THERMODYNAMICS:

Second Law of
Thermodynamics

1
Entropy change for an open/closed system
Rate of entropy change for closed system undergoing any process:
  Q 
dS      gen
Entropy change
of the system
 T  Entropy
Entropy transfer generation

  Q k 
dS      gen
Entropy change k  Tk  Entropy
of the system
M ultiple reservoirs generation

Rate of entropy change for an open system :

dS c.v.   Q k 
  m i si   m e se       gen
dt k  Tk  Entropy
Entropy change generation
of the system Entropy transfer

S c .v .  m c .v . s c .v
2
 Entropy change of single flow adiabatic SSSF system
Entropy change for single flow SSSF system :
dS c .v   Q k 
  m i si  m e se        gen
dt k  Tk 
m i  m e  m
  Q k 
 i 
 e  ms
ms    gen
k  Tk 

  q k    gen 
s e  si     
k  T k   m 
  q k    gen    gen 
If the system is adiabatic: s e  si       s e  si   
k  T k   m   m 
 s e  si
For an adiabatic single flow SSSF device, the fluid specific entropy at the exit is at least equal
to the inlet specific entropy.

if s e  si Isentropic process for the working fluid

3
 Shaft work for an adiabatic SSSF device
Single flow SSSF device neglecting K.E. and P.E: 0   hi  he   q  w shaft

Adiabatic device: 0   hi  he   q  wshaft

e
 w shaft   hi  he   w shaft   hi  he     dh
i
e e e e e
 w shaft    du   Pdv   vdP  w shaft   Tds  vdP
i i i
  i i
e
  gen  e
 w shaft   T     vdP (Adiabatic device)
i  m  i
e
If reversible adiabatic  w shaft   vdP 
i
For a single flow isentropic SSSF device

Turbines: Pe<Pi wshaft > 0 Pumps and compressors: Pe>Pi wshaft < 0

Very useful for pumps where the specific volume of liquid doesn’t change significantly with
pressure: e
w pump   vliq  dP  w pump   vliq  Pe  Pi 
i
4
Isentropic efficiency of adiabatic SSSF devices
For a single flow adiabatic SSSF device Turbine
e e
 w shaft    T  gen   vdP
i i
Ideal device: isentropic process
Real devices: adiabatic process (se > si)
actual work o/p hi  he
 turbine   turbine 
ideal work o/p hi  hes

ideal work i/p hi  hes

 comp   comp 
actual work i/p hi  he

Instead of mentioning outlet conditions one can give isentropic

efficiency to define the outlet condition Compressor

5
 Example 1
Steam at 7 MPa and 450°C is throttled in a valve to a pressure of 3 MPa during a steady-flow
process. Determine the entropy generated during this process.
Ans: 0.3706 kJ/kg.K
 Example 2
An adiabatic pump is to be used to compress saturated liquid water at 10
kPa to a pressure to 15 MPa in a reversible manner. Determine the work
input using (a) entropy data, (b) inlet specific volume and pressure values,
(c) average specific volume and pressure values. Ans: -15.1 kJ/kg
-15.14 kJ/kg
-15.1 kJ/kg
 Example 3
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 7 MPa, 500°C, and 45 m/s, and
leaves at 100 kPa and 75 m/s. If the power output of the turbine is 5 MW and
the isentropic efficiency is 77 percent, determine:
(a) the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine Ans: 6.89 kg/s
(b) the temperature at the turbine exit 103.5°C
(c) the rate of entropy generation during this process. 4.013 kW/K
 Example 4
Saturated R-134a at −10°C is pumped/compressed to a pressure of 1.0 MPa at the rate of
0.5 kg/s in a reversible adiabatic process. Calculate the power required and the exit
temperature for the two cases of inlet state of the R-134a:
a. Quality of 0% b. Quality of 100%. Ans: -0.3 kW, -9.74°C
-16.73 kW, 45.63°C
 Example 5
A reversible and adiabatic R-22 compressor is operated in such a way that it provides a
constant pressure ratio of 3:1. Find the exit pressure and temperature when the inlet is at
100 kPa and 25°C. Ans: 76.56°C, 300 kPa

For the R-22 compressor described above, a throttle is used at its exit to reduce any over-
pressure. The throttle maintains a constant outlet pressure of 300 kPa. Find the R-22
temperature at the outlet of this throttle if the inlet to the compressor is at 120 kPa and
25°C. Also determine the specific entropy generated in the throttling process.
Ans: 76.0°C, 0.01704 kJ/kg.K
 Example 6
A certain industrial process requires a steady supply of saturated vapor steam at 200 kPa at a
rate of 0.5 kg/s. Also required is a steady supply of compressed air at 500 kPa at a rate of 0.1
kg/s. Both are to be supplied by the process shown in Fig. Steam is expanded in a turbine to
supply the power needed to drive the air compressor, and the exhaust steam exits the
turbine at the “desired state”. Air into the compressor is at ambient conditions, 100 kPa and
20◦C. Give the required steam inlet pressure and temperature, assuming that both the
turbine and the compressor are reversible and adiabatic. Ans: 241.6 kPa, 138.3°C
 Example 7
A supply of 5 kg/s ammonia at 500 kPa, 20°C is needed. Two sources are available: One is
saturated liquid at 20°C, and the other is at 500 kPa, 140°C. Flows from the two sources are
fed to an insulated mixing chamber, which then produces the desired output state. Find the
two source mass flow rates and the total rate of entropy generation by this setup
Ans: 0.949 kg/s, 4.051 kg/s
0.8607 kJ/K
 Example 8
A large supply line has a steady flow of R-410a at 1000 kPa, 60°C. It is used in three different
adiabatic devices shown in Fig.: a throttle flow, a reversible nozzle, and reversible turbine.
All the exit flows are at 300 kPa. Find the exit temperature and specific entropy generation
for each device and the exit velocity of the nozzle. Ans: 49.69°C,0.1303 kJ/kg.K
5.14°C, 0 kJ/kg.K, v=279.7 m/s
5.14°C, 0 kJ/kg.K
 Example 9
A 1 m3 rigid tank contains 100 kg of R-410a at ambient temperature, 15°C, as shown in Fig. A
valve on top of the tank is opened, and saturated vapor is throttled to ambient pressure,
100 kPa, and flows to a collector system. During the process, the temperature inside the tank
remains at 15°C. The valve is closed when no more liquid remains inside. Calculate the heat
transfer to the tank and the total entropy generation in the process.
Ans: 10843 kJ, 13.38 kJ/K
o

CV
 Example 10
Horizontal insulated cylinder has a frictionless piston held against stops by an external force
of 500 kN, as shown in Fig. The piston cross sectional area is 0.5 m2, and the initial volume is
0.25 m3. Argon gas in the cylinder is at 200 kPa, 100°C. A valve is now opened to a line
flowing argon at 1.2 MPa, 200°C, and gas flows in until the cylinder pressure just balances
the external force, at which point the valve is closed. Assume Argon as ideal gas, find the
final temperature and the total entropy generation.
Ans: 371.8°C, 0.21 kJ/K
Additional Homework Problems
(Not to be submitted)

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 Example 1
Steam enters a turbine at a pressure of 1 MPa, a temperature of 300◦C, and a velocity of 50
m/s. The steam leaves the turbine at a pressure of 150 kPa and a velocity of 200 m/s.
Determine the work per kilogram of steam flowing through the turbine, assuming the
process to be reversible and adiabatic. Ans: 377.5 kJ/kg
 Example 2
Liquid water enters a 25-kW pump at 100 kPa and 25°C with a flow rate
of 5 kg/s. Determine the pressure of liquid water at the exit of the pump
for isentropic pump. Neglect the kinetic and potential energy changes of
water Ans: 5100 kPa
 Example 3
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 8 MPa and 500°C with a mass flow
rate of 3 kg/s and leaves at 30 kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the
turbine is 0.90. Neglecting the kinetic energy change of the steam,
determine (a) the temperature at the turbine exit and (b) the power
output of the turbine.
Ans: 69.1°C, 3054 kW
 Example 4
Saturated vapor R-410a enters the uninsulated compressor of a home central air
conditioning system at 5°C. The flow rate of refrigerant through the compressor is 0.08 kg/s,
and the electrical power input is 3 kW. The exit state is 65°C, 3000 kPa. Any heat transfer
from the compressor is with the ambient at 30◦C. Determine the rate of total entropy
generation for this process.
Ans: 0.00166 kW/K
 Example 5
Assume an insulated air tank has initially 40 L of 100 kPa air at ambient temperature 17°C. A
compressor is connected to this tank so that it charges the tank up to a pressure of 1000 kPa
and then it shuts off. Determine how hot the air in the tank gets and the total amount of
work required to fill the tank. Assume the entire process to be reversible and adiabatic.
Ans: 283°C, -31.9 kJ