Lecture Slides

Chapter 13

Gears – General

The McGraw-Hill Companies © 2012

Types of Gears

Spur Helical

Bevel Worm
Figs. 13–1 to 13–4
Spur Gears
Spur gears transmit power between parallel shafts
Helical gears transmit power between parallel or
nonparallel shafts
Bevel gears are used to transmit rotary motion between
intersecting shafts
Worm gears transmit rotary motion between nonparallel
nonintersecting shafts.

Used in drilling machines, lathe machines.

Nomenclature of Spur-Gear Teeth

Fig. 13–5
• The pitch circle is a theoretical circle upon which all calculations are
usually based; its diameter is the pitch diameter.

• The pitch circles of a pair of mating gears are tangent to each other.

• A pinion is the smaller of two mating gears. The larger is often called the
gear.

• The circular pitch p is the distance, measured on the pitch circle, from a
point on one tooth to a corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.

• The circular pitch is equal to the sum of the tooth thickness and the
width of space.
• The module m is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth.

• The diametral pitch P is the ratio of the number of teeth on the gear to the
pitch diameter. Thus, it is the reciprocal of the module.

• The addendum a is the radial distance between the top land and the pitch
circle.

• The dedendum b is the radial distance from the bottom land to the pitch
circle.
• The whole depth ht is the sum of the addendum and the
dedendum.

• The clearance circle is a circle that is tangent to the addendum

circle of the mating gear.

• The clearance c is the amount by which the dedendum in a

given gear exceeds the addendum of its mating gear.

• The backlash is the amount by which the width of a tooth space

exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth measured on the pitch
circles.
Tooth Size
 Conjugate Action
• When surfaces roll
against each other and
produce constant angular
velocity ratio, they are
said to have conjugate
action.

Fig. 13–6
 Conjugate Action
• Forces are transmitted
on line of action which is
normal to the contacting
surfaces.
• Angular velocity ratio is
inversely proportional to
the radii to point P, the
pitch point.

• Circles drawn through P

from each fixed pivot are
pitch circles, each with a
pitch radius.
Fig. 13–6
 Involute Profile
• The most common conjugate profile is the involute
profile.
• Can be generated by unwrapping a string from a cylinder,
keeping the string tight, then the curve traced by the end
of the string is the involute.

Fig. 13–8
Circles of a Gear Layout

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Fig. 13–9
 Sequence of Gear Layout
• Pitch circles in
contact
• Base circles
tangent to
pressure line
• Involute profile
from base circle

Fig. 13–9
Relation of Base Circle to Pressure Angle

Fig. 13–10
 Interference
• Contact of portions of
tooth profiles that are
not conjugate is called
interference.

• When the contact

begins where the tip of
the tooth of driven gear
contacts the flank of
driving tooth below the
base circle of driving
gear on the non-
involute portion of the
tooth of driver.

Fig. 13–16
• When the addendum of the driven gear intersects the common tangent, the teeth of gears come in contact.

• However, if the addendum distance of the driven gear is too large, then the tooth crosses the base circle
of the driving gear.

• a=1/P
 Interference of Spur Gears
• On spur and gear with one-to-one gear ratio, smallest
number of teeth which will not have interference is

• k =1 for full depth teeth. k = 0.8 for stub teeth

• On spur meshed with larger gear with gear ratio mG =
NG/NP = m, the smallest number of teeth which will not
have interference is
 Interference
• Interference can be eliminated by using more teeth on
the pinion.
• However, if tooth size (that is diametral pitch P) is to be
maintained, then an increase in teeth means an increase
in diameter, since P = N/d.
• Interference can also be eliminated by using a larger
pressure angle. This is the primary reason for larger
pressure angle.
• Note that the disadvantage of a larger pressure angle is
an increase in radial force.
 Interference of Spur Gears
• Largest gear with a specified pinion that is interference-
free is

• Smallest spur pinion that is interference-free with a rack

is
 Interference of Spur Gears
• Largest gear with a specified pinion that is interference-
free is
Mechanism Trains:

Mechanism Trains: mechanisms arranged in various series

and parallel combinations so that the driven member of one
mechanism is the driver for another mechanism.
 Gear Trains
• For a pinion 2 driving a gear 3, the speed of the driven
gear is

 2 r2   3 r3
  2 * 2r2   3 * 2r3
 2 d 2  3 d 3 P
N
d 
N
d P
N2 N3
2  3
P P the same diametral pitch so that to satisfy
 2 N 2  3 N 3
the condition of correct meshing
Train Value

Fig. 13–27

where nL is the speed of the last gear in the train and nF is the
speed of the first.
n 6 N 6  n5 N 5
N5
n 6  n5
N6
n5  n 4
n 4 N 4  n3 N 3
N3
n 4  n3
N4
n3 N 3  n 2 N 2
N2
 n3  n 2
N3
N2 N3 N5
 n6   n2
N3 N4 N6
 Compound Gear Train
• A practical limit on train value for one pair of gears is 10
to 1
• To obtain more, compound two gears onto the same
shaft

Fig. 13–28
A compound gear is a number of gears fixed together.
Consequently, they rotate at the same speed.
Example 13–3

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Interference
• For 20º pressure angle, the most useful values from Eqs.
(13–11) and (13–12) are calculated and shown in the
table below.
Minimum NP Max NG Integer Max NG Max Gear Ratio
mG= NG/NP
13 16.45 16 1.23
14 26.12 26 1.86
15 45.49 45 3
16 101.07 101 6.31
17 1309.86 1309 77
n5 N 5  n 4 N 4
N4
n5  n 4
N5
n 4  n3
n3 N 3  n 2 N 2
N2
n3  n 2
N3
N4 N N N4
 n5  n 4  n3 4  n 2 2
N5 N5 N3 N5
n5 N N4 88 88
 e 2  *  30.25
n2 N3 N5 16 16
30.25  30
* 100  0.83%
30
Example 13–4
Example 13–4

• A compound gear train with input and output shafts in-line.

• This requires the distances between the shafts to be the

same for both stages of the train.
 Compound Reverted Gear Train
• A compound gear train with input and output shafts in-
line
• Geometry condition must be satisfied

Fig. 13–29
Example 13–5
Example 13–5
Example 13–5
Example 13–5
Example 13–5
 Planetary Gear Train
• Planetary, or epicyclic
gear trains allow the
axis of some of the
gears to move relative
to the other axes
• Sun gear has fixed
center axis
• Planet gear has
moving center axis
• Planet carrier or arm
carries planet axis
relative to sun axis
Fig. 13–30
 Planetary Gearset with Ring Gear
Output
• Two inputs (sun and arm) and one output (ring) all
on concentric shafts
The angular velocity of gear 2 relative to the arm in rev/min is

n23=n2-n3
Also, the velocity of gear 5 relative to the
arm is

n53=n5-n3
 Planetary Gear Trains
• Train value is relative to arm

Fig. 13–31

Fig. 13–30
Example 13–6

Fig. 13–30
Example 13–6

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Internal Gear

Fig. 13–14

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Example 13–6
In the planetary gear train shown, if gear A is fixed, and gears B and C are carried on the arm which is
rotating at 100 rpm (CCW). Find the number of teeth of C and the speed and sense of rotation of C.
 In the planetary gear train shown, if gear A is fixed, and gears B and C are carried on the arm which is
rotating at 100 rpm (CCW). Find the number of teeth of C and the speed and sense of rotation of C.

rA  rD  d C  d B
dA d
 D  dC  d B
2 2
N N N N
 A  D  C  B
2P 2P P P
N N
 A  D  NC  N B
2 2
150 40
   N C  25
2 2
 N C  30

Path D-C-B-A Path D-C

 A  arm   N D   N C  N B  C  arm   N D 
e      e   
 D  arm  N C  N B  N A   D  arm  N C 
40 0  100  40   100
    D  275 rpm   C  C  600 rpm
150  D  100 30  275  100
 In the planetary gear train shown, if gear A is fixed and the arm is rotating at 200 rpm (CW).
Find the number of teeth of B and the speed and sense of rotation of gear D.

rA  rB  rC  rD
dA d d d
 B  C  D
2 2 2 2
NA N NC N
  B   D
2P 2P 2P 2P
 N A  N B  NC  N D
 80  N B  72  48
 N B  40

Path B-A
Path C-D
 A  arm   N B 
e     D  arm   N C 
 B  arm  N A  e  
C  arm  N D 
 40 0   200 
    B  600 rpm  C  72    200 
80  B   200    D   D  400 rpm
48  600   200 
 Force Analysis – Spur Gearing
•

Fig. 13–32
 Force Analysis – Spur Gearing
• Transmitted load Wt is
the tangential load

• It is the useful
component of force,
transmitting the
torque

Fig. 13–33
 Power in Spur Gearing
• Transmitted power H

• Pitch-line velocity is the linear velocity of a point on the

gear at the radius of the pitch circle. It is a common term
in tabulating gear data.

𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑑 𝑓𝑡 𝜋𝑑𝑛

𝑉=𝑛 × × 2 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ × 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ =
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑣 12

2 n d  n d
V 
2 12 12
 Power in Spur Gearing
• Useful power relation in customary units,

lb. ft 60 s lb. ft
1hp  550   33000
s min min
lb. ft hp
Power  Wt .V 
min 33000 lb. ft
min
• In SI units, W .V
Power  t
33000
Example 13–7

Fig. 13–34
 N
P
d
1 d
m    d  mN
P N
Example 13–7
N
P
d
1 d
m    d  mN
P N
Example 13–7
Force Analysis – Helical Gearing

Wr
 tan t
Wt
Wr sin n tan n
 
Wt cos n cos cos
tan n
 tan t 
cos
• Transverse circular pitch pt is in the plane of rotation.
• Normal circular pitch pn is in the plane perpendicular to the teeth.
Example 13–9

Fig. 13–38
 pn
cos 
pt
pn Pt
pn Pn  pt Pt    cos
pt Pn
 Pt  Pn cos
Example 13–9

N N
P d 
d P
Example 13–9

Fig. 13–39
Example 13–9
Example 13–9
 Force Analysis – Bevel Gearing

W
tan    W   Wt tan 
Wt

Fig. 13–35
• Bevel gears have pitch surfaces which are cones; these cones roll
together without slipping.

• The gears must be mounted so that the apexes of both cones are
coincident.
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Example 13–8

Fig. 13–36a
Example 13–8
Example 13–8

Fig. 13–36b
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Example 13–8

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Example 13–8

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design