Elasticity

DFTr DFs
n din

e
sdmAaeeditt
7 Area r
n
n

ndFn

dit e
NV DA

RA EE
dFn Normal or longitudinal component
dFt tangential or shear component
diff longitudinal stress

H J
IS IIT
dft Shear stress
dA

Young's Modulus
MR of Elasticity Y
IT O
e s A
MOForce
H SF

F e F
c Ct DL 3 Tensilestress
ROSIC

e
F s F
e L DD compressivestress
From Hooke's law
BYHY

longitudinal
stress a longitudinal
strain
F a Def
P

A
Y Def or Y Fl
A Dl

NOTE C Y A L F K
e F Forman F
F fsp fsp
Y DI F KN
L
F YA DL X DL K YA­L
constant
Equivalentspring
const
 ii Elastic Potential Energy U
U U Dl
f Ku or
t YI f Ff Det CAI
volume
stress strain
f stress strain ro j

Ciii Poission'S Ratio r

d
v
F e
e Lt DL
H F
d Dd
e L s

RA EE
Transversestrain Ad Id
r
longitudinalstrain Dell

H J
IS IIT
Eg If volume is constant
a oil
MR const 2 Dad bed o Lefter I O5

T 0.5
IT O

iv stress strain curve

H SF

Breaking
stress
0A proportional limit
0h in which Hooke's law is valid
ROSIC

region stress a strain

Inelastic
plastic
OB Elastic limit
B yield limit
BYHY

I
P

STEEL Brittle Ductile

less Permanent largepermanent
deformation deformation
region eg thin wire thinshee
Stress eg crashhelmet
lossof 9 Area of
7
of Energy loop

8 strain
 Cg ock A Sobers

Modulus of Rigidity shear Modulus

weff of Rigidity A n
f l 4 shear stress I
F A
Shear strain tan 0 1
a a
o o
tax tone
fixed Mamo y sea

Modulusof Rigidity
or shear Modulus

RA EE
Bulk Modulus B
v P Volume stress dp

H J
s p dp volume strain de

IS IIT
du v
V

i MRr DP due dP B d
IT O
B DP
f duh
H SF

compressibility K BL
ROSIC

o
BYHY

Z 4 10 Sm
P

Y Del Dl F 4 8 10 z
E 0.2 10 4 2 1011
2 4 10 Sm

Dl Fl 100 4.5 3 32 10 Sm
Fy a 3 10 3 2 4 8 10
 Ddld O2 3 32 10 5
Dele dad 4 Sm
Dd 8 8 10 9M
9

2 1 2 10
T 2min29
mi 1mL l 12

RA EE
431M

2 109 Ah 4013
Ia A

H J
2 109

IS IIT
9 4.6 10 Sm

a MR
IT O
H SF

mm

dug
dxtdy­dn.ie
ROSIC

BT W K

n stress
Ia WIE swtaezss.ITdsyIain
BYHY

strain DI L du
du ndk
Joly y
0
P

WL
By ZAY

Heat and Temperature

B TB CTA 0C OF K OR
TA A steam pt 100 2120 373.15 80 R
o
1 ice pt 0 32 273 15 OR
T
Heat is anotherform ofEnergy Steam
which is transferred from one Pt
Th
body to another body due to y
Temp difference icept
value
 TF 32 TK 273 15 Tse Ticept const for all scales
If 212 32 373 15 273 15 Tsteampt Ticept
TR O
80 O
TF 32 Tk 273.15
too

specific Heat capacity s

property of Material
d 19 dB MS DT

Q JMSDT
Q MS DT D8

RA EE
Unit of s Cat Or J
s
here oo kg K
gm
1 Cal 4200 J

H J
Oc kg k
gm

IS IIT
HeatcapacityCc
Property of Material object d MS DT
ng
MR
dos CDT s C MS
IT O
unit of C Cat or E
H SF

water Equivalent Mw of an object

rmw
ROSIC

Dtmf DT999
Sw
g a 1g c
BYHY

MS DT MwSWAT Mw MI C
Sw Sw
Latent Heat L
P

P
Solid a liquid Q Mlf Lf latentheatoffusion
Temp remains constant during callgm
phase change
Lfice 80cal
BP gm
liquid Gases
Temp remains constant during Q m Lv Lv latent heat of
Phase change vaporization
steam 540cal Ccallgm
gm
Heat curve

Mgm ice 9 Mgmice 92 93 Mgm

Mgm water at
 al O 100C
Q _MSice 0 Oz Mlf Qz Msw 100
Temp GASES 84
D 7
100C
Bp E e Mgmat
steam
gD look
orI
04 mu
B
OE mp
c
outs
b7 Slope ddT_g mdgTd mtg x
Of 02
Hgiaten
Q 03 94

RA EE
H J
IS IIT
MR
MS 327 27 Mlf MechanicalEquirate
Imf X 0.75 1 J
IT O
of Heat
Vo 409.8mLSec 4 251cal
H SF
ROSIC
BYHY
P

un
M A
Def half r SY
eeS
U stress strain 1
m
121M CAe
U mzia.gr l Cneie SS.DT
DT 4.39 10 3 K
 let CA k
CB 41
3
20 26 C Cc 45 4231
16k
19.76 C Ts
Let final Temp is TE
QA QB Qa QB Qc
CA 16 12 CB 19 16 4Gt 3GB i

RA EE
Ca T 12 CB T 19
QB Qc Cc 28 T
CB 23 19 Cc 28 23 4GB Scc ii

H J
g p

IS IIT
MR
IT O
H SF
ROSIC
BYHY
P

water MS DT Rgm
100 1 90 24
6600cal
g req
540M 10M
550M
Qwater Qsteam
M 6600 12
To gm

RA EE
H J
IS IIT
MR
IT O
H SF
ROSIC

273K
BYHY

50 steam
gm
at 100C
450
gmatof20 C
ice
P

Q 50 540
A 27000cal u Qz 450 0.5 20
4500cal
100C water 0 C ice
50 1 100 u Q3 450 80
u By 36,000cal
5000cal Oc water
0 C water hence all ice will not melt
hence final temp is 0 C or 273k
Amount of ice melted 32000 4500 343.75 ice
80 gm
will melt
 water 2 4 2 103 77 27
4.2 105 J

RA EE
ddabsorbed 1000 160 840JISEC
dt

H J
t 1052
4.2 500Sec 8 min 120Secs

IS IIT
840
MR
IT O
H SF
ROSIC
BYHY
P

Syms
ice
Mgm5 ice
C Mgm
0C Igm0 water
C
Q Bz m Dgmice
ato c
105
_m 2100
1000
5
foo x 3 36 420J
M 8
 RA EE
H J
IS IIT
MR
O 495kg
IT O

Bice X 8 104 O 1 103 127

H SF

0.1kg
1.07 104 Cal

container Msd 1
ROSIC

500k
container M JCA113T DT M A 500 300
112 5002 3002
300K
BYHY

How dice Qcontainee

m O 495kg
P

Thermal Expansion
e L s
o at 1 1

at T T DT
e L 1dL
From law of Thermal Expansion
DL X DT
DL x L
dL XLdT
Coefficient of linear
Expansion Perk
 1 ESS 1 ear s
olesy of deal y
Ii Although it is not a constant for all ranges of Temp but
it can be assumed as a const for small change in Temp
e lo S or 10 6
Generally a
variations in Expansion
I Expansion of a Uniform rod with x Const

Lt at 1 1 L2 at 1 12
Lz
dL xLdT JdLz fadT fdt xf.IT
4
T2 T
L e

RA EE
NOTE If X Tz Ti CC I

H J
L IT T
It NET N

IS IIT
Ty t

MR z L I1 112 TD

eg 4
47 T2 1 Temp
IT O
7 To L
find DL when Tempchanges from F To to 1 31 s
H SF

Lz 3To
02
Jdt THT en
I I26 26
301
ROSIC

To 01043
4 z e
DL L e
26 0 43
BYHY

DX
X Lo Find change in length when
eg
N o
g
n L
ltd Temptby DT d DT 1
P

DT
W o 411114 Using
DL Lx DT
die dietdy du Lo DT
dy L ITE
doDT
Dy ltd dk 2 ADT L
Ko
I Expansion of Differentobjects b
e d
d a e
c
g
A let
RatabT
R
ltd DT 1 11114 11 1
yd _yD ltd DT
p
 y 11111141114
A b Cgd or all will
increaseat same
B rate
x d
l
f Li ez ez o ltd DT
LZ
const

y
O­d
x G
I Effect on Time Period of a Pendulum clock
T 2M Tx TE

RA EE
T TimePeriod of Pendulum F I Def 124DO

H J
AT changein time Period if Temp99 TM ieclock will

IS IIT
run slow and viceversa
7 2Sec Persec loss
eg DT O ozs.ec MR or Gain
clock by
Ft
IT O
a
H SF

Alsofind calibrationtemp of clock

ROSIC

DE
DTI IN
X Tc 15 i
24 3 00 3 9 10 Sloc
BYHY

30 Tc
240380 Ix
P

irons
p Al
i 25 C 2.004 l 1 l 2 10 5 DT
2.0 I 12.4 10 5 DT
DT 166.7 C
1 191.7 C
 B

UW at IW const
A const
e B MzIw
Tw const
2 Dlg Duwe O

Bhf_ 2BLT 2x DT

RA EE
hence decreases 29514100
angspeed by
E Superficial and volume Expansion

H J
Areal Expansion

IS IIT
x A ab
DAI
Df­b
Dad
MR a BDT X DT TX DT
B 2x
IT O
a
Isotropic
A All 1psDT Expansion Coetfficient of
H SF

A I 122 DT superficialExpansion
T
X
ROSIC

n
L V Abc

b F Dad Abbe
DE
DT NDT t xD 1 1 ADT
BYHY

C
Isotropic
a Expansion 1 34
l VDT
P

Coefficientofvolume
in Axial Expansion
are

Teth
2 Dnd
radial
x VDT 2X DT 1 XzDT
2X 142
Anistropic
Expansion

I Effect on density of a liquid

 T S v s
T HVDT
Sl S or S S fl VDT
I VDT

VI Real Expansion and Apparent Expansion

e l s e Lz 3
CopperRod CopperRod xc
DT
To steelscale steelscaleks
O Ll Oe lzGtxsDT 13
u
when scale shows
correct lz e Ita DT i
reading

RA EE
lz 13 I 14 DT ii

lz li ltd DT l It sDT

H J
Itis DT

IS IIT
Lapp coeff ofApp Expansio
Lapp Body Xscale

a
MR
IT O
H SF

lactnal 20cm It XBr 25

ROSIC

9
BYHY
P

air Vain 4task VMenney const

DVflask DVMercury

Hr Glass DT VM tM BT
VM 1Ctr x 3 9 10 6
I 8 10 4
0 15 Its 150cm3
9

At 35C
Sphere Stig
V 2.681 10 3 oc i
gFfg if 35y
B mm
22

RA EE
H J
IS IIT
New Vol of Beer Vo It VBeesDT
MR LAI V 500 l 13.2 10 4 70

New Base area

IT O
VBeet
a of cam AI 125 l 12 2 3 10 5 70
H SF

2 h the 4cm New height ht

v Dh h h
ROSIC

T Vo 500cm O 076cm
A 125cm 2
BYHY

VI Thermostat Bi Metallic strip

lo 741742 g
t
P

Lz
l
I
e e Haist Rtt
0­12
lo l 142DT RO
R I 1L DT I1 t
1kg R
o
1 21 22 DT It I
R
R t
 VII conceptof Thermal stress
e l
at T T
e et Dl
at 1 1 1 DT
when it is allowed to expandfreely
then strain O
stress o
De
l is a
se
G F
5 Ofa F F1 T T Tt DT

RA EE
Thermal strain e
Def XD 1
e

H J
Thermal stress Y X Thermal strain

IS IIT
EA Y YADT Thermalstress
MR Del
F YAL DT
IT O
Yest'sA A
Eg 5 k pyz.dz s and displacement of Junction pt
I
H SF

Rod I 0 Rod 2 s1
if Temp 9 by DT
L J L f
Ld DT
ROSIC

Lx T K YA LXz Ttk YzA

Rod I
Rod 2 K
BYHY

r
zDT
FinalEgm
Position
P

HeatTransfer
Heat conduction Solids liquids Natural
ii Heat convection liquids Gases
Iii Heat Radiation No Medium is required Forced
CEM waves Heatconredor

q f f daqq si Heatents
g I 9 I EE I
C is II d­
Natural
Ground convection
sea 11
 DAYTIME Natural convection
Heatconduction
dQsdB4dB3dBz dB
frutala a A
directionof µflame
Unsteadystate
Heatconduction conduction a Temperature of differentPoints
on rod is changing withtime
100C 0C
Ting After some time
Heat If d TIHsfn9t Rod will be in state ofsteady
source icebath stateconduction
Boiling
water Temp at diff points will become
const wort time

RA EE
Law of Thermal conduction

H J
T du Ttd 1
Rate of heat

IS IIT
dos D8 conduction dat x ACDII
a Tempgradient
b k k Ktdk
MR KA date
dd f constsitantseteady
IT O
a coeff of
Thermalconductivity
H SF

cnn.ae

E conduction through Uniform Medium

ROSIC

T 4 A T2 KI
det
d Kafddfe const
K dx L T2
BYHY

Jdk KAIC DT
O T
P

dd L KA Ti Tz
dt n1
d KA T Tz
L

KA Ti T2
date f
KA date
L Tz

42
f DT T e T T ECT
NOTE i
y KsA Tz
Vi wkrn V2
i DI
dt
 a
at L current f d Vi V2
dd th T2 Viz 4nA
dt LIKA Riheemae r Electricalconductivity
Thermal Resistance Rm I L
KA Walt

ii II It Ciii ping
T Tj T2
i Rz
Req R 1 Rz nm
iz
f T Ti TJ_ TJ T2 Fl iz Rt plz
Req p Rz
Rt Rt Rt

RA EE
212 A
100C
R­eg
p p B p3R ok

H J
Take tea L Unit R
Kz A KgA Kg A

IS IIT
Find a old b TA C TB
dtMR
a Req GR 6Units b dd 100zp.TN 50

z­dIdf
IT O
l0Og O 5z0 Walt TA 2031 C
H SF

c d 7133,20 503 TB 50C

ROSIC

g
AR
R
MIR
BYHY

mm o
88C TBI TE 10C
MI
2
P

Y Req 312 t R T M2
R p a M2
A Pk EA 40413 413
pz 8 7
10­1
80,27132
Req 212
2K
Mz L solving TB 60.52 C
ZITA TE 19 74 C
 9 1

Y 180 3 1
7 60C

aim

RA EE
H J
IS IIT
52T Tc To T
sink MR R GR
R ER 2T DTC Tc T
IT O
Tc 3T
52 1
H SF

source
Tc
TET _sgdggR
ROSIC
BYHY
P

1213 41 I
3KA 3
Rc a4
za
d
E
RD I 4
SKA 5
here RB RD Rc
RBIRD
hence QB BD Qc
RE
 Min hence DTE Min
Heat conduction through Non Uniform Medium

eg n dk A Find a RThesmal
T
e f T2
b DI
dt
K o u L T f se
K Ko Ith c
a L d Draw T Vs K
dR
fYzya Reg _fdR a id
Req
aln2

RA EE
b KoA Ti TD
TiegT2 Lln2

H J
c d Kott T T2
KAfddIz

IS IIT
ln2

Kott CdateMR ko TI
T u
f
IT O
DT die
fatKID T
H SF

T in
O T
d date a 1 serin dt Ltd
4 121L DN a
ROSIC

E
L

k­eg
0
k Uniform
p Rthermal
BYHY

i a
b b Draw T Vs N
a k g

THEE
P

e s
ta ai aka
h at
E b a list
DR kidney
f KadfatzCb a
o
R L_ Tn
Kitab Ti
KA
f const hence a
date daff dates at q n
O L
C direction ugh onall nal
a Consider a differential cylindrical shell
1414114111 of radius h and thickness der
1 Wd dT b
a
a T2 d f DR der
L l s K 211hL
I s b
v roof
ee Req FDR
2
Two a
dimensional Reg
T 72 Heat flow qln ba
Req

RA EE
b Consider a differential shell of radius h
thickness der
i r b

H J
a
Jdk fkd.fm

IS IIT
i a
T T
needa a
us 1
i i 4 Thickhollow d b Rea La Lb
y
MR sphere
IT O
Threedimensional
heat flow
H SF

n
eg b i k Ko Ith
ROSIC

l
n
a fer I b
y Find Thermal resistance
I 1 between thetwo ends
41
BYHY

s L
it dR
koYH
P

Atsdr

Reto fats
2t
fra HE dr
Reg

I Heat conduction through variable Thickness medium

0C
r preferring t t
to
water
y retraint ice
H ok 2999999999 Fdy
ooo
 i
I

d Kia A O C0C i when da amount of heatleavessystem

y thees dy thickness of waterfreezes

hence dB dm Lf
SAdYttiD
SAY Kiayao gjdy.gg gddff
O
t Plf H2 442
2K

RA EE
If 1st Icon of water tseezes in Ihr then next 1cm of water will take
another 3her
tay Ihr x cm t 4hr

H J
t x 2cm a

IS IIT
In case of Ponds Lakes etc

Kia
q g g r
MR fig 999 o 0 0 to
t E t ice
y y yz kwA YilkiceA
IT O
0C f f f f r r r r
H SF

ko f f f r tr g y water yz
Ozoccfuffs Fk f f if
ROSIC

Earth

I Heat conduction through variable Temp difference

BYHY

f 0
KA gmbi.at
To
Furnace
daff KA To T ti
P

L
t
dB MS DT ii
To
old Ttd 1
Dt DG MS KA To T
at doff L
T
t
to
T 5T insatfat
KAT
T To I T e MSL
T
t
t
 d KA To T
l
d Msd 1
350 t
19
300
insayfat
0
To 400k

t MSL In1400 300

TA Goo 350
t 166Secs

RA EE
Heat radiation
Heat radiation occurs with the help of EM waves which propagates

H J
without need of medium The EM radiation emitted from a

IS IIT
any
body depends on following three factors
i Temp of Body
MR
Lii Surface Area of Body
Ciii Nature of surface of Body
IT O

Prevost Theory of Heat Exchange According to Prevost each body

H SF

which is at a Temp
greater than Ok
will emit and simultaneously it absorbs
EM radiations EM
radiations emitted from other bodies in surroundings
ROSIC

r B 5
q r a
Hot
BYHY

cold Body
Body A
I saw
P

cold Bodyabsorbs at HotBodyemits at

a faster rate hence a faster rate hence
its Temp999 its temp Ht

Absorbtivity or Absoobtive Power a

Rate at whichEnergy is absorbedbyBody
A Rate atwhichEnergy is incidenton a Body

Generally AEL A I BlackBody lamp black

charcoal etc
 yC
Rateat whichEnergy is radiatedby a body
E
Rate at which Energy is radiatedby a BlackBody
having same Geometry same Temp

Kirchoff's law
Good Absorbers are Good Emitters

Explanation
Thermal Let Energy on BlackBodyIsec Eo
To Enclosure falling
Energy absorbed by Eo
o u
To emitted to
Effaff Energy by

RA EE
to To

H J
Energyfalling on GeneralBody Isec Eo

IS IIT
To Thermal
absorbed aEo
Enclosure
To
4
u emitted
by a u
a Eo
Bedy
MR Ako
e eBody ABody
IT O
e
Stefan's Boltzmann Law
H SF

Power emitted1radiated by a Blackbody per unit area is directly

proportional to fourth Power of its Absolute Temp
ROSIC

a 14 P X A 14
D TA 14 Stefan's const
BYHY

BlackBody 5.67 10 8 D
MLK4
For General Body
P

Radiated TEA 14

i surrounding Ts
dB
DTIradiated
reATst
Body
Ts
del
Ftl reATst
Body is in Absorbed
thermalEgm
dd
athoss O
Lii surrounding Ts
dB re A 14
Body DTIradiated
T
old re ATs4
Ftl Absorbed

dB TEA TE TI
at loss

Iii Rate of cooling f ddIt

da Ms DT
daftness msfddf

RA EE
14 Tst
dat rents

H J
IS IIT
MR
IT O
H SF

dd x Hollowsphere will cool

Lm hencedown at a faster rate
ROSIC

Eg Two solid spheres heated to some Temp and kept in identical

surroundings to cool down They are isolated from each other
The ratio of their radii specificheats and densities are a p and
BYHY

respectively then find ratio of int al Ce ez

a Rate of heat loss
P

b rate of
cooling
dd oss TTEA T 4 Tst x A a q2
T T T
hence ratio will be I

b
off Theft TE TH a
f s tads
hence ratio will be 1 xp r
 P rAT4 a 921 4
Gt halved Ps Himes
1 9doubled

BBA

RA EE
H J
IS IIT
210 TEA 5004 3004 i E
0
700
MR A 5004 3004 µ e O3

than
IT O
H SF
ROSIC

Tse O
r
r e retxdD CT4 04
BYHY

T dat 4 S.gldgIc
t t 12
d
y Tok t
P

fTo d
e
Gfeed
fdt
t H 1 csd
180 3 e
9

q 21
0 32min 362
0 980
 Sun k
To RS d A Earth
y
d
Total Energyradiated from sun r 41TRst Tot

Intensity received at cases

4fTd2
pj Y
60
o

2
5 67 10 8
f Tot 2 4620 104

To 5810 K
Newton's law of cooling

RA EE
surrounding
TS DT CT Tg 5 here DT K TST
Body

H J
T 4
dat tenths 1 Tst

IS IIT
4
MR dat rents Tst DT Ts4
4
IT O
remits Tst Ct I
H SF

KEATS 3 DT L DT
did
MS­K
ROSIC

DT R T Ts
DT Actual form of MLC
BYHY

Average form 8 t O T T j t t T Tz 5 Ts Ts
P

R TITI Ts
Tiffin

O
a R 45 20 i
50gmf.no t mins 13.33min
R 35 20 id
4of30_
 Id
C
T
J0 RdL
In Ti Ts Rt
FEI
In k 8min cis
1587 1 t semi Ieenz2
2 ret
15 1 t 13.67min
Black Body Radiation and Wein's law

Power emitted from a Blackbody at Temp T

RA EE
P TA 14 i
ex DI

H J
di de Rate ofenergyradiatedby

IS IIT
Blackbody per unit area in
spectral width X and X DX
ex d
MR spectral emissive Power
IT O

x
H SF

XM X au
Xm wavelength at maximum spectral
emittance
ROSIC

XL
NOTE i Area under the curve JexDX fdE Powerradiated in
a spectralwidth
x X and Xz
BYHY

Ii Total Area under the curve JexDX X Total Power radiated

0 T4
P

iii Wein's law Xm T b

I s Wein'sconst O 288cm K

iv
Tz Ti

Xz X
 B T2 7T
u u
u
Tungsten
sure welding
ax filament

RA EE
H J
IS IIT
s
MR t
i g s
IT O
U u cuz
s s
500 tooo 1500
H SF

XmT b Xm 2 88 106 1000 nm

2880
hence U2 is maximum
ROSIC
BYHY
P

T X 15 3
z a
3 4 9 I
f GAFFES

P 104
z CFD gift4
 4 1
TB
EA O Ol
EB O 81
AA AB
PA PB
EaTat EB 1134
TA 3 i
F T
3 XB 37 A
Y
and XB XA Item
XA O 5µm

RA EE
XB I 5µm

TB 58g2_ 1934K

H J
TzA_

IS IIT
kinetic Theory of Gases

Assumptions of KTG
MR
molecules
range
IT O
Moofapartialal
attractive
container in speed same
proiumemotaeaaade.gg is µ godaddy.nu
H SF

negligible
f f
ROSIC
BYHY

RateofchangeofMomentum
P

force1Impulseexerted
tf wM
Effect of gravity on
Real Gases will behave as ideal at molecules is negligible
low Pressure High Temperature density is uniform
emywhell
Total Energy of Molecules Total KE y
All ideal Gases will follow ideal Gas laws
PV NRT P Pressure M1m20s Pa
Vol m3
1 Absolute Temp K
n gym I n no of moles
 Gas const
8314 J
PV MKT moi K

PM SRT here f My

CO 24 moles

RA EE
hi P hf ni nf
Y PfzY Dn CDPfqeefv

H J
Dn 75 103 8 10 3 0 24 moles

IS IIT
8 314 300

Q MR
IT O
H SF

O 12gm Hz and 0 64
gm Oz
Let mass of Hz in mixture is mgm
ROSIC

Total no of moles 105 2000 10 6

My O 7632M 1,3
83 300
m
0.12gM
BYHY

OD
P

4 15 3h14 For Moving Piston

Imole Mole pA
300K T 4111 11
p
Pi n m u 12A
i i i m Piston volt
Vols P2 mole pi mg
M
Imole
300K T
 Ag
2 I

CD Boo T
Vols Dfa 30,0 437
1 420k

105kpa 10515Pa P p

RA EE
300K 300k 300k 400K

H J
no of Moles will be conserved before after

IS IIT
4937 MR t 49253
k 0 k 0

P 120KPa
IT O

9
H SF
ROSIC
BYHY

P
P

a pp cam
pHg
Pz
const
T
e e s 7 PV const
4525cm5cm 45.25cm 5cosboo q
2.5
46cm P 44 5 P 45.25 i
n
Pz 4G P 45 25 ii

44.5cm R Pz Sieg.GL s h 2.5cm

y
R P 45.25 P 45.25 13.6 103 9 8 2
46 5­44.5 100
Mlm
Concept of Mercury Basometre
It is used to measure atmospheric Pressure
vacuum
 Is cp
n PA PB
I PA Sieggh
h
11111
A EBu generally h 76cm of Hy column
Palm Suggh 1 01 105Pa
Latin
trapped
airpair
76cm of Hg column
a

h
PA PB
ddtt.tk Pair Sgh

RA EE
A
EE hence h's h

H J
IS IIT
Faulty Barometre
variation in Atmospheric Pressure under the effect of gravity
MR T const
PM SRT CpdP A imaginary DP A Cdm
g PA
IT O
f IM p dpy u Cylinder A Cdp A C dm
RT i in y1dg g
H SF

p n yy Cdp A
PA Cdmg
Ady g
Y
Ground dP PMG
RTydy
ROSIC

P Po P

P Poe Fff Po
Yfzfdy
o
BYHY

9
P

PV PzVz
5cm 2cm 3 Pz 50cm3
Pz 3cm of Hg column
hence level goes down 3cm
by

Maxwell's Distribution of speeds in Gas Molecules

 Let mass ofeach molecule M
Total Mo of molecules M
Total mass of Gas m M M

7 At Temp T
Range ofspeeds ofmolecules varies from
minimum 0 to maximum c speed of light

Molecules are continuously colliding each other

with the walls of container hence their velocities
are changing every moment

KE Total of all Gas molecules remains const wht Temp

RA EE
According to Maxwell's Theory Distribution of speeds amongmolecules
remains constant Wrt Temp

H J
IS IIT
3
DM 4AM U M e 7k du M Molar mass
a 1 Temp
MR Total Mo M ofmolecules
dm No of molecules havingspeeds in the Utd u
Relativefraction range U and
IT O
n
ofmoleculesat speed u
MemsifostProbablespeedlump
H SF

datdaff u
jz
f
o
are
ROSIC

Vmp 2
2,42
speed y
UmpVarverms
BYHY

Average Mean speed vav

foe Jtgndk var of IL
j8R
P

a FM
du
Var SRI
FM
Ms speed Vans

Ijaz
d
vams Staff vans
ppf
Us
NOTE i Area under the curve Jdd du Jdm
u
No ofmolecules
havingspeeds in
therange u to uz
 Xi
U 42
N
il Total area under the curve Jdm Total Mo of Molecules M const
DI 0
adu
iii 9 consider a hypothetical
distri­bution
of speeds in a Gas
sample
Mo of speed
Molecules
lo lo mise
u 20 15 Mlsec

RA EE
30 20 MISec
a Ump 20mLSec 25 25 MISec
15 40mLSec

H J
b var 10 10 120 15 30 20 25 25 Find a Ump b Vav c Verms

IS IIT
15 40
101 20 301 25 115

22 25 MISec
MR
IT O
c guns 10 102 20 152 130 202 125 252 115 402 23.9 MISec
101 20 t 30 25 15
H SF

Kinetic Energy of Gas Molecules

m mass of each molecule
ROSIC

M mass of Gas m Mm

Vz t Im'VE
KETotae
Em V t m m Vz 1 t
BYHY

m
f Vi't Vit
N
Vm M Cm'M Veins
P

KETotal MVeims

Average KE of each molecule KEpfotal l

znf.BR
T 3
3z mm fRmn MmA
zkT
n
r
IK 1 w
moles k
w w
moles

KT Average KE ofeachmolecule KT
in each degree of freedom
a Lao of Equipartigon
e
EkT of energy
 If a Gas Molecule has f degrees of freedom
KETotal Of each Molecule zkT
KETotal of all Molecules MKT fznRT PV
Internal Energy of Gas
U
IzMKT n RT PV

Monoatomic Gas
y
Vy n ftrans 3 f 3

RA EE
Uw's foot
wie
o
mi
Vr k

H J
Sizeofatom icon
vz a Im'm

IS IIT
7 wz is negligible
2
Diatomic linear Polyatomic Gas
MR
Vyn y
w Wy
ftrans 3 f s
IT O
trot z
Wu
H SF

be
m m
Ps a
Non linear Polyatomic Gas
Nwz
ROSIC

cuz ftrans 3 f 6
z trot 3

Type of Degreeof V Cv fI
BYHY

Gas freedom f a Cp 2

ER 5 90 11 12 R
MOMO 3 312
z 2 3
P

Cut R
Diatomic g 512 71 7
V It
linearPA 2 Z S EPT
If
Non lineal 6 312 412 4
Polyatomic 3

Pressure Exerted by Gas Molecules

c

B I
i
nvyIh
avn
Heacndffentowwaeellin.s
j 2M'Ve
Fucuffliciancia D
vz w same change in momentum again
 we alles in al L
l A
Dt 21
be
Av force due to a molecule F DI 2M be M
et.be
Dt
easy
Total force due to all molecules
FTotal met beit beit them met bet Voigt then re

FTotal Med Vermin V ms Verms

my jvninsatvrmsytvsrns­andvrmsze
Vhmsy b.msz
F Veins
IgMq

RA EE
Pressure Ffree
sea
emwhjvrms
zf.FI Veins

H J
IS IIT
P Swims buns 3
f 3ft
MR
IT O
H SF

C 9am
ROSIC

no of moles n I 4gmX0 3 I4 0 7 0.03 to 035 0 065

14 28
1 1800K
SHH 5 10 3 m3
BYHY

P nR I 94 105 Pa e 1.9 atm

P

O31 K

KEloss Uinteenal
R DT
Mvo In
MVol 5 R DT DT Mvo O 307 K
SR
 6 3 1012hadIsec

KETrans KEoot ZzKT 21

ZzKT Worms

mum's IWetms 6.3 1012had

Sec

First law of Thermodynamics

Energy conservation Principle

RA EE
du
znRdT had 1 Mdw DQ du dw

H J
Gas

IS IIT
Je
dos
MR du
increase in
internal Energy
dos heatgivento the gas
IT O
heat absorbed bythe Gas
H SF

du increase in internalenergy of system

duo work done by against surrounding
gas
ROSIC

How work done is performed Gas

by a
A
Fgas Pgas A
BYHY

Pg
dq7g Isg
dwgas Fgasdn
Pyas Adk
P

I 4 dw Pdv
die
Wgas Jpd
NOTE i DW the g dV the when not 999
DW zero const
DW re dV ve when rot Itt

Ii If P const Isobaric Process

Vz
Wgas P Sdv P Vz Y
V
 g l D n RD l

Iii If D f Iv P a the const

x v2
eg
zrowgas when W1 changes from Vo to 2Vo
3
Wgas J Pdv JXV2dV
Vo
9
318
3 VP 723

Iv If P ft eg P a 12 x the const
togas when Temp 9 from To to 3To
D x 12 nR dV i
r
2 anti DT

RA EE
dw Pdv XT DT n Rd 1
2

H J
W MR Joffe 2h RT

IS IIT
Gas Eqn
To
Pdr Vdp nRdT
Area under PV curve
V Wgas
MR Jpdv
P p a A
IT O
B e re
woe
H SF

A 49
a was
B B
ROSIC

V v p
p the p
A pwgas B Gas EYE toffee is a
BYHY

s
A B
D oc
P

v v
P n A
the apnea
Y8s eg O 5 kPa
2
y
B Ngos
V
V Vz 1.5 cc
I
CC
3 6

Wgas Area of Ellipse

B a l 5 10 6 0.5 103
0.755 10 3 J
O 75A MJ

statefunction
independentof Path
W B Pathfunction

QIAF 55J WAF 25J WIAF

QI AF WIAF BUIE
DU IF 55 25 30J

RA EE
QiBF 35J WIBF t DUIF
35 WIBF 1 30
WIBF 5J

H J
IS IIT
b WEI 15J BFI WEI 1 SUFI
SUFI 30J Q 45J
C UF UI
MR
30 UT 40J
IT O
d WIBF WIB 5J
DUIB UB UI 20 10 10J
H SF

1B WiB t DUIB 15J

QBF GIBE GIB 35 15 20J
ROSIC

Different Processes
I Isobaric Process Process Eq P const const
BYHY

s
P v B
p
A B A B
P

slope HI
A p
V T T
P Vz V NR Tz Ti
Wgas
DU Mcr DT Mcv Tz Ti

Q DU t wgas n Cvt R DT ncp DT

I Isochoric Process Process Egn V const const

P v P B
B
A
 y a n
A
A
Slope YI
V T T

Wgas O Q DU Mcv DT

Isothermal Process Process Egh T const PV const

PA V B P A
n v
J B A B
V T T
Vz

RA EE
DU O W JPdV JnR du NRT
J
NRT 1h1 NRT en

H J
wages

IS IIT
D Wgas
MR
IT O
H SF

0.25 KJ
ROSIC
BYHY
P

6 27 At M T P g n 1 I 01 105 X 5 10 3
8314 X 298K

DU MCVDT here Cv for Hz

28 Isobaric 513­6
wgInnfggI Aw 713 Z
Q 7J

6 29 Qisobaric Qisochoric I 48 KJ
ng DT NcuDT I 48 103
O 50 103 8.31 10 1.48 103 M 28
M
Wgas MRDT L 8 31 72 598.32J O 6 KJ

DU Q Wgas 1.6 O 6 1 KJ
only Isobaric
I 6

RA EE
H J
IS IIT
P o
a 300K
Po
MR QABC WABC DUA
WAB WBC
IT O
O WBC
NR DT
H SF

Pe 2 12 150
z B 300k 2.5 KJ
150k
V
ROSIC
BYHY

3 R Wgas Area ofcycle

Vo 2B Povo
f
P

b
Rca Ncp DT
p 2 1R 1 51
f Poke 512
T
Povo BAB hcv DT 1 3 2Pq 3Povo
T2 for cyclic Process
5k Wcycle
cycle
Povo p QAB t QBc BCA Povo
3Povo DBC Povo 312Vo
Potro 5Povo
z 2
BBC Poto
2
25Povo
812
 d For Process BC
P 3Po Po 3Po V Vo
2Vo Vo
P 3Po 21 V t 2Po

P V t bPo
24
1 21 V t bPo T 2p V 5PoV_ i
Rj R
For T Maximize
doff o 5 O

V 5

RA EE
1Max 51
2p g 2,542
6 5hr0­4

H J
Tmax 25Po

IS IIT
812
MR Molar Heat capacity c
Amount heat required to raise temp of one mole of a Gas by
of
IT O
1C is called Molar heat capacity
H SF

dQ h CDT
Molar heat capacity
ocos.no
ROSIC

mcoaf

NOTE i For gates heat given and rise in Temp is Process

dependent hence a particulargas can have a types of
molar heat capacities depending on Process
BYHY

ii N E C E
Theoritically Molas heatcapacity
at constvol
P

Ciii For some Processes 5 At const rot D narDT

At const Pressure D ncpDT
Molar heat
At const Temp C 8 D D1 0 capacity at constPs
T MDT

Iv How to calculate Molar heat capacity in General Process

dQ du DW
n CDT had T Pd V

C Cv PI
ndT
 Pdrtvdp

At const volume dir O C Cu

At const Pressure dP O j C Cut R Cp Cp Cve R
Mayer'sRelation
v For Polytropic Process PV const x Polytsopic constant
P N.VN dVtdP.Vk
O­KPdV
VdP
O­VdP
Cv NPdV­x­C
RPdV­PdV
sepdv
C Cv 112
l K

RA EE
Q n CDT
DU Mcr DT

H J
w Q DU h C Cv DT nRD

IS IIT
l K

MR
IT O
H SF
ROSIC

xv
a T Toed DT Toed xdV 2 To E du
T
C Cut Cvt Cut NPT
BYHY

PnddY Pn
du

C Cv
R­av
P

b P PoedV DP PoxedVdv xPdV

C Cut RPdV Cv
V xPdV R­pdc
I XV

a N l5 DT 26K
 C Cv Rz
11 3Rz 5
Q NC DT L Rz f 26 1108 J
b W n 1 8 31 26 432J
Z j C l 5

Cp Cr R
G
r
Cp VII
V l

RA EE
p xV PV I acconst n I

H J
PV NRT XV NRT T I

IS IIT
NR
v quo then DT
Ivi ro dnY I I

DU NG DT
MR
W nRDT_
IT O
C u
C Cv
R­C
H SF

se

Adiabatic Process
ROSIC

pA
0 0 C O j w DU na DT

w MRD 1 as
BYHY

V l
By
Process Eq V B
Pvt
P

const
Tv const ra
P PT const AT

is
1

Using TV const
 2B B 3
T 56 Tz O 7 Tz T 8 4T

n 51 0 25 moles j LD hCvDT 1
22.4 4 3121.3
1
9gRT

RA EE
Using TV const TV S Gov
Iz

H J
V l

IS IIT
5 66 2
V l Ln 2 0 4 V l 4 hence f 5
MR ln 5 66
b W MCVDT NR Tz T
V D
IT O
NR TIZ T
Cu D nogT oP 8 PV
H SF

MOTE I Compalision of Adiabatic Isothermal PV curves

ROSIC

Isothermal Process Adiabatic Process

PV const
Pdu VDP O Pvt const
DP P Vt DV DP Vt O
BYHY

Td PT P DP
d VI
Slope of PV Slopeof PV
P

isotherm
Adiabatic

vsP
Isothermal
Adiabatic

I Temp Estimation using PV isotherms

P C
PV MRT const
D
NRT
A where
a Temp
I Te Max
touches
isotherm
a the
13
 a 4 3 z
A B Tz Ta
T
v 13
T2
eg P B point T
7
Mat
1 temp Temperature B
while moving from Ato B
A C first increases then decreases
r
D cyclictrocess

will be between B C
Max Temp
duringcycle ABCDA
CI Free Expansion of Gas
Irreversible Adiabatic Process

RA EE
vacuum To
radioed
i n

H J
IS IIT
Po s 7 when piston
E is released
VogTo
2 MR I d Vo
Massless 8 0
Movable Piston
Wgas O
IT O
initially held
DU O is 7 Const
H SF

vIMP
ticiency of a Thermodynamic Cycle HeatEngine and Refrigerator
ROSIC

a Mechanical 00 Heat
Energy efficiency cecal eg rubbinghands in
4.2J winter
BYHY

100
Heat mechanical
efficiency Energy All types of Engines
eg
p Babs
P

a to B
source Qabs Heat Greg Sink
T T2 wcycle
higher Engine lowerTemp darg
Temp v

Work done W Babs Greg

Work done dabs Brei
y Babs Babs
Wagle is the 2
2 1 Greg
Babs Efficiency of a heat
Engine
b
Source dabs Grej Sink
T Refrigerator T2
lower Higher
Temp
Temp
Osei Gabs W
Compressor
Work done W wcycle is re Ct
on Gas
Coefficient of performance a
Oafs Babs I
anei Babs 81 1

RA EE
Carnot cycle P
QAB NRT In
Two Isothermal III I the

H J
Two Adiabatic QCD
A MR12 In
I re

IS IIT
Babs
I.ir IEIEuIr't
Be Dana.EE LMR B EE
J
D f C T2 VA
IT O
Greg V TB
H SF

Babs GAB NRT In

Viz
Brei Gas nRTz In 1 F IT
ROSIC

1
2
BYHY

v Mean freepath Gas Molecules X

of
Average distance travelled by a Gas Molecule between two successive
collision
P

X RT de diametre of gas Molecule

521Td MAP

Average time between two successive collision tar I

Vav
P

B a

p a
Adiabatic
J
Pz B
 Vi vz v
Pz R
twisols IWAdial
hence Wso

tar RT Td MAP
81211 74

tar x I
p
6 8 2
102 13800 5

RA EE
tz 4 10 8Sec

H J
ix if
IS IIT
Es
B T
en
A B 93
600k 400k
MR Az
IT O
u

WfQ Gz WB Gz Gz
H SF

WA WB
Os 92 92 03
ROSIC

Q1 l l 03­02
Tg
2 40 1 500K
60,1
BYHY

work done 1000 600

P

400J
0
2 4 0
40

y l 2L O 4 Tz 240K
400 33 C
 GAB Mcr DT n 3122 210
Jigs
ABC ncpDT n 5 3To

GTD GTD
t
na DT n 3 C 41
a ncpDT n SLI C To
NRTo 3 15
days 2
NRTo 6 5
Greg 2

RA EE
2 1 89 I L I IT IT

H J
19.04 19

IS IIT
MR
IT O
H SF
ROSIC
BYHY
P