Psychology, 35(4), 1156–1167.
Schmitt, K. L. , Woolf, K. D. , & Anderson, D. R. (2003). Viewing the viewers: Viewing behaviors by children and
adults during television programs and commercials. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 265–281.
Stafford, L. , & Hillyer, J. D. (2012). Information and communication technologies in personal relationships.
Review of Communication, 12(4), 290–312. doi:10.1080/15358593.2012.685951
Strasburger, V. C. , Wilson, B. J. , & Jordan, A. B. (2009). Children, adolescents, and the media (2nd ed.).
Sage.
Tarasuik, J. , & Kaufman, J. (2017). When and why parents involve young children in video communication.
Journal of Children and Media, 11(1), 88–106. doi:10.1080/17482798.2016.1233124
Tolbert, A. N. , & Drogos, K. L. (2019). Tweens’ wishful identification and parasocial relationships with
YouTubers. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02781
US Energy Information Administration . (2017). Average number of televisions in U.S. homes declining.
www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=30132
Valkenburg, P. M. , Piotrowski, J. T. , Hermanns, J. , & de Leeuw, R. (2013). Developing and validating the
perceived parental media mediation scale: A self-determination perspective. Human Communication Research,
39(4), 445–469. doi:10.1111/hcre.12010
Vittrup, B. (2009). What U.S. parents don’t know about their children’s television use: Discrepancies between
parents’ and children’s reports. Journal of Children and Media, 3(1), 51–67.
Wang, R. , Bianchi, S. M. , & Raley, S. B. (2005). Teenagers’ internet use and family rules: A research note.
Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5), 1249–1258.
Warren, R. (2005). Parental mediation of children’s television viewing in low-income families. Journal of
Communication, 55(4), 847–863.
Warren, R. , & Bluma, A. (2002). Parental mediation of children’s internet use: The influence of established
media. Communication Research Reports, 191(1), 8–17.
Warren, R. , Gerke, P. , & Kelly, M. A. (2002). Is there enough time on the clock? Parental involvement and
mediation of children’s television viewing. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 46(1), 87–111.
Wartella, E. , Rideout, V. , Lauricella, A. R. , & Connell, S. L. (2014). Revised: Parenting in the age of digital
technology. https://cmhd.northwestern.edu/wp-
content/uploads/2015/06/ParentingAgeDigitalTechnology.REVISED.FINAL_.2014.pdf
Wilson, B. J. , & Weiss, A. J. (1991). The effects of two reality explanations on children’s reactions to a
frightening movie scene. Communication Monographs, 58(3), 307–326.
Wilson, B. J. , & Weiss, A. J. (1993). The effects of sibling coviewing on preschoolers’ reactions to a
suspenseful movie scene. Communication Research, 20(2), 214–248.

Families Communicating Through Technology

Aguila, A. P. N. (2009). Living long-distance relationships through computer-mediated communication. Social
Science Diliman, 5(1&2), 83–106.
Anderson, M. , & Jiang, J. (2018, May 31). Teens, social media and technology 2018. Pew Research Center.
www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/
Bacigalupe, G. , & Bräuninger, I. (2017). Emerging technologies and family communication: The case of
international students. Contemporary Family Theories, 39, 289–300. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-017-9437-7
Ball, H. , Wanzer, M. B. , & Servoss, T. J. (2013). Parent-child communication on Facebook: Family
communication patterns and young adults’ decisions to “friend” parents. Communication Quarterly, 61(5),
615–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2013.822406
Barakji, F. , Maguire, K. C. , Reiss, H. , Gaule, J. , Smith, N. , Pelliccio, L. , Sellnow-Richmond, S. , Jeon, J. , &
Oshagan, H. (2019). Cultural and transnational influences on the use of information communication
technologies in adult long-distance family relationships: An extension of media multiplexity theory. Journal of
Family Communication, 19(1), 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1530675
Barkhuus, L. , & Polichar, V. E. (2011). Empowerment through seamfulness: Smart phones in everyday life.
Personal Ubiquitous Computing, 15(6), 629–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-010-0342-4
Braithwaite, D. O. , Marsh, J. S. , Tschampl-Diesing, C. L. , & Leach, M. S. (2017). “Love needs to be
exchanged”: A diary study of interaction and enactment of the family kinkeeper role. Western Journal of
Communication, 81(5), 601–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2017.1299881
Burke, T. J. , Ruppel, E. K. , & Dinsmore, D. R. (2016). Moving away and reaching out: Young adults’ relational
maintenance and psychosocial well-being during the transition to college. Journal of Family Communication,
16(2), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2016.1146724
Carstensen, L. L. , Fung, H. H. , & Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of
emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 103–123.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024569803230
Carter, S. P. , & Renshaw, K. D. (2016). Spousal communication during military deployments: A review. Journal
of Family Issues, 37(16), 2309–2332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14567956
Carvalho, J. , Francisco, R. , & Relvas, A. P. (2015). Family functioning and information and communication
technologies: How do they relate? Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 99–108.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.037
Caughlin, J. P. , & Sharabi, L. L. (2013). A communication interdependence perspective of close relationships:
The connections between mediated and unmediated interactions matter. Journal of Communication, 63(5),
873–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12046
Chib, A. , Malik, S. , Aricat, R. G. , & Kadir, S. Z. (2014). Migrant mothering and mobile phones: Negotiations of
transnational identity. Mobile Media & Communication, 2(1), 73–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157913506007
Christensen, T. H. (2009). “Connected presence” in distributed family life. New Media & Society, 11(3),
433–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444808101620
Cicirelli, V. G. (1995). Sibling relationships across the life span. Plenum Press.
Cole, A. , Leonard, M. T. , & McAuslan, P. (2018). Social media and couples: What are the important factors for
understanding relationship satisfaction? Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(9), 582–586.
http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0425
Cramer, E. M. , & Mabry, E. A. (2015). Exploring the interaction of media richness and family characteristics in
computer-mediated communication. In C. J. Bruess (Ed.), Family communication in the age of digital and social
media (pp. 99–116). Peter Lang.
Cupach, W. R. , & Metts, S. (1994). Facework. Sage.
Duran, R. L. , Kelly, L. , & Rotaru, T. (2011). Mobile phones in romantic relationships and the dialectic of
autonomy versus connection. Communication Quarterly, 59(1), 19–36.
http://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2011.541336
Duwe, G. , & Clark, V. (2013). Blessed be the social tie that binds: The effects of prison visitation on offender
recidivism. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 24(3), 271–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403411429724
Fang, S. , & Gong, H. (2020). What happens after young adults’ “friending” of parents? A qualitative study
about mediated family communication and privacy management in China. Mobile Media & Communication,
8(3), 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157919879730
Fischer, C. S. (1992). America calling: A social history of the telephone to 1940. University of California Press.
Folk, J. B. , Stuewig, J. , Mashek, D. , Tangney, J. P. , & Grossmann, J. (2019). Behind bars but connected to
family: Evidence for the benefits of family contact during incarceration. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(4),
453–464. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000520
Fox, J. , & Frampton, J. (2017). Social media stressors in romantic relationships. In N. M. Punyanunt-Carter &
J. S. Wrench (Eds.), The impact of social media in modern romantic relationships (pp. 181–196). Lexington
Books.
Glaze, L. E. , & Maruschak, L. M. (2010). Parents in prison and their minor children. US Department of Justice.
www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf
Hall, J. A. (2020). Relating through technology. Cambridge University Press.
Hampton, K. N. (2019). Social media and change in psychological distress over time: The role of social
causation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 24(5), 205–222.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmz010
Hampton, K. N. , Sessions, L. F. , & Her, E. J. (2011). Core networks, social isolation, and new media.
Information, Communication & Society, 14(1), 130–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2010.513417
Hamwey, M. K. , Rolan, E. P. , Jensen, A. C. , & Whitman, S. D. (2019). “Absence makes the heart grow
fonder”: A qualitative examination of sibling relationships during emerging adulthood. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 36(8), 2487–2506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518789514
Haverkate, D. L. , & Wright, K. A. (2020). The differential effects of prison contact on parent-child relationship
quality and child behavioral changes. Corrections: Policy, Practice, & Research, 5(3), 222–244.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23774657.2018.1485529
Hertlein, K. M. , & van Dyck, L. E. (2020). Predicting engagement in electronic surveillance in romantic
relationships. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(9), 604–610.
https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0424
Hinojosa, R. , Hinojosa, M. S. , & Högnäs, R. S. (2012). Problems with veteran-family communication during
Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom military deployment. Military Medicine, 177(2), 191–197.
http://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00385
Humphreys, L. , von Pape, T. , & Karnowski, V. (2013). Evolving mobile media: Uses and conceptualizations of
the mobile internet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(4), 491–507.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12019
Jennings, N. A. , & Wartella, E. A. (2004). Technology and the family. In A. L. Vangelisti (Ed.), Handbook of
family communication (pp. 593–608). Routledge.
Jennings, N. A. , & Wartella, E. A. (2013). Digital technology and families. In A. L. Vangelisti (Ed.), The
Routledge handbook of family communication (2nd ed., pp. 448–495). Routledge.
Jiang, L. C. , & Hancock, J. T. (2013). Absence makes the communication grow fonder: Geographic separation,
interpersonal media, and intimacy in dating relationships. Journal of Communication, 63(3), 556–577.
https://academic.oup.com/joc/article-abstract/63/3/556/4086003
Johnson, A. J. , Bostwick, E. , & Bassick, M. (2017). Long-distance versus geographically close romantic
relationships: The effects of social media on the development and maintenance of these relationships. In N. M.
Punyanunt-Carter & J. S. Wrench (Eds.), The impact of social media in modern romantic relationships (pp.
113–130). Lexington Books.
Knobloch, L. K. , Basinger, E. D. , Wehrman, E. C. , Ebata, A. T. , & McGlaughlin, P. C. (2016). Communication
of military couples during deployment and reunion: Changes, challenges, benefits, and advice. Journal of
Family Communication, 16(2), 160–179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2016.1146723
Knobloch, L. K. , Knobloch-Fedders, L. M. , & Yorgason, J. B. (2018). Communication of military couples during
deployment predicting generalized anxiety upon reunion. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(1), 12–21.
https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000344
Koerner, A. F. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2002). Toward a theory of family communication. Communication Theory,
12(1), 70–91. http://doi.org/10.1093/ct/12.1.70
La Vigne, N. G. (2014, February 3). The cost of keeping prisoners hundreds of miles from home. Urban Wire.
www.urban.org/urban-wire/cost-keeping-prisoners-hundreds-miles-home
Leach, M. S. , & Braithwaite, D. O. (1996). A binding tie: Supportive communication of family kinkeepers.
Journal of Applied Communication Research, 24(3), 200–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00909889609365451
Lenhart, A. , & Duggan, M. (2014). Couples, the internet, and social media. The Pew Research Center.
www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/02/11/couples-the-internet-and-social-media/
Lindell, A. K. , Campione-Barr, N. , & Killoren, S. E. (2015). Technology-mediated communication with siblings
during the transition to college: Associations with relationship positivity and self-disclosure. Family Relations,
64(4), 563–578. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12133
Ling, R. , & Yttri, B. (2002). Hyper-coordination via mobile phones in Norway. In J. E. Katz & M. Aakhus (Eds.),
Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance (pp. 139–169). Cambridge University
Press.
Madianou, M. (2014). Smartphones as polymedia. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(3),
667–680. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12069
Madianou, M. , & Miller, D. (2012). Polymedia: Towards a new theory of digital media in interpersonal
communication. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(2), 169–187.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912452486
Mapson, A. (2013). From prison to parenting. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 23(2),
171–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.747402
Marchetti-Mercer, M. C. , & Swartz, L. (2020). Familiarity and separation in the use of communication
technologies in South African migrant families. Journal of Family Issues, 41(10), 1859–1884.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19894367
McGoldrick, M. , & Shibusawa, T. (2012). The family life cycle. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes (4th
ed., pp. 375–398). Guilford Press.
Merolla, A. J. (2010). Relational maintenance and noncopresence reconsidered: Conceptualizing geographic
separation in close relationships. Communication Theory, 20(2), 169–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-
2885.2010.01359.x
Miller-Ott, A. E. , Kelly, L. , & Duran, R. L. (2014). Cell phone usage expectations, closeness, and relationship
satisfaction between parents and their emerging adults in college. Emerging Adulthood, 2(4), 313–323.
http://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814550195
Mowen, T. J. , & Visher, C. A. (2016). Changing the ties that bind: How incarceration impacts family
relationships. American Society of Criminology, 15(2), 503–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12207
Myers, S. A. , & Goodboy, A. K. (2010). Relational maintenance behaviors and communication channel use
among adult siblings. North American Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 103–116.
www.researchgate.net/publication/288481297
Nedelcu, M. , & Wyss, M. (2016). “Doing family” through ICT-mediated ordinary co-presence: Transnational
communication practices of Romanian migrants in Switzerland. Global Networks, 16(2), 202–218.
https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12110
Neustaedter, C. , & Greenberg, S. (2012). Intimacy in long-distance relationships over video chat. In
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI’12). ACM in NYC (pp.
753–762). https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2207785
Neustaedter, C. , Pang, C. , Forghani, A. , Oduor, E. , Hillman, S. , Judge, T. K. , Massimi, M. , & Greenberg, S.
(2015). Sharing domestic life through long-term video connections. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human
Interaction, 22(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1145/2696869
Nguyen, M. H. , Hunsaker, A. , & Hargittai, E. (2020). Older adults’ online social engagement and social capital:
The moderating role of internet skills. Information, Communication & Society, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1804980
Nickels, B. M. (2020). Love locked up: An exploration of relationship maintenance and perceived barriers for
women who have incarcerated partners. Journal of Family Communication, 20(1), 36–50.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2019.1674853
Platt, C. A. , Bourdeaux, R. , & DiTunnariello, N. (2014). Should I text or should I call?: How college students
navigate mediated connections with family. Communication and Information Technologies Annual (pp. 75–101).
Emerald Group.
Raher, S. (2016). You’ve got mail: The promise of cyber communication in prisons and the need for regulation.
Prison Policy Initiative. www.prisonpolicy.org/messaging/report.pdf
Rea, J. , Behnke, A. , Huff, N. , & Allen, K. (2015). The role of online communication in the lives of military
spouses. Contemporary Family Theory, 37(3), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-015-9346-6
Rudi, J. H. , Walkner, A. , & Dworkin, J. (2015). Adolescent-parent communication in a digital world: Differences
by family communication patterns. Youth & Society, 47(6), 811–828. http://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X14560334
Ruggieri, S. , Bonfanti, R. C. , Passanisi, A. , Pace, U. , & Schimmenti, A. (2021). Electronic surveillance in the
couple: The role of self-efficacy and commitment. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106577
Sayers, S. L. , Barg, F. K. , Mavandadi, S. , Hess, T. H. , & Crauciuc, A. (2018). Deployment communication:
Underlying processes and outcomes. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(1), 3–11.
https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000339
Scharf, M. , Shulman, S. , & Avigad-Spitz, L. (2005). Sibling relationships in emerging adulthood and in
adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(1), 64–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558404271133
Schon, J. (2014). “Dad doesn’t text”: Examining how parents’ use of information communication technologies
influence satisfaction among emerging adult children. Emerging Adulthood, 2(4), 304–312.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814551786
Schumm, W. R. , Bell, D. B. , Ender, M. G. , & Rice, R. E. (2004). Expectations, use, and evaluation of
communication media among deployed peacekeepers. Armed Forces and Society, 30(4), 649–662.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327X0403000407
Silva, P. , Delerue Matos, A. , & Martinez-Pecino, R. (2018). Confidant network and quality of life of individuals
aged 50+: The positive role of internet use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(11),
694–702. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0170
Sobol, N. (2018). Connecting the disconnected: Communication technologies for the incarcerated. Wake Forest
Law Review, 55(3), 559–599. https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar/1284
Spitze, G. D. , & Trent, K. (2018). Changes in individual sibling relationships in response to life events. Journal
of Family Issues, 39(2), 503–526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X16653431
Stocker, C. M. , Gilligan, M. , Klopack, E. T. , Conger, K. J. , Lanthier, R. P. , Neppl, T. K. , O’Neal, C. W. , &
Wickrama, K. A. S. (2020). Sibling relationships in older adulthood: Links with loneliness and well-being.
Journal of Family Psychology, 24(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000586
Storch, S. L. , & Ortiz Juarez-Paz, A. V. (2019). The role of mobile devices in 21st-century family
communication. Mobile Media & Communication, 7(2), 248–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918811369
Tokunaga, R. S. (2016). Interpersonal surveillance over social network sites: Applying a theory of negative
relational maintenance and the investment model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33(2),
171–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514568749
Turney, K. , & Goodsell, R. (2018). Parental incarceration and children’s wellbeing. The Future of Children,
28(1), 147–164. www.jstor.org/stable/26641551
Uchino, B. N. (2013). Understanding the links between social ties and health: On building stronger bridges with
relationship science. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(2), 155–162.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512458659
United Nations . (2019). Population facts.
www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/popfacts/PopFacts_2019-2.pdf
Vugate . (2010). Video visitation. www.vugate.com/
Wang, N. , Roaché, D. J. , & Pusateri, K. B. (2019a). Associations between parents’ and young adults’ face-to-
face and technologically mediated communication competence: The role of family communication patterns.
Communication Research, 46(8), 1171–1196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217750972
Wang, N. , Roaché, D. J. , & Pusateri, K. B. (2019b). Interconnection of multiple communication modes in long-
distance dating relationships. Western Journal of Communication, 83(5), 600–623.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2018.1552986
Warren, R. , & Aloia, L. (2018). Parent-adolescent communication via mobile devices: Influences on relational
closeness. Journal of Family Issues, 38(15), 3778–3803. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18793924
Willerton, E. , Schwarz, R. L. , MacDermid Wadsworth, S. M. , & Schultheis Ogelsby, M. (2011). Military fathers’
perspectives on involvement. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(4), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024511
Yu, Q. , Huang, P. , & Liu, L. (2017). From “connected presence” to “panoptic presence”: Reframing the parent-
child relationship on mobile instant messaging uses in the Chinese Translocal context. Mobile Media &
Communication, 5(2), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157916688348
Military Families and Deployment Separations
Allen, E. S. , Post, K. M. , Markman, H. J. , Rhoades, G. K. , & Stanley, S. M. (2017). Associations between
participant ratings of PREP for Strong Bonds and marital outcomes 1 year postintervention. Military
Psychology, 29(4), 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000155
Balderrama-Durbin, C. , Cigrang, J. A. , Osborne, L. J. , Snyder, D. K. , Talcott, G. W. , Slep, A. M. S. , …
Sonnek, S. (2015). Coming home: A prospective study of family reintegration following deployment to a war
zone. Psychological Services, 12(3), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000020
Blow, A. J. , Bowles, R. P. , Farero, A. , Subramaniam, S. , Lappan, S. , Nichols, E. , … Guty, D. (2017).
Couples coping through deployment: Findings from a sample of National Guard families. Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 73(12), 1753–1767. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22487
Cafferky, B. , & Shi, L. (2015). Military wives emotionally coping during deployment: Balancing dependence and
independence. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 43(3), 282–295.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2015.1034633
Carter, S. P. , Loew, B. , Allen, E. S. , Osborne, L. , Stanley, S. M. , & Markman, H. J. (2015). Distraction during
deployment: Marital relationship associations with spillover for deployed Army soldiers. Military Psychology,
27(2), 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000067
Carter, S. P. , Osborne, L. J. , Renshaw, K. D. , Allen, E. S. , Loew, B. A. , Markman, H. J. , & Stanley, S. M.
(2018). Something to talk about: Topics of conversation between romantic partners during military deployments.
Journal of Family Psychology, 32(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000373
Carter, S. P. , & Renshaw, K. D. (2016a). Communication via different media during military deployments and
postdeployment relationship satisfaction. Military Behavioral Health, 4(3), 260–268.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2016.1153535
Carter, S. P. , & Renshaw, K. D. (2016b). Spousal communication during military deployments: A review.
Journal of Family Issues, 37(16), 2309–2332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x14567956
Carter, S. P. , Renshaw, K. D. , Allen, E. S. , Markman, H. J. , & Stanley, S. M. (2020). Everything here is fine:
Protective buffering by military spouses during a deployment. Family Process, 59(3), 1261–1274.
https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12457
Carter, S. P. , Renshaw, K. D. , Curby, T. W. , Allen, E. S. , Markman, H. J. , & Stanley, S. M. (2020). Protective
buffering by service members during military deployments: Associations with psychological distress and
relationship functioning. Family Process, 59(2), 525–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12426
Cigrang, J. A. , Wayne Talcott, G. , Tatum, J. , Baker, M. , Cassidy, D. , Sonnek, S. , … Smith Slep, A. M.
(2014). Intimate partner communication from the war zone: A prospective study of relationship functioning,
communication frequency, and combat effectiveness. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 40(3), 332–343.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12043
Clever, M. , & Segal, D. R. (2013). The demographics of military children and families. The Future of Children,
23(2), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2013.0018
Collins, C. L. , Lee, K.-H. , & MacDermid Wadsworth, S. M. (2017). Family stressors and resources:
Relationships with depressive symptoms in military couples during pre-deployment. Family Relations, 66(2),
302–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12251
Cozza, S. J. , Knobloch, L. K. , Gewirtz, A. H. , DeVoe, E. R. , Gorman, L. A. , Flake, E. M. , Lester, P. E. ,
Kees, M. R. , & Lerner, R. M. (2018). Lessons learned and future recommendations for conducting research
with military children and families. In L. Hughes-Kirchubel , S. MacDermid Wadsworth , & D. S. Riggs (Eds.), A
battle plan for supporting military families: Lessons for the leaders of tomorrow (pp. 265–288). Springer
International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68984-5_16
Cramm, H. , Norris, D. , Venedam, S. , & Tam-Seto, L. (2018). Toward a model of military family resiliency: A
narrative review. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(3), 620–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12284
Gettings, P. E. , Hall, E. D. , Wilson, S. R. , Kamal, D. M. , Inderstrodt-Stephens, J. , & Hughes-Kirchubel, L.
(2019). Effects of reintegration difficulties, perceived message acceptance and perceived autonomy support on
U.S. military veterans’ evaluations of messages encouraging them to seek behavioral health care.
Communication Monographs, 86(2), 205–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2018.1536828
Gravens, M. L. , & Keller, M. M. (2018). Nonprofit contributions: Reflections and looking forward. In L. Hughes-
Kirchubel , S. MacDermid Wadsworth , & D. S. Riggs (Eds.), A battle plan for supporting military families:
Lessons for the leaders of tomorrow (pp. 207–222). Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-
68984-5_12
Greene, T. , Buckman, J. , Dandeker, C. , & Greenberg, N. (2010). How communication with families can both
help and hinder service members’ mental health and occupational effectiveness on deployment. Military
Medicine, 175(10), 745–749. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-09-00278
High, A. C. , Jennings-Kelsall, V. , Solomon, D. H. , & Marshall, A. D. (2015). Military families online: Seeking
and providing support through internet discussion boards. In E. Sahlstein Parcell & L. M. Webb (Eds.), A
communication perspective on the military: Interactions, messages, and discourses (pp. 101–120). Peter Lang.
https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-1562-2/18
Hinojosa, R. , Hinojosa, M. S. , & Högnäs, R. S. (2012). Problems with veteran-family communication during
Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi freedom military deployment. Military Medicine, 177(2), 191–197.
https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-10-00385
Houston, J. B. , Pfefferbaum, B. , Sherman, M. D. , Melson, A. G. , & Brand, M. W. (2013). Family
communication across the military deployment experience: Child and spouse report of communication
frequency and quality and associated emotions, behaviors, and reactions. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 18(2),
103–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2012.684576
Joseph, A. L. , & Afifi, T. D. (2010). Military wives’ stressful disclosures to their deployed husbands: The role of
protective buffering. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38(4), 412–434.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2010.513997
Karakurt, G. , Christiansen, A. T. , MacDermid Wadsworth, S. M. , & Weiss, H. M. (2013). Romantic
relationships following wartime deployment. Journal of Family Issues, 34(11), 1427–1451.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12470799
Kleykamp, M. (2018). Serving military families through research: The view from the ivory tower. In L. Hughes-
Kirchubel , S. MacDermid Wadsworth , & D. S. Riggs (Eds.), A battle plan for supporting military families:
Lessons for the leaders of tomorrow (pp. 289–301). Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-
68984-5_17
Knobloch, L. K. , Basinger, E. D. , & Theiss, J. A. (2018). Relational turbulence and perceptions of partner
support during reintegration after military deployment. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(1),
52–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2017.1409906
Knobloch, L. K. , Basinger, E. D. , Wehrman, E. C. , Ebata, A. T. , & McGlaughlin, P. C. (2016). Communication
of military couples during deployment and reunion: Changes, challenges, benefits, and advice. Journal of
Family Communication, 16(2), 160–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2016.1146723
Knobloch, L. K. , Ebata, A. T. , McGlaughlin, P. C. , & Ogolsky, B. (2013). Depressive symptoms, relational
turbulence, and the reintegration difficulty of military couples following wartime deployment. Health
Communication, 28(8), 754–766. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.800440
Knobloch, L. K. , Ebata, A. T. , McGlaughlin, P. C. , & Theiss, J. A. (2013). Generalized anxiety and relational
uncertainty as predictors of topic avoidance during reintegration following military deployment. Communication
Monographs, 80(4), 452–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2013.828159
Knobloch, L. K. , Knobloch-Fedders, L. M. , & Yorgason, J. B. (2018). Communication of military couples during
deployment predicting generalized anxiety upon reunion. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(1), 12–21.
https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000344
Knobloch, L. K. , Knobloch-Fedders, L. M. , & Yorgason, J. B. (2019). Mental health symptoms and the
reintegration difficulty of military couples following deployment: A longitudinal application of the relational
turbulence model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(4), 742–765. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22734
Knobloch, L. K. , McAninch, K. G. , Abendschein, B. , Ebata, A. T. , & McGlaughlin, P. C. (2016). Relational
turbulence among military couples after reunion following deployment. Personal Relationships, 23(4), 742–758.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12148
Knobloch, L. K. , Pusateri, K. B. , Ebata, A. T. , & McGlaughlin, P. C. (2014). Communicative experiences of
military youth during a parent’s return home from deployment. Journal of Family Communication, 14(4),
291–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2014.945701
Knobloch, L. K. , & Solomon, D. H. (2004). Interference and facilitation from partners in the development of
interdependence within romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 11(1), 115–130.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00074.x
Knobloch, L. K. , & Theiss, J. A. (2011). Depressive symptoms and mechanisms of relational turbulence as
predictors of relationship satisfaction among returning service members. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(4),
470–478. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024063
Knobloch, L. K. , & Theiss, J. A. (2012). Experiences of U.S. military couples during the post-deployment
transition: Applying the relational turbulence model. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(4),
423–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407511431186
Knobloch, L. K. , & Theiss, J. A. (2017). Topic avoidance about deployment upon reunion: Applying the
relational turbulence model. Military Behavioral Health, 5(2), 117–128.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2016.1272013
Knobloch, L. K. , & Theiss, J. A. (2018). Relational turbulence theory applied to the transition from deployment
to reintegration. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(3), 535–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12281
Knobloch, L. K. , Theiss, J. A. , & Wehrman, E. C. (2015). Communication of military couples during
deployment: Topic avoidance and relational uncertainty. In E. Sahlstein Parcell & L. M. Webb (Eds.), A
communication perspective on the military: Interactions, messages, and discourses (pp. 39–58). Peter Lang.
https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-1562-2/15
Knobloch, L. K. , & Wilson, S. R. (2015). Communication in military families across the deployment cycle. In L.
H. Turner & R. West (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of family communication (pp. 370–385). Sage.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483375366.n24
Lapp, C. A. , Taft, L. B. , Tollefson, T. , Hoepner, A. , Moore, K. , & Divyak, K. (2010). Stress and coping on the
home front: Guard and reserve spouses searching for a new normal. Journal of Family Nursing, 16(1), 45–67.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840709357347
Lester, P. , Liang, L.-J. , Milburn, N. , Mogil, C. , Woodward, K. , Nash, W. , … Saltzman, W. (2016). Evaluation
of a family-centered preventive intervention for military families: Parent and child longitudinal outcomes. Journal
of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(1), 14–24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.009
Lester, P. , Peterson, K. , Reeves, J. , Knauss, L. , Glover, D. , Mogil, C. , … Beardslee, W. (2010). The long
war and parental combat deployments: Effects on military children and at-home spouses. Journal of the
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(4), 310–320.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.01.003
MacDermid Wadsworth, S. , & Riggs, D. S. (Eds.). (2014). Military deployment and its consequences for
families. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8712-8
Maguire, K. C. (2015). Military family communication: A review and synthesis of the research related to wartime
deployment. In E. Sahlstein Parcell & L. M. Webb (Eds.), A communication perspective on the military:
Interactions, messages, and discourses (pp. 19–37). Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-1562-2/14
Maguire, K. C. , Heinemann-LaFave, D. , & Sahlstein, E. (2013). “To be so connected, yet not at all”: Relational
presence, absence, and maintenance in the context of a wartime deployment. Western Journal of
Communication, 77(3), 249–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2012.757797
Maguire, K. C. , & Sahlstein Parcell, E. (2015). Communication and the coping paradox: The case of Army
spouses and wartime deployment. Southern Communication Journal, 80(5), 365–376.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794x.2015.1081973
Mancini, J. A. , O’Neal, C. W. , & Lucier Greer, M. (2020). Toward a framework for military family life education:
Culture, context, content, and practice. Family Relations, 69(3), 644–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12426
Marini, C. M. , Collins, C. L. , & MacDermid Wadsworth, S. M. (2018). Examining multiple rhythms of military
and veteran family life. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(3), 516–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12275
Marini, C. M. , MacDermid Wadsworth, S. , Kwon, Y. I. , & Pagnan, C. E. (2016). Family members as boundary
managers: Behaviors that promote and limit service members’ involvement in daily family life. Journal of Child
and Family Studies, 25(9), 2808–2819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0443-4
Meadows, S. O. , Tanielian, T. , Karney, B. , Schell, T. , Griffin, B. A. , Jaycox, L. H. , … Vaughan, C. A. (2016).
The Deployment Life Study: Longitudinal analysis of military families across the deployment cycle (Document
No. RR-1388-A). RAND. https://doi.org/10.7249/RR1388
Meis, L. A. , Barry, R. A. , Kehle, S. M. , Erbes, C. R. , & Polusny, M. A. (2010). Relationship adjustment, PTSD
symptoms, and treatment utilization among coupled National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Journal of Family
Psychology, 24(5), 560–567. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020925
Merolla, A. J. (2010). Relational maintenance during military deployment: Perspectives of wives of deployed US
soldiers. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38(1), 4–26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880903483557
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine . (2019). Strengthening the military family
readiness system for a changing American society. The National Academies Press.
https://doi.org/10.17226/25380
Owlett, J. S. , Richards, K. A. R. , Wilson, S. R. , DeFreese, J. D. , & Roberts, F. (2015). Privacy management
in the military family during deployment: Adolescents’ perspectives. Journal of Family Communication, 15(2),
141–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2015.1013105
Pflieger, J. C. , Porter, B. , Carballo, C. E. , Stander, V. A. , & Corry, N. H. (2020). Patterns of strengths in U.S.
military couples. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(5), 1249–1263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-
01593-4
Pincus, S. H. , House, R. , Christenson, J. , & Adler, L. E. (2001, April–June). The emotional cycle of
deployment: A military family perspective. U.S. Army Medical Department Journal, 15–23.
Ponder, W. N. , & Aguirre, R. T. P. (2012). Internet-based spousal communication during deployment: Does it
increase post-deployment marital satisfaction? Advances in Social Work, 13(1), 216–228.
https://doi.org/10.18060/1867
Rea, J. , Behnke, A. , Huff, N. , & Allen, K. (2015). The role of online communication in the lives of military
spouses. Contemporary Family Therapy, 37(3), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-015-9346-6
Rossetto, K. R. (2013). Relational coping during deployment: Managing communication and connection in
relationships. Personal Relationships, 20(3), 568–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12000
Rossetto, K. R. (2015). Evaluations of supportive and unsupportive responses during spousal deployment.
Communication Monographs, 82(3), 291–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.978344
Sahlstein, E. , & Maguire, K. C. (2014b). Turning points and trajectories in military deployment. Journal of
Family Communication, 14, 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.864293
Sahlstein Parcell, E. , & Baker, B. M. A. (2018). Relational dialectics theory: A new approach for military and
veteran-connected family research. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(3), 672–685.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12279
Sahlstein Parcell, E. , & Maguire, K. C. (2014a). Comfort, cliques, and clashes: Family readiness groups as
dilemmatic sites of relating during wartime. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(4), 497–515.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514521766
Sahlstein Parcell, E. , Maguire, K. C. , & Timmerman, L. (2009). Contradictions and praxis contextualized by
wartime deployment: Wives’ perspectives revealed through relational dialectics. Communication Monographs,
76(4), 421–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903300239
Sahlstein Parcell, E. , & Webb, L. M. (Eds.). (2015). A communication perspective on the military: Interactions,
messages, and discourses. Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-1562-2
Tanielian, T. , Trail, T. E. , & Corry, N. (2018). Designing and implementing strategic research studies to
support military families. In L. Hughes-Kirchubel , S. MacDermid Wadsworth , & D. S. Riggs (Eds.), A battle
plan for supporting military families: Lessons for the leaders of tomorrow (pp. 303–321). Springer International.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68984-5_18
Theiss, J. A. , & Knobloch, L. K. (2013). A relational turbulence model of military service members’ relational
communication during reintegration. Journal of Communication, 63(6), 1109–1129.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12059
Theiss, J. A. , & Knobloch, L. K. (2014). Relational turbulence and the post-deployment transition: Self, partner,
and relationship focused turbulence. Communication Research, 41(1), 27–51.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211429285
Troxel, W. M. , Trail, T. E. , Jaycox, L. H. , & Chandra, A. (2016). Preparing for deployment: Examining family-
and individual-level factors. Military Psychology, 28(3), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000110
Villagran, M. , Canzona, M. R. , & Ledford, C. J. W. (2013). The milspouse battle rhythm: Communicating
resilience throughout the deployment cycle. Health Communication, 28(8), 778–788.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.800441
Wiens, T. W. , & Boss, P. (2006). Maintaining family resiliency before, during, and after military separation. In
C. A. Castro , A. B. Adler , & T. W. Britt (Eds.), Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat: Vol
3. The military family (pp. 13–38). Praeger.
Wilson, H. M. N. , & Murray, C. D. (2016). The experience of deployment for partners of military personnel: A
qualitative meta-synthesis. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 15(2), 102–120.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2014.986699
Wilson, S. R. , & Chernichky, S. M. (2016). Intergroup communication perspectives on military families and the
military-civilian divide. In H. Giles & A. Maass (Eds.), Advances in intergroup communication (pp. 265–282).
Peter Lang.
Wilson, S. R. , Chernichky, S. M. , Wilkum, K. , & Owlett, J. S. (2014). Do family communication patterns buffer
children from difficulties associated with a parent’s military deployment? Examining deployed and at-home
parents’ perspectives. Journal of Family Communication, 14(1), 32–52.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.857325
Wilson, S. R. , Dorrance Hall, E. , Gettings, P. E. , & Pastor, R. G. (2019). A multiple goals analysis of families
attempting to encourage U.S. service members to seek behavioral healthcare: Linking the GPA model and
confirmation theory. Communication Research, 46(4), 525–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215617507
Wilson, S. R. , Gettings, P. E. , Dorrance Hall, E. , & Pastor, R. G. (2015). Dilemmas families face in talking with
returning U.S. military service members about seeking professional help for mental health issues. Health
Communication, 30(8), 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.899659
Wilson, S. R. , Hintz, E. A. , MacDermid Wadsworth, S. M. , Topp, D. B. , Southwell, K. H. , & Spoont, M.
(2021). Female U.S. military veterans’ (non)disclosure of mental health issues with family and friends: Privacy
rules and boundary management. Health Communication. 36, 412–423.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1693128
Wilson, S. R. , Kamal, D. , Winter, S. N. , Dorrance Hall, E. , Gettings, P. E. , Kirchubel, L. H. , & Inderstrodt-
Stephens, J. (2019). Comparing advice from military parents, partners, and veterans about how families can
encourage service members to seek behavioral health care. Journal of Family Communication, 19(1), 15–29.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2018.1530238
Wilson, S. R. , & Knobloch, L. K. (2019). Reflections on interpersonal communication research and military
families. In S. R. Wilson & S. W. Smith (Eds.), Reflections on interpersonal communication research (pp.
271–290). Cognella.
Wilson, S. R. , Marini, C. M. , Franks, M. M. , Whiteman, S. D. , Topp, D. , & Wadsworth, S. M. (2018).
Communication and connection during deployment: A daily-diary study from the perspective of at-home
partners. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000333
Wilson, S. R. , Wilkum, K. , Chernichky, S. M. , MacDermid Wadsworth, S. M. , & Broniarczyk, K. M. (2011).
Passport Toward Success: Description and evaluation of a program designed to help children and families
reconnect after a military deployment. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 39(3), 223–249.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2011.585399
Zanotti, D. C. , Cromer, L. D. , & Louie, A. D. (2016). The relationship of predeployment child-focused
preparedness to reintegration attitudes and PTSD symptoms in military fathers with young children.
Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 2(4), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000093
The Reciprocal Influence of Substance Use Disorders and Family Members'
Communication
Abnavi, M. A. , Ahmadi, J. , Hamidian, S. , & Ghaffarpour, S. (2016). Female sexual dysfunction among the
wives of opioid-dependent males in Iran. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors & Addiction, 5(1),
e25435–e25439.
Alvare, H. (2019). U.S. cohabitation law: Still separate and unequal. Institute for Family Studies.
https://ifstudies.org/blog/us-cohabitation-law-still-separate-and-unequal
Baer, J. S. , Beadnell, B. , Garrett, S. B. , Hartzler, B. , Wells, E. A. , & Peterson, P. L. (2008). Adolescent
change language within a brief motivational intervention and substance use outcomes. Psychology of Addictive
Behaviors, 22(4), 570–575.
Bailey, J. A. , Hill, K. G. , Guttmannova, K. , Epstein, M. , Abbott, R. D. , Steeger, C. M. , & Skinner, M. L.
(2016). Associations between parental and grandparental marijuana use and child substance use norms in a
prospective, three-generation study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(3), 262–268.
Bamberg, J. H. , Toumbourou, J. W. , & Marks, R. (2008). Including the siblings of youth substance abusers in
a parent-focused intervention: A pilot test of the best plus program. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(3),
281–291.
Bell, R. A. , McGlone, M. S. , & Dragojevic, M. (2014). Vicious viruses and vigilant vaccines: Effects of linguistic
agency assignment in health policy advocacy. Journal of Health Communication, 19(10), 1178–1195.
Bliuc, A. M. , Best, D. , Iqbal, M. , & Upton, K. (2017). Building addiction recovery capital through online
participation in a recovery community. Social Science & Medicine, 193, 110–117.
Burnett, G. , Jones, R. A. , Bliwise, N. G. , & Ross, L. T. (2006). Family unpredictability, parental alcoholism,
and the development of parentification. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 34(3), 181–189.
Derrick J. L. , & Leonard, K. E. (2016). Substance use in committed relationships. In K. J. Sher (Ed.), The
Oxford handbook of substance use and substance use disorders (Vol. 1, pp. 549–578). Oxford University
Press.
Duggan, A. P. (2007). Sex differences in communicative attempts to curtail depression: An inconsistent
nurturing as control perspective. Western Journal of Communication, 71(2), 114–135.
Duggan, A. P. (2019, March). Health and illness in close relationships. Cambridge University Press.
Duggan, A. P. , Dailey, R. , & Le Poire, B. A. (2008). Reinforcement and punishment of substance abuse during
ongoing interactions: A conversational test of inconsistent nurturing as control theory. Journal of Health
Communication, 13(5), 417–433.
Duggan, A. P. , & Le Poire, B. A. (2006). One down: Two involved: An application and extension of inconsistent
nurturing as control theory to couples including one depressed individual. Communication Monographs, 73(4),
379–405.
Duggan, A. P. , Le Poire, B. A. , & Addis, K. (2006). A qualitative analysis of communicative strategies used by
partners of substance abusers and depressed individuals during recovery: Implications for inconsistent
nurturing as control theory. In R. M. Dailey & B. A. Le Poire (Eds.), Applied interpersonal communication
matters: Family, health, and community relations (pp. 150–174). Peter Lang.
Duggan, A. P. , Le Poire, B. A. , Prescott, M. , & Baham, C. S. (2009). Understanding the helper: The role of
codependency in health care and health care outcomes. In D. E. Brashers & D. Goldsmith (Eds.),
Communicating to manage health and illness (pp. 271–300). Routledge.
Duggan, A. P. , & Kilmartin, B. (2016). Parental and sibling behaviors that encourage daughters’ continued
eating disorders: An inconsistent nurturing as control perspective. In L. Olson & M. Fine (Eds.), The darker side
of family communication: The harmful, the morally suspect, and the socially inappropriate (pp. 49–68.). Peter
Lang.
Edwards, P. , Harvey, C. , & Whitehead, P. (1973). Wives of alcoholics, a critical review and analysis. Quarterly
Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 34(1, PtA), 112–132.
Engle, B. , Macgowan, M. J. , Wagner, E. F. , & Amrhein, P. C. (2010). Markers of marijuana use outcomes
within adolescent substance abuse group treatment. Research on Social Work Practice, 20(3), 271–282.
Friese, B. , Grube, J. W. , Moore, R. S. , & Jennings, V. K. (2012). Parents’ rules about underage drinking: A
qualitative study of why parents let teens drink. Journal of Drug Education, 42(4), 379–391.
Fry, R. (2017). It’s becoming more common for young adults to live at home – and for longer stretches. Pew
Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/05/its-becoming-more-common-for-young-adults-to-
live-at-home-and-for-longer-stretches/
Glowacki, E. M. (2016). Communication about problematic drinking between young adults and their parents: An
application of inconsistent nurturing as control theory. Health Communication, 31(9), 1135–1144.
Glowacki, E. M. (2017). Examining sibling communication about problematic drinking: An application of
inconsistent nurturing as control theory. Journal of Family Communication, 17(1), 65–87.
Glowacki, E. M. , & Donovan, E. E. (2018). Predicting reinforcement and punishment behaviors in college
students coping with substance misuse: An application of inconsistent nurturing as control theory.
Communication Quarterly, 66(5), 541–556.
Glowacki, E. M. , Lazard, A. J. , & Wilcox, G. B. (2017). E-cigarette topics shared by medical professionals: a
comparison of tweets from the United States and United Kingdom. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social
Networking, 20(2), 133–137.
Glowacki, E. M. , McGlone, M. S. , & Bell, R. A. (2016). Targeting Type 2: Linguistic agency assignment in
diabetes prevention policy messaging. Journal of Health Communication, 21(4), 457–468.
Gurrentz, B. (2018). Living with an unmarried partner now common for young adults. United States Census
Bureau. www.census.gov/library/stories/2018/11/cohabitaiton-is-up-marriage-is-down-for-young-
adults.html#:~:text=Among%20those%20ages%2018%2D24,12%20percent%2010%20years%20ago
Harkness, D. , Manhire, S. , Blanchard, J. , & Darling, J. (2007). Codependent attitude and behavior:
Moderators of psychological distress with alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems. Alcoholism Treatment
Quarterly, 25(3), 39–52.
Haverfield, M. C. , Theiss, J. A. , & Leustek, J. (2016). Characteristics of communication in families of
alcoholics. Journal of Family Communication, 16(2), 111–127.
Hemati, Z. , Abbasi, S. , Oujian, P. , & Kiani, D. (2020). Relationship between parental communication patterns
and self-efficacy in adolescents with parental substance abuse. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology, 14(1),
49–56.
Hoffmann, J. P. (2018). Cohabitation, marijuana use, and heavy alcohol use in young adulthood. Substance
Use & Misuse, 53(14), 2394–2404.
Johnson, B. , Richert, T. , & Svensson, B. (2020). Physical violence and property damage towards parents,
committed by adult children with drug problems. Journal of Family Violence, 1–16.
Kelly, A. , Chan, G. C. , & O’Flaherty, M. (2012). How important is the context of an adolescent’s first alcoholic
drink? Evidence that parental provision may reduce later heavy episodic drinking. European Addiction
Research, 18(3), 140–148.
Klostermann, K. , Fals-Stewart, W. , Gorman, C. , Kennedy, C. , & Stappenbeck, C. (2005). Behavioral couples
therapy for alcoholism and drug abuse: Rationale, methods, findings, and future directions. Journal of
Evidence-Based Social Work, 2(1–2), 235–255.
Klostermann, K. , Mignone, T. , Mahadeo, M. , Papagni, E. , & Jones, R. A. (2017). Substance use and
relationship functioning: A parallel process. Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy Sciences, 3(2),
011–015.
Knapek, E. , Balazs, K. , & Szabo, I. K. (2017). The substance abuser’s partner: Do codependent individuals
have borderline and dependent personality disorder? Heroin Addicted and Related Clinical Problems, 19(5),
55–62.
Knudson, T. M. , & Terrell, H. K. (2012). Codependency, perceived interparental conflict, and substance abuse
in the family of origin. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 40(3), 245–257.
Kornaszewska-Polak, M. (2019). Mothers’ co-dependence and their daughters’ patterns of attachment and
romantic relationships as adult children of alcoholics: An explorative study. Alcoholism and Drug
Addiction/Alkoholizm i Narkomania, 32(3), 153–174.
Kornfield, R. , Toma, C. L. , Shah, D. V. , Moon, T. J. , & Gustafson, D. H. (2018). What do you say before you
relapse? How language use in a peer-to-peer online discussion forum predicts risky drinking among those in
recovery. Health Communication, 33(9), 1184–1193.
Lampis, J. , Cataudella, S. , Busonera, A. , & Skowron, E. A. (2017). The role of differentiation of self and
dyadic adjustment in predicting codependency. Contemporary Family Therapy, 39(1), 62–72.
Le Poire, B. A. (1992). Does the codependent encourage substance dependent behavior? Paradoxical
injunctions in the codependent relationship. The International Journal of the Addictions, 27(12), 1465–1474.
Le Poire, B. A. (1995). Inconsistent nurturing as control theory: Implications for communication-based research
and treatment programs. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 23(1), 1–15.
Le Poire, B. A. , & Cope, K. (1999). Episodic versus steady state drinkers: Evidence of differential
reinforcement patterns. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 17, 79–90.
Le Poire, B. A. , Erlandson, K. T. , & Hallett, J. S. (1998). Punishing versus reinforcing strategies of drug
discontinuance: The effect of persuaders’ drug use on persuasive effectiveness and relapse. Health
Communication, 10(4), 293–316.
Le Poire, B. A. , Hallett, J. S. , & Erlandson, K. T. (2000). An initial test of inconsistent nurturing as control
theory: How partners of drug abusers assist their partners’ sobriety. Human Communication Research, 26(3),
432–457.
Livingston, J. A. , Testa, M. , Hoffman, J. H. , & Windle, M. (2010). Can parents prevent heavy episodic drinking
by allowing teens to drink at home? Addictive Behaviors, 35(12), 1105–1112.
Low, S. , Shortt, J. W. , & Snyder, J. (2012). Sibling influences on adolescent substance use: The role of
modeling, collusion, and conflict. Developmental Psychology, 24(1), 287–300.
Madras, B. K. , Han, B. , Compton, W. M. , Jones, C. M. , Lopez, E. I. , & McCance-Katz, E. F. (2019).
Associations of parental marijuana use with offspring marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol use and opioid misuse.
JAMA Network Open, 2(11), e1916015–e1916015.
Matejevic, M. , Jovanovic, D. , & Lazarevic, V. (2014). Functionality of family relationships and parenting style in
families of adolescents with substance abuse problems. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 128(8),
281–287.
McGlone, M. S. , McGlynn, J. , & Merola, N. A. (2016). Time is not on our side: Temporal agency and affective
orientation in the Enron email corpus. In Work pressures (pp. 141–156). Routledge.
McGlone, M. S. , & Pfiester, R. A. (2009). Does time fly when you’re having fun, or do you? Affect, agency, and
embodiment in temporal communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 28(1), 3–31.
Missouridou, E. , Segredou, I. , Esseridou, D. , & Papadatou, D. (2019). Routine care interventions with the
parents of adult drug and alcohol users. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 26(3), 273–279.
Morgan, T. B. , & Crane, D. R. (2010). Cost-effectiveness of family-based substance abuse treatment. Journal
of Marital and Family Therapy, 36(4), 486–498.
National Institute on Drug Abuse . (2020, April 6). Costs of substance abuse. www.drugabuse.gov/drug-
topics/trends-statistics/costs-substance-abuse
O’Farrell, T. J. , Murphy, M. , Alter, J. , & Fals-Stewart, W. (2010). Behavioral family counseling for substance
abuse: A treatment development pilot study. Addictive Behaviors, 35(1), 1–6.
O’Gorman, P. (1993). Codependency explored: A social movement in search of definition and treatment.
Psychiatric Quarterly, 64(2), 199–212.
Prescott, M. E. , & Le Poire, B. A. (2002). Eating disorders and the mother-daughter communication: A test of
inconsistent nurturing as control theory. Journal of Family Communication, 2(2), 59–78.
Rodriguez, L. M. , DiBello, A. M. , & Wickham, R. (2016). Regulation strategies mediate associations between
heavy drinking and relationship outcomes in married couples. Addictive Behaviors, 54, 64–69.
Romanowicz, M. , Voort, J. L. V. , Shekunov, J. , Oesterle, T. S. , Thusius, N. J. , Rummans, T. A. , Croarkin, P.
E. , Karpyak, V. M. , Lynch, B. A. , & Schak, K. M. (2019). The effects of parental opioid use on the parent –
child relationship and children’s developmental and behavioral outcomes: A systematic review of published
reports. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13(1), 5–15.
Saatcioglu, O. , Erim, R. , & Cakmak, D. (2006). Role of family in alcohol and substance use. Psychiatry and
Clinical Neurosciences, 60(2), 125–132.
Satyanarayana, V. A. , Nattala, P. , Selvam, S. , Pradeep, J. , Hebbani, S. , Hegde, S. , & Srinivasan, K. (2016).
Integrated cognitive behavioral intervention reduces intimate partner violence among alcohol dependent men,
and improves mental health outcomes in their spouses: A clinic based randomized controlled trial from South
India. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 64, 29–34.
Schuler, M. S. , Tucker, J. S. , Pedersen, E. R. , & D’Amico, E. J. (2019). Relative influence of perceived peer
and family substance use on adolescent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use across middle and high school.
Addictive Behaviors, 88, 99–105.
Skeer, M. , McCormick, M. C. , Normand, S. T. , Buka, S. L. , & Gilman, S. E. (2009). A prospective study of
familial conflict, psychological stress, and the development of substance use disorders in adolescence. Drug
and Alcohol Dependence, 104(1–2), 65–72.
Stanley, S. M. , Rhoades, G. K. , & Fincham, F. D. (2011). Understanding romantic relationships among
emerging adults: The significant roles of cohabitation and ambiguity. In F. D. Fincham & M. Cui (Eds.),
Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood (pp. 234–251). Cambridge University Press.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . (2019, August). Key substance use and mental
health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 national survey on drug use and health.
www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-
reports/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018.pdf
Ulaş, E. , & Ekşi, H. (2019). Inclusion of family therapy in rehabilitation program of substance abuse and its
efficacious implementation. The Family Journal, 27(4), 443–451.
Van Hedel, K. , Martikainen, P. , Moustgaard, H. , & Myrskylä, M. (2018). Cohabitation and mental health: Is
psychotropic medication use more common in cohabitation than marriage? SSM-Population Health, 4,
244–253.
Van Swol, L. M. , Chang, C. T. , Kerr, B. , & Moreno, M. (2020). Linguistic predictors of problematic drinking in
alcohol-related Facebook posts. Journal of Health Communication, 25(3), 214–222.
Vespa, J. (2017). The changing economics and demographics of young adulthood: 1975–2016. United States
Census Bureau. www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2017/demo/p20-579.pdf
Wallace, L. N. (2015). Sibling popularity: A moderator of sibling influence for adolescent substance use.
Addiction Research & Theory, 23(6), 481–489.
Wang, Y. , & McGlone, M. S. (2020). Did I offend you or did it? Agency assignment in interpersonal apology.
Discourse Processes, 57(1), 66–80.
Wartel, M. A. (2017). Smoke signals: Patterns of agency assignment in smoking initiation and cessation
narratives (Doctoral dissertation). University of Texas at Austin. The University of Texas at Austin Texas
Scholar Works.
Whiteman, S. D. , Jensen, A. C. , Mustillo, S. A. , & Maggs, J. L. (2016). Understanding sibling influence on
adolescents’ alcohol use: Social and cognitive pathways. Addictive Behaviors, 53, 1–6.
Windle, M. , & Windle, R. C. (2019). Partner conflict and support as moderators of alcohol use on alcohol
problems and marital satisfaction in young adult marital dyads. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental
Research, 43(4), 668–678.
Wittenberg, E. , Bray, J. W. , Aden, B. , Gebremariam, A. , Nosyk, B. , & Schackman, B. R. (2016). Measuring
benefits of opioid misuse treatment for economic evaluation: Health-related quality of life of opioid-dependent
individuals and their spouses as assessed by a sample of the US population. Addiction, 111(4), 675–684.
Wright, P. J. (2011). Communicative dynamics and recovery from sexual addiction: An inconsistent nurturing as
control theory analysis. Communication Quarterly, 59(4), 395–414.
Yurasek, A. M. , Brick, L. , Nestor, B. , Hernandez, L. , Graves, H. , & Spirito, A. (2019). The effects of parent,
sibling and peer substance use on adolescent drinking behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(1),
73–83.

Charting Dangerous Territory

Abramsky, T. , Watts, C. H. , Garcia-Moreno, C. , Devries, K. , Kiss, L. , Ellsberg, M. , Jansen, H. A. F. M. , &
Heise, L. (2011). What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? Findings from the WHO
multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 109–125.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-109
Anderson, K. L. (2013). Why do we fail to ask “why” about gender and intimate partner violence? Journal of
Marriage & Family, 75(2), 314–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12001
Arias-Rivera, S. , & Hidalgo García, V. (2020). Theoretical framework and explanatory factors for child-to-parent
violence. A scoping review. Anales de Psicología, 36(2), 220–231. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.338881
Arroyo, K. , Lundahl, B. , Butters, R. , Vanderloo, M. , & Wood, D. S. (2017). Short-term interventions for
survivors of intimate partner violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse,
18(2), 155–171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838015602736
Asay, S. M. , DeFrain, J. , Metzger, M. , & Moyer, B. (2016). Implementing a strengths-based approach to
intimate partner violence worldwide. Journal of Family Violence, 31(3), 349–360.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9770-2
Ashe, M. , & Cahn, N. (1993). Child abuse: A problem for feminist theory. Texas Journal of Women and the
Law, 2, 75–112.
Babcock, J. C. , Green, C. E. , & Robie, C. (2004). Does batterers’ treatment work? A meta-analytic review of
domestic violence treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(8), 1023–1053.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2002.07.001
Babcock, J. C. , Waltz, J. , Jacobson, N. S. , & Gottman, J. M. (1993). Power and violence: The relation
between communication patterns, power discrepancies, and domestic violence. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 61(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.1.40
Ball, B. , Holland, K. , Marshall, K. J. , Lippy, C. , Jain, S. , Sounders, K. , & Westby, R. P. (2015). Implementing
a targeted teen dating abuse prevention program: Challenges and successes experienced by Expect Respect
Facilitators. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(2, Suppl 2), S40–S46.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.021
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Prentice-Hall.
Barnett, O. W. , Miller-Perrin, C. L. , & Perrin, R. D. (1997). Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction.
Sage.
Basile, K. C. , Arias, I. , Desai, S. , & Thompson, M. P. (2004). The differential association of intimate partner
physical, sexual, psychological, and stalking violence and post-traumatic stress symptoms in a nationally
representative sample of women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(5), 413–421.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048954.50232.d8
Bermea, A. M. , van Eeden-Moorefield, B. , & Khaw, L. (2018). A systematic review of research on intimate
partner violence among bisexual women. Journal of Bisexuality, 18(4), 399–424.
https://doi.10.1080/15299716.2018.1482485
Birkley, E. L. , & Eckhardt, C. I. (2019). Effects of instigation, anger, and emotion regulation on intimate partner
aggression: Examination of “perfect storm” theory. Psychology of Violence, 9(2), 186–195.
https://doi.10.1037/vio0000190
Borrajo, E. , Gámez-Guadix, M. , & Calvete, E. (2015). Cyber dating abuse: Prevalence, context, and
relationship with offline dating aggression. Psychological Reports, 116(2), 565–585.
https://doi.org/10.2466/21.16.PR0.116k22w4
Brubaker, S. J. (2020). Embracing and expanding feminist theory: (Re)conceptualizing gender and power.
Violence Against Women. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220958494
Burelomova, A. S. , Gulina, M. A. , & Tikhomandritskaya, O. A. (2018). Intimate partner violence: An overview
of the existing theories, conceptual frameworks, and definitions. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 11(3),
128–144. https://doi.10.11621/pir.2018.0309
Burge, S. K. , Katerndahl, D. A. , Wood, R. C. , Becho, J. , Ferrer, R. L. , & Talamantes, M. (2016). Using
complexity science to examine three dynamic patterns of intimate partner violence. Families, Systems, &
Health, 34(1), 4–14. https://doi.10.1037/fsh0000170
Cameron, J. , Humphreys, C. , Kothari, A. , & Hegarty, K. (2020). Exploring the knowledge translation of
domestic violence research: A literature review. Health & Social Care in the Community. 28, 1898–1914.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13070
Carlson, R. G. , & Dayle Jones, K. (2010). Continuum of conflict and control: A conceptualization of intimate
partner violence typologies. The Family Journal, 18(3), 248–254.
Chan, K. L. , Chen, Q. , & Chen, M. (2021). Prevalence and correlates of the co-occurrence of family violence:
A meta-analysis on family polyvictimization. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22, 289–305.
https://doi:10.1177/1524838019841601
Choi, N. G. , & Mayer, J. (2000). Elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation: Risk factors and prevention strategies.
Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 33(2), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1300/J083v33n02_02
Choi, Y. J. , & An, S. (2016). Interventions to improve responses of helping professionals to intimate partner
violence: A quick scoping review. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(1), 101–127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731515579420
Dailey, R. M. , Lee, C. M. , & Spitzberg, B. H. (2007). Psychological abuse and communicative aggression. In
B. H. Spitzberg & W. R. Cupach (Eds.), The dark side of interpersonal communication (2nd ed., pp. 297–326).
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Dardis, C. M. , Ahrens, C. , Howard, R. L. , & Mechanic, M. B. (2020). Patterns of surveillance, control, and
abuse among a diverse sample of intimate partner abuse survivors. Violence Against Women.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220975497
De La Rue, L. , Polanin, J. R. , Espelage, D. L. , & Pigott, T. D. (2017). A meta-analysis of school-based
interventions aimed to prevent or reduce violence in teen dating relationships. Review of Educational Research,
87(1), 7–34. https://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654316632061
DeKeseredy, W. S. (2011). Feminist contributions to understanding woman abuse: Myths, controversies, and
realities. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(4), 297–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.002
DePanfilis, D. (1998). Intervening with families when children are neglected. In H. Dubowitz (Ed.), Neglected
children: Research, practice and policy (pp. 211–236). Sage.
Dutton, D. G. , & Painter, S. (1993). Emotional attachments in abusive relationships: A test of traumatic bonding
theory. Violence and Victims, 8(2), 105–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.8.2.105
Dutton, M. A. , James, L. , Langhorne, A. , & Kelley, M. (2015). Coordinated public health initiatives to address
violence against women and adolescents. Journal of Women’s Health, 24(1), 80–85.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4884
Ebbeler, C. , Grau, I. , & Banse, R. (2017). Cultural and individual factors determine physical aggression
between married partners: Evidence from 34 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(7),
1098–1118. https://doi.10.1177/0022022117719497
Eller, J. , Marshall, E. M. , Rholes, W. S. , Vieth, G. , & Simpson, J. A. (2019). Partner predictors of marital
aggression across the transition to parenthood: An I³ approach. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,
36(5), 1491–1508. https://doi.10.1177/0265407518809538
Elliott, K. , Fitz-Gibbon, K. , & Maher, J. (2019). Sibling violence: Understanding experiences, impacts, and the
need for nuanced responses. The British Journal of Sociology, 71(1), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-
4446.12712
Etaugh, C. (2020). Prevalence of intimate partner violence in LGBTQ individuals: An intersectional approach. In
B. Russell (Ed.), Intimate partner violence and the LGBT+ Community: Understanding power dynamics (pp.
11–36). Springer.
European Institute for Gender Equality [EIGE] . (2017). Terminology and indicators for data collection: Rape,
femicide and intimate partner violence. Vilnius, Lithuania: Author. https://doi:10.2839/980842
Ezell, J. M. (2019). Understanding the situational context for interpersonal violence: A review of individual-level
attitudes, attributions, and triggers. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22, 571–587.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019869100
Feshback, S. (1980). Child abuse and the dynamics of human aggression and violence. In G. Gerbner , C. J.
Ross , & E. Zigler (Eds.), Child abuse: An agenda for action (pp. 48–60). Oxford University Press.
Finkel, E. J. , & Hall, A. N. (2018). The I³ model: A metatheoretical framework for understanding aggression.
Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 125–130. https://doi.10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.013
Foshee, V. A. , Benefield, T. , Chen, M. S. , McNaughton Reyes, L. , Dixon, K. S. , Ennett, S. T. , Moracco, K.
E. , & Bowling, J. M. (2016). The effects of the Moms and Teens for Safe Dates Program on dating abuse: A
conditional process analysis. Prevention Science, 17(3), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0617-0
Gallego, R. , Novo, M. , Fariñ, F. , & Arce, R. (2019). Child-to-parent violence and parent-to-child violence: A
meta-analytic review. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 11(2), 51–59.
https://doi.org/10.5093/ejpalc2019a4
Goussinsky, R. , Michael, K. , & Yassour-Borochowitz, D. (2020). Relationship dynamics and intimate partner
violence among Israeli college students: The moderating effect of communication problems. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence, 35(23/24), 5812–5833. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517724833
Hamel, J. M. (2020). Perpetrator or victim? A review of the complexities of domestic violence cases. Journal of
Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 12(2), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-12-2019-0464
Hines, D. A. , & Douglas, E. M. (2019). An empirical test of Johnson’s typology of intimate partner violence in
two samples of men. Partner Abuse, 10(2), 180–198. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.10.2.180
Holtzworth-Munroe, A. , & Stuart, G. L. (1994). Typologies of male batterers: Three subtypes and the
differences among them. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 476–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.476
Humphreys, K. L. , LeMoult, J. , Wear, J. G. , Piersiak, H. A. , Lee, A. , & Golib, I. H. (2020). Child maltreatment
and depression: A meta-analysis of studies using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect,
102, 104361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104361
Infante, D. A. , Chandler, T. A. , & Rudd, J. E. (1989). Test of an argumentative skill deficiency model of
interspousal violence. Communication Monographs, 56(2), 163–177.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758909390257
Johnson, M. P. (2006). Violence and abuse in personal relationships: Conflict, terror, and resistance in intimate
partnerships. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp.
557–576). Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, M. P. (2008). A typology of domestic violence: Intimate terrorism, violent resistance, and situational
couple violence. Northeastern University Press.
Johnson, M. P. (2011). Gender and types of intimate partner violence: A response to an anti-feminist literature
review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(4), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.006
Johnson, M. P. (2017). A personal social history of a typology of intimate partner violence. Journal of Family
Theory & Review, 9(2), 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12187
Johnson, R. , Gilchrist, E. , Beech, A. R. , Weston, S. , Takriti, R. , & Freeman, R. (2006). A psychometric
typology of U.K. domestic violence offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(10), 1270–1285.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506291655
Karakurt, G. , Koc, E. , Cetinsaya, E. E. , Ayluctarhan, Z. , & Bolen, S. (2019). Meta-analysis and systematic
review for the treatment of perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,
105, 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.006
Kennair, N. , & Mellor, D. (2007). Parent abuse: A review. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 38(3),
203–219.
Kennedy, S. C. , Kim, J. S. , Tripodi, S. J. , Brown, S. M. , & Gowdy, G. (2016). Does parent-child interaction
therapy reduce future physical abuse? A meta-analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(2), 147–156.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731514543024
Kim, C. , & Schmuhl, M. (2019). Assessment of research on intimate partner violence (IPV) among sexual
minorities in the United States. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019881732
Kimmes, J. G. , Mallory, A. B. , Spencer, C. , Beck, A. R. , Cafferky, B. , & Stith, S. M. (2019). A meta-analysis
of risk markers for intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 20(3),
374–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017708784
Kiselica, M. S. , & Morrill-Richards, M. (2007). Sibling maltreatment: The forgotten abuse. Journal of Counseling
and Development, 85(2), 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00457.x
Lawson, J. (2012). Sociological theories of intimate partner violence. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social
Environment, 22(5), 572–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2011.598748
Letellier, P. (1994). Gay and bisexual male domestic violence victimization: Challenges to feminist theory and
responses to violence. Violence and Victims, 9(2), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.9.2.95
ongobardi, C. , & Badenes-Ribera, L. (2017). Intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships and the role of
sexual minority stressors: A systematic review of the past 10 years. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 26(8),
2039–2049. https://doi.10.1007/s10826-017-0734-4
Love, H. A. , Spencer, C. M. , May, S. A. , Mendez, M. , & Stith, S. M. (2020). Perpetrator risk markers for
intimate terrorism and situational couple violence: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 21, 922–931
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018781101
Lück, D. , & Castrén, A.-M. (2018). Personal understandings and cultural conceptions of family in European
societies. European Societies, 20(5), 699–714. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2018.1487989
McKay, T. , Lindquist, C. H. , & Misra, S. (2019). Understanding (and acting on) 20 years of research on
violence and LGBTQ + communities. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 20(5), 665–678.
https://doi.10.1177/1524838017728708
Meier, J. S. (2015). Johnson’s differentiation theory: Is it really empirically supported? Journal of Child Custody,
12(1), 4–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2015.1037054
Mihalic, S. W. , & Elliott, D. (1997). A social learning theory model of marital violence. Journal of Family
Violence, 12, 21–48. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021941816102
Messinger, A. M. , Rickert, V. I. , Fry, D. A. , Lessel, H. , & Davidson, L. L. (2012). Revisiting the role of
communication in adolescent intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(14), 2920–2935.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512438276
Musso, M. G. , Proietti, M. , & Reynolds, R. R. (2020). Towards an integrated approach to violence against
women: Persistence, specificity and complexity, International Review of Sociology, 30, 249–278.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2020.1820140
Myhill, A. (2015). Measuring coercive control: What can we learn from national population surveys? Violence
Against Women, 21(3), 355–375. https://doi.10.1177/1077801214568032
Nesset, M. B. , Lara-Cabrera, M. L. , Dalsbo, T. K. , Pedersen, S. A. , Bjorngaard, J. H. , & Palmstierna, T.
(2019). Cognitive behavioural group therapy for male perpetrators of intimate partner violence: A systematic
review. BMC Psychiatry, 19(11), 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2010-1
Noble-Carr, D. , Moore, T. , & McArthur, M. (2020). Children’s experiences and needs in relation to domestic
and family violence: Findings from a meta synthesis. Child & Family Social Work, 25(1), 182–191.
https://doi.10.1111/cfs.12645
Papamichail, A. , & Bates, E. A. (2019). The appropriateness of the Duluth model for intimate partner violence
and child-to-parent violence: A conceptual review. Partner Abuse, 10(4), 517–532.
https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.10.4.517
Pascual-Ferrá, P. (2016). Communicating aggression. Communication Research Trends, 35(4), 4–34.
Peitzmeier, S. M. , Malik, M. , Kattari, S. K. , Marrow, E. , Stephenson, R. , Agénor, M. , & Reisner, S. L. (2020).
Intimate partner violence in transgender populations: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and
correlates. American Journal of Public Health, 110(9), e1 – e14. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305774
Pence, E. , & Paymar, M. (1993). Education groups for men who batter: The Duluth model. Springer.
Perkins, N. H. , Spira, M. , & Key, J. E. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of physical and emotional sibling
violence: A potential connection to elder abuse. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social
Services, 99(3), 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044389418782429
Petersson, J. , & Strand, S. J. M. (2020). Family-only perpetrators of intimate partner violence: A systematic
review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 21(2), 367–381. https://doi.10.1177/1524838018770410
Pullman, L. E. , Sawatsky, M. L. , Babchishin, K. M. , McPhail, I. V. , & Seto, M. C. (2017). Differences between
biological and sociolegal incest offenders: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 228–237.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.003
Richards, T. N. , Tomsich, E. , Gover, A. R. , & Jennings, W. G. (2016). The cycle of violence revisited:
Distinguishing intimate partner violence offenders only, victims only, and victim-offenders. Violence & Victims,
31(4), 573–590. https://doi.10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00056
Rollè, L. , Giardina, G. , Caldarera, A. M. , Gerino, E. , & Brustia, P. (2018). When intimate partner violence
meets same-sex couples: A review of same-sex intimate partner violence. Frontiers in Psychology, 9.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsy.g.2018.01506.
Sabourin, T. C. , Infante, D. A. , & Rudd, J. E. (1993). Verbal aggression in marriages: A comparison of violent,
distressed but nonviolent, and nondistressed couples. Human Communication Research, 20(2), 245–267.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00323.x
Sargent, K. S. , Krauss, A. , Jouriles, E. N. , & McDonald, R. (2016). Cyber victimization, psychological intimate
partner violence, and problematic mental health outcomes among first-year college students. Cyberpsychology,
Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(9), 545–550. http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0115
Satyen, L. , Rogic, A. C. , & Supol, M. (2019). Intimate partner violence and help-seeking behavior: A
systematic review of cross-cultural differences. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 21, 879–892.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-018-0803-9
Severance, L. , Bui-Wrzosinska, L. , Gelfand, M. J. , Lyons, S. , Nowak, A. , Corkowski, W. , Soomro, N. ,
Soomro, N. , Rafaeli, A. , Treister, D. E. , Lin, C-C. , & Yamaguchi, S. (2013). The psychological structure of
aggression across cultures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 835–865. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1873
Shorey, R. C. , Cornelius, T. L. , & Bell, K. M. (2008). A critical review of theoretical frameworks for dating
violence: Comparing the dating and marital fields. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(3), 185–194.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.03.003
Spencer, C. M. , Mallory, A. B. , Cafferky, B. M. , Kimmes, J. G. , Beck, A. R. , & Stith, S. M. (2019). Mental
health factors and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: A meta-analysis. Psychology of
Violence, 9(1), 1–17. https://doi.10.1037/vio0000156.supp
Spitzberg, B. H. (1998). Sexual coercion. In B. H. Spitzberg & W. R. Cupach (Eds.), The dark side of close
relationships (pp. 179–232). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Spitzberg, B. H. (2010a). Intimate partner violence and aggression: Seeing the light in a dark place. In W. R.
Cupach & B. H. Spitzberg (Eds.), The dark side of close relationships (2nd ed., pp. 327–380). Routledge.
Spitzberg, B. H. (2010b). Intimate violence. In W. R. Cupach , D. J. Canary , & B. H. Spitzberg (Eds.),
Competence in interpersonal conflict (2nd ed.). Waveland.
Spitzberg, B. H. , & Cupach, W. R. (2014). The dark side of relationship pursuit: From attraction to obsession
and stalking. Taylor & Francis.
Sprague, S. , Scott, T. , Garibaldi, A. , Bzovsky, S. , Slobogean, G. , McKay, P. , Spurr, H. , Arseneau, E. ,
Memon, M. , Bhandari, M. , & Swaminathan, A. (2017). A scoping review of intimate partner violence
assistance programmes within health care settings. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1), 1–14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1314159
Stairmand, M. , Polaschek, D. L. L. , & Dixon, L. (2020). Putting coercive actions in context: Reconceptualizing
motives for intimate partner violence perpetration. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101388
Stevens, F. , Nurse, J. R. C. , & Arief, B. (2020). Cyber stalking, cyber harassment, and adult mental health: A
systematic review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0253
Straus, M. A. , & Gozjolko, K. L. (2014). “Intimate terrorism” and gender differences in injury of dating partners
by male and female university students. Journal of Family Violence, 29(1), 51–65. https://doi.10.1007/s10896-
013-9560-7
Straus, M. A. , & Gozjolko, K. L. (2016). Concordance between partners in “intimate terrorism”: A comparison of
two typologies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 29, 55–60. https://doi.10.1016/j.avb.2016.06.003
Sun, S. , & Fan, X. (2018). Is there a gender difference in cyber-victimization? A meta-analysis. Journal of
Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 30(3), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-
1105/a000185
Taft, C. T. , Murphy, C. M. , & Creech, S. K. (2016). Trauma-informed treatment and prevention of intimate
partner violence. American Psychological Association.
Ulman, A. , & Straus, M. A. (2003). Violence by children against mothers in relation to violence between parents
and corporal punishment by parents. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 34(1), 41–60.
https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.34.1.41
Williams, K. D. , Shore, W. J. , & Grahe, J. E. (1998). The silent treatment: Perceptions of its behaviors and
associated feelings. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 1(2), 117–141.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430298012002
Wolfe, D. A. , Wekerle, C. , Reitzel-Jaffe, D. , Grasley, C. , Pittman, A.-L. , & MacEachran, A. (1997).
Interrupting the cycle of violence: Empowering youth to promote healthy relationships. In D. A. Wolfe , R. J.
McMahon , & R. D. Peters (Eds.), Child abuse: New directions in prevention and treatment across the lifespan
(pp. 102–129). Sage.
Wood, L. (2015). Hoping, empowering, strengthening: Theories used in intimate partner violence advocacy.
Affilia: Journal of Women & Social Work, 30(3), 286–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109914563157
World Health Organization . (2013). Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against
women: WHO clinical and policy guidelines.
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85240/1/9789241548595_eng.pdf
Yon, Y. , Mikton, C. , Gassoumis, Z. D. , & Wilber, K. H. (2019). The prevalence of self-reported elder abuse
among older women in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence &
Abuse, 20(2), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017697308

Physiology and Physical Health

Afifi, T. D. (Ed.). (2015). Communication, biology, and physiology [Special issue]. Communication Monographs,
82(1), 1–178.
Afifi, T. D. , Afifi, W. A. , Morse, C. , & Hamrick, K. (2008). Adolescents’ avoidance tendencies and physiological
reactions to discussions about their parents’ relationship: Implications for post-divorce and non-divorced
families. Communication Monographs, 75(3), 290–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750802342308
Afifi, T. D. , Granger, D. A. , Joseph, A. , Denes, A. , & Aldeis, D. (2015). The influence of divorce and parents’
communication skills on adolescents’ and young adults’ stress reactivity and recovery. Communication
Research, 42(7), 1009–1042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650213509665
Afifi, T. D. , McManus, T. , Hutchinson, S. , & Baker, B. (2007). Parental divorce disclosures, the factors that
prompt them, and their impact on parents’ and adolescents’ well-being. Communication Monographs, 74(1),
78–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750701196870
Aguilera, G. (1994). Regulation of pituitary ACTH secretion during chronic stress. Frontiers in
Neuroendocrinology, 15(4), 321–350. https://doi.org/10.1006/frne.1994.1013
Aloia, L. S. , Denes, A. , & Crowley, J. C. (Eds.). (2020). The Oxford handbook of the physiology of
interpersonal communication. Oxford University Press.
Amato, P. R. , & Previti, D. (2003). People’s reasons for divorcing: Gender, social class, the life course, and
adjustment. Journal of Family Issues, 24(5), 602–626. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X03254507
Andersen, P. A. , Garrison, J. P. , & Andersen, J. F. (1979). Implications of a neurophysiological approach for
the study of nonverbal communication. Human Communication Research, 6(1), 74–89.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1979.tb00293.x
Aunola, K. , Ruusunen, A. K. , Viljaranta, J. , & Nurmi, J. E. (2015). Parental affection and psychological control
as mediators between parents’ depressive symptoms and child distress. Journal of Family Issues, 36(8),
1022–1042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13494825
Baumeister, R. F. , & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a
fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-
2909.117.3.497
Beatty, M. J. , McCroskey, J. C. , & Floyd, K. (Eds.). (2009). Biological dimensions of communication:
Perspectives, methods, and research. Hampton Press.
Beatty, M. J. , McCroskey, J. C. , & Heisel, A. D. (1998). Communication apprehension as temperamental
expression: A communibiological paradigm. Communication Monographs, 65(3), 197–219.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759809376448
Bogaert, A. F. , Fawcett, C. C. , & Jamieson, L. K. (2009). Attractiveness, body size, masculine sex roles and
2D:4D ratios in men. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(4), 273–278.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.011
Burke, H. M. , Davis, M. C. , Otte, C. , & Mohr, D. C. (2005). Depression and cortisol responses to
psychological stress: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(9), 846–856.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.010
Burleson, B. R. , & Denton, W. H. (1992). A new look at similarity and attraction in marriage: Similarities in
social-cognitive and communication skills as predictors of attraction and satisfaction. Communication
Monographs, 59(3), 268–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376269
Burleson, B. R. , & Samter, W. (1996). Similarity in the communication skills of young adults: Foundations of
attraction, friendship, and relationship satisfaction. Communication Reports, 9(2), 127–139.
Byrne, D. , & Griffitt, W. (1969). Similarity and awareness of similarity of personality characteristics as
determinants of attraction. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 3(3), 179–186.
Cappella, J. (1991). The biological origins of automated patterns of human interaction. Communication Theory,
1(1), 4–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1991.tb00002.x
Cunningham, M. R. , Roberts, A. R. , Barbee, A. P. , Druen, P. B. , & Wu, C. H. (1995). “Their ideas of beauty
are, on the whole, the same as ours”: Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female
physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(2), 261–279.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.261
Dabbs, J. M. , Frady, R. L. , Carr, T. S. , & Besch, N. F. (1987). Saliva testosterone and criminal violence in
young adult prison inmates. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49(2), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-
198703000-00007
Del Zotto, M. , & Pegna, A. J. (2017). Electrophysiological evidence of perceived sexual attractiveness for
human female bodies varying in waist-to-hip ratio. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 17,
577–591. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-017-0498-8
Denton, W. H. , Burleson, B. R. , Hobbs, B. V. , Von Stein, M. , & Rodriguez, C. P. (2001). Cardiovascular
reactivity and initiate/avoid patterns of marital communication: A test of Gottman’s psychophysiologic model of
marital interaction. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24(5), 401–421. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012278209577
Doss, B. D. , Simpson, L. E. , & Christensen, A. (2004). Why do couples seek marital therapy? Professional
Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(6), 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.35.6.608
Evans, C. A. , Jordan, A. B. , & Horner, J. (2011). Only two hours? A qualitative study of the challenges parents
perceive in restricting child television time. Journal of Family Issues, 32(9), 1223–1244.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X11400558
Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G. , Groth, T. , Kaiser, A. , & Hahlweg, K. (1999). Cortisol responses to marital conflict depend
on marital interaction quality. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 6(3), 207–227.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0603_1
Fink, B. , Neave, N. , Manning, J. T. , & Grammer, K. (2006). Facial symmetry and judgements of
attractiveness, health and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(3), 491–499.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.017
Fleming, A. S. , Corter, C. , Stallings, J. , & Stainer, M. (2002). Testosterone and prolactin are associated with
emotional responses to infant cries in new fathers. Hormones and Behavior, 42(4), 399–413.
https://doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.2002.1840
Floyd, K. (2004). An introduction to the uses and potential uses of physiological measurement in the study of
family communication. Journal of Family Communication, 4(3–4), 295–318.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2004.9670137
Floyd, K. (2006a). Biological/physiological relationship research [Special issue]. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 23(2) 187–326.
Floyd, K. (2006b). Communicating affection: Interpersonal behavior and social context. Cambridge University
Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606649
Floyd, K. (2014). Humans are people, too: Nurturing an appreciation for nature in communication research.
Review of Communication Research, 2, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2014.02.01.001
Floyd, K. (2019). Affectionate communication in close relationships. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108653510
Floyd, K. , & Afifi, T. D. (2012). Biological and physiological perspectives on interpersonal communication. In M.
L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (4th ed., pp. 87–127). Sage.
Floyd, K. , Boren, J. P. , Hannawa, A. F. , Hesse, C. , McEwan, B. , & Veksler, A. E. (2009). Kissing in marital
and cohabitating relationships: Effects on blood lipids, stress, and relationship satisfaction. Western Journal of
Communication, 73(2), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310902856071
Floyd, K. , Mikkelson, A. C. , Tafoya, M. A. , Farinelli, L. , La Valley, A. G. , Judd, J. , Haynes, M. T. , Davis, K.
L. , & Wilson, J. (2007). Human affection exchange: XIII. Affectionate communication accelerates
neuroendocrine stress recovery. Health Communication, 22(2), 123–132.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230701454015
Floyd, K. , & Morr, M. C. (2003). Human affection exchange: VII. Affectionate communication in the
sibling/spouse/sibling in law triad. Communication Quarterly, 51(3), 247–261.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370309370155
Floyd, K. , & Riforgiate, S. (2008). Affectionate communication received from spouses predicts stress hormone
levels in healthy adults. Communication Monographs, 75(4), 351–368.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750802512371
Floyd, K. , & Weber, R. (Eds.). (2020). Handbook of communication science and biology. Routledge.
Gallup, G. G. , & Frederick, D. A. (2010). The science of sex appeal: An evolutionary perspective. Review of
General Psychology, 14(3), 240–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020451
Gordon, I. , Zagoory-Sharon, O. , Leckman, J. F. , & Feldman, R. (2010). Oxytocin and the development of
parenting in humans. Biological Psychiatry, 68(4), 377–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.005
Gottman, J. (1994). What predicts divorce? The relationship between marital processes and marital outcomes.
Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315806808
Grewen, K. M. , Girdler, S. S. , Amico, J. , & Light, K. C. (2005). Effects of partner support on resting oxytocin,
cortisol, norepinephrine, and blood pressure before and after warm partner contact. Psychosomatic Medicine,
67(4), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000170341.88395.47
Hammock, E. A. D. , & Young, L. J. (2006). Oxytocin, vasopressin and pair bonding: Implications for autism.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 361(1476), 2187–2198.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1939
Holt-Lunstad, J. , Birmingham, W. A. , & Light, K. C. (2008). Influence of a “warm touch” support enhancement
intervention among married couples on ambulatory blood pressure, oxytocin, alpha amylase, and cortisol.
Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(9), 976–985. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e318187aef7
Honeycutt, J. , Sawyer, C. , & Keaton, S. (Eds.). (2014). The influence of communication on physiology and
health. Peter Lang.
Horvath, C. W. (1995). Biological origins of communicator style. Communication Quarterly, 43(4), 394–407.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379509369987
Juster, R. P. , McEwen, B. S. , & Lupien, S. J. (2010). Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact
on health and cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 2–16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002
Jones, B. C. , Little, A. C. , Penton-Voak, I. S. , Tiddeman, B. P. , Burt, D. M. , & Perrett, D. I. (2001). Facial
symmetry and judgements of apparent health: Support for a “good genes” explanation of the attractiveness-
symmetry relationship. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22(6), 417–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-
5138(01)00083-6
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. , Bane, C. , Glaser, R. , & Malarkey, W. B. (2003). Love, marriage, and divorce:
Newlyweds’ stress hormones foreshadow relationship changes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
71(1), 176–188. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.176
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. , Glaser, R. , Cacioppo, J. , MacCallum, R. , Snydersmith, M. , Kim, C. , & Malarkey, W.
(1997). Marital conflict in older adults: Endocrinological and immunological correlates. Psychosomatic Medicine,
59(4), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199707000-00001
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. , Malarkey, W. B. , Chee, M. , & Newton, T. (1993). Negative behavior during marital
conflict is associated with immunological down-regulation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55(5), 395–409.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199309000-00001
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. , & Newton, T. L. (2001). Marriage and health: His and hers. Psychological Bulletin, 127(4),
472–503. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.4.472
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. , Newton, T. L. , Cacioppo, J. T. , MacCallum, R. C. , Glaser, R. , & Malarkey, W. B.
(1996). Marital conflict and endocrine function: Are men really more physiologically affected than women?
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.324
Kirschbaum, C. , & Hellhammer, D. H. (1989). Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: An overview.
Neuropsychobiology, 22(3), 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000118611
Klosterman, L. (2009). Immune system. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark.
Koenig Kellas, J. , Trees, A. R. , Schrodt, P. , LeClair-Underberg, C. , & Willer, E. K. (2010). Exploring links
between well-being and interactional sense-making in married couples’ jointly told stories of stress. Journal of
Family Communication, 10(3), 174–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2010.489217
Levenson, R. W. , & Gottman, J. M. (1985). Physiological and affective predictors of change in relationship
satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-
3514.49.1.85
Light, K. C. , Grewen, K. M. , & Amico, J. A. (2005). More frequent partner hugs and higher oxytocin levels are
linked to lower blood pressure and heart rate in premenopausal women. Biological Psychology, 69(1), 5–21.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.002
Loving, T. J. , Heffner, K. L. , & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2006). I’ve got you under my skin: Physiology and
interpersonal relationships. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal
relationships (pp. 385–408). Cambridge University Press.
Malarkey, W. B. , Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. , Pearl, D. , & Glaser, R. (1994). Hostile behavior during marital conflict
alters pituitary and adrenal hormones. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56(1), 41–51.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-19940100-00006
Mansson, D. H. (2014). Grandparents’ expressed affection for their grandchildren: Examining the grandparents’
own psychological health. Communication Research Reports, 31(4), 329–338.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2014.963218
Martins, M. V. , Peterson, B. D. , Costa, P. , Costa, M. E. , Lund, R. , & Schmidt, L. (2013). Interactive effects of
social support and disclosure on fertility-related stress. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(4),
371–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512456672
Maselko, J. , Kubzansky, L. , Lipsitt, L. , & Buka, S. L. (2011). Mother’s affection at 8 months predicts emotional
distress in adulthood. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65(7), 621–625.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.097873
Mastro, D. E. , & Behm-Morawitz, E. (2005). Latino representation on primetime television. Journalism & Mass
Communication Quarterly, 82(1), 110–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900508200108
Maton, A. , Hopkins, J. , McLaughlin, C. W. , Johnson, S. , Warner, M. Q. , LaHart, D. , & Wright, J. L. (1993).
Human biology and health. Prentice Hall.
McCroskey, J. C. (1997, November). Why we communicate the ways we do: A communibiological perspective.
The Carroll C. Arnold Distinguished Lecture presented at the annual convention of the National Communication
Association, Chicago, IL.
McCroskey, J. C. , & McCain, T. A. (1974). The measurement of interpersonal attraction. Speech Monographs,
41(3), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637757409375845
Montoya, R. M. , & Horton, R. S. (2012). A meta-analytic investigation of the processes underlying the
similarity-attraction effect. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(1), 64–94.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512452989
Myers, S. A. , Byrnes, K. A. , Frisby, B. N. , & Mansson, D. H. (2011). Adult siblings’ use of affectionate
communication as a strategic and routine relational maintenance behavior. Communication Research Reports,
28(2), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.565276
Owen, W. F. (1987). The verbal expression of love by women and men as a critical communication event in
personal relationships. Women’s Studies in Communication, 10(1), 15–24.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.1987.11089701
Palmer, A. R. , & Strobeck, C. (1986). Fluctuating asymmetry: Measurement, analysis, patterns. Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics, 17, 391–421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.002135
Pauley, P. M. , Floyd, K. , & Hesse, C. (2015). The stress-buffering effects of a brief dyadic interaction before
an acute stressor. Health Communication, 30(7), 646–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.888385
Pennebaker, J. W. , & Chung, C. K. (2011). Expressive writing: Connections to physical and mental health. In
H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 417–437).
Oxford University Press.
Perrett, D. I. , Lee, K. J. , Penton-Voak, I. , Rowland, D. , Yoshikawa, S. , Burt, D. M. , Henzi, S. P. , Castles, D.
L. , & Akamatsu, S. (1998). Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness. Nature, 394(6696), 884–887.
https://doi.org/10.1038/29772
Peters, M. , Rhodes, G. , & Simmons, L. W. (2007). Contributions of the face and body to overall attractiveness.
Animal Behaviour, 73(6), 937–942. https://doi.org.10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.07.012
Puts, D. A. , Dawood, K. , & Welling, L. L. M. (2012). Why women have orgasms: An evolutionary analysis.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(5), 1127–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9967-x
Rainey, W. E. , Carr, B. R. , Sasano, H. , Suzuki, T. , & Mason, J. I. (2002). Dissecting human adrenal
androgen production. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 13(6), 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-
2760(02)00609-4
Rauscher, E. A. , Hesse, C. , Miller, S. , Ford, W. , & Youngs, E. L. (2015). Privacy and family communication
about genetic cancer risk: Investigating factors promoting women’s disclosure decisions. Journal of Family
Communication, 15(4), 368–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2015.1076423
Ravaja, N. (2004). Contributions of psychophysiology to media research: Review and recommendations. Media
Psychology, 6(2), 193–235. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_4
Robles, T. F. , & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2003). The physiology of marriage: Pathways to health. Physiology &
Behavior, 79(3), 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00160-4
Rosenblatt, J. S. (1994). Psychobiology of maternal behavior: Contribution to the clinical understanding of
maternal behavior among humans. Acta Paediatrica, 83(s397), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-
2227.1994.tb13259.x
Ruiz-Padial, E. , Vila, J. , & Thayer, J. F. (2011). The effect of conscious and non-conscious presentation of
biologically relevant emotion pictures on emotion modulated startle and phasic heart rate. International Journal
of Psychophysiology, 79(3), 341–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.12.001
Scheib, J. E. , Gangestad, S. W. , & Thornhill, R. (1999). Facial attractiveness, symmetry and cues of good
genes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 266(1431), 1913–1917.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0866
Schrodt, P. , Ledbetter, A. M. , & Ohrt, J. K. (2007). Parental confirmation and affection as mediators of family
communication patterns and children’s mental well-being. Journal of Family Communication, 7(1), 23–46.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327698jfc0701_3
Sugiyama, L. S. (2005). Physical attractiveness in adaptationist perspective. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook
of evolutionary psychology (pp. 292–343). Wiley.
Taylor, S. E. , Klein, L. C. , Lewis, B. P. , Gruenewald, T. L. , Gurung, R. A. R. , & Updegraff, J. A. (2000).
Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review,
107(3), 411–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.3.411
Thornhill, R. , & Gangestad, S. W. (1994). Human fluctuating asymmetry and sexual behavior. Psychological
Science, 5(5), 297–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00629.x
Thornhill, R. , Gangestad, S. W. , & Comer, R. (1995). Human female orgasm and mate fluctuating asymmetry.
Animal Behaviour, 50(6), 1601–1615. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80014-X
Trees, A. R. , & Koenig Kellas, J. K. (2009). Telling tales: Enacting family relationships in joint storytelling about
difficult family experiences. Western Journal of Communication, 73(1), 91–111.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10570310802635021
Turner, R. A. , Altemus, M. , Yip, D. N. , Kupferman, E. , Fletcher, D. , Bostrom, A. , Lyons, D. M. , & Amico, J.
A. (2002). Effects on emotion of oxytocin, prolactin, and ACTH in women. Stress, 5(4), 269–276.
https://doi.org10.1080/1025389021000037586-1
Weber, R. (Ed.). (2015a). Biology and brains: Methodological innovations in communication science [Special
issue]. Communication Methods and Measures, 9(1–2), 1–122.
Weber, R. (Ed.). (2015b). Brain, mind, and media: Neuroscience meets media psychology [Special issue].
Journal of Media Psychology, 27(3), 89–157.
Wismer Fries, A. B. , Shirtcliff, E. A. , & Pollak, S. D. (2008). Neuroendocrine dysregulation following early
social deprivation in children. Developmental Psychobiology, 50(6), 588–599. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20319
Young, L. J. , & Wang, Z. (2004). The neurobiology of pair bonding. Nature Neuroscience, 7(10), 1048–1054.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1327
Zietsch, B. P. , & Santtila, P. (2013). No direct relationship between human female orgasm rate and number of
offspring. Animal Behaviour, 86(2), 253–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.011

Mental Health
Abela, J. R. , Zinck, S. , Kryger, S. , Zilber, I. , & Hankink, B. L. (2009). Contagious depression: Negative
attachment cognitions as a moderator of the temporal association between parental depression and child
depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38(1), 16–26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410802575305
Aggarwal, S. , Grover, S. , & Chakrabarti, S. (2019). A comparative study evaluating the marital and sexual
functioning in patients with schizophrenia and depressive disorders. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 128–134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2018.12.021
Alaie, I. , Låftman, S. B. , Jonsson, U. , & Bohman, H. (2020). Parent-youth conflict as a predictor of depression
in adulthood: A 15-year follow-up of a community-based cohort. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,
29(4), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01368-8
Alloy, L. B. , Abramson, L. Y. , Smith, J. M. , Gibb, B. E. , & Neeren, A. M. (2006). Role of parenting and
maltreatment histories in unipolar and bipolar mood disorders: Mediation by cognitive vulnerability to
depression. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9(1), 23–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-006-
0002-4
American Psychiatric Association . (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
Author. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Arroyo, A. , & Segrin, C. (2013). Family interactions and disordered eating attitudes: The mediating roles of
social competence and psychological distress. Communication Monographs, 80(4), 399–424.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2013.828158
Barry, R. A. , Barden, E. P. , & Dubac, C. (2019). Pulling away: Links among disengaged couple
communication, relationship distress, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(3),
280–293. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000507
Basco, M. R. , Prager, K. J. , Pita, J. M. , Tamir, L. M. , & Stephens, J. J. (1992). Communication and intimacy
in the marriages of depressed patients. Journal of Family Psychology, 6(2), 184–194.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.6.2.184
Beach, S. R. H. (Ed.). (2001). Marital and family processes in depression: A scientific foundation for clinical
practice. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.6.2.184
Benazon, N. R. , & Coyne, J. C. (2000). Living with a depressed spouse. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(1),
71–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.14.1.71
Bentall, R. P. , de Sousa, P. , Varese, F. , Wickham, S. , Sitko, K. , Haarmans, M. , & Read, J. (2014). From
adversity to psychosis: Pathways and mechanisms from specific adversities to specific symptoms. Social
Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(7), 1011–1022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0914-0
Boucher, M. , Pugliese, J. , Allard, C. C. , Lecours, S. , Ahoundova, L. , Chouinard, R. , & Gaham, S. (2017).
Parent-child relationship associated with the development of borderline personality disorder: A systematic
review. Personality and Mental Health, 11(4), 229–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1385
Burke, T. J. , Woszidlo, A. , & Segrin, C. (2012). Social skills, family conflict, and loneliness in families.
Communication Reports, 25(2), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2012.719461
Cance, J. D. , Loukas, A. , & Talley, A. E. (2015). The differential associations of internalizing symptoms and
family and school relationships with disordered eating attitudes among early adolescents. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 32(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514523551
Catalan, A. , Angosto, V. , Díaz, A. , Valverde, C. , de Artaza, M. G. , Sesma, E. , Maruottolo, C. , Galletero, I. ,
Bustamante, S. , Bilbao, A. , van Os, J. , & Gonzalez-Torres, M. A. (2017). Relation between psychotic
symptoms, parental care and childhood trauma in severe mental disorders. Psychiatry Research, 251, 78–84.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.017
Chen, P. , & Harris, K. M. (2019). Association of positive family relationships with mental health trajectories
from adolescence to midlife. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(12), e193336.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3336
Coyne, J. C. , Thompson, R. , & Palmer, S. C. (2002). Marital quality, coping with conflict, marital complaints,
and affection in couples with a depressed wife. Journal of Family Psychology, 16(1), 26–37.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.16.1.26
Criscuolo, M. , Marchetto, C. , Chianello, I. , Cereser, L. , Castiglioni, M. C. , Salvo, P. , Vicari, S. , & Zanna, V.
(2020). Family functioning, coparenting, and parents’ ability to manage conflict in adolescent anorexia nervosa
subtypes. Families, Systems, & Health, 38(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000483
Cunha, A. I. , Relvas, A. P. , & Soares, I. (2009). Anorexia nervosa and family relationships: Perceived family
functioning, coping strategies, beliefs, and attachment to parents and peers. International Journal of Clinical
and Health Psychology, 9(2), 229–240.
de Sousa, P. , Sellwood, W. , Fien, K. , Sharp, H. , Pickles, A. , Hill, J. , Abbott, K. , Fisher, L. , & Bentall, R. P.
(2019). Mapping early environment using communication deviance: A longitudinal study of maternal sensitivity
toward 6-month-old children. Development and Psychopathology, 31(4), 1501–1511.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001189
de Sousa, P. , Varese, F. , Sellwood, W. , & Bentall, R. P. (2014). Parental communication and psychosis: A
meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(4), 756–768. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt088
El-Sheikh, M. , Shimizu, M. , Erath, S. A. , Philbrook, L. E. , & Hinnant, J. B. (2019). Dynamic patterns of marital
conflict: Relations to trajectories of adolescent adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 55(8), 1720–1732.
https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000746
Eyden, J. , Winsper, C. , Wolke, D. , Broome, M. R. , & MacCallum, F. (2016). A systematic review of the
parenting and outcomes experienced by offspring of mothers with borderline personality pathology: Potential
mechanisms and clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 85–105.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.002
Florange, J. G. , & Herpertz, S. C. (2019). Parenting in patients with borderline personality disorder, sequelae
for the offspring and approaches to treatment and prevention. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(2).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-0996-1
Goldstein, M. J. (1987). Family interaction patterns that antedate the onset of schizophrenia and related
disorders: A further analysis of data from a longitudinal, prospective study. In K. Hahlweg & M. J. Goldstein
(Eds.), Understanding major mental disorder: The contribution of family interaction research (pp. 11–32). Family
Process Press.
Granek, L. , Danan, D. , Bersudsky, Y. , & Osher, Y. (2016). Living with bipolar disorder: The impact on
patients, spouses, and their marital relationship. Bipolar Disorders, 18(2), 192–199.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12370
Hatfield, E. , Cacioppo, J. T. , & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174138
Healy, S. J. , Lewin, J. , Butler, S. , Vaillancourt, K. , & Seth-Smith, F. (2016). Affect recognition and the quality
of mother-infant interaction: Understanding parenting difficulties in mothers with schizophrenia. Archives of
Women’s Mental Health, 19(1), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-015-0530-3
Hedlund, S. , Fichter, M. M. , Quadflieg, N. , & Brandl, C. (2003). Expressed emotion, family environment, and
parental bonding in bulimia nervosa: A 6-year investigation. Eating and Weight Disorders, 8(1), 26–35.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324986
Heene, E. , Buysse, A. , & Van Oost, P. (2007). An interpersonal perspective on depression: The role of marital
adjustment, conflict communication, attributions, and attachment within a clinical sample. Family Process,
46(4), 499–514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00228.x
Horowitz, L. M. , & Strack, S. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of interpersonal psychology. John Wiley & Sons.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118001868
Iacono, V. , Beaulieu, L. , Hodgins, S. , & Ellenbogen, M. A. (2018). Parenting practices in middle childhood
mediate the relation between growing up with a parent having bipolar disorder and offspring psychopathology
from childhood into early adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 30(2), 635–649.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941700116X
Jackman-Cram, S. , Dobson, K. S. , & Martin, R. (2006). Marital problem-solving behavior in depression and
marital distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(2), 380–384. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-
843X.115.2.380
Joiner, T. E. (1994). Contagious depression: Existence, specificity to depressive symptoms, and the role of
reassurance seeking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 287–296.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.287
Kyriacou, O. , Treasure, J. , & Schmidt, U. (2008). Expressed emotion in eating disorders assessed via self-
report: An examination of factors associated with expressed emotion in carers of people with Anorexia Nervosa
in comparison to control families. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(1), 37–46.
https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20469
Latzer, Y. , Hochdorf, Z. , Bachar, E. , & Canetti, L. (2002). Attachment style and family functioning as
discriminating factors in eating disorders. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 24(4),
581–599. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021273129664
Links, P. S. (1992). Family environment and family psychopathology in the etiology of borderline personality
disorder. In J. F. Clarkin , E. Marziali , & H. Munroe-Blum (Eds.), Borderline personality disorder: Clinical and
empirical perspectives (pp. 15–66). Guilford Press.
Matherne, C. E. , Munn-Chernoff, M. A. , Thornton, L. M. , Rhee, S. H. , Lin, S. , Corley, R. P. , Stallings, M. C. ,
& Hewitt, J. K. (2019). Perceived family functioning among adolescents with and without loss of control eating.
Eating Behaviors, 33, 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.02.001
Miklowitz, D. J. (1994). Family risk indicators in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20(1), 137–149.
https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/20.1.137
Miklowitz, D. J. , Simoneau, T. L. , Sachs-Ericsson, N. , Warner, R. , & Suddath, R. (1996). Family risk
indicators in the course of bipolar affective disorder. In C. Mundt , M. J. Goldstein , K. Hahlweg , & P. Fiedler
(Eds.), Interpersonal factors in the origin and course of affective disorders (pp. 204–217). Gaskell.
Muzik, M. , Morelen, D. , Hruschak, J. , Rosenblum, K. L. , Bocknek, E. , & Beeghly, M. (2017).
Psychopathology and parenting: An examination of perceived and observed parenting in mothers with
depression and PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.035
Nicolaisen, M. , & Thorsen, K. (2014). Loneliness among men and women-A five-year follow-up study. Aging &
Mental Health, 18(2), 194–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.821457
Nordahl, H. M. , & Stiles, T. C. (1997). Perceptions of parental bonding in patients with various personality
disorders, lifetime depressive disorders, and healthy controls. Journal of Personality Disorders, 11(4), 391–402.
https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1997.11.4.391
O’Driscoll, C. , Sener, S. B. , Angmark, A. , & Shaikh, M. (2019). Caregiving processes and expressed emotion
in psychosis, a cross-cultural, meta-analytic review. Schizophrenia Research, 208, 8–15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.020
Parker, G. (1983). Parental “affectionless control” as an antecedent to adult depression. Archives of General
Psychiatry, 40(9), 956–960. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790080038005
Peh, O. H. , Rapisarda, A. , & Lee, J. (2020). Quality of parental bonding is associated with symptom severity
and functioning among individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 215, 204–210.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.029
Peterson-Post, K. M. , Rhoades, G. K. , Stanley, S. M. , & Markman, H. J. (2014). Perceived criticism and
marital adjustment predict depressive symptoms in a community sample. Behavior Therapy, 45(4), 564–575.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.002
Pilowsky, D. J. , Wickramarantne, P. , Nomura, Y. , & Weissman, M. M. (2006). Family discord, parental
depression, and psychopathology in offspring: 20-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(4), 452–460. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000198592.23078.8d
Polivy, J. , & Herman, C. P. (2002). Causes of eating disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 187–213.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103
Rienecke, R. D. , Accurso, E. C. , Lock, J. , & Le Grange, D. (2016). Expressed emotion, family functioning, and
treatment outcome for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 24(1), 43–51.
https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2389
Rienecke, R. D. , Lebow, J. , Lock, J. , & Le Grange, D. (2017). Family profiles of expressed emotion in
adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa and their parents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent
Psychology, 46(3), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1030755
Roisko, R. , Wahlberg, K.-E. , Hakko, H. , & Tienari, P. (2015). Association of adoptive child’s thought disorders
and schizophrenia spectrum disorders with their genetic liability for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, season
of birth and parental communication deviance. Psychiatry Research, 226(2–3), 434–440.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.036
Roisko, R. , Wahlberg, K. E. , Miettunen, J. , & Tienari, P. (2014). Association of parental communication
deviance with offspring’s psychiatric and thought disorders. A systematic review and meta-analysis. European
Psychiatry, 29(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.05.002
Rorty, M. , Yager, J. , Rossotto, E. , & Buckwalter, G. (2000). Parental intrusiveness in adolescence recalled by
women with a history of bulimia nervosa and comparison women. International Journal of Eating Disorders,
28(2), 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(200009)28:2<202::AID-EAT9>3.0.CO;2-G
Schneider, S. , Houweling, J. E. G. , Gommlich-Schneider, S. , Klein, C. , Nundel, B. , & Wolke, D. (2009).
Effect of maternal panic disorder on mother-child interaction and relation to child anxiety and child self-efficacy.
Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 12(4), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-009-0072-7
Scott, A. M. , & Stafford, L. (2018). An investigation of relational turbulence and depressive symptoms in newly
married women. Personal Relationships, 25(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12225
Segrin, C. (2001). Interpersonal processes in psychological problems. Guilford Press.
Segrin, C. , Badger, T. A. , Meek, P. , Lopez, A. M. , Bonham, E. , & Sieger, A. (2005). Dyadic interdependence
on affect and quality of life trajectories among women with breast cancer and their partners. Journal of Social
and Personal Relationships, 22(5), 673–689. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056443
Segrin, C. , Badger, T. A. , Sikorskii, A. , Pasvogel, A. , Weihs, K. , & Lopez, A. M. (2020). Longitudinal dyadic
interdependence in psychological distress among Latinas with breast cancer and their caregivers. Supportive
Care in Cancer, 28(6), 2735–2743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-05121-4
Segrin, C. , & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1992). Depression and verbal aggressiveness in different marital couple types.
Communication Studies, 43(2), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510979209368362
Sheets, E. S. , & Miller, I. W. (2010). Predictors of relationship functioning for patients with bipolar disorders and
their partners. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(1), 371–379. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020352
Shenoy, S. , Desai, G. , Venkatasubramanian, G. , & Chandra, P. S. (2019). Parenting in mothers with
schizophrenia and its relation to facial emotion recognition deficits-A case control study. Asian Journal of
Psychiatry, 40, 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.01.022
Singer, M. , Wynne, L. , & Toohey, M. (1978). Communication disorders and the families of schizophrenics. In
L. C. Wynne , R. L. Cromwell , & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to
research and treatment (pp. 499–511). Wiley.
Smith, O. A. , Nelson, J. A. , & Adelson, M. J. (2019). Interparental and parent-child conflict predicting
adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(7), 1965–1976.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01424-6
South, S. C. (2014). Personality pathology and daily aspects of marital functioning. Personality Disorders:
Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(2), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000039
Stapp, E. K. , Mendelson, T. , Merikangas, K. R. , & Wilcox, H. C. (2020). Parental bipolar disorder, family
environment, and offspring psychiatric disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 268,
69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.005
Steele, K. R. , Townsend, M. L. , & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2019). Parenting and personality disorder: An overview
and meta-synthesis of systematic reviews. PloS One, 14(10), e0223038.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223038
Stern, M. I. , Herron, W. G. , Primavera, L. H. , & Kakuma, T. (1997). Interpersonal perceptions of depressed
and borderline inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-
4679(199701)53:1<41::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-Y
Stocker, C. M. , Gilligan, M. , Klopack, E. T. , Conger, K. J. , Lanthier, R. P. , Neppl, T. K. , O’Neal, C. W. , &
Wickrama, K. A. S. (2020). Sibling relationships in older adulthood: Links with loneliness and well-being.
Journal of Family Psychology, 34(5), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000586
Stokes, J. E. (2017). Mutual influence and older married adults’ anxiety symptoms: Results from the Irish
longitudinal study on ageing. The Gerontologist, 57, 529–539.
Subotnik, K. L. , Goldstein, M. J. , Nuechterlein, K. H. , Woo, S. M. , & Mintz, J. (2002). Are communication
deviance and expressed emotion related to family history of psychiatric disorders in schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28(4), 719–729. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006975
Subramanian, K. , Sarkar, S. , Kattimani, S. , Rajkumar, R. P. , & Penchilaiya, V. (2017). Role of stressful life
events and kindling in bipolar disorder: Converging evidence from a mania-predominant illness course.
Psychiatry Research, 258, 434–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.073
Sullivan, A. E. , & Miklowitz, D. J. (2010). Family functioning with bipolar disorder. Journal of Family
Psychology, 24(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018183
Thomas, R. L. , Kelly, A. B. , Chan, G. C. K. , & Williams, J. W. (2017). Linking eating and weight control
attitudes to relationship experiences: A large-scale survey of adolescent females. Journal of Adolescence, 58,
67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.04.008
Thomas, S. R. , O’Brien, K. A. , Clarke, T. L. , Liu, Y. , & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2015). Maternal depression
history moderates parenting responses to compliant and noncompliant behaviors of children with ADHD.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(7), 1257–1269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9957-7
Timmins, V. , Swampillai, B. , Hatch, J. , Scavone, A. , Collinger, K. , Boulos, C. , & Goldstein, B. I. (2016).
Correlates of adolescent-reported and parent-reported family conflict among Canadian adolescents with bipolar
disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 22(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRA.0000000000000118
Vaughn, C. E. , & Leff, J. P. (1981). Patterns of emotional response in relatives of schizophrenic patients.
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7(1), 43–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/7.1.43
Velligan, D. I. , Miller, A. L. , Eckert, S. L. , Funderburg, L. G. , True, J. E. , Mahurin, R. K. , Diamond, P. , &
Hazelton, B. C. (1996). The relationship between parental communication deviance and relapse in
schizophrenia patients in the 1-year period after hospital discharge. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
184(8), 490–496. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199608000-00006
Wang, J.-Y. , Hsieh, M.-H. , Lin, P.-C. , Liu, C.-S. , & Chen, J.-D. (2017). Parallel contagion phenomenon of
concordant mental disorders among married couples: A nationwide cohort study. Journal of Epidemiology and
Community Health, 71(7), 640–647. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-208283
Watzlawick, P. , Bavelas, J. B. , & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication. W. W. Norton.
Webster, J. J. , & Palmer, R. L. (2000). The childhood and family background of women with clinical eating
disorders: A comparison with women with major depression and women without psychiatric disorder.
Psychological Medicine, 30(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799001440
Weymouth, B. B. , Fosco, G. M. , Mak, H. W. , Mayfield, K. , LoBraico, E. J. , & Feinberg, M. E. (2019).
Implications of interparental conflict for adolescents’ peer relationships: A longitudinal pathway through threat
appraisals and social anxiety symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 55(7), 1509–1522.
https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000731
Whisman, M. A. (2007). Marital distress and DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in a population-based national
survey. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(3), 638–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.3.638
Whisman, M. A. , Robustelli, B. L. , & Labrecque, L. T. (2018). Specificity of the association between marital
discord and longitudinal changes in symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety disorder in the Irish
longitudinal study on ageing. Family Process, 57(3), 649–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12351
Wilson, S. , & Durbin, C. E. (2010). Effects of paternal depression on fathers’ parenting behaviors: A meta-
analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007
Wonderlich, S. , Ukestad, L. , & Perzacki, R. (1994). Perceptions of nonshared childhood environment in
bulimia nervosa. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(5), 740–747.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199406000-00015
Wynne, L. C. (1981). Current concepts about schizophrenics and family relationships. Journal of Nervous and
Mental Disease, 169(2), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198102000-00003
Ying, L. , Zhou, H. , Yu, S. , Chen, C. , Jia, X. , Wang, Y. , & Lin, C. (2018). Parent-child communication and
self esteem mediate the relationship between interparental conflict and children’s depressive symptoms. Child:
Care, Health and Development, 44(6), 908–915. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12610

Epilogue The COVID-19 Pandemic and Family Communication Research

Ahmed, D. , & Buheji, M. , & Fardan, S. (2020). Re-emphasising the future family role in “care economy” as a
result of Covid-19 pandemic spillovers. American Journal of Economics, 10, 332–338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.economics.20201006.03
Alzueta, E. , Perrin, P. , Baker, F. C. , Caffarra, S. , Ramos-Usuga, D. , Yuksel, D. , & Arango-Lasprilla, J. C.
(2021). How the COVID-19 pandemic has changed our lives: A study of psychological correlates across 59
countries. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 556–570. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23082
Asadi, S. , Bouvier, N. , Wexler, A. S. , & Ristenpart, W. D. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic and aerosols:
Does COVID-19 transmit via expiratory particles? Aerosol Science and Technology: The Journal of the
American Association for Aerosol Research (April 3), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2020.1749229
Asadi, S. , Wexler, A. S. , Cappa, C. D. , Barreda, S. , Bouvier, N. M. , & Ristenpart, W. D. (2019). Aerosol
emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 2348.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z
Brown, G. , & Greenfield, P. M. (2021). Staying connected during stay-at-home: Communication with family and
friends and its association with well-being. Human Behavior & Emerging Technology, 3, 147–156.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.246
Chen, C. Y.-C. , Byrne, E. , & Vélez, T. (2021). Impact of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 on families with
school-aged children in the United States: Roles of income level and race. Journal of Family Issues.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X21994153
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2021). COVID data tracker, 2021. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-
data-tracker/#datatracker-home
Daks, J. S. , Peltz, J. S. , & Rogge, R. D. (2020). Psychological flexibility and inflexibility as sources of resiliency
and risk during a pandemic: Modeling the cascade of COVID-19 stress on family systems with a contextual
behavioral science lens. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18, 16–27.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.08.003
De Oliveira, P. M. , Mesquita, L. , Gkantonas, S. , Giusti, A. , & Mastorakos, E. (2021). Evolution of spray and
aerosol from respiratory releases: Theoretical estimates for insight on viral transmission. Proceedings.
Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 477(2245), 20200584.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0584
Del Boca, D. , Oggero, N. , Profeta, P. , & Rossi, C. (2020). Women’s and men’s work, housework and
childcare, before and during COVID-19. Review of Economics of the Household, 18, 1001–1017.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09502-1
Donato, S. , Parise, M. , Pagani, A. F. , Lanz, M. , Regalia, C. , Rosnati, R. , & Iafrate, R. (2021). Together
against COVID-19 concerns: The role of the dyadic coping process for partners’ psychological well-being during
the pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 578395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578395
El-Zoghby, S. M. , Soltan, E. M. , & Salama, H. M. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health
and social support among adult Egyptians. Journal of Community Health, 45(4), 689–695.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00853-5
Evans, S. , Mikocka-Walus, A. , Klas, A. , Olive, L. , Sciberras, E. , Karantzas, G. , Westrupp, E. M. (2020).
From “it has stopped our lives“to “spending more time together has strengthened bonds”: The varied
experiences of Australian families during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 588–667.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.588667
Feehan, D. , & Mahmud, A. (2021). Quantifying population contact patterns in the United States during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Communications, 12, 893. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-20990
Feinberg, M. E. , Mogle, J. A. , Lee, J. K. , Tornello, S. L. , Hostetler, M. L. , Cifelli, J. A. , Bai, S. , & Hotez, E.
(2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on parent, child, and family functioning. Family Process,
10.1111/famp.12649. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12649
Gabbiadini, A. , Baldissarri, C. , Durante, F. , Valtorta, R. R. , De Rosa, M. , & Gallucci, M. (2020). Together
apart: The mitigating role of digital communication technologies on negative affect during the COVID-19
outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 554678. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554678
Gadermann, A. C. , Thomson, K. C. , Richardson, C. G. , Gagné, M. , McAuliffe, C. , Hirani, S. , & Jenkins, E.
(2021). Examining the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on family mental health in Canada: Findings from a
national cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 11(1), e042871. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042871
Goodboy, A. K. , Dillow, M. R. , Knoster, K. C. , & Howard, H. A. (2021). Relational turbulence from the COVID-
19 pandemic: Within-subjects mediation by romantic partner interdependence. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 38(6), 1800–1818. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211000135
Hertz, R. , Mattes, J. , & Shook, A. (2020). When paid work invades the family: Single mothers in the COVID-19
pandemic. Journal of Family Issues. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20961420
Knowles, L. M. , Ruiz, J. M. , & O’Connor, M. F. (2019). A systematic review of the association between
bereavement and biomarkers of immune function. Psychosomatic Medicine, 81(5), 415–433.
https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000693
Koh, W. C. , Naing, L. , Chaw, L. , Rosledzana, M. A. , Alikhan, M. F. , Jamaludin, S. A. , Amin, F. , Omar, A. ,
Shazli, A. , Griffith, M. , Pastore, R. , & Wong, J. (2020). What do we know about SARS-CoV-2 transmission? A
systematic review and meta-analysis of the secondary attack rate and associated risk factors. PloS One,
15(10), e0240205. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240205
Krishnamoorthy, Y. , Nagarajan, R. , Saya, G. K. , & Menon, V. (2020). Prevalence of psychological morbidities
among general population, healthcare workers and COVID-19 patients amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A
systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113382.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113382
Larrimore, J. , & Zabek, M. (2020). Household finances under Covid-19: Evidence from the survey of household
economics and decision making. Consumer & Community Context. 89150, Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System (U.S.).
Li, F. , Luo, S. , Mu, W. , Li, Y. , Ye, L. , Zheng, X. , Xu, B. , Ding, Y. , Ling, P. , Zhou, M. , & Chen, X. (2021).
Effects of sources of social support and resilience on the mental health of different age groups during the
COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-03012-1
Li, Y. , & Samp, J. A. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on same-sex couples’ conflict avoidance,
relational quality, and mental health. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(6), 1819–1843.
https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211006199
Lillie, H. M. , Chernichky-Karcher, S. , & Venetis, M. K. (2021). Dyadic coping and discrete emotions during
COVID-19: Connecting the communication theory of resilience with relational uncertainty. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 38(6), 1844–1868. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211009302
Luchetti, M. , Lee, J. H. , Aschwanden, D. , Sesker, A. , Strickhouser, J. E. , Terracciano, A. , & Sutin, A. R.
(2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19. The American Psychologist, 75(7), 897–908.
https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000690
Luetke, M. , Hensel, D. , Herbenick, D. , & Rosenberg, M. (2020). Romantic relationship conflict due to the
COVID-19 pandemic and changes in intimate and sexual behaviors in a nationally representative sample of
American adults. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 46(8), 747–762.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2020.1810185
Madewell, Z. J. , Yang, Y. , Longini, I. M., Jr , Halloran, M. E. , & Dean, N. E. (2020). Household transmission of
SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 3(12), e2031756.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31756
McElwrath, K. (2020). Schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic. US Census Bureau.
www.census.gov/library/stories/2020/08/schooling-during-the-covid-19-pandemic.html
Meherali, S. , Punjani, N. , Louie-Poon, S. , Abdul Rahim, K. , Das, J. K. , Salam, R. A. , & Lassi, Z. S. (2021).
Mental health of children and adolescents amidst COVID-19 and past pandemics: A rapid systematic review.
International Journal of Environmental Research and PublicHhealth, 18(7), 3432.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073432
Molino, M. , Ingusci, E. , Signore, F. , Manuti, A. , Giancaspro, M. L. , Russo, V. , Zito, M. , & Cortese, C. G.
(2020). Wellbeing costs of technology use during Covid-19 remote working: An investigation using the Italian
translation of the technostress creators scale. Sustainability, 12, 5911. doi:10.3390/su12155911
Moon, J. R. , Kondo, N. , Glymour, M. M. , & Subramanian, S. V. (2011). Widowhood and mortality: A meta-
analysis. PloS One, 6(8), e23465. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023465
Pew Research Center . (2020a, September). About half of Americans say their lives will remain changed in
major ways when the pandemic is over. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/17/about-half-of-americans-
say-their-lives-will-remain-changed-in-major-ways-when-the-pandemic-is-over/
Pew Research Center . (2020b, December). How the coronavirus outbreak has – and hasn’t – changed the way
Americans work. www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/12/09/how-the-coronavirus-outbreak-has-and-
hasnt-changed-the-way-americans-work/
Pietromonaco, P. R. , & Overall, N. C. (2020). Applying relationship science to evaluate how the COVID-19
pandemic may impact couples’ relationships. American Psychologist, 76(3), 438–450.
https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000714
Piquero, A. R. , Jennings, W. G. , Jemison, E. , Kaukinen, C. , & Knaul, F. M. (2021). Domestic violence during
the COVID-19 pandemic – Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice,
74, 101806.
Prati, G. , & Mancini, A. D. (2021). The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns: A review and
meta-analysis of longitudinal studies and natural experiments. Psychological Medicine, 51(2), 201–211.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000015
Rapelli, G. , Lopez, G. , Donato, S. , Pagani, A. F. , Parise, M. , Bertoni, A. , & Iafrate, R. (2020). A postcard
from Italy: Challenges and psychosocial resources of partners living with and without a chronic disease during
COVID-19 epidemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 567522. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567522
Ray, C. D. (2021). The trajectory and determinants of loneliness during the early months of the COVID-19
pandemic in the United States. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(6), 1920–1938.
https://doi:10.1177/02654075211016542
Reizer, A. , Koslowsky, M. , & Geffen, L. (2020). Living in fear: The relationship between fear of COVID-19,
distress, health, and marital satisfaction among Israeli women. Health Care for Women International,
41(11–12), 1273–1293. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2020.1829626
Shook, N. J. , Sevi, B. , Lee, J. , Oosterhoff, B. , & Fitzgerald, H. N. (2020). Disease avoidance in the time of
COVID-19: The behavioral immune system is associated with concern and preventative health behaviors. PloS
One, 15(8), e0238015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238015
Shor, E. , Roelfs, D. J. , Curreli, M. , Clemow, L. , Burg, M. M. , & Schwartz, J. E. (2012). Widowhood and
mortality: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Demography, 49(2), 575–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-
012-0096-x
Smith, L. E. , Duffy, B. , Moxham-Hall, V. , Strang, L. , Wessely, S. , & Rubin, G. J. (2021). Anger and
confrontation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national cross-sectional survey in the UK. Journal of the Royal
Society of Medicine, 114(2), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076820962068
Solomon, D. H. , Knobloch, L. K. , Theiss, J. A. , & McLaren, R. M. (2016). Relational turbulence theory:
Explaining variation in subjective experiences and communication within romantic relationships. Human
Communication Research, 42, 507–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12091
Tang, S. , & Xiang, Z. (2021). Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of
prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults. Globalization and Health, 17(1), 19.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00669-5
Thorell, L. B. , et al. (2021). Parental experiences of homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic:
Differences between seven European countries and between children with and without mental health
conditions. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1–13. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01706-1
Verdery, A. M. , Newmyer, L. , Wagner, B. , & Margolis, R. (2021). National profiles of coronavirus disease
2019 mortality risks by age structure and preexisting health conditions. The Gerontologist, 61(1), 71–77.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa152
Verdery, A. M. , Smith-Greenaway, E. , Margolis, R. , & Daw, J. (2020). Tracking the reach of COVID-19 kin
loss with a bereavement multiplier applied to the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 117(30), 17695–17701. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007476117
Verlenden, J. , Pampati, S. , Rasberry, C. , Liddon, N. , Hertz, M. , Kilmer, G. , Viox, M. , Lee, S. , Cramer, N. ,
Barrios, L. , & Ethier, K. (2021). Association of children’s mode of school instruction with child and parent
experiences and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic – COVID experiences survey, United States,
October 8-November 13, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70, 369–376.
10.15585/mmwr.mm7011a1.
Waddell, N. , Overall, N. C. , Chang, V. T. , & Hammond, M. D. (2021). Gendered division of labor during a
nationwide COVID-19 lockdown: Implications for relationship problems and satisfaction. Journal of Social and
Personal Relationships, 38(6), 1759–1781. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407521996476
Williamson, H. C. (2020). Early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on relationship satisfaction and attributions.
Psychological Science, 31(12), 1479–1487. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620972688
Wong, B. Y. , Lam, T. H. , Lai, A. Y. , Wang, M. P. , & Ho, S. Y. (2021). Perceived benefits and harms of the
COVID-19 pandemic on family well-being and their sociodemographic disparities in Hong Kong: A cross-
sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1217.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031217