Python, Machine Learning and…

Interview Questions (Statistics, ML and

Python)
Statistics

1. Explain the concept of p-value in hypothesis testing.

The p-value is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as

the ones observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. It helps
determine the signi;cance of your results in a hypothesis test.

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Example: If you're
NO,testing
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one, a p-value of 0.03 means there's a 3% chance that the observed difference
in effectiveness is due to random chance, assuming no real effect.
:
 Interpretation: A p-value less than 0.05 typically indicates strong evidence
against the null hypothesis, leading to its rejection. A higher p-value suggests
insuFcient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

2. How do you interpret a 95% conBdence interval?

A 95% con;dence interval means that if you were to take 100 different
samples and compute a con;dence interval for each sample, approximately
95 of those intervals would contain the true population parameter.

Example: If a con;dence interval for the mean height of a population is [170

cm, 180 cm], you can be 95% con;dent that the true mean height lies within
this range.

Interpretation: The interval provides a range of values within which you

expect the true parameter to lie with a speci;ed level of con;dence.

3. What is the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) and why is it important?

The CLT states that the distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal
distribution as the sample size becomes larger, regardless of the original
population distribution.

Example: If you repeatedly sample the heights of students from a large

population and calculate the mean for each sample, these sample means will
approximate a normal distribution, even if the original heights are not normally
distributed.

Interpretation: The CLT is crucial because it justi;es the use of normal

distribution in inferential statistics, making it easier to perform hypothesis
tests and construct con;dence intervals.

4. What is the difference between a Type I and Type II error?

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 Type I Error (False Positive): Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually
true. E.g. Concluding a drug is effective when it is not.

Type II Error (False Negative): Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is
actually false. E.g. Concluding a drug is not effective when it actually is.

Interpretation: Balancing Type I and Type II errors is important in hypothesis

testing to minimize incorrect conclusions. You cannot minimize both
simultaneously.

5. How would you explain statistical signiBcance to a non-technical person?

Statistical signi;cance tells us whether the results we observe are likely due
to chance or if there is a real effect. If a result is statistically signi;cant, it
means that it is unlikely to have occurred by random chance.

Example: If a new teaching method improves student grades, statistical

signi;cance helps us determine if the improvement is due to the teaching
method or just random variations in student performance.

Interpretation: Statistical signi;cance helps in deciding whether the observed

effects are meaningful or if they could be due to random Wuctuations.

6. What is the difference between covariance and correlation?

Covariance: Measures how two variables change together. Positive

covariance indicates that the variables tend to increase together, while
negative covariance indicates that one variable increases as the other
decreases. E.g. Height and weight often have positive covariance.

Correlation: Standardizes covariance to provide a dimensionless measure of

the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It
ranges from -1 to 1. E.g. correlation of 0.8 between height and weight
indicates a strong positive linear relationship.
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 Interpretation: Correlation is more interpretable than covariance as it provides
a normalized measure of the relationship between variables.

7. What is the purpose of normalizing data?

Normalizing data scales it to a standard range, often between 0 and 1, to

ensure that each feature contributes equally to the analysis. It is essential for
algorithms that are sensitive to the scale of input data.

Example: In machine learning, normalizing feature values ensures that

features with larger ranges do not dominate the model.

Interpretation: Normalization improves the performance and convergence of

algorithms, especially those that rely on distance measures.

8. Explain the concept of statistical power of a test.

Statistical power is the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis

when it is false. It measures the test's ability to detect an effect if there is one.

Example: In a clinical trial, a test with high power will more likely detect a real
difference in drug effectiveness if it exists.

Interpretation: Higher statistical power reduces the risk of Type II errors and
ensures that true effects are detected.

9. What are outliers in a dataset? How will you handle them?

Outliers: Data points that signi;cantly differ from other observations in the
dataset. They can result from variability in the data or errors in measurement.
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 Example: In a dataset of human weights, a weight of 500 kg would be an
outlier.

Handling Outliers: Depending on the context, outliers can be removed,

adjusted, or kept. Statistical techniques like z-scores or IQR (interquartile
range) can help identify them.

Interpretation: Properly handling outliers ensures that they do not unduly

inWuence statistical analyses and model performance.

10. How do you interpret a regression coeVcient?

A regression coeFcient represents the change in the dependent variable for a

one-unit change in the independent variable, holding all other variables
constant.

Example: In a linear regression model predicting salary based on years of

experience, a coeFcient of $2,000 for years of experience means that for
each additional year of experience, the salary is expected to increase by
$2,000.

Interpretation: CoeFcients provide insights into the strength and direction of

the relationships between variables.

11. What is multicollinearity, and how can you detect it?

Multicollinearity: Occurs when two or more independent variables in a

regression model are highly correlated. This can make it diFcult to assess the
individual effect of each variable.

Detecting Multicollinearity: Methods include calculating the Variance

InWation Factor (VIF) or analyzing correlation matrices.
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 Example: In a model predicting house prices, having both "total square
footage" and "number of rooms" might lead to multicollinearity if they are
highly correlated.

Interpretation: Addressing multicollinearity ensures accurate estimation of

regression coeFcients and improves model reliability.

12. Explain the difference between a parametric and a non-parametric test.

Parametric Tests: Assume underlying statistical distributions for the data

(e.g., normal distribution). Examples include t-tests and ANOVA.

Non-parametric Tests: Do not assume speci;c distributions and are used

when parametric test assumptions cannot be met. Examples include the
Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test.

Example: Use a t-test for normally distributed data and a Mann-Whitney U test
for data without normal distribution.

Interpretation: Choosing the appropriate test based on data distribution

ensures valid statistical conclusions.

13. What is the importance of cross-validation in model evaluation?

Cross-validation is a technique for assessing how the results of a statistical

analysis generalize to an independent dataset. It involves partitioning the data
into training and validation sets multiple times to ensure that the model's
performance is consistent.

Example: In k-fold cross-validation, the data is divided into k subsets. The

model is trained on k-1 subsets and tested on the remaining subset, with this
process repeated k times.
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 Interpretation: Cross-validation helps to evaluate the model's performance
more reliably and reduces the risk of over;tting.

14. You are working for an e-commerce company and want to determine if a new
marketing campaign signiBcantly increases the average purchase amount
compared to the previous campaign. What statistical test would you use?

Answer: You would use an independent samples t-test (or a two-sample t-

test). This test compares the means of two independent groups to see if there
is a statistically signi;cant difference between them.

Example: Compare the average purchase amounts from customers who saw
the new campaign with those who saw the previous campaign.

Interpretation: This test helps to determine if the observed difference in

average purchase amounts is likely due to the new campaign or if it could
have occurred by random chance.

15. A medical researcher wants to compare the blood pressure levels of patients
before and after taking a new medication. The same patients are measured
before and after the treatment. What type of statistical test should be used?

Answer: You should use a paired samples t-test (or dependent samples t-
test). This test is used to compare the means of two related groups.

Example: Measure the blood pressure of the same patients before starting
the medication and after completing the treatment, then compare the two
sets of measurements.

Interpretation: This test assesses whether the mean difference between the
two related groups is statistically signi;cant.

16. You want to examine if there is an association between smoking and lung
cancer incidence in a study. You collect categorical data on smoking status
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 (smoker/non-smoker) and lung cancer status (present/absent) from a sample of
individuals. What statistical test should you apply?

Answer: You would use the Chi-Square Test of Independence. This test
evaluates if there is a signi;cant association between two categorical
variables.

Example: Create a contingency table of smoking status versus lung cancer

incidence and perform the Chi-Square test to determine if smoking is
associated with a higher incidence of lung cancer.

Interpretation: The Chi-Square test helps to understand if there is a signi;cant

relationship between smoking and the presence of lung cancer in the sample.

17. A company wants to determine if the average number of daily hours spent on
training differs between three departments (Marketing, Sales, and Customer
Service). What statistical test would be appropriate for this situation?

Answer: You should use a one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test. This
test compares the means of three or more independent groups to see if at
least one group mean is different from the others.

Example: Compare the average daily training hours reported by employees in

Marketing, Sales, and Customer Service departments.

Interpretation: ANOVA helps determine if there are statistically signi;cant

differences in training hours among the three departments.

18. You are analyzing customer satisfaction ratings from two different branches
of a restaurant chain. Each branch has collected ratings on a 5-point scale from
100 customers. What statistical test would you use to compare the ratings
between the two branches?

Answer: You would use an independent samples t-test (or two-sample t-

test). This test compares the means of two independent groups to determine
if there is a signi;cant difference between them.
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 Example: Compare the average satisfaction ratings between customers from
Branch A and Branch B.

Interpretation: This test helps assess whether the difference in satisfaction

ratings between the two branches is statistically signi;cant.

19. You have a dataset with several features and want to predict whether a
customer will buy a product (binary outcome: Yes or No). What model would you
choose for this classiBcation task, and how would you evaluate its performance?

Answer: For a binary classi;cation task, you could use models such as
Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forests, or Support Vector
Machines (SVMs).

Evaluation Metrics:

● Accuracy: Proportion of correctly classified instances.

● Precision and Recall: Precision measures the proportion of true positives among the
predicted positives, while recall measures the proportion of true positives among the
actual positives.
● F1 Score: Harmonic mean of precision and recall, useful when dealing with imbalanced
classes.
● ROC Curve and AUC: The ROC curve plots the true positive rate against the false
positive rate at various threshold settings, and the AUC (Area Under the Curve) provides
a single value to summarize the model's performance.

Example: Use Logistic Regression to predict customer purchases. Evaluate

using a confusion matrix to calculate precision, recall, and F1 Score. Also, plot
the ROC curve and calculate the AUC to assess how well the model
distinguishes between buyers and non-buyers.

Interpretation: The chosen metrics provide insights into how well the model
performs and where it might need improvement, especially if the classes are
imbalanced.

20. You are working on a regression problem where you need to predict house
prices based on features like size, location, and number of bedrooms. How
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 would you select the appropriate regression model and evaluate its
performance?

Answer: For regression tasks, you might choose models such as Linear
Regression, Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression, or Random Forest
Regression.

Evaluation Metrics:

● Mean Absolute Error (MAE): Average absolute difference between predicted and
actual values.
● Mean Squared Error (MSE): Average squared difference between predicted and
actual values. MSE penalizes larger errors more than MAE.
● Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE): Square root of MSE, providing error in the same
units as the target variable.
● R² (Coefficient of Determination): Proportion of variance in the dependent variable
that is predictable from the independent variables.

Example: Apply Linear Regression to predict house prices. Evaluate using

MAE, MSE, and RMSE to understand the magnitude of prediction errors. R²
helps gauge how well the model explains the variability in house prices.

Interpretation: These metrics help assess the accuracy and reliability of the
regression model and guide improvements in feature selection or model
complexity.

21. What is the difference between list, tuple, and set in Python?
Answer: In Python, lists, tuples, and sets are data structures used to store collections of
items. Each has its own characteristics, which makes them suitable for different
situations.

List: A list is an ordered collection of items that can be modi;ed (mutable). Lists allow
duplicate elements.

Characteristics:

○ Ordered: Items have a de;ned order, and you can access them by index.

○ Mutable: You can change, add, or remove items after the list is created.

○ Duplicates allowed: Lists can contain duplicate items.

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 Interpretation: Use lists when you need a collection of items in a speci;c order and when
you need to modify the collection (e.g., adding/removing elements).

Tuple

DeBnition: A tuple is an ordered collection of items that cannot be modiBed (immutable).

Like lists, tuples allow duplicate elements.

Characteristics:

○ Ordered: Items have a de;ned order, and you can access them by index.

○ Immutable: Once a tuple is created, you cannot change, add, or remove

items.

○ Duplicates allowed: Tuples can contain duplicate items.

Interpretation: Use tuples when you need a collection of items in a speci;c order but
don’t want to allow modi;cations to the collection (e.g., ;xed data like coordinates or
database records).

Set

DeBnition: A set is an unordered collection of unique items. Sets are mutable, but they
do not allow duplicates.

Characteristics:

○ Unordered: Sets don’t maintain order, so you can’t access items by index.

○ Mutable: You can add or remove items from a set.

○ No duplicates: Each element in a set must be unique.

Interpretation: Use sets when you need to store unique items and don’t care about the
order (e.g., storing a collection of unique user IDs or eliminating duplicates from a list).

22. What is a virtual environment in Python, and why is it useful?

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 Answer: A virtual environment is an isolated Python environment that allows
developers to manage dependencies and project-speci;c packages separately. It
prevents conWicts between different projects by creating a self-contained
environment with its own installed packages.

# Creating a virtual environment

python -m venv myenv
# Activating the virtual environment
source myenv/bin/activate # On Unix or MacOS
myenv\Scripts\activate # On Windows

Interpretation of Virtual Environments: Let’s say you are working on two projects:

● Project A uses Django 3.2.

● Project B uses Django 4.0.

Without virtual environments, installing Django globally would result in conWicts, as the
two versions would overwrite each other. Using virtual environments, however, you can:

● Create one environment for Project A with Django 3.2.

● Create another environment for Project B with Django 4.0.

Each project works independently with the correct version of Django, and they don’t
interfere with one another.

Conclusion:

A virtual environment helps you:

● Isolate project dependencies.

● Manage multiple projects with different package versions.

● Prevent global installation conWicts.

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 23. Explain the difference between append() and extend() methods in
Python lists.

Answer: The append() method adds a single element to the end of a list, while the
extend() method adds the elements of an iterable (e.g., list, tuple) to the end of the
list.

Example:

# List methods example

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [4, 5]

list1.append(4) # Appending a single element

print(list1) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

list1.extend(list2) # Extending with elements of another list

print(list1) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

24. How does the map(), reduce() and Blter() function work in Python, and
provide an example.

Answer: In Python, map(), ;lter(), and reduce() are higher-order functions, meaning
they take other functions as arguments. They are commonly used for applying
operations to collections like lists, tuples, etc

map()

Purpose: map() applies a given function to all items in an iterable (like a list) and returns
a map object (which can be converted to a list, tuple, etc.).

How it works: It takes two arguments:

1. A function.

2. An iterable (like a list or tuple).

The function is applied to each element of the iterable.

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 Example:

# Function to square a number

def square(num):
return num ** 2
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squared_numbers = map(square, numbers)

# Convert the map object to a list

print(list(squared_numbers))

Interpretation: In this example, the square() function is applied to each element in the
list numbers. The result is a map object, which is then converted to a list to view the
squared values.

Blter()

Purpose: filter() applies a given function to an iterable and returns only the elements
that evaluate to True.

How it works: It takes two arguments:

1. A function that returns a boolean (True or False).

2. An iterable.

The function is applied to each element, and only the elements that make the function
return True are included in the result.

Example:

# Function to check if a number is even

def is_even(num):
return num % 2 == 0
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
even_numbers = ;lter(is_even, numbers)
# Convert the ;lter object to a list
print(list(even_numbers)) # Output: [2, 4, 6]
Interpretation:
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 The is_even() function checks if a number is divisible by 2 (i.e., even).
filter() returns only the numbers from the list numbers that are even.

reduce()
Purpose: reduce() applies a function cumulatively to the items of an iterable, reducing
the iterable to a single value.
How it works: It takes two arguments:

1. A function that takes two arguments.

2. An iterable.

The function is applied cumulatively to the items, so the ;rst two elements are combined,
then the result is combined with the next element, and so on.
Note: reduce() is part of the functools module in Python 3, so you need to import it
;rst.

Example:

from functools import reduce

# Function to multiply two numbers
def multiply(x, y):
return x * y
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
result = reduce(multiply, numbers)
print(result) # Output: 24 (1 * 2 * 3 * 4)
Interpretation:

reduce() applies the multiply() function cumulatively to the elements of the list. It
;rst multiplies 1 * 2, then multiplies the result with 3, and ;nally with 4, yielding 24.
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 25. Python Programming Related questions?

FizzBuzz

Question: Write a Python function that prints the numbers from 1 to 100. But for
multiples of 3, print "Fizz" instead of the number, and for multiples of 5, print "Buzz". For
numbers which are multiples of both 3 and 5, print "FizzBuzz".

def ;zz_buzz():
for i in range(1, 101):
if i % 3 == 0 and i % 5 == 0:
print("FizzBuzz")
elif i % 3 == 0:
print("Fizz")
elif i % 5 == 0:
print("Buzz")
else:
print(i)
Palindrome Check
Question: Write a Python function to check if a given string is a palindrome (a string that
reads the same forwards and backwards).
def is_palindrome(s):
return s == s[::-1]

Find Prime Numbers

Question: Write a Python function that prints all prime numbers up to a given number n.

def is_prime(n):
if n < 2:
return False
for i in range(2, int(n ** 0.5) + 1):
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 if n % i == 0:
return False
return True
def print_prime_numbers(n):
for i in range(2, n+1):
if is_prime(i):
print(i)

Reverse a String

Question: Write a Python function to reverse a given string without using any built-in
functions.
def reverse_string(s):
reversed_s = ""
for char in s:
reversed_s = char + reversed_s
return reversed_s

Sum of Digits

Question: Write a Python function that takes an integer and returns the sum of its digits.

def sum_of_digits(n):
total = 0
while n > 0:
total += n % 10
n = n // 10
return total

Find the Largest Element in a List

Question: Write a Python function to ;nd the largest element in a list without using any
built-in functions like max().

def ;nd_largest_element(lst):
largest = lst[0]
for num in lst:
if num > largest:
largest = num
return largest

Factorial of a Number

Question: Write a Python function to compute the factorial of a given number using
recursion.

def factorial(n):
if n == 0 or n == 1:
return 1
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 else:
return n * factorial(n-1)

Find the Second Largest Number in a List

Question: Write a Python function to ;nd the second largest number in a list.
def second_largest(lst):
largest = second_largest = Woat('-inf')
for num in lst:
if num > largest:
second_largest, largest = largest, num
elif num > second_largest and num != largest:
second_largest = num
return second_largest

Count Vowels in a String

Question: Write a Python function to count the number of vowels (a, e, i, o, u) in a given
string.

def count_vowels(s):
vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
count = 0
for char in s:
if char in vowels:
count += 1
return count

Find the Missing Number

Question: Given a list of numbers from 1 to n with one number missing, write a Python
function to ;nd the missing number.

def ;nd_missing_number(lst, n):

total_sum = n * (n + 1) // 2
actual_sum = sum(lst)
return total_sum - actual_sum

Generate Fibonacci Sequence

Question: Write a Python function that generates the ;rst n numbers in the Fibonacci
sequence.

def ;bonacci(n):
;b_sequence = [0, 1]
for i in range(2, n):
;b_sequence.append(;b_sequence[-1] + ;b_sequence[-2])
return ;b_sequence[:n]

Count Occurrences of Elements in a List

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 Question: Write a Python function that counts the occurrences of each element in a
given list and returns a dictionary with the elements as keys and their counts as values.

def count_occurrences(lst):
counts = {}
for item in lst:
counts[item] = counts.get(item, 0) + 1
return counts

Remove Duplicates from a List

Question: Write a Python function to remove duplicates from a list while maintaining the
original order.

def remove_duplicates(lst):
unique_list = []
for item in lst:
if item not in unique_list:
unique_list.append(item)
return unique_list

Find the Intersection of Two Lists

Question: Write a Python function to ;nd the intersection (common elements) of two
lists.

def list_intersection(lst1, lst2):

return [item for item in lst1 if item in lst2]

Convert Two Lists into a Dictionary

Question: Write a Python function to convert two lists into a dictionary where one list
contains the keys and the other contains the values.

def lists_to_dict(keys, values):

return dict(zip(keys, values))

Count the Frequency of Elements in a List

Question: Write a Python function that counts the frequency of each element in a list and
returns the result as a dictionary.

def count_frequency(lst):
frequency_dict = {}
for item in lst:
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 frequency_dict[item] = frequency_dict.get(item, 0) + 1
return frequency_dict

Sort a List of Tuples by the Second Element

Question: Write a Python function to sort a list of tuples based on the second element in
each tuple.

def sort_by_second_element(tuples_list):
return sorted(tuples_list, key=lambda x: x[1])

Find the Maximum and Minimum Values in a List of Tuples

Question: Write a Python function to ;nd the tuple with the maximum and minimum
values based on the ;rst element of each tuple.

def min_max_tuple(tuples_list):
min_tuple = min(tuples_list, key=lambda x: x[0])
max_tuple = max(tuples_list, key=lambda x: x[0])
return min_tuple, max_tuple

Merge Two Dictionaries

Question: Write a Python function to merge two dictionaries. If a key appears in both
dictionaries, the value from the second dictionary should overwrite the value from the
;rst.

def merge_dicts(dict1, dict2):

merged_dict = dict1.copy()
merged_dict.update(dict2)
return merged_dict

Flatten a List of Lists

Question: Write a Python function to Watten a list of lists into a single list.

def Watten_list(lst):
return [item for sublist in lst for item in sublist]

Find the Keys with Maximum and Minimum Values in a Dictionary

Question: Write a Python function to ;nd the keys with the maximum and minimum
values in a dictionary.

def ;nd_max_min_keys(d):
max_key = max(d, key=d.get)
min_key = min(d, key=d.get)
return max_key, min_key
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 Unpack a List of Tuples into Two Separate Lists

Question: Write a Python function to unpack a list of tuples into two separate lists: one
containing all the ;rst elements, and the other containing all the second elements.

def unpack_tuples(tuples_list):
;rst_elements = [x[0] for x in tuples_list]
second_elements = [x[1] for x in tuples_list]
return ;rst_elements, second_elements

Create a Dictionary from a List with Values as Length

Question: Write a Python function that takes a list of strings and creates a dictionary
where each key is the string and the value is the length of the string.

def list_to_dict(lst):
return {item: len(item) for item in lst}

Convert List to Dictionary with Index as Key

Question: Write a Python function that takes a list and returns a dictionary where the
keys are the indices and the values are the elements of the list.

def list_to_dict_with_index(lst):
return {i: lst[i] for i in range(len(lst))}

Create a Dictionary from a List Using List Comprehension

Question: Write a Python function that converts a list of strings into a dictionary where
the string is the key and the length of the string is the value, using a dictionary
comprehension.

Merge Two Lists into a Dictionary Using List Comprehension

Question: Write a Python function that takes two lists (one containing keys and the other
containing values) and merges them into a dictionary using a dictionary comprehension.

def lists_to_dict(keys, values):

return {keys[i]: values[i] for i in range(min(len(keys), len(values)))}

Create Dictionary from Two Dictionaries

Question: Write a Python function that takes two dictionaries and creates a new
dictionary by using the keys from the ;rst dictionary and the values from the second
dictionary. If a key doesn't exist in the second dictionary, set its value to None.

def dicts_to_new_dict(dict1, dict2):

:
 return {key: dict2.get(key, None) for key in dict1}

Swap Keys and Values in a Dictionary

Question: Write a Python function that swaps the keys and values in a dictionary.
Assume that all values are unique.

def swap_keys_values(d):
return {value: key for key, value in d.items()}

Convert a List of Tuples into a Dictionary Using Dictionary Comprehension

Question: Write a Python function that converts a list of tuples into a dictionary using
dictionary comprehension. Each tuple should contain two elements: a key and a value.

def tuples_to_dict(tuples_list):
return {key: value for key, value in tuples_list}

Convert Nested List into Nested Dictionary

Question: Write a Python function that converts a nested list into a nested dictionary
where the ;rst element of each sublist is the key and the remaining elements form a
sublist as the value.

def nested_list_to_dict(nested_list):
return {sublist[0]: sublist[1:] for sublist in nested_list}

Filter Dictionary by Condition Using Dictionary Comprehension

Question: Write a Python function that ;lters a dictionary by retaining only those key-
value pairs where the value is an even number.

def ;lter_even_values(d):
return {key: value for key, value in d.items() if value % 2 == 0}

Create a Dictionary from a List of Dictionaries Grouped by a Common Key

Question: Write a Python function that takes a list of dictionaries and creates a new
dictionary where the keys are unique values of a speci;c key in the dictionaries and the
values are lists of dictionaries that have the same key value.

def group_by_key(dicts, group_key):

return {d[group_key]: [d for d in dicts if d[group_key] == d[group_key]] for d in dicts}

Merge Two Dictionaries by Adding Values of Common Keys

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 Question: Write a Python function that merges two dictionaries by adding the values of
keys that are common between them.

def merge_dicts_add_values(dict1, dict2):

return {key: dict1.get(key, 0) + dict2.get(key, 0) for key in set(dict1) | set(dict2)}
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