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    Homeostasis PT 2

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    Homeostasis PT 2

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    sesaeedhaniyah.d
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    Homeostasis pt 2

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    3 views12 pages

    Homeostasis PT 2

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    sesaeedhaniyah.d

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    HOMEOSTASIS

    PART 2

    Anatomy and Physiology for health


    and ill-Health
    Water balance:
    • The water balance (0)= Total water intake (2.5 L)- Total water output (2.5 L)
    - Urine output is the primary way for water excretion in our body.
    Regulation of Daily Urine Output:
    • Regulating urine output is a primary function of the kidneys.

    • Regulating urine output involves communication with the brain (Hypothalamus) and endocrine
    system (Adrenal gland, Pituitary gland).
    • When blood volume is low ---> kidney cells detect decreased blood pressure ------> Kidney cells secrete the
    enzyme (renin).

    Renin stimulate the release of protein (angiotensin).

    • Angiotensin increase the blood pressure by:


    1- Vasoconstriction (‫) باالوعية الدموية تضييق‬
    2- Release of hormone (Aldosterone)

    • Angiotensin decrease urine output by stimulating the release ADH ( antidiuretic hormone)
    Blood Osmolality:
    • Blood Osmolality (‫ ) تركيز االمالح فز الدم‬affect urine output.

    • If blood concentration of Na increase ----> Blood osmolarity increase.

    • Blood osmolarity is regulated and detected by:


    1- Hypothalamus
    2- Adrenal gland (‫) الغدة الكضية‬
    The Hypothalamus Detects Blood Osmolality:
    ‫ر‬
    • Sodium and fluid balance are intertwined (‫)ميابطات‬.

    • Osmoreceptors (specialized receptors) in the hypothalamus detect Na concentration in the


    blood.

    • In response to a high Na level, the hypothalamus activates the thirst mechanism and concurrently
    stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

    • Thus, it is not only kidneys that stimulate antidiuretic- hormone release, but also the
    hypothalamus.
    The Adrenal Glands Detect Blood Osmolality:
    • Cells in the adrenal glands sense when Na is low and K is high in the blood and release
    aldosterone.

    • Aldosterone increase Na reabsorption and consequently water reabsorption ----> decrease urine
    output.

    In exchange, for the reabsorption of Na and water, K is excreted.


    References:

    • WebMD. 2022. WebMD - Better information. Better health.. [online] Available at: <https://www.webmd.com/>

    • Mayoclinic.org. 2022. Mayo Clinic - Mayo Clinic. [online] Available at: <https://www.mayoclinic.org/>

    • PubMed. 2022. PubMed. [online] Available at: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/>

    • Alsubehe, Duaa., Anatomy [PowerPoint slides]. Luminus Technichal universit college, Medical Department.

    • WAUGH, A. and GRANT, A. (2014) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness (12th Ed.)
    London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.

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