ZANZIBAR UNIVERSITY

11/3/2024
WELCOME TO THE COURSE OF

Dr. Issa Moh’d Hemed

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Presented by:
Dr. Issa Moh’d Hemed
1

November, 2024
 ABOUT THE COURSE
 Course title: Research Methodology
 Course Aim

 The aim of this module is to provide students with

a sound training in research methods and
techniques.
 Credit hours: 3

2
 COURSE DELIVERY

 Lectures shall be the principle

delivery method.

 Discussions

 Class works
3
 COURSE EVALUATION METHODS
 Attendance & participation 5%

 Quizzes and Class works 5%

 Two course work test (1 & 2) 30%

 Research proposal 10%

 Three-hours written exam 50% 4

 COURSE DESIGN
Research

Practical Advanced
writings research

Statistical
packages 5
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Excel SPSS E-VIEW STATA

Dr. Issa M. Hemed

• Data Clear • Data entry • Data • Handling
• Data • Analysis Preparation data
Arrangement • Estimation
• Data
• Analysis
techniques
presentation
• Data
Analysis

6
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•An Overview of the
1 course

•Introduction to
2 Research

3 •Literature Review

4 • Title Identification and 7

Research Problem
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5 • Identifying Variables and
Hypotheses formulation

•Conceptualizing a
6 research design

7 •Sampling Design

8
8
• Writing a Proposal
 COURSE CONTENT

11/3/2024
•Data Analysis and
Interpretation –
9 Theoretical and Practical
perspectives

• How to write Conclusion

10 and Recommendation

11 •Formatting thesis 9
 11/3/2024
Dr. Issa M. Hemed
“ The best
research
you can do
is to talk
to people”.
10 Terry
Pratchett
 THE RESEARCH PROCESS: AN
EIGHT-STEP MODEL
 Research methodology is taught as a supporting subject
in several ways in many academic disciplines at various
levels by people committed to a variety of research
paradigms.
 Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies
differ both in their underpinning philosophy and, to
some extent, in the methods, models and procedures
used.
 Though the research process is broadly the same in both,
quantitative and qualitative research are differentiated
in terms of the methods of data collection, the
procedures adopted for data processing and analysis,
and the style of communication of the findings.
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
 PHASE I: DECIDING WHAT TO RESEARCH
 Step I: formulating a research problem
 Formulating a research problem is the first and most
important step in the research process.
 A research problem identifies your destination:
 It should tell you, your research supervisor and your readers what
you intend to research.
 The more specific and clearer you are the better, as everything that

follows in the research process – is greatly influenced by the way

in which you formulate your research problem.
 Hence, you should examine it thoroughly, carefully and critically.

 The main function of formulating a research problem is to decide

what you want to find out about

 PHASE II: PLANNING A RESEARCH STUDY
 Step II: Conceptualizing a research design
 Research design refers to the overall logical framework
used in a study to answer the research question.
 An extremely important feature of research is the use of
appropriate methods.
 It also involves identifying gaps in knowledge, verification
of what is already known and identification of past errors
and limitations.
 The selection of an appropriate research design is crucial in
enabling you to arrive at valid findings, comparisons and
conclusions.
 PHASE II: PLANNING A RESEARCH STUDY
 Step III: Constructing an instrument for data collection
 Anything that becomes a means of collecting
information for your study is called a ‘research tool’ or a
‘research instrument’.
 The construction of a research instrument is the first
‘practical’ step in carrying out a study.
 You will need to decide how you are going to collect
data for the proposed study and then construct a
research instrument for data collection
 PHASE II: PLANNING A RESEARCH STUDY

 Step IV: Selecting a sample

 The accuracy of your findings largely depends upon the
way you select your sample.
 The basic objective of any sampling design is to
minimize, within the limitation of cost, the gap between
the values obtained from your sample and those
prevalent in the study population.
 When selecting a sample you should attempt to achieve
two key aims of sampling the avoidance of bias in the
selection of a sample;
 and the attainment of maximum precision for a given
outlay of resources.
PHASE II: PLANNING A RESEARCH STUDY

 Step V: Writing a research proposal

 This overall plan, called a research proposal
 Tells a reader about your research problem and how
you are planning to investigate.
 Broadly, a research proposal’s main function is to
detail the operational plan for obtaining answers to
your research questions.
 A research proposal must tell you, your research
supervisor and a reviewer the following information
about your study:
 What you are proposing to do;
 How you plan to proceed;
 Why you selected the proposed strategy
 PHASE III CONDUCTING A RESEARCH STUDY
Step V: Writing a research proposal
 Thereforeit should contain the following
information about your study
 a statement of the objectives of the study;
 a list of hypotheses, if you are testing any;
 the study design you are proposing to use;
 the setting for your study;
 the research instrument(s) you are planning to use;
 information on sample size and sampling design;
 information on data processing procedures;
 an outline of the proposed chapters for the report;
 the study’s problems and limitations;
 and the proposed time-frame.
 PHASE III CONDUCTING A RESEARCH STUDY
 Step VI: collecting data
 Having formulated a research problem, developed a
study design, constructed a research instrument and
selected a sample,
 Then collect the data from which you will draw
inferences and conclusions for your study
 In this phase you actually collect the data.

 For example, depending upon your plans, you might

commence interviews, mail out a questionnaire,
conduct nominal/focus group discussions or make
observations.
 Collecting data through any one of the methods may
involve some ethical issues
 PHASE III CONDUCTING A RESEARCH STUDY

 Step VII: processing and displaying data

 The way you analyze the information you
collected largely depends upon two things:
 the type of information (descriptive, quantitative,
qualitative or attitudinal);
 and the way you want to communicate your findings
to your readers.
 PHASE III CONDUCTING A RESEARCH STUDY
 Step VIII: writing a research report
 Writing the report is the last and, for many, the most
difficult step of the research process.
 This report informs the world what you have done,
what you have discovered and what conclusions you
have drawn from your findings.
 If you are clear about the whole process, you will also
be clear about the way you want to write your report.
 Your report should be written in an academic style and
be divided into different chapters and/or sections based
upon the main themes of your study
 THESIS FORMAT FOR
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Introduction
Literature
review

Research
Methodology Methodology
(quantitative)

Summary,
Recommendation Findings,
and Conclusion presentation 24
and Discussion
 1. Background
Information

7. Brief chapter
overviews 2. Problem
Statement

Introduction

3. Purpose of
5. Significance, study,
motivation research
objectives

4. Hypotheses
formulation 25
 1. Chapter
Introduction

6. Conceptual
2. 3. Definition
Framework
of the key
concepts

Literature
Review
5. Summary and
gaps in literature 3. Theoretical
literature
REview

4. Empirical Review
(works organized by 26
topic, objective/idea
 1. Chapter
Introduction

6. Data Source
(Data 2. Theoretical
Collection) Framework

Methodology

3. Model
5. Empirical Methods Specification
(Estimation
Techniques)

4. Variable
Description 27
 1. Chapter
Introduction
7. Summary
2. Variable
Summary

Findings
and
6. Discussion Discussion
3. Correlation

5. Regression
4. Diagnostic
Results 28
Test
 1. Chapter
Introduction

5. Direction for 2. Summary of

future research the main
findings

Conclusion and
Recommendation

3. Policy
Recommendati
4. Study on
limitation 29
THESIS FORMAT FOR QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH (QUESTIONNAIRE) AND
QUANLITATIVE RESEARCH
 Introduction
Literature
review

Research
Methodology Methodology
(Qualitative)

Summary and Findings ,

Conclusion Pesentation 31
and Discussion
 1. Background
Information

7. Brief chapter
overviews 2. Problem
Statement

Introduction

3. Purpose of
5. Significance, study,
motivation research
objectives

4. Research
questions 32
 1. Chapter
Introduction

6. Conceptual 2. Theoretical
Framework literature

Literature
Review

5. Summary and 3. Definition of

gaps in literature key concepts

4. Empirical Review
(works organized by 33
topic, objective/idea
 1. Chapter
Introduction 2.
9. Ethical
consideration Theoretical
Framework

8. Valid and
reliability of 3. Research
data design
Methodology

7. Data
processing 4. Target
method population

6. Data 5. Sampling
collection procedures 34
techniques
 1. Chapter
Introduction

7. Summary 2. Variable
Summary and
characteristics of
respondents
Findings
and
Discussion

6. Discussion 3. Results
description 35
 1. Chapter
Introduction

5. Direction for 2. Summary of

future research main findings

Conclusion and
Recommendation

3. Policy
implication
4. Study
limitation 36